Evening Star Newspaper, September 29, 1883, Page 3

—_——- THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON. SATURDAY. CITY AND DISTRICT. Transfers of Heal Estate. Deeds in fee have been recorded as follows: O. RB Whiting to A. W. Fisher, lots A and B, sq. 5 $6,500, &. C. B. Church to C. W. Johnson, lots 40 and 41, sq. 325; $6,900. Maria ¢ Fitzhugh, exe 2 Sonn i, “Arms to Maria G. Fithugh: eq. 843: 00, &c. 8. a (Walker to 5 e, part 9, Sq. 815; $3,800. D. F. Forrest Nemecn ond gg 192; 6.400. M. a. 233; $4,500. 10 ©. Ramage Satan F << oe aos ogers to D. F. Fo 2 Frege Wins ek ab to W. Be Slack, late 61 aaa 84, 191; $6,800. W. B. Siack to James Robbins, Sets 24 and 25, sq. 219; $900. Jane W. Williamson jot 20 and part zi, sub. of }; $900, C.'S Drury to T. gaman and J. W. Pilling, lots 3, 4 and 5, 349, lots 3 and 4, sub. of same, part 5, and kts & 7 and & sq. 850, ‘parts 4, and if, sq. 3it; $—. "At Harris et'al. to. J. Fisher, jr., part 6 ” $820. FW. Puling to Ja + $6,750 0. Eliza We . Of 515; $2,280. M. I om, fifth interest tn part K. Mendenhall to Catherine R. 2 Max Luchs to Florencs 1,200. Thos. Wynn to 0, J. Be Clagett to R. 7 Acker to 2 Webb et Sq. 45 t 4% Sarah & 2.996. B. i. rt &¢ tin to fo. ; $5,000. Henry C. Reichert Sherman, Ns to Mary Ann Relchert.loi £0.sub of 27 and-424,of sub $1,400, Ryon to John C.'Hark- 4, . J.C. Harkness to 3,069. Columbian In- Instruction of Deaf and Dumb, to same, same property: $—. Foundry M.E.Church to same, same property; $—. Washington City @rplan Asylum operty; $—. ees Letter from Anacostia. AN INDIGNANT DENIAL THAT IT IS A “TUMBLE DOWN TOWN” VILLAGE—IT STANDS HIGH IN KR- LIGION AMD MORAIS—NOT A LIQUOR SALOON IN ‘HE PLACE—A PRETTY, HEALTHY VILLAGE, ETC. ‘To the Editor of the Tus Evexixa Star: Anacostia, D. C., Sept. 28, 1883. In your fssue of the 26th instant, 13 an article upon the “Four Bini Brothers,” by the Wash- ington correspondent of the New York Sun, con- taining a description of our village, in watch oc- curs the statement that “it 13 asleepy, tumble- down village, whose chief claim to aristocracy 1s the nomenclature of the streets, which bear the name of every President to Buchanan. Its chiet citizen 13, perhaps, Frederick Douglass, who owns @ fine country place near the river's bank.” Now We rise, with our protest, bow and beg to say that the above statements hot borae cut by the facts, and that our local Village prite has been grievously insulted. We indignantly deny that Statement. If the aforesald scribe visited our vil- lage at a time wen the term “sleepy” could be justly applied it must have been when “By the revolution of the sktes, Nights sable curtain from the ocean rise.” And If so we admit the “sort im) the “ussoctation of Ideas” awake reflection gently insinuates that there may be some connection between the aforesaid visit and the mysterious disappesrance of certain poultry from sundry roosts, as also the nocturnal eccen- tricities of the Widow O’Callahan’s stone-throw- ing ghost. ‘There !s not the remotest suggestion of “Sleepy Hollow” about our village, and as for Its being a “tumble down,” there !s not a cow-shed in the Veinity that, if not a model of architectural Deauty, 1S at leastall that a respectable cow- shed ought to be. The residences are very many of them good specimens of comfortable homes, ‘With some fine Villas among the number, present- ing a neat, thrifty appearance. We have a fine large public school, numerously attended and well administered; three churches, St. Theresa’s, a fine new brick, Emanuel, PE, and the M. E., Which has for twenty-five years ‘stood as a Tand- mark. A Masonic hall, owned by one of the most flourishing lodges in the District, provides a place for our public [apt and social entertain- ments, and the binner tent of the I. 0. Rechabites Of the District boasts of Its birthplace and nome here. Nor sre our citizens of the “tumble down” character, for they have refused to permit for tire entire year past tie presence of even one retail Hquor Saloon. No licens, no “tumble down.” er rk, 8: n for ‘True, our streets are patriotically named, but they do not “bear the name of every President to Bucbanan,” as we have not enough to go round, but should the work of Improvement advance a3 it has tn the past two years, we will exhaust the Presidents, and inake a heavy drain on the Vice Presidents. Fred. Douglass, tt is true, resides In a handsome Fesideuce a long Way from the river bank, back of Our Village; the beautiful country place, on the Fiver, being the home of Dr. Christy, one of “ye oldest Inhabitants,” but our chtef citizens are the enterprising men of capital and of business, ph