Evening Star Newspaper, November 4, 1893, Page 20

20 THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, D. ©. SATURDAY. NOVEMBER 4, 1893—TWENTY PAGES, HOME-MADE HATS.| How They May Be Made Cheaply and Well. I? IS A REAL ECONOMY. A Striking Feature of a Woman's Costume. RULES FOR AN AMATEUR. Gpecial Correspondence of The Evening Star. NEW YORK, November 3, 1893. HE WOMAN whose hat is just right will escape without serious scru- tiny of the rest of her costume. This is a little secret that many a woman has discovered who spends not so very much on her ward- robe and yet has a reputation for dress- ing. On many occa- sions the hat is ail that really shows of the get-up. At the theater, for instance, and on any of the many sitting down affairs a woman goes in for, it is better to have one gown and three hats than the reverse. You are probably making up your mind that hats cost so much that three hats to one gown is not going to be within any ordinary pocket book’s reach. Surely not if you get your hats ready made, but you musn’t. You must make them yourself, and here are ome rules to help you. ‘The amateur’s hat is seldom large enough im the crown, it seldom fits well and it always has too much on it. Avoid these faults and this one more: the amateur’s hat is imsecurely trimmed; I mean the bows wobble, the feathers don’t seem to know their own minds and the flowers are loose im the wrong piace. Now, having been told what not to do, attend to the things you must do. First, “brim. The fewer irregularities you give the brim the better. The bend upward just in front that is at present popular is secured by stitel the brim and the crown of the hat toget very near the bottom. One stitch taken over and over and the end carefully secured does the work. The ro- gette or fancy pin under the brim of such hats against the hair is to cover the stitch. Now decide where you want your’ bow. hat on; it is not to be tried all done. Having settled in here the bow will be, make it. independent and. well clear of stand ndent well clear he base. If your ribbon be wire; if dark, use black. because you can stitch lots of it, all smooth and Make the first loop of the wire, over the loop, making it tight, then tie the mbbon and wire round at the base with good Wind this first loop till it Make another loop from the of the wire, pass more ribbon over, loops secure, and fasten the safely together. Allow a little each time between the loops all the loops are made they together to a solid stem of Neither wire nor ribbon is to be a estHi: sleet, fhe , Easy to Trim. cut till the whole bow is made, and a short piece of the wire should be left to assist in| adjusting the bow to the hat. If a feather is to go with the bow, or if several feathers are to be added, now is the time to do it. Feathers at present are made wide at the top and narrow at the base. To the quill should be fastened securely, by winding round and round with thread or fine wire, a stout wire at least a finger’s length, turn-! ed into a loop. The feathers must each stand clear of the loops. This effect is ac- complished by securing .the wire loop of the feathers to the stem*of your bow and leaving a wee bit of the wire clear above the binding by which you fasten the feathers to the bow. Now you have the whole group that is to go on the hat made and firm, and the whole cluster has a stem Mat s part of itself, and about half an inch ng. if your hat is to have a band around the crown, lay your bow aside and attend to the band. Secure it smoothly and firmly. Better use ribbon, for velvet is so hard to “set.” The bow and feather or feathers are now to be fastened. Decide where it is to be placed. Set it so that the point where loops and feathers spring free of each oth- er shall come about at the top of the hat, for, of course,you have chosen a low-crown- ed hat. The stem to your bow you fasten wecurely to the side of the hat crown. Sew over and over the stem, taking a good hold underneath each time. When the sewing is done,there should be no more wobble to the bow or the feathers than as if they and the hat were all made together, and so secure must the fastening and attaching of loops and feathers, and all to each other, be that you must now be ale to bend single loops here and there as you like, without injuring the security of the whole in the least. Therefore in selecting the position for the bow you must also decide upon the angle Might as Well Be Home Made. @t which to place it, because that angle cannot be modified once the bow is fast. Rosettes for beneath the brim in front and against the hair in back must be made tirmly and all finished before they are put on. Then they must be applied with exact- | ness and fastened with great care. If the hat was a good size to start with, if you have trimmed it with due consider- ation for having the frent of the hat come tn front, if you have selected a shape that suits you, and if the hat trimmed in your hand looks simple and shipshape, you may try it on. It is sure to look well. When you go into a swell milli select a hat you take don't you? It js all ni joing to tne - ret of a pretty theater hat Is al- most all in having the crown big enough. to see if the hat | To be big enough it must come easily well down on the sides of the head. A good way to start your ti er hat is to tie a band of ribbon very losely around the head. Slip it off and sew stout wire to the out- side of the ribbon circle. Let the ends of the wire lap over securely. Sew three rows of the wire to the ribbon, each round of wire lapped and tightly finished at the ends, if you mean to wind the wire, so the crown of your little theater hat will be like a twist of ribbon, you must make your foundation circle that much larger around to allow for the twisting of the ribbon. Two ro- settes set in front and a little apart and a couple of velvet points faced with a con- trasting silk and spreading to right and left, set right at the