Evening Star Newspaper, August 2, 1890, Page 12

THE LA FAYETTE yee MONUMENT. A GREAT WORK OF ART The Lafayette Monument and What It Looks Like, FRIENDS IN TIME OF NEED. Lafayette and His Compatriots—The Present Condition of the Work—Delay im Shipment—The Site and the Pedes- tal ——___ HE pedestal for the famous Lafayette monument is all ready for the magnificent work of art that is to surmount it, but ithe bronzes and upper pedestal of the monument are still in Paris, undergoing those finishing touches that all artists seem to think are necessary on a work of this magni- tude before letting it go to its permanent owners. The Secretary of War, under whose direction as a member of the commission se- lected by Congress to see to the purchase and construction of the monument a greater part of the work has been done, is now waiting for word to come from United States Minister Reid at Paris that the sculptors have finally com- pleted it and it has been shipped to this country. It was at first hoped that the monument would be received in time for its erection and unveiling before the adjournment of Congress, in order that the ceremonies might be witnessed by the largest possible number of the states- men of the republic that was founded with the not at all insignificant aid of the troops com- manded by the men whose memories this noble Dronze is to perpetuate in the minds of the American people, and above them all Lafayette, whose figure surmounts the whcle. But there have been so many delays in the shipment of the work that now it is seen that it will be im- possible for the unveiling to take place before the adjournment, however late that may be, and it is now planned to have the event come off soon after the reassembling of Congress in December. THE PEDESTAL. ‘The present couse of the delay is the neces- sity to recut some of the stones forming the upper pedestal, which forms a part of the monument made by the French artis’s. The lower pedestal has been the square that has always been known as “Lafayette Square,” opposite the White House, notwithstanding the presence in the middle of aite completed. and | may be seen any day on the southern side of | | De Grasse. the former two representing the army and the latter two thi of heroes are placed ri and the right of the pedestal, together with a} ropriate emblems. On the front face is a female figure representing young America in the act of offering a sword of -honor to tte and his compatajots, as is signified by “A Lafayette et ses Com- tion, patriote: The principal figure of the monument, whose services it is destined chiefly to commemorate, Marie: Jgati‘Paul Roch Yves Gilbert Motie: Marquis.de. Lafayette, born 1757, died 1834, known or should be known to all Americans, An enthnsiagf for the cause of liberty, La! ette received the first news of the American surrection when he was a young officer in gar- rison at Metz; his “heart,” he wrote, ‘was at once enlisted,” and soon he put himself in r lations with an American agent, equipped ship at his own expense, and in spite of the op- position of his family and the formal probibi- tion of the court of Louis XVI. he started and reached Georgetown, 8S. C., in the summer of 1777. He was then twenty years of age. On July 31, 1777. Congress appointed Lafayette major general in the American army. After two years of brilliant service, there being ru- mors of war between France and England. La- fayette returned to serve his country, and Con- gress offered him a sword of honor, which was presented to him in Paris in the name of the American | apes Congress also wrote to Louis XVI a letter thus conceived: “We recommend this noble young man to your majesty’s attention, because we have found him wise in counsel, brave on the ile field, patient in the midst of the fatigues of war.” His third journey to America, 1784-5, was de- voted to the joys of triumph and to receiving the testimonies of the American people, who saluted in him one of their liberators. In 1824-5 Lafayette again visited America as the guest of the nation and was splendidly feted and honored; at Bunker Hill he celebrated the anniversary of one of his first combats for lib- erty; at Mount Vernon he rendered homage at the grave of Washington, whose friendship had been one of the glories of his life; while in addition to all individual manifestations he was made the subject of an act of national muniticence in the form of $200,000 and of gift of land in recognition of the sacrific that he had made in former days for the sak: of American freedom. ROCHAMBEAU. Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de Rochambeau, born 1725, died 1807, the hero of Minorca and of Minden. became lieutenant general in 1780, and was sent to America with 6,000 men, €o-operated with the forces of Washington and of the Admiral Comte de Grasse and rendered brilliant service in the Cornwallis campaign. DUPORTAIL. Lebegue Duportuil, died 1802, was a cuptain in the royal engineers when he obtained per- the famous tilting horse statue of Andrew | mission to accompany Lafayette, of whom he Jackson. It is rather low for a pedestal, but | was the intimate friend. Iu 1777 he was made this is necessary on account of the other stones | colonel of engineers by Congress and joined ‘that serve to throw the figures into their proper | Gen. Washington at headquarters, when he be- positions, with the g: t general whose name is given to the whole on the extreme top. It is of gray granite, an American stone, thus being symbolic in its relation to the other. which is all French. There is first a straight rise of abouta foot and « half, and then two or three graceful curves that bring the flat to about two feet and ahalf from the ground, square and about fourteen feet across. The ground