Sicians, merchants, &c, and thes? whose industr! talents and labor are devoted to the improvement Of our Village and the employment of her citizens. ‘The prominence of Mr. Douglass arises from his ublic and political reputation—that of tue latter From thetr practical utiity and commercial value and thelr long residence here. As an evidence of our enlizhtment, ctritizition, push, and wide- awake condition, let me submit to your unpreju- iced judement the happy fact that we are readers and suibserivers to your invaluable paper. If you want a cozy home at the base of the lovely hills, skirted oa their front by the waters of the Potomac, and hidden na plentitude of shade, among 2 thrifty, hospitable people, with good ois, plenty Of churches, with no retafl quor ms, and all the latest improvements (as the te men say), and if anybody but that fairy tale correspondent of the New York Sun, (yes, we Be! ‘sai will take him, too, for we do reform men some- times). just let them come over the Eastern branch, ‘and they will recetve a cordial wel- come in the thrifty, prosperous, wide-awake Arcadian village of Untontown. JEP. ‘The National Lincoin Monument Auso- ‘To the Editor of Tae Evexixe Star: Will Toe Stax be so good as toenlighten its Feaders concerning the “National Lincoln Monu- ment Association,” as to what disposition was made of its funds, &c., &c. Handsomely engraved receipts, the work of the Treasury department, were issued to the contributors, signed “F. E. Spinner, Treasurer.” The one held by the writer 3s dated April 29, 1866. The movement was 4 pop- Ular one, and at the time large sums were said to have beef subscribed. As you may remember, it Was intended to have the monument occupy a position at the east front of the Capitol, to consist ‘Of @ group of statues of prominent Unionists, with ncoln as the central gure, &. As there 18 now & commemorative statue of ‘Urat great man in the Park bearing his name, would it not be well to merge the fund, if it 1s now available, with that of the subscriptions to the newer enterprise—the statue to Garfield? D. WG. B. ge Where Are “the Sweeps?” ‘To the Editor of Tue Evexixe Stan: I am led to make the above inquiry for the reason that, needing the services of such a person, I made inquiry at the health office and poitce ofice and could get no information, further than taey thought orders left at the police stations might be called for. Many fires originate from foul chimneys, and as it 13 about time to start fires, It seems to me that if there 1s anybody who does this work It ought to be advertised or made known in some way, so people could find him. Some years ago we were notified that It was Tequired offictaly. A Crrizex. ‘The Courts. Prosate Covrt—Jutge James, Yesterday, estate of Samucl Magee: proot of Podiication ‘Aled, will admitted to probate, and tters testamentary granted to Laura Magee; Lone $1,000. Estate of Squire Williams; petition of widow for administration fled. Estate of John W. Hogan; claim against J. H. Piatt settled. | Will of Robert J. Powell filed. A number of guardians’ accounts were also proved. ——_— Mvcu Nexpep Rerates—The W.,0. and w. Tailroad has recently renewed one of its bridges and made secure all of the others with trustles and ‘The new management found the bridges a8 Well as the tracks, cars and engines of the road, im a dilapidated and dangerous condition, and. in @ few months, it ts sald, will put the road bed in order from this city to Round Hill. The very ely increased freight business from Alexan- dria this year has overreached the capacity of this road aa well as others, and some delay and Incon- venience has been caused thereby. ‘The officials of this road generally are a polite, efficient and cheerful set of business men, amd afe trying to do ail they can to relieve the trade. The salt, seed and trade of that city was never Detier than this season, abd in fact ail branches Of business are active. phe ee Coming Bicycue Races.—The fall races of mes tal Bicycle club, to be heid October 4th the best men who raced at Springti the English champions In view of the Sack, It is expected that the ‘THE TEMPERANCE CAMPAIGN.