back and bound to the crown by a knot of velvet, make a pretty head rig. Or you may set ‘a little mercury wing on each side of the circle and have a jeweled buckle and a tiny aigrette just in front. There are endless varieties, all pret- ty, and the main rule is to make the crown big enoughe let it be secure, and make your bows before you put them on. Spangles are a great deal used just now. Felt hats have a row of spangles around the edge. These are mounted on 4 narrow beading of jet and lap over each other. Toques are often bordered with spangies; but in their case the spangles are mounted on a stiff band set vertically on the edge. Charming models appear with full crown of scarlet or fuchsia red velvet, encircled in this way. The trimming may be a clus- ter of black satin roses with jet hearts or a rosette made of clipped cock’s feathers, each feather brightened up with a dashing of jet braiding about the edge. In both cases a couple of quill feathers may be add- ed or a pair of handsome jet pins. There is a wide range of variety in the five hats sketched. First, there is a small stringless bonnet having its pointed jet crown set on narrow bands of brown beaver. It !s set off by a black military aigrette shot with mauve pink shading to pale pink. Next comes a child’s model made in light brown felt. with bow and Another Easy One. long strings of rose-colored satin ribbon. The third example is a theater hat, compos- ed of rose-colored geraniums and trimined in front with three black velvet bows. A carriage hat in pale beige felt follows, the brim slashed picturesquely, as is now so much the vogue, and edged with black ostrich feathers and ecru guipure. It is trimmed with black ostrich tips, held in place by a large velvet rosette, and smalicr rosettes are put inside at the base of the cuts. The last specimen fs a pretty modi- fication of the harlequin hat and has the brim cut into points, each point being bent slightly forward. Made of Havana brown felt and trimmed with two black feathers set near the edge it becomes a very serv- iceable hat. Instructions have not been given for the making of each of these widely differing models, and, indeed, the trimming of som2 of them would be all the amateur should attempt. But if you will once try to trim or make your own headwear you will be so surprised and pleased by your success that your courage will rise till you fel equal to anything. It is mostly & matter of courage. Are you braye enough to go buy your material and begin? fe sev ssa ea IMMUNITY FROM SMALLPOX. Vacination in Youth Does Not Insure Safety in Maturity. From Harper's Weekly. The human body furnishes the only soll, so far as known, on which the germs of smallpox can multiply and retain their virulence. Vaccination renders the body no longer habitable for the germs. If, therefore, the entire race could be given immunity through vaccination, time being allowed for the destruction of such unpro- ductive germs as had found temporary lodgment elsewhere than in the body, smallpox would cease to exist. Its last germ killed, there is no more reason to suppose that it would ever originate again than there is to expect the reappearance of the great auk, the mammoth or the glyp- todon. In theory such an achievement might require but a month or a year, but in reality a century has not accomplished it. The chief reason why vaccination has/ failed of this ultimate ideal achievement is—paradoxical though it sounds—because vaccinated has operated so efficiently. So nearly has it banished smalipox that no one now fears that disease, and a gen- eral carelessness prevails regarding it. No better commentary in this regard could be made than mention of the fact that two physicians recently contracted the disease in New York from a case which came to a dispensary where they were in attend- ance. If physicians fail to give themselves immunity, what shal we expect of the public at large. The other chief factor which co-operates with carelessness to keep smallpox in existence is ignorance. So little is small-} pox heard of now that many among the} more ignorant classes scarcely know the) meaning of vaccination. Health officers find many persons who suppose they are being vaccinated to “cleanse the blood.” It does not matter much what they think, perhaps, so long as they submit to the ope- ration. But many decline the boon, and these, of course, remain susceptible to the disease. Our laws offer protection to all, but force it upon no one. Abroad, in many places, vaccination is compulsory, a fine imposed if any child is found unvaccina- ted at a certain age. The result thus aimed at is ‘accomplished in this country in a more pleasant way, by prohibiting unvaccinated children from attendance upon the public schools. This measure, together with the constant solicitations of health officers, results in the vaccination of a very large proportion of infants. But vaccination in infancy is not enough. It gives immunity for a time, but with growth the tissues change, and after a few years the body becomes again susceptible. Revaccination must be practiced when the) child is six or seven years old, and again during adolescence. Even this third vac-! cination does not always give protection | throughout life. Immunity should be test-! ed every few years by repeated vaccina-| tions, and only persons who have submit-| | ted to this test within a few years past can | at any time feel fully assured that they | | are msusceptible to smallpox. Not alone| the ignorant, but many people of intelli- | gence, suppose that so long as the scar of | a@ previous vaccination appears they are immune. and with confidence born of this| delusional belief. go about the world al-/ most as susceptible to smallpox as if they had never been vaccinated. ———__+e+ ___ He Salnted the Justice. From an Exchange. | Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes fs looking well 1 |for his years. The other day he visited the | Boston