around theg base is sodded to about three feet out, sothat the statues can be in- spected at close range. The work of laying e foundations and erecting the pedestal was done under the direction of Col. Ernst. com- missioner of public buildings and grounds, who was ordered to do this by the Secretary of War. An appropriation of $5,000 was set aside for this purpose. In digging for the foundation came chief of the corps of engineers. He served Washington's staff at Morristown, Brandy- ne, Germantown, Valley Forge and Mon- mouth. He was captured in the defense of Charlestown, but was exchanged specially and became s close companion of Washington. He retired from the continental service in 1783 and returned to France with the grade of brigadier. In 1790, through his friendship with Lafayette, he was made minister of war. During the French revolution he was accused and pro- scribed and took refuge in America, It wasnot urtil after the coup d'etat of 18th Brumaire that he obtained the authorization to return to France, but he died on the voyage home, D'ESTAING. Charles Hector, Comte d’Estaing, born 1729, several old water and gas pipes were struck, and | 4ied 179, began his career as an infantry offi and a spring of water was discovered that cer and finally became admiral. In 1778 he hindered the work considerably. THE SITE. The readers of Tux Stag are by this time familiar with the controversy that raged for a week or two over the question of the selection of a site for this statue. Its actual life was not more than a week. although Secretary Proctor’s predecessor in office, Judge Endicott, found it & serious problem. The difficulty lay in the fact that the square had always been known as Lafayette Square and that it had been so named by Washington in his plans for the city bearing his name as a compliment to bis dear friend the marquis. But in the center of the square there had been erected this costly statue of Jackson on the rearing horse, the masterpiece of Clark Mills, which had become a landmark of the city. To take it down was out of the power of the Lafayette monument commission, who were vested with no other authority than to place the new statue in whatever place they thought best. To plece the two in the same square would be to violate all sorts of prece- cents and canons of art; but there was no way out of the difficulty but to put the newcomer ou one side of the lot and wait for Congress to Riv its permission to a removal of the Jackson je to a more appropriate site. The how! that went up at first about this se- lection has subsided to a very large degree, as the people are beginning to grow accustomed to seeing the pedestal in the position given it by the commission. It remains to seen what effect the placing of two such large works im the same line will have upon the artistic sense of sight. LAFAYETTE AND HIS COMPATRIOTS. The sculptors of the statue are Alexandre Falguiere and Antonin Mercie. By an act ap- Ford March 3, 1835, the Congress of the ‘nited States of America authorized the Secre- tary of War, the chairman of the joint commit- tee on the library and the architect of the Capitol as commission to contract for and erect astatue, with suitable emblematic de- vices thereon, on one of the public reserva- ‘tions of Washington, to the memory of Lafay- ette and his compatriots. Thereupon a compe- tition was —_ and MM. Faiguiere and Mer- cie having | mm invited tosend in» design was finally accepted The con- i Secre- tary of War, William M. Evarte and Edward Clark, architect of the Capitol | | | received command of twelve ships and four frigates and sailed for America, where he cor- certed with Lafayette and the American gen- evals the maneuvers which compelled the British to destroy their fleet in Newport har- bor. D’Estaing subsequently commanded the French naval forces for the reduction of the West Indies, DE GRASSE. Francois Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse, Marquis de Grasse-Tilly, born in 1723, died 1788, was destined by his family to enter the order of the Knights of Maita, and in his youth fought on the galleys of the order against the Turks and Barbaresques. In 1749 he entered the service of France and distinguished him- self in the East Indian seas and subsequently with d'Estaing in the West Indies. Iu 1781 he left Brest in command of twenty-one ships, ten frigates, four corvettes, forming the escort of forty-three vessels transporting men and other succors to the United States. Inthe autamn of 1781 he reached Chesapeake bay and co-operated in the great campaign that culminated in the surrender of Cornwalli A MAGNIFICENT WORK. The sculptors are famous in France and also have achieved quite a fame in this country. ‘This work promises to be one of the best that they have ever produced. Minister Reid, writing to the Secretary of War a few months ago, at the time that he accepted the monu- ment for thie United States, that he had consulted several! artists and sculptors of note, both French and American, as to its merits, and they all d that it was a magnificent work of art. There was at one time considera- ble jealousy among French sculptors who did not obtain the contract, and some rather un- favorable criticisms were heard from them, but the unprejadiced, candid opinion of others is that it is truly an achievement of which not only the artists themselves but the entire pean Hans RF upon it, which, it was fc did not fit when the Sint ageinbling toch pies te Paria, was F i FAKING IN ART WORK. There Are Many Surprising Tricks in the Business, PHOTOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS. How Some Surprising Mlustrations Are Preduced—Trickery inthe “Lightning Sketch” Act—Solar Prints for Crayon Portraite—Stencil Painting. —o___ ARICATURISTS