—} sion, No. 17, Sons of Temy themselves in Tim Sa hay oe Clate, Bessie A. Wilson: Carrie Nii; “dnencial seriber Mra, Akos Tr treasurer, Charles A. B. ny ¥ Wits A ees r, Miss v. 3 AB dobnson; P. W. P., Robert W. 800th | young men. Special effor nardino, Cal., general tem. | California; Rev. C. C. Otis, of RELIGIOUS NOTES. CHURCHES HERE AND ELSEWHERE. —Rey. Dr. Domer will lecture at Williams- port, Pa., Tuesday night. — The basement of Union Wesley church has been thoroughly repaired. The revival in progress has already resulted in over fifty con- versions. Ann’s Catholic parish, Tenleytown, which has been in existence about twelve years, and is now under the care of Rev. Father Chap- pelle, of St. Matthew's, has now about 500 par- ishioners. — Rey. Dr. Domer’s Sunday evening lectures, in which he is presenting the chief characteris- tics of Dr. Martin Luther, are largely attended. The lectures are delivered in com memoration of the 400th anniversary of Lather’s birth. —The Tabernacle Society, an association of Catholic ladies here, whose object is to farnish vestments, &c., for the priests of poor parishes, will resume work on October ist. It has appli- cations for about 200 vestments pending. —The congregation of the Church of the Reformation, on Pennsylvania avenue, near 2d street east, which has been occupying the base- ment for some time, expect this season to finish the auditorium and to occupy it about Decem- ber Ist. Rev. J. C. Hagey, of North Capitol M. E. church. was surprised a few evenings ago at his Tesidence, on New Jersey avenue, by large number of his congregation, including a number from the neighborhood of the fair grounds, who came in wagons, loaded with an abundant sup- ply of provisions. —Next Tuesday the autumnal series of great Hebrew festivals begin. Tuesday, October 2d, 1883, according to the Gregorian calendar, is Tisri 1, 5644. according to tne Hebrew calendar, and therefore New Year's day. The festivals to be celebrated are New Year's day. the day of atonement, the feast of Tabernacles, and the day of conclusion. —The revival meetings at the 9th-street M. P. church, which have been held tri-weekly since the Jackson Grove camp-meeting, under direction of Rev. Dr. J.L. Mills, pastor, continue, and as a result there have been twelve addl- tions to the church, Rev. Dr. Ward, a former pas- tor, new president of the Western Maryland college at Westininster, Md., was present at the meeting on Thursday evening. —The A. M. E. Church is raising money to send missionaries and teachers to Africa. — In England, fifteen halls, to seat 25,000 peo- ple, are being built for the Sa!vation Army. —The Congregational church at Redding, Conn., recently celebrated its 150th anniyer- sary. —In some parts of the country the Baptists are favoring a weekly observance of the Lord’s Supper. ' — The Roman Catholic bishop of Michigan has forbidden the raising of money for fairs, raffiles and excursions. — Methodist union is at last an accomplished fact in Canada. The united churches number 2,036, and have 168,831 members. — The trustees of anes’ church, Brooklyn, N. Y.. have contracted for an elegant new editice, with seatings for 1,000 persons. — Ex-President Hayes, at the recent corner stone laying of the M. E. church, at Freemont, Ohio, gave 5,000 towards the building. —The gospel tent on 2d avenue and 20th street, New York, under the auspices of the Baptist city mission, has closed for the season. — A Workingmen’s Sabbath Association has been formed in St. Louis, for the purpose of assisting in the enforcement of Sunday laws. — The New England Divorce Reform League, of which Rev. S. W. Dike is the active worker, has appointed Rev. F. B. Makepeace his assist- ant. — Rey. J.T. Vine last month conducted re- vival services in the First Baptist churgh, North- port, L.1., and there have been a number of con- versions. —The Wesleyan Home mission society, of Baltimore, has appointed Rey. B. Johnson, of the Reformed Episcopal church, a missionary in that city. — The fall term of the Hartford, Conn., Theo- logical Seminary opened Sept. 13 with fifty-two students. Fourteen were examined for the Junior class. — The Presbytery of Milroy, Pa., has deposed Rey. J. W. White for heresy and Rey. J. C. Wiihelm withdrew on the ground that he agreed with the heretic. — The Oregon conference ot the M. E. church has requested Dr. 0. Gibson to organize a Chi- nese mission at Portland, where there are 7,000 Chinese residents. — Bishop Robinson (Episcopal), of Missouri, notes that for some time past almost all the ac- cessions to the ministry in nis diocese have been from other denominations. —Rey. Jacob Freshman, of the Hebrew Christian congregation, in New York, has re- turned after an extended visit to kindred mis- sions in the European capitals. — Rev. Wm. Taylor is in South America, and under his preaghing a number of officers and men on one of the United States vessels in Chili have been converted. — Mr. Edward Judson declines the associate secretaryship of the American Baptist Missionary Union, preferring to continue his home mis- stonary work in New York city. —The Baptist church at