court house, and when he saw his | son standing at the door made a respectful | bow and said: “How do you do, Mr. Justice | Holmes?” — | Lots of Them Now. Frem Truth. Willis—“Are there any poor in your | church 2” Wallace—“Yes, I imagine so. We had a church fair a few days ago.” | | for the scene of the latest robbery, and, MODERN BRIGANDS. Business Methods and Reckless Dar- ing of Train Robbers, THE OLD WAY AND THE NEW. How an Express Clerk Turned the Tabies on Two Robbers. THE POTENCY OF A DROP. dian aig XPERIENCED trainmen, officers of the law and express officials are unani- mous in the belief that the introduction of a bill in Congress for the punishment of train robbers has brought that daring mode of acquiring Wealth to an abrupt end. The class of men that commit the crime of robbing pas- sengers and express cars are unquestiona- bly poorly informed as to legislation, and reading or hearing of a bill being presented in Congress for their punishment believe that bill has become a law ins: these men are willing to take chancs with | private corporations, the federal govern- ment has a way of running to earth those who commit crime cognizable by its courts that will, no doubt, Jessen the number of these depredations to a nominal degree, The bunch of train robberies committed during the month of August is a bad rec- ord for any country, and almost a disgrace to one like ours. The worst of it is that the ease and safety with which trains can be held up and the enormous booty to be obtained in this way is certain to stimuwate this form of crime and insurp its frequent repetition unless a substantia! check can be put upon it In some way. The Lake Shore robbery in Indiana netted the thieves $20,090, while the Mineral Range robbery in Mich-| igan gave them $75,000. That the booty was | recovered in the latter case is exc. ‘fonal. | The robbers usually disappear with their | spoil as completely as if the earth had swallowed them up. It is only in exception- | al cases that one ts injured, and usually the Supjneness and meekness of the trainhands insure the safety of these modern C dn Duvals, The passengers are often not mo- lested at all, and even when they are re- quired to hold up their hands, {t is a mere incident to the robbery of the express car. A Law and Its Enforcement. The epidemic of train robberies in the latter part of August caught Cengress in session, and the evil became so patent that a bill was introduced to meet the outrage by smaking the robbery of trains a federal offense. But a mere law against highway robbery 1s of little avai! without men to enforce it. The country should be policed as well as the towns, and the lines of rail- way travel most of all. But. until this civ- ilizing peace force is organized and put to work, it is not asking too much of the ex- press companies to require them to give | better protection to the treasure which now attracts the evil-minded and is the ob- jective point of nearly all our train robber- ies. The scarcity of “hold-ups” within the last month leads one to the belief that the ter. While | | | | | | | express companies have also reached this conclusion. When the first Pacific railroad was com- pleted armed troops were carried on every train until it became certain that Indians would not molest thts latest invader of their ancient domain. The express companie which endanger the safety of a passenger train by shipping treasure which is insuf- ficiently guarded, invite these train rob- beries. They should be compelled to guard their treasure by men who not only carry arms, but know how and are willing to use them effectively when necessary. One or two rressengers, even if armed and dir- posed to fight, are no match for such a large band of robbers as that which held up the Lake Shore train a short time since in Indiana. For the better safety of pas- sengers the express cars which carry treas ure ought not to be a part of a passenger train. The lives of passengers are put to a needless hazard by the combination of passenger coaches and treasure-bearing ex press cars insufficiently protected and in- viting attack and robbery at every stage of their journey. Tracking a Gang. The railroad and express companies have a regularly organized force of officers and during the August rush of business by the robbers in the west the greater portion of this force in the east was hurried to- ward the setting sun as fast as possible. Within the last month the train robbing business has taken a slump and these of- ficers have been returning to thelr regu- lar assignments in twos and threes. Meet- | ing an old acquaintance of this force who was lounging about the 6th street depot a reporter of The Evening Star asked him for particulars of his trip and also his ideas on the epidemic of train robberies that re- cently swept over the west. He said: “You Know that I served as a special of- ficer for several years in the west, and went through many tough experiences, That was about ten years ago, when the James gang was astonishing the western | people, who are accustomed to remarkable occurrences, by their daring raids on pas- venger trains and overland: mail and ex- press coaches. From this experience it may be gathered that I know what I am talking about. “When the first ‘hold up’ occurred re- | cently in the vicinity of Kansas City I re- ceived this dispatch from the chief ottiger of the western division, located in Chicago: “‘Come on at once, and pick up all our men in sight on your way out. Big hold up in Kansas, and I believe the gang will work east.’ “The chief was right in his surmise, as later developments demonstrated. Five min- utes after receiving that dispatch 1 was on a train bound for Chicago, and on the way out collected twelve of our men. Before we could form any plans as to locating that particular group of train robbers :he big hold up occurred down in Texas. ‘That robbery demonstrated that a master mind was engineering the raids on the express companies’ treasure box, as it threw the chief and all of us completely off our reck- oning. Of course we immediately started we thought, found plenty of indications to show that the gang was still in that coun- try. We scattered in twos and fours and worked for a week without discovering anything of a substantial nature. ‘The leader of the gang performed his work very similar to an expert chess player, for | while we were hunting him and his gang down in Texas he was going east, sub- stantiating my chief's first idea, and at that hour was no doubt laying his plans for the big robbery in Indiana. ‘Three days later upon reporting at the telegraph office in Waco I received the following telegram: ““My first judgment correct. Come at once. Gang in Indiana, and have made a big haul.” Latter Day Highwaymen. “Two days later I reached that scene and found my chief in charge of affairs. He was in a pulling-the-hair state of mind to think that the robbers had outwitted him and that he had not stood by his first de- cision of mind. He is also an old timer and been in many tight places and ne toll me that for a reckless display of :erve the James gang were not in the same class with this latter day band of highwaymen. I call- ed it cuteness, because they got away with their spoil. No matter how hard we work- ed and how many clues we ran down, the robbers made Chicago ahead of us oni your judgment will tell you how safe they were there with the thousands of ‘crooks’ to keep them company. My chief is lcoking for them yet, but my private opinion is that they have returned to their western haunts and will be heard from again in similar scenes and are only awaitiag the proper time. “It was while we were working on_the Indiana robbery that the Michigaa-Iron Mountain ‘hold up’ occurred. At first we thought it was the same gang, but une day's work on the case told us that we had a crowd of bunglers to deal with this time and a few days later our surmise proved correct, as we arrested the man that bad the money and for his release secured porses- sion of the stolen treasure and the urrest of his companions. The work of the tain robbers in Indiana no doubt put tne idea in the Michigan men’s minds that they were good highwaymen too, but they leached a good leader and were minus the dash of the western men. The smaller ‘hold ups’ I believe were committed by single members of the first band simply for the excitement connected with it and to keep their bands in. They have lots of money, as a result of their successful raids, and it will take them some time to spend it, but mark my words they will be at their old tricks again beforé Christmas Day passes over our heads." “What is your idea about resistance being offtred the robbers by the messengers and treinmen?” j the “Do they take the right course in dealing with these desperadoes?” ina Case of Hold-Up. “Yes and no. When it comes to a case of manhood they are right, but considered froma common sense point of view they are wrong. What is the use of resisting when a man has the drop on you? All non- sense, I say. Now, in that robbery down r Waco, Texas, the messenger resisted. What did he get? Why, a system full of lead. He didn’t save the treasure. He didn’t do himself any service, and the good opinion of the compa: is nothing to a a man. I say it is all right to give up na gun is at your head. There’s noth- ing else to do. Shoot your highwayman as he runs, if you can, but look out for your hide. You will never get another. When robbers are so desperate as to make an at- | taek-on a train loaded with passengers of all descriptions they are desperate enough to do anything. 1 was in a ‘held up’ some fifteen years ago on the Rock Island road, | that was before I became a special affi- cer, and [ don't want to be in another. The James boys engineered that raid, and I want to say thac the barrel of the six-shoot- er I gaged into looked bigger than a joint of stovepipe. So: of us had been boasting the night before what we would do in just such an emergency, but we didn’t do it. We attempted to crawl under the seats and through windows, and many forgot to hide their watches and money. Oh, it was easy enough for the people in the east here to brag, but the man who refuses to ackno edge the potency of the drop the other fel- low has on iim is a bigger fool than I am. “Circumstances alter cases,of course. Take the case of my friend Jack Krewster. He was clerking at night for the Wells-Fargo Company out in Silver City, Colo. in the early days of that city. The office was sit- uated on the first floor of the biggest hotel in town and was of considerable import- ance as It was the center of a large min- jing district. The miners brought a good‘ deal of gold in from the mountains and It was their practice to deposit it with the express company over night for the town was crowded with a rough element and robberies and even murders were of fre- quent eceurrence. The express company had a large safe in the oflice and this fre- quently held as high as $25,000. As depos- its were made every ten or fifteen minutes during the time prior to midnight it was easy for robbers to know that the express company kept this money on hand and to guard against an attack Jack always went armed and was a bad man to tackle as he is a sure shot and full of grit. The little office which inclosed the safe and desk was separated from the general office by a high railing and the small gate between the two was secured by a spring lock, difficult to open unless one understood it. One Lively Incident. “One dark and rainy night Jack was sit- ting’alone In the office some time between 1 and 2 o'clock, when a couple of Mexicans entered the room and came up to the desk. They said they would like Jack to take care of thelr money and they proceeded to count out nearly a thousand dollars in gold coin. As Jack turned to open the safe be- fore counting the money after the Mexf- cans, and