who work for Puck, Judge, and other funny papers make a regular business of coming to Washing- ton at intervals forthe purpose of se- curing personal observation and sketch suggestions of the public men whose countenances compose their stock in trade for cartoons, Live likenesses are not to be ob- tained from mere photographs; the character- istic traits that give the vivid touches to caricature must be obtained with the pencil direct. It is no unusual thing to see in the press galleries of the House or Senate, or in the lobbies, well-known comic artists trying to catch with surreptitious sketch book and pen- cil a nose of one celebrity or a moustache of another—ideas to be subsequently utilized in the composition of pictures that stir a nation's risibilities. Said one of these caricaturists to ‘AR reporter yesterday: ‘There is a deal of faking done in the busi- ness of drawing for funny papers. For in- stance, take those illustrations which repre- sent the most recent development of the mod- ern society sketch. You can see them not only in the magazines, but also in the comic papers, and they are so wonderfully executed as to look like photographs of actual scenes in the drawing room and boudoir, with all the artistic quality of well-done drawings with pen and ink or brush. In pointof fact they are photo- graphs—that is to say, cared sun prints form the basis of them, and all the artist does is to go over them with his ‘guache’ or other ‘medium,’ The process is simply this: “The artist, let us suppose, wishes to produce asketch of a scene representing two young women engaged in a conversation with a good- looking young bachelor. He has been supplied with half a dozen lines of humorous dialogue by an editor and the picture is to fit. To go to work and draw the figures and accessories in the old-fashioned way would be altogether labori- ous, Itis much easier for the artist to get two young ladies and a man of his acquai.t- ance to pose for him in the situation before a camera. Preliminarily, he takesa sheet of bristol board and coats it with « preparation that makes a very thin glaze over the surface and renders it sensitized like a dry plate. On this the photograph is made, MAKING A SKETCH. “Now, supposing that the artist wishes his sketch to be in brush work, he takes a little bottle of ready-prepared India ink and some Chinese white. With these he makes a mix- ture called ‘guache,’ which has a good body to it and serves in various proportions of mixture for all tones between black and white. Care- fully he goes over with the guache every part of the photograph on the cardboard that he desires to appear in the final result, So far as the accesso: are concerned, he contents him- self to a great extent with suggestions merely, obliterating with his brush all unnecessary do- tails of chair legs and so on. High lighis he od in with danbs of pure Chinese white. hen this has all been done he pours over the cardboard an acid solution which quickly eats off all of the Photograph and leaves merely the drawing that has been done with the brush. Thus the sketch has ail the appearauce of an ordinary brash drawing, with tye life-like qual- ity of a photograph, Very little labor has been involved in the production, and the achievement is worth just as much commer- cially. A man who is practiced at this sort of thing can turn out three such pictures in a day very easily, whereas he would do well to make three ina week by the old-time method. It can hardly be said that the process is consistent with the rules of legitimate art, but what's the odds so long as it is money making? WHAT PICTURES BRING. “You must remember it requires no little artistic skill to make the sort of sketch I speak of; the work is not altogether mechanical by any means. From $15 to #25 apiece is the market value of society sketches the more elaborate sort for comic papers. The maga- zines often pay more. You must remember, however, that the market is very limited for that kind of work. It is worth mentioning, by the way, that the big magazines do not pay for illustrations until they print them, which often means a wait of a year or more for the artist. There could not be a more gross in- justice. When a man delivers any other com- modity to the purchascr and it is accepted he is rightly considered to be entitled to his money, It is no concern of the artist's or writer's when the publisher chooses to use his production; the author or artist has fulfilled his part of the contract and the pay isdue him. The case is aggravated in the instance of th ‘tiet who almost invariably supplies the sketches upon the publish order. It is difficult tosee how the rich publisher can feel warranted in keeping the poor contributor out of his money for long and indefinite periods, Although cus- tom warrants this injustice, the taw does not. A short time ago a magazine in New York was sued by a writer who had waited two years for the publication of an accepted manuscript and his pay. He got his money, too, with costs, the court holding that, having delivered the goods, he should not be compelled to wait for his money until it happened to suit the de- fendant to print the article. Newspapers do not pay for articles until they are published; but they almost always print them promptly. FOR PEN-AND-INK DRAWINGS, “The photographic process is utilized for pen-and-ink as well as for brush sketches, It is simply a question of going over the sun print with the pen instead of the brush, Ever 8o many good illustrations in pen and ink that you see in magazines and elsewhere are pro- ‘duced in that way, though you would not sus- pect it. Necessarily, some touching up is done to all such pictures after the photograph has been eaten off; before that the artist cannot tell perfectly just what effects he has obtained with his brush or pen. LIGHTNING SKETCH WORK. “Caricaturists who do ‘lightning sketch’ work on the stage all resort to more or less faking. To execute a cartoon rapidly and well requires shaken nerves, and no man is sure of either before an audience. For this reason the carica- turist is obliged to em- Roy a little trickery, ‘hen ‘Tom’ Nast used to go about lecturing he drew his pictures on the stage upon big sheets of paper which had been previously pricked with apin along what were to be the main outlines of the sketches. Of course, the same set of sketches was repro- duced at each town visited and a consider- able number of the drawing sheets could be pricked at once by simply laying ® finished cartoon on top of a pile af, fifteen or twenty blank sheets and stabbing: them all through at once along the out-\| lines of the original. Thus the eminent cari- caturiat, upon tackling a drawing before an audience, had lines of pin holes that were in- visible to the spectators to guide his chalk, ‘WITH GUM ARABIC. “A better plan than this, perhaps, has fre quently been adopted by others and consists in lightly sketching the outlines of the picture with a solution of gum arabic. Thelines made in this way are rendered visible to the artist by the glare of the foot lights, and all he has to do is to follow them. But the most common method of all is to do the prelimi tracing with a mixture of soapsuds and Canada balsam with a drop or two of some fixed oil. This leaves an invisible but sticky line. When tho caricaturist goes to work before the audience he holds in the same hand with the chalk a rag filled with crayon dust. This dust catches on the sticky outline and really produces the marks that are seemingly made by the stick of crayon held in the fingers. The finished it within a short time by simply in with black A skill- ful man can turn out @ crayon ees in this ooden er lacking in artistic Goality; bat that makes no dit because Pt taste in matters of art is not very io ksmatacpeae STRXCILED LANDSCAPES, “Art seems to have been reduced to its low- est possible terms, however, in paintings of the sort one sees exposed for sale at temporary auction rooms—usually landscapes in astovad- ing colors, with water that has a solidified look and frames very bh These pic- tures, which are m: sold to country people, are made very largely in Now York city alm wholly by stencil process. The first design is turned out by hand without much difficulty. No attempt is made to imitate nature very closely; it is much easier and quite as useful for the purpose to sketch in out of one’s head a mmenifiels or two, with a meadow, perhaps, and &@ stream over which a rustic bridge leads toa woodland Iane beyond. is quite as com- Plicated a pattern as is desirable for « painting of the kind, and it is best to mingle the colors as little as nble. The pattern once made in this way hundreds of copies of it are turned out with the utmost ra laity bya gre of may be eight or ten workmen. workman is provided with a stencil plate rep- resenting some 't of the design. Number one takes a fri sheet of canvas stretched upon a frame and, laying his stencil a pe part of it, passes a brush fil it blue paint across the = ‘That makes the sky of the picture that is tobe. The can- Yas is then handed Sash number hal who puts ina green mendow in precisely the same manner below the sky. Number three adds a urple mountain likewise, number four a red Roebe,and so on until the picture is mapped out entirely and has only to go into the hands of the ‘finisher’ for its final touches. In this way a gang of stencil artists working together can turn out soveral hundred works of art daily, They are not of a very high order, but they please the people who purchase them as well as if they were by groat masters.” PULLING DOWN HOUSES. Second-hand Materials of Various Sorts That are Worth Money. HERE a little while ago the Tracy house stood on Farragut Square is now a blank space, every- thing that the fire spared having been carried away or piled mto the great heap of bricks and lumber that now re- mains in the front street as the only memorial of what was once a stately residence, “The business of tear- ing down houses is only indirectly profitable,” said an architect to a Star reporter yester- —& day. “The second-hand matezials obtained will not sell for more than ‘the cost of demolishing the build- ings, but on the other hand, these materials can be most advantageously used in putting up other structures. For example, the bricks are just as good for minor walls and_for the filling of walls as new ones would be. When you un- derstand that new bricks of the common sort cost $12 per 1,000 you will realize the saving we make by utilizing a large part of the 275,000 old bricks obtained from the Tracy mansion in the construction ofa new house which is to be built for Mrs. A. C. Tyler on the site. Such of the bricks as we do not want we can sell to dealers at $6 @ thousand. The pressed bricks, which made the outside coat of the ex- posed wall, cost from $30 to $40 a thoueand new and are worth more than common ones second- hand; but capi are thrown in with the rest be- cause it would not pay to bother about sepa- rating them. Pressed bricks are much more expensive for the reason that they are all made in molds by handand are subsequently loaded with hay, to prevent them from breaking, and carefully piled instead of being merely dumped. TEARING DOWN AXD BUILDING UP. “In taking such a contract to pull down a building and put up another in its place one agreement usually covers the whole business, the contractor taking the old house for what the materials in it are worth and rela a corresponding amount on the bargain. The