just'as he was about to swing back the iron door he heard a sharp, whiz- | zing sound and then something struck him a tremendous blow in the back. He in- stantly raised up and whirled about to face the Mexicans, and as he did so a large knife fell from his back to the floor. He thought: for a second he had been fatally wounded, and, determining to revenge htm- self upon his assassins, he quickly drew his trusty revolver and fired at the men, who had been unable to open the gate and were still outside the railing. “Jack's first shot broke the arm of one of the robbers and he gave a cry of pain. The other Mexican attempted to grasp some of the gold, but Jack tired again +0 quickly that he turned and fled. this Mexican tn the side just as he reached the door, but both of them managed to es- cape and ran off up the street. Their yells and Jack's shots brought twenty guests down stairs in all stages of undress, but each man had a gun, pistol or bowie knife, and the rascals were quickly pursued by | most of the miners. Owing to the darkness and the start they had both got away, but they left their gold coin behind them. ‘This was given to Jack by the express company for defending their property and thus he made a handsome little stake in a single night, for the Mexicans never put in an ap- pearance to claim the gold. “Jack told me his escape from death was owing to a fortunate incident. He had been ad poked so much fun at him about it some steel shoulder braces, which were co\- ered with buckskin. These steel braces were made Strong enough to have fitted Samson, but their being so heavy saved Jack's life for the point of the knife when thrown by the Mexican had struck one of these and thus failed to penetrate his body as it would otherwise have done. Throwing a knife was a favorite pastime with Mex- icans and some became so expert that they eculd hit a silver dollar at a distance of ten or twelve feet. They no doubt thought the knife would so suddenly end Jack’s life that he would make no outcry to alarm the peo- ple in the rooms upstairs, and, as he had unlocked the safe, they could rob it at their leisure. It was a close call for Jack, but he came out unharmed. A third shot hit | tting round shouldered and his friends | that he got a blacksmith to make him | UNCLE SAM’S BURDEN The Government's Silver a Load for 300,000 Able-bodied Men. HOW BULLION 18 BOUGHT. Some Interesting Facts About the Precious Metals. THE PROCESS AT THE MINTS. ee NCLE SAM IS CAR- rying a heavy load of silver just now. Being “dead weight,” the stock of the met- al now on his hands would burden 300,000 able-bodied men. Sustaining 100 pounds each and marching six feet apart, they would stretch in a single file 250 miles, or as far as from Balti- more to . Boston. Stacking their freight in a single heap, they would find that its total bulk was 125,000 cubic feet. Transported by rail it would require thirty trains of twenty-five cars each, each car taking twenty tons. Nevertheless, the treasury has kept on buying more of this precious substance. Every month, obeying the Sherman law, it has been acquiring 4,500,000 ounces. This quantity is just about equal to the total silver product of the United States. By such obligatory purchases it is claimed that * the government has lost $40,000,000 since the legal enactment above referred to went in- to force. This sum represents the differ- ence in money between what it has paid for the metal and what the latter is worth today. How the Silver Was Bought. On three days in each week the director of the mint received bids from dealers in bullion who wished to sell the commodity to Uncle Sam. Offers had to be sent in be- fore 1 o'clock p. m. They came by tele- graph—nearly all of them between 12:30 and 1 o'clock, because the silver merchants wished to take advantage of the latest quo- tations. The telegrams were recorded in a book, and those bids were accepted which seemed reasonable. Advices as to the the development of electrical science. It was needed in thick wires over hundreds of RAILROADS. — thousands of mi y the long-distance ee eee ae in — ways a fresh de- samen Sox ae Py HUIDER Ore AND held up. ¢ Schedule in effect |, 188, Silver is far more widely used in the arts |. All trains today than ever before. The commonest arrive and leave at Station, Washington, D. ¢ 8.00 « m. daily.—socal for Danville and inter articles are now Plated with it, or even Mediate stati ches for Front Rade of the pure substance. In various | Imral and ‘Strasburg’ dalig escent tunigy.” aad shapes it is sold in dry goods shops, in- | Conects at Lynchburg with Norfolk and Westera sread of being dealt in exclusively by jew- | *#tious mest i Spee clers, as was the case a few years ago. iy for Lynchburg, “Dasctio nen’ fan peiecipal Many novel employments for it are already foipts south on Richmond found. Much of it is used and entirely lost lading Anat: in photography, in the shape of a nitrate, | Columbus, MM which is sensitive to Same nitrate symptoms of not cure, wi the patient is taken for epilepsy—the which it mitigates, but does blue—and, of course, n medicine the | {' hie turning the complexion of we ta, unit ta. 4.45 p.m.