expense of demolishing the Tracy residence was about $1,500. To begin with, we gave contract to a builder to perform the labor of tearing down the house, clearing the lot and iling up the debris neatly in front. The lum- acreilicoams tater mete house, being as good as ever, and, in fact, better, because thoroughly seasoned. Much’ of the stuff ob- tained in such cases is saleable. For instance, the steam-heating men are glad to buy the lead and iron piping, the steam-heat piping, the boilers, radiators, and so forth. Such cut stones as are not desired are sold to dealers in stone. To the junk dealer are handed over, at so much a pound, all the sheet-tin roofing and tin coverings of the furnace pipes. The man- tel pieces, interior wood work of all sorts, in- eluding doors, panels, window frames and wash boards, find purchasers in contractors 1g Up small houses in the suburbs, Ranges and stoves are sold to the dealers‘in such goods, who resell them for small houses that are being newly erected. Such things as bath tubs and closet fixin, the con- tractor will ally take off architect's hands as a matter of courtesy. If the con- tractor does not want them himself he sells them to another contractor for small houses, which are, generally speaking, made up of odds and ends to a considerable extent. re, Tyleg paid $40,000 for the Tracy house and lot, 230,750 being for the land. What her new house is to cost it would not be professional for me to make public.” — Not a Hindoo Hoodoo. From the Boston Post. Miss Bella Law, well known in suburban so- ciety, was married in Ottawa the other day to Dr. Merkhim, s Hindoo oculist, who opened an office there some months ago. The wed- ding has created.s.decided sensation, owing to the bride’s préthinence. The marriage ap- pears to have been the result of love at first sight. The fair bride, hearing of the miracu- lous cures which the’ oculist was effecting, went to him for treatment. and the blandish- ments of the oriental doctor seem to have touched her heart. The Rev. A. W. Mackay performed the wedding ceremony, which was witnessed by a large number of spectators, ‘The bride was supported by her brother and was attired in # fascinating costume of cream- colored silk. The groom looked handsome and gallant ina brilliant red plush coat, trim- med with ermiue, velvet breeches and’ plush cap. Miss Law had many admirers, but for- sook them all for the man Shetland Poni Ponies, little and big, shaggy and sleek, are now so common in New York to dog carts or under the saddle, driven by ladies and children or ridden by boys, that it isa wonder where they all come from, and a dealer, who has been pers rerhed them for years, told a Times re- T: “The trade in Shetlands has grown steadily for the last five years. They are plump, hardy little fellows, and Nees # thousand are im- ported annually. They are taken on board the steamships at Dundee, Scotland, and, as a rule, stand the voyage well. They are from the jorthern Islands and they are generally three ars old or younger. Many of them are sold auction in Jersey City and they go all over e country. They are only imported between May und December, and the trade now is at ite height. A good pony will bring from $40 to @50, though some blooded stock is now being imported for breeding purposes at much higher figures, A Michigaa farmer has succeeded in breeding ponies so small that they are only fit for children’s playthings, some of them only inches high.” —__—___+e»______ Paid Off in His Own Coin. From the Boston Saturday Evening Gazette. Aremarkable case of ‘diamond cut dia- mond” occurred in Boston recently, not far established at once afine trade. One da) . it entered his store and said: “T ex that answer,” said the ei rson, ‘nnd Iam for it, Now, if steraay setea ee store in eee will take?” Sflonded at. this species of. brow i i ie i tie -! sk: i OUR NATIONAL GUARD Views of Its Condition, Needs and Prospects. THE COUNTRY’S PROTECTORS. ————_—_ Gen. Geo, W. Wingate on the National Militta—-A Ramarkable Improvement im Discipline and Efficiency—Practi- cal Military Instruction, —— ‘Written for Taz Evenrxo Star. (Copyrizht} CCORDING to the last annual reports made by the adjutant generals ef the different states to the Secretary of War, there are, at the present time, 106,500 officers and men in the National Guard of the various states. That number, how- ever, represents the aggregate strength on the rolls, so that probably 75,000 would be the effective strength. The general condition of the National Guard in the various states, at the present time, taken asa whole, is very good, and it is steadily im- proving. In some states, notably in Missouri, the state legislatures have made no appropria- tions for their benefit, and the organizations are only kept alive by the contributions of their members. But this is the exception. As a rule, during the last fifteen years, the interest taken in the different states in their National Guard has greatly increased and appropriations have been more liberal. During this period and largely resulting from the aid given by the states (which justify the exaction of a high standard of efficiency) there has been @ remarkable improvement in the description of efficiency of the National Guard, which was strikingly demonstrated in the great centennial le in New York. The movement which rought this about commenced in New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut and has since permeated most of the other states. The inno- vations have been in the direction of the prac- tical military instruction and discipline as opposed to what may be termed the old “‘fuss- and-feather” style which brought the name of militia into such disrepute that it is obnoxious to the present national guardsman, THE ARMY a8 A MODEL, In bringing this change about the regular army is, asa rule, taken as a model, and the effort has been made to bring the instruction of the troops as near as possible to the regular army methods. The improvement that' has been made in discipline is wonderful. Although this lies at the foundation of the military organizations and is practically the great distinction be- tween an army and an armed mob, yet before the late civil war it was almost unknown in the militia, Very little respect was paid by = private in the militia to his officer and there ‘was even less idea of subordination on the part of the men, and no proper system of keeping the books and papers on the part of the officers whose duty it was to attend to those matters. In fact the organizations were run very much n the idea of a town meeting, where one man considered as good as another. The experi- ence of the war demonstrated that this method of conducting the National Guard was all wrong and a reformation began to be insti- tuted by a number of old volunteer officers who resumed their former places in the Na- tional Guard after the war was over. THE NATIONAL GUARD ASSOCIATION was the outgrowth of the feeling that the mili- tia organizations of the country required to be still further improved to fit them for national defense. The settled theory of the United States government in reference to this matter has been that the state raised and governed its militia as it saw fit, and it was the duty of the general government to provide the National Guard of the states with arms, equipments and military stores out of the treasury. That is to say that the National Guard of a state, so far as they may be regarded as state troops, would only find it necessary be tpn @ sort of quasi police duty within the limits of their state, which would not be likely to require them to have a full military equipment or any great knowledge of the art of war. In the case, also, of an agricultural com- munity there is very little reason wh: state should need a national guard at all. Bat when the state troops are regarded, as they really are, an adjunct of the army, which in time of war would be called upon immediately to sup- kort our small army and from which must be awn the officers who will command the yvol- unteers who are to defend the entire country, then they require » much more expensive equipment and more extended military instruc- tion. It is therefore only right that the whole United States should contribute toward the ex- penses of this additional equipment and in- struction, as it is required for the benofit of the entire country. FROM THE FORMATION OF THE GOVERNMENT, It is interesting to note that this principle was settled at the time of the formation of the government. In 1808 the annual appropria- tion for the militia was fixed by Thomas Jeffer- son at $200,000. Although the country grew enormously in wealth and population no in- crease was made in this appropriation until 1885, when, through the exertions of the Na- tional Guard Association. it was increased by Congress to $400,000. This sum, however, is not paid in money, but is issued to the National Guard of the different states (in proportion to their members of Congsess) in arms and mili- tary equipments which they require and which remain the property of the government. By this method a double purpose is accomplished. It takes out of the arsenals and brings into use equipments which would otherwise rot or be- come obsolete from age, and also keeps em- ployed the government manufactories of arms and equipments. IN THE STATES. The National Guard of the different states are entirely aistinct in their organization. The governor of each state is, by law, the com- mander-in-chief. As he is a civilian, his adju- tant general is the real commander. In some states, however, as in New Jersey, his duties are mostly clerical, and the active command is assumed by the general officers under the di- rection of the governor. The National Guard Association of the United States is the body which represents the general desires and feel- ings of the guard taken,as a whole, as far as they have any representation, ‘This isa vol- untary association which was formed in 1879 for the purpose of improving the general efficiency of the National Guard and enabling it to act as a compact drganization in securing the reforms in legislation di- rect from Congress. It has in all held six annual conventions, at which the delegates from the different ‘states give their experi- ences in regard to matters of general interest, such as camps, regular army officers as in- structors, and similar points. These conven- tions were held in New York in January, 1879; 8t. Louis, September, 1879; Philadelphia, 1881; Cincinnati, 1884, and Washington, ‘mber, 1885, and in February, 1890. At these conven- tions the adjutant generals of each state appoint five officers or ex-officers of the National Guard as delegates. During the interim between the meetings the association is controlled by the officers and executive committee. ‘The writer of this article has been the presi- dent of the association since its organization and been re-elected without —— at each annual meeting. The other otiicers are: First vice president—Adjt. Gen. Samuel Dal- ton, Boston, Second vice president—Gen, Charles J, An- derson, Richmond, Va. Co: nding secretary—Col. Charles E. Bridge, New York city. Recor secrotary—Col. Fred E. Farns- worth, Detroit, Mich. = urer—Col, Charies J. Bills, Fairbury, eb, tes—. a. Her 8 » Mo. From middlestates—Geu. Albert Ordway, Washington, D. C. From southern, states— | 4 Adjt, Gen. Jas. Dodge Glenn, Greensboro, N.C. From western states—Col. Jas. M. Rice, Il From Pacific states—Gen. M.C., Wi states—Col, Chas, At