—Da! inter- : . D. ily for Charlottesville and fhe patient "b Pai MaAsEraTox akD sours. “austic is simply nitrate of silver. Silver is tirely ‘Slee A, yo & ee for bone in surgery, in tre- | runs ys ) — — ow Grissom, phining and otherwise. Good’ looking | with Pullman Bute, ee? Shrough New York lasses are backed with silver, and not gy hg ee with mercury, as is poputarly supposed. Angusta. Also New York to glass is laid "back down in a bath of ni wt —- —~ trate—that is, silver dissolved i acid—and the addition of ‘Epsom “oats causes the metal chemically pure film over t Pliny’s time, by the way, commonly made of silver, tho: they were manufactured ow of tin and copper. The Deposits of Silver. Whereas gold is found pretty nearly everywhere—in sea water, in sand, in rocks quite generally—silver is an element not often come across, comparatively speak- ing. It readily combines with all sorts ot other elements, and thus ordinarily occurs in the shape of chlorides, su.phates and carbonates, being seldom discovered “na- tive” or pure. Produced by nature in such shapes, it is not pretty to look at, the mirrors were ugh previously t of a mixture richest ore sometimes resembling blue sand. | 49. That is one reason why it was utilized to only a very small extent by the American aborigines up to the time of Columbus. They knew little of it, though some of their ornaments were covered with plates — of it, beaten very thin. The great deposits of silver in Ni Colorado and el: ies made by water. That innocent element, percolating through the earth, picked up out of the rocks small particles of the metal and carried them along in solution. Pass- ing through cracks and cavities the subter- | 10.40 ranean currents deposited their loads of the metal and thus after thousands of years pockets and fissures were filled with | 7-50 A.M. for it. Sometimes these deposits were enor- mous, as in the case of the Big Bonanza, which was a slice of ore 300 feet wide and of unknown depth, extending across the | 7. famous Comstock lode. It yielded $6 to $1,000 a ton. This was pretty rich, ccnsider- irg the fact that a ton of ore equals only 13 cubic feet, but ore has been dug in Colo- vado recently which produced $12,000 a ton. The great silver deposits of the world | FOR r have been struck by chance. The stock lode was an accidental discovery. Peru's famous mines were found by a shep- herd, who, while climbing a slope of the Andes, lighted some brambles for cooking a frugal repast. A pebble, heated by the flames, attracted his notice by its shining. state of the market reach the treasury every day from New York and London. The dealers are allowed five days to de- liver the metal at the mints. On deliver- ing it the seller gets more than a moiety of his pay at once in the shape of a check signed by the superintendent of the mint. He collects the balance as soon as the ex- act value of the stuff has ben ascertained. At should be understood that the mines sell their ore to the smelting and refining works; the latter sell the metal in bricks to the dealers in builion, who dispose of them at the best price they can get. What they cannot sell to Uncle Sain they dispose of in London, which is the world’s mar- ket for silver. Bullion at the Mints. The treasury at Washington never han- He took it to Lima, where it was exam- ined and declared to be precious ore. The care-taker of flocks became a millionaire. In South America. The richest veins of silver in Chile were found by a mountaineer named Godoy, who hunted guanacos in the Andes. One day, bein; fatigued, he sat down under the shel- ter of a huge rock and was struck by the dies any bullion. All of it is kept at the | mints. In the great coin factory on Chest- | nut street, Philadelphia, is now stored | $101,000,000 in sliver bricks. Uncle Sam owns | at present almost exactly $500,000,000 worth | of this metal. Of this mass of value $375,-'! 000,000 is in standard dollars and sub- sidiary coins, the balance being bullion. | Yet only 58,700,009 silver dollars are today | in circulation, more than five times as; many being locked up in the government vaults unused. ‘They take up a lot of room. One niillion of them will occupy a space of 250 cubic feet. Oudiy enough, a box con- taining only 150 cubic feet will hoid $1,000,000 | in quarters or dimes, because they pack so much better. Silver sold by the bullion dealers to the mints is reduced to absolute purity by a chemical process. It is first dissolved with nitric acid in a great tank. Salt water is put in, and that causes the precious metal to fall to the bottom, where it looks like so much plaster of paris. The base racials that were mixed with it remain in solution and are thrown away. But the silver has taken up from the salt an element called chlorium, making it chloride of silver. This must be got rid of. So the metal is shoveled into another tank containing a solution of zinc, which absorbs the chlorium and leaves the silver perfectly pure. The latter now has the appearance of fine gravel. It is next pressed into cakes and dried in an oven, after which it is ready to be melted for making coins, A Mystery. Nobody has ever been able to explain what becomes of all the silver and gold produced in the world. The total loss of | both those substances from shipwreck, fire and wear and tear has been reckoned at $1,400,000 per annum. The entire amount of silver now in the possession of mankind is only equal to what has been produced during the last eighty years. What has been the fate of the vast balance? The white treasures of past centuries—where ure they? It is an unsolved mystery, At the beginning of the Christian era’ the | Precious metals in the Roman empire amounted to $1,640,000,000. This store shrunk }S0 rapidly during subsequent centuries | thas the date of the discovery of America | the stock of silver and gold money in Eu- rope did not exceed one-tenth of the sum mentioned. ° The depleted cui was made full new. Toda: irrency of the old world again by supplies from the y America furnishes nearly all of the silver used by the inhabitants of the globe. The great source of supply is what geologists term the Cordilleran system, ; embracing the Rocky mountain region, the Mexican plateau and the Andean chain of South America. In fact, the metal is not produced to any important extent anywhere else. In 1892 the United States yielded 000,000 worth of it and Mexico $50,000,000. It is among the foremost of American Pro- ducts. For that reason, among oth-rs, sil- ver advocates claim that we ought to ‘up- — it in the world’s markets at all haz- ards. i Silver coin undergoes a loss in weight due to wear and tear of circulation. It falls on Uncle Sam and amounts to about ? per cent. The “life” of a standard doll roll- ing through the channels of trad only fifteen or twenty years, while a quarter does not last half as long, and a dime is even more rapidly perishable. . whereas only a reduction of one-half of one per cent ig allowed on gold, no limit ts set by the treasury against silver pieces. The latter are accepted at face value so long as the mint stamp on them ts visible. This rule, of course, does not apply if they have been purposely punched, mutilated otherwise or “sweated.” ; Carrent Tokens, The gold coins of the United States, you see, are the people’s money. Uncle Sam | issues them at his own expense, the yetow | metal in them being worth their face. But| | the silver dollars and subsidiary pieces are‘ circulated by the government on its own account, the profit on them being 10 its own advantage. Intrinsically they are vot equal to their face value; in effect they are merely tokens, the stamp of the tressury making them current. Accordingly the government feels obliged ta them at any time without deduction, s¢ long a: they are in condition to be identified. In a sense, they are obligations to pay. It is quite otherwise with gold. With gold coin there is a loss of no small consequence by abrasion in bags at the treasury, through rubbing against one an- other; but with silver, this damage is not important enough for consideration. Bars of pure silver—99-100 fine—are made at the mints and sold to jewelers and other mer- chants, not so much for their benefit as to save from destruction the coins, whieh | would otherwise be melted for use in the |arts. Coin silver ts 90-100 fine; sterling is slightly better, or 925-1,000 fine—such being the legal make-up of British silver pPleces. A New Une Needed. What silver most needs is the discovery of a new industrial use for the metal. Cop- | per has been thus saved, in a commercial | sense, recently. It was in the same fix a | few years ago, the price of It having gone | down, owing to over-production. Processes | were devised for producing it more cheaply, | and vast new deposits were found in Mon- tana. But it fortunately happened that novel uses for copper were hit upon through } | | | | i salts to deposit itseif in a | 20% he surface. In | ff mre. te 4 sewhere in the world were | 7.40 PAt WESTERNS pemMath, via = Birmingham. Ne AND ONTO DIVTS ex . 2.45 p.m. daily fro ails except trains’ rfom the south arrive Washington $e 2m 25 Bim ‘and 8.45, Dm. 7" Stanaseas ‘De m he "I cept Sunday, am @atiy ‘trom Charlottesviine, = Titete. Car reservations nnd information furnished at offices, 511 and 1300 vanie, ave., and at ‘Stat Pennsylvania Rail- road. Washington, D.C. W. Bt. GREEN, Gen, Man, L. & Brown, General Agent Passenger Dept. sc23 TRAINS ON w, > N leave Wash o lagton 8.80 a Round _ Hill, 1, Hill. "and 6.53 ‘Through PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. STATION CORNER OF SIXTH AND B STREETS. In effect ember 4. 1893. 10.15 A.M. COLUM! risburg ts 15 AM. PAST LINE.—For Parlor 116 Pit Pee Harrie}, rp ST, LOUIS. CINCINNATE. AND" CHT ) EXPRESS.—Pullmaa Buffet rior Car te Harris ve. Harris: PL Cs ‘to EXPRESS Pullman. to Chleneo. WESTERN ra 10.15 AM. 0 P. NM -HILADELPHIA.NEW YORK AND THE EAST from Bal Dining Cai 7.20, 5. New Ye 7.08 foo Couches). 7 1! 1 AM., 10.00, tea 5 For 7.20 a.m. and 436 pm. cept Sunday. color and brightness of a projecting part. 20, 9.00 and 13.50 am. and 4.20 He chipped off a piece of the stone with his except Sunday. Sundays, 9.00 a.m. knife, and, finding that {t cut like cheese, a or took a specimen. Metallurgists declared daily. For Rich: ‘only, 7.10 p. that it was chloride of silve>otherwise ; known as “horn-silver,” because it has | 425 pm. week agente TAS @.m. Gaily and somewhat of the texture of horn. The mine | For Alexand 20, RO, 9.45, 10.48 developed silver in masses, but Godoy sold 8 3.28, 4. 00. his share, dissipated the proceeds, and diea| &; Too, without a penny. Among the employes of 8.02 and 10, . the mine discovered by Godoy were two | Leave Alexandrin for We: 6.08, brothers named Bolados, who gained a Ris £035, 12-17 -m.. 1.00. miserable livelihood by carrying wood on the Lm: On Sunday ot Die tee oe backs of asses to the smelting house. One| _ Box gan t'on'z'sn aap weak inne ae day they came across a crevice in the earth, | Ticket offices, northemer corner 18th street and opened by an earthquake, in which was an | Pennsylvania avenue, and at the station, Oh ana enormous block of silver ore. From this | #treets. block more than sixty-five quintals of silver were taken by merely removing the soft crust from the mass. It was worth alto- gether $700,000, which the brothers squan- dered in gambling and otherwise, being left poorer than before the discovery. Silver in the Bible. The first mention of silver occurs in the Bible, where Ephron values his field at 400 | nicht. | shekels of silver, him by Abraham. It is stated later on that Joseph's brothers sold him for 20 pieces of | * the same metal. Silver and gold were used by weighing long before they were coined. The ratio at which they were first coined | ine was the ratio at which they had previously gone into use by weight. In Greece and the Greek cities of Asia Was 13 to 1, but it fell to 10 to 1 after the conquest of Athens. In ancient times gold Sundays, was the variable metal; it fluctuated great- | 39.50, (10.00, ly in value, while silver was always the commercial standard. Here are a few unclassified facts: The total production of silver since the year 1500 is reckoned at 400,000,000 pounds. The “ring” of silver is best imitated in a counterfeit by an admixture of powdered glass with base metal. The silver dollar of silver quarter of 1827 is worth $4; the half dime of 1802 is worth $30; the 5-cent silver | ®.m.. and the dime of | 5p! piece of 1873 is worth $50, 1804 is worth $4. What would happen if the United States treasury threw its stock of s: market? The most frightful financial panic that has ever been