the last convention all all the middle shall themselves of toons; ©: what these are no man, unless it wr ancient member of the Ancient and Artiliery of Boston, has ever been able to itely determine. The military cont “What is» spontoon?” has furnished a theme for learned and exciting discussion at the mees- ings of the National Association. No Gen. Porter, adjutant general St" Ree. Terk , adjutant of New York state, declared ‘that it's dred years = that before our late civil war this oid an: iar weapon, which would seem to be a part of the mi: ages, used to and which is of great public importance. In its present shape it is largely the work of Secre- tary of War Proctor, who, since he has occupied his present position, has taken a very warm in- terest in the improvement of the National Guard of the country, Gen. Kelton, the adju- tant general of thearmy, during his long ser- vice in the army has had unusually close associ- ation with the National Guard of the different states and has become also very anxious to im- prove the organizations. He, too, has had a great deal to do with the framing ‘of the bill. At the last meeting of the National Guard As- sociation at Washington this bill was exbaust- ively discussed and after having been revised 80 a8 to remove all objections was approved and recommended to Congress for passage by the unanimous vote of all the delegates. ‘The bill in question was introduced in Con- gress by Gen. Henderson of Illinois and hence is known as the “Henderson biil.” It repeals the obsolete legislation in regard to the mat- ter now contained in the Revised Statutes. It increases the annual appropriation from €400,- 000 to 1,000,000 and provides that it may be drawn in army supplies of all kinds, and per- mits the states to purchase from the United States arsenals anything which the latter make at the regulation prices. It authorizes the de- tail of regular officers to inspect the National Guard of each state to inform the government of its condition. Italso authorizes any gov- ernor, brigade or division commander (with the approval of his governor) to apply to the Secretary of War to have a regular officer de- tailed on the staff of the applicant, such officer to hold his position at the pleasure of the officer to whom he is detailed and of the Secre- tary of War, and provides that regular officers may be detailed to any camp of the National Guard at the request of the governor of the state to act as instructors and to perform such duty as the governor direct. The bill also provides for the acceptance by the President of volunteers from the National Guard not to exceed 5,000 men in any one year, to participate in the annual maneuvers of the army and also for other military duty. The National Guard Association also in- dorsed the McCutcheon bill at its last meeting, which is pending in Congress, and provides that vacancies in the army which cannot be filed by the graduates of West Point shall be filled from the commissioned officers of the National Guard, and the other McCutcheon bill providing for sea coast heavy artillery reserve. ‘The Henderson bill has the support of nine- tenths of the Congressmen, and as far as known the only thing which may stand im the way of its enactment is the apprehension that Congress has already made such large appropriations for pensions and other matters aud has cut down the revenue that it cannot afford to do any- thing for the National Guard. ‘MILITIA AMONG THE REGULARS, One of the provisions contained in the bill is an innovation, being the idea of Gen. Kelton, the effect of which is anticipated with great in- terest; that is to say that the volunteer officers and men of the National Guard of the different states may be received by the Secretary of War and be allowed to serve in the practice maneuvers which the regular army now annu- ally performs. It is impossible, if it would be desirabie, to order any number of the National Guard for such duties, but there are many of them who are fullof military enthusiasm and who are sufficiently anxious to perfect them- selves in practical nfilitary instruction as to be willing to volunteer, so that the aggregate ine state would be stffficient to make up a number of small organizations. If these were to be ac- cepted they would give an additional strength to the regulars which they now need in per- forming their maneuvers, while, at the same time, it is believed by Gen. Kelton and others that the maneuvers would give national guards- men serving a practical idea of service which they are unable to get under ordinary con- ditions. What the National Guard needs is practical instruction. It is needless to expect from men who only can give a portion of time to mili- tary matters the discipline which is obtained an the army. e result of long service of men who alwi tanding side by side, learn not only obedience but to rely upon each This discipline can only be supphed to ional Guard by utilizing their superior enthusiasm and intelligence in giving them a skill in the use of their weapons theoretically as well as practically. Theoretical instruction, however, is of very little value unless it is put in_practice. The great question, therefore, is to what ex- tent is it possible to carry out practical instruc- tion in field work in the National Guard? Every innovation which has been made in military instruction within the last ten years has been in the direction of doing away with the ma- neuvering in solid ranks and substituting loose formations, or, in other words, individual fight- ing vs. skirmishers,a method, it should be noted, first introduced by our fathers in the revolution, and which, taken to France by the French officers who were sent here, was used with great success by Napoleon. The effect