seen would ensue. The $500,000,000 worth of th the treasury mcre than equals the present circulation of silver in the world. Such ac- tion on the part of this government, hap- pily impossible, would almost destroy this substance as money, reducing it to the status of a base metal. After ail, it is only rarity that makes value. tiful as iron, RENE BACHE, ——_+e. Written for the Evening Star. FR nner Alarm of Fire. heard the fire bell tolling, According to the law; I looked—no smoke was rolling— A blaze I nowhere saw. I had been musing, dreaming, ‘Of oue I love right well, My brain with rhymes a-teeming, hen loudiy clang'd the bell. With high-ratsed window sashes, I into night did peer? No sparks, ‘po flames, no flashes— A false alarm, ‘twas clear. ‘Then to my armchair turning, To muse again of Maud, I felt my heart was burning, Though uothing burned abroad. The fire was there, that's certain, ‘There long had burned with might; But through my close-drawn curtain It scarce could cast a light. Literary Men as Husbands. From the Ladies’ Home Journal. In spite of a few brilliant exceptions ex- perience does not prove that there is much sympathy between the female and the male scholar. The literary woman who knows anything knows that he is, of all men, th: most irritable and exacting. Ordinary hus- bands, going about among ordinary people, are entertaining and reasonable, and bring the gar of — — home at even- ing with them. e literary husband spends the day with himself and with books written by men who hold his opinions. He has no fresh, piquant ne: of the people they both writing a political or or making a all the same a bull terrier ————-+e+- In Hendrick Hudson’s Time. know. He may be @ theological paper, — fora — ‘periodical, but ie is apt to be as “snappy on the chain.” vi First Indian Chief—“Tremendous boom in real estate! Heard about that sale of Mun- hattan Island?” Second Indian Chief— for it?” First Indian Chief—“Twenty-five dollars, * all cash—no mortgage. I can remember the | @Ivania a time when a man could have had Brooklyn and Jersey City thrown in at that price. I tell you, things are on the jump!” which are weighed out to | phigh 9m! Minor the ratio | #2” 1804 is worth $600; the | "i1's0 For ilver on the | dafir, 800 1 ie metal now held by | si, If gold were plen- | residences by Mnion ‘Tra it would fetch no higher price. | ! orders can be left for the checking of baggage to destination from hotels recta, 8. M. PREVOST, General Manager.(se20) General Passenger Agent. and BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD. Schedule in effect July 9, 1893. ington from stetion corner Leave ka ¢ Northwest, Vestibule trains 11.35 a.m. 6.15, $40 p.m. Sleeping car open For Pittsimrg and Cleveland, express m. and &.40 p.m. — Lexineton and Staupton. ‘1 For Luray, Natoral Rridze, ‘Chattanooga’ and Memplits, 11.20 p.m. cars throuch to Memphis. For Larar. 3.30 p.m. daily. Fer Baltimore, week days, X7.15. (8.00, 45 minutes), 58.05, minutes) a.m.. x12.00. 12.1 x4.15,x4.28, 37.30, x8.00. S. x5.40, C3 x2.40, 3.25. x4. xB. xa. 431 . "12.45, p.m. AL BLUE For Puitacinhie Di 6.00, Dining Can, S00, 1.30 p Car, ‘open at 10.00 o'clock’, Rurffet Parlor Cars on all day trains For Rostoa, *2.40 p.m. with Pallman Rnffee ance ‘rin Fonzikerpale Widee. landing nantes inge via Poach . ‘ B. and M station xt Roston = For Atlantic City, 10.00 a.m. an@ 12.00 noon. Sundays, 12.00 noon. 1Except Sunday. “Daily. Sunday only. Xtxpresa trains. Racgage called for and checked trom hotels and 7 meter Co. on orders left it cket offices. 19 and 1851 Pa ave. 3. T. ODELI., CHAS. 6. Gen. Manager. Gel Gen. Pas. Ag’t. CHESAPEAKE AND OHTO RATLWaY. SCHEDULE IN EFFECT AUGUST 21. 2808, ‘Trains leave daily from Union station ®. an@ P.). Oth and B ate. Throngh the grandest scenery in America, with the handsomest and most complete Solid-train Ser- vice West from Washington. 2:00 p.m. daily—“Washincton and Chicago Spe- cinl”—Sotid vestibnled. newly equiped, electric. Nehted train. Pullman's finest «l hington. Arrives Cincinmnath TS Indianopolis 11:45 a.m., Chicago 5:20 p.m. 11:10 p.m. dallyThe famous “F. F. ¥. Lim- fted”—a solid vestibule train, with @ining car an@ Pullman sleepers for Cincinnati. Lexincton. an Louisville, without chance. arriving at Oincinnatt 6:25 p.m., Lexington 6:15 p.m.. Louterilie 9-50 indianapolis 11:10 p.m., Chicago 6-55 #.m., . Touts 7:45 a.m, connecting in Union depot for all points. Special Pullman sleeper Wednesdays through te Hot Springs, Va., without change; arrives 8:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m. Anily—Pxpress for Ge lottesville, Waynesboro’, Staunton and = points; Gaily, except Sunday, Polimen locations and fces, 518 and 142) Penna. ave. au24 H.W. FULLER, Gen'l Passenger Agent. hare principal: Rich. \'T CO., “RIMITED.” From 7th st. “ferry wharf.” Steamer Wakefield on MONDAYS, WEDNESDAYS and SATURDAYS at 7 a.m. for Nomini crook. Va.. intermediate Inndings. Returning TUESDAYS, THURSDAYS and SUNDAYS. (See schedule.) Steamer T. V. Arrowsmith on MONDAYS and WEDNESDAYS at 8:60 p.in. for Alerandrin. ¢ nial Beach and all lower river landincs: retwrn leaves Kinsale TUESDAYS and THURSDAYS for arriving retorn land! Washington WED. Om SATTR. p.m. for Colonial Beach, Colton's George's Island. Smith creek at St. WS, and no gossip | Coan and Yeocomico: returning Jeaves Kinsale, ar- ‘Washington SUNDAYS about 10. pm. 5 FB c. W. RIDLEY ‘pete General Manager. NEW PALACF STEAMER HARRY RANDALL | Leaves River View wharf. 7th 74. Sundar. Thureday at T a.m. Landing nt ee addox creek. Returning Fridays, 3 p.m. Paw “What did they get | 6:80 a.: ETON, D. Cy NORPOLK, VA. ‘The new and powerful Iron Palace Steamers -ASHINGTON AND NORFOLK —SOUTE Witave Washington Gail at 7 pm. tre 7 rf, 1 BOUNT. om ” at 7 for | where railroad connections are made | south and southwest. NORTH ROUND, Leave Monroe “IG p.m. Arrive’ at . ext day. Tickets on sale at 5: ‘Ask for tie Tel INO. CALLATIAN, aplert Bem Seme,