of this will be to dispense very greatly with tho kind of drill which is practicable in armories and drill rooms and to substitute a method of instruction which can only be carried out in the open air and on a large territory. Conse- quently all leading officers are endeavoring to train their men, as far as they can, in this method. Greater attention is also being paid to guard duty and to scouting, outposts, sig- naling and matters of that kind. This has been carried so far that m many states today there can be but little doubt that the National | Guard will compare very favorably with the average volunteer regiments that had only been a year in the field. TO LEARN TO SHOOT. One of the important requirements in the National Guard of today and the importance of which is now recognized in every state is that a soldier is not a soldier uniess he knows how to shoot, any more than a bookkeeper would be a competent accountant if he could not write. ach attention has been paid to this part of the training and great success has been attained, particularly in New York, Connecti- cut, busetts and Pennsylvania. The change wrought in the New York organization has been remarkabie. As long ago as 1872 it was the exception ifa man did not serve his full term of enlistment without | a shot and there were not ten per cent of the mem- bers of any organization that could qualify as moscksmen, Bow in cochorguntantionses the seventh and twenty-third regiments it is the exception if a man docs not qualify and, in many companies, every man wears a marks- man's a is a practical so- lution of the question how to put down riot. No mob that was ever organized could stand three minutes in front ofa company ote first-class regiment o! mnt day, marksmen armed with breech j : i : i i F ‘Traine Ieave Union Depot. ¢ B a heseeage so het sri nfopesret hoes eatibule Limited, Shut tae Soe Se to Cr ington and Ofice: S13 Pennayivanie srenue ee oe ‘H.W, FULLER ALTIMORE AND OHIO Paty Gauls 1130 as expreae © 0 pom. gly. 8 80 and 11.36 yom. inGienapeltn, expend mn. iiichoster and way stations, 15.30 and B40. am. pend +330 40 p. ‘or Baluniore, week 05, 54 {Bw 45 ae Dao five 4 munatonyam, 12-1 2 1h, C2 dO, 4S amie See tie Ake ee 9:50, 10:90 ‘and 11:40 pa jaye, 4.08, 7 30. 9:30 am, (17.00, 4 Tee meton Pom. stopying st ail stations on Met ‘or Fre J ropolit erick, 16:8 T'so"mmme WT ee wes gi8-98, 88:80, by:90, T1130 For Hagerstown, 110-40 am, and t5-30 pm. ‘Trains arrive from Chicago daily 11 4:10 p.m.; trom Cincmuatt and St Louis daily a= i 209 pm; from Pitsburg 7:10 DEW YORK AND PHILADELPHIA DIVISION. : York, Treuton, Newark, \ J. and bi 18:00, *10-00, *12-00 am. 30 p.m. Buffet Parlor Cars on Sleeping Car on te 10-30 p. ™ ops © pia -4 +s be % 92.50, 4-00, 4095 and NOSSO pan ee Del, Wilms an Chequer, 26:05, 2:00 Boon, 2:60, "4:50, °6:15, n te ts _ be Plicaatn es TESTS, AES for Washington, “B: BR ‘freins leave New ¥: 122;30 am, “2:00, SB Sod pm and "fraing leave Fyingelphia for, Weshinewon, 282% #35, — “11a am, T1h4, "4.51, % For Boston *2.50 pm., with Pullman Buffet Slesp, ing car runuing through to Bostou without change Jt Pourlkcejaie Bridie, landing passengers in Bud a on. For Atlantic City, 4.05 and 10 12:00 noom, Sundays, 4:05 a.m, 12 noon and 10-50pm. ae Sey 8, OMS am, 1: 9:35am. 1°30, 3:15 pin. — Leave Bay Kidgo, week days, 6:30, 8:30 p.m. @um ‘#, 8:00, 8:30 p.m. Except Bunday. *Dail; Sunday only. called ior and checked trom hovels and reste bebe "e axe. De 3, v. . Man NNSYLVANIA ROU TO THE NORTH, WEST AND SOUT DOUBLE TRACK "| SPLE! BIEEL MAILS. | MAGNIF) o> 1 6 lated tet 4 e SYO. FKOM il Txekin as TION, STA’ FOLLOWs: ited i arrisbury to St. Louis, Cu Ciucanau. Western hxpress, at 7-40 p.m. Sully. with Sleep ing Cars W LOD to € ‘and Louis, counec dug dail; Bleepors for Lousy! nd Memphis. dining car Pittebury 10 and Chicago. Pacific Express, 10-00 pas. daily, for Pittsburg 0 West, with through Sleoper teu Pittsburg to Chicago. se BALTIMORE AND POTOMAC RAILROAD. For Kane, Cauandaivua, Kochester aud Niagara Palle daily, except Sunday, 8:10 a.m. For ne, Canandaigua a Aochester daily, for Buf fuioaud Niavare daily, except Saturday, 10-00 With Sleepiue Car Washington to hod a For Williamsport, Lock Haven and Elmire, at 10 50a, m. daily, except Sun For Suulaiuey-ort daily, 30 RE FOR PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORE ANDTHE. : and 11:40 am, 2:10, 3:1 11:29 pam. On Sanday, at Marrisburg w: For Boston witnout c! 3:15 pm. 5 For Brockiyu, NY call through) traius comesst Jersey City with boats of Brooklyn Annex, aff ang direct tran: to Fulton street, avoiding: ferrage across New York ci! For Atiantic City, 11:40 a.m. 2 ty week days, 11:20pm except Suuday For Anuapolis, ¢:20 and 9:00 am, 12 05 and 4:20 p.m. duily, except Sunday. Sundava 4-0 amy and 4:20pm WASHINGTON iN EFPES ave Aexundris ior Aue ton, 00, 9:10, 10:15, 11-07 a.m. ; 1:20,'3 -00, 205, 20, 10 :37 and 11-08 ‘@:1Un ud 11-07 am; 2:00, 5:40, and 10:37 pau. 3. K Woob, Imy12] General Passenger Agent, | RRCMOND AND DANVILLE RAILROAD OO. Schedule 1 eflect JUs2 13, 1890. 130, Raat Tennessee Mail, for Wi Mauucer. ‘Knoxville, TT a am.—Pest Mail daily for Culpeper, 24 am — iy for . Jottesville, Stations Chesapeake and Ubio’ Kouta, Lynchburg. Kocky Mount, Ville aud stations be- tween Lynchburg aud Danville, Greensboro’, Kaleigh, Asheville, Chariotte, Columbia, Auguste,” Atlan Birniuets on as cae ork to Atiaute ‘Pull Cabforma. “Palman blew w aud Pullman Sleepers Atlanta to New rican, man Sleeper Danville to Columbia and Augusta. Pull- man Sicepers Washington to Cincinnati via C. and Q te. 3.40 p.m.—Daily, Sunday, for Mapasseg Sirarbuty eid intermediate atatioun io at Salta by teal Pontes treatneut, CZ aes Gere Lee eee eee uch ater. eco 7 20, #10 ¥ ot nw. Ez ate. 2. ad