Cannonsville, N.Y., Rey. P. R. Gott pastor, has received thirteen members since June 15th, eight of them by bap- tism, mostly members of the Sunday school, —-The American Sunday-school Union calls attention to October 21 and 22 as Days of Prayer for Sunday schools. These days are coming to be observed by all sections of the church throughout the world. ; — The twenty-sixth annual meeting of the National Local Preachers’ Association will be held at Nazareth M. E. church, Philadelphia, commencing Saturday, October 13th, and clos- ing Tuesday evening, 16th. —The Wissahickon (Pa.) M. E. church was organized on Sunday last with 60 members and 10 probationers, and a Sunday school of 100 scholars. The society has a neat stone chapel, which with the lot cost $10,000. — The Women’s Board of Missions of the M. E. Church South has appointed Miss Jennie C. Wolfe, of Pensacola, Florida, for mission work in China, and Miss Mattie B. Jones, of Narcross, Ga,, for work in Central America. — Rev. A.G. Thomas, of Chester, has just resigned the pastorate of the Baptist church there. Malaria compelled him to the step. Mr. Thomas has done most excellent work there, the last year of his pastorate being especially —Asouthern correspondent writes the New York Observer: ““Presbyterianism is relatively stronger in South Carolina than in any state in the Union south of Pennsylvania. And yet there are only 12,500 members to a population of nearly 400,000 whites, and 4,500 to s population of 600,- 000 colored. —The Twenty-third-street theater, between 6th and 7th avenues, New York, has been leased for Sunday evening services of an attractive and practical character, ly adapted to ‘will’ be made to Teach the thousands of young men who do not attend any of the churches and to interest and engage them In active Christian work. —The Clinton avenue Dutch Reformed church of Newark, N.J.,has been conducting for some time a mission in the lower part of the city. The attendance at the services having increased so rapidly that its present accommodations are in- adequate, 8 committee has been appointed to receive funds to purchase a site and erect a suit- ‘are, | able building. —The American Home Missionary society (Congregational) has just maae the following appointments: Rev. Leavitt Bartlett, of Kai City, superintendent ot New Mexico and Arizona; Rev. 8. F. Gale, of Romeo, M! sionary for Florida; Rev. J. T. Fo! inisslonary for —— torasd Sen ata Suitign of Wee Well ry . N. FP. ‘a! eastern sod Wastin Disoover- Cath ae: Per ge be setae THE OCTOBER MAGAZINES. A Graphic Description of California Cattle Ranches WHAT DR. OSWOLD SAYS OF THE ALCOHOL HA- BIT—A PLEASING ACCOUNT OF THE HIGHLANDS OF NORTH CAROLINA—A REGION AND A PEO- PLE 88 YET NOT WIDELY KNOWN TO TOURISTS. A. H. (Mrs. Helen Hunt Jackson) writes in the October Century of the “Outdoor Industries in Southern California,” and says of sheep ranches : The sheep ranches are usually desolate places; abreat stretch of seemingly bare lands, with fenced corrals, blackened and foul smelling ; the home and outbuildings clustered together in a hollow or hillside where there is water ; the less human the neighborhood the better. The loneliness of the lite is, of itself, a salient objection to the industry. Of this the great owners need know nothing; they can live where they like. But the small sheepmen, the shep- herds, and, above all, the herders; it is a terri- ble life—how terrible is shown by the frequency of insanity among herders. Sometimes, after only a few months of the life, a herder goes suddenly mad. After learning this tact, it is no longer possible to see the PICTURESQUE SIDE of the effective groups one so often comes on suddenly in the wilderness: sheep peacefully grazing. and the shepherd lying on the ground watching them, or the whole flock racing in a solid, fleecy, billowy scamper up or down asteep hill side, with the dogs leaping and ‘barking on all sides at once. One scans the shepherd's face alone, with pitying fear lest he may be losing his wits. A shearing at a large sheep ranch is a grand sight. We had the good fortune to see one at Baldwin’s, at La Puenta. Three thou- sand sheep had been sheared the day before, and they would shear twenty-five hundred on this day. * * * The faces ot the sheep being shorn were piteous, not a struggle, not a bleat, the whole of their unwillingness and terror being written in their upturned eyes. “As a sheep before her shearers is dumb” will always have for me a new significance. The Alcohol Habit. Dr. Felix L. Oswald has a paper in the Pop- ular Science Monthly on ‘The Alcohol Habit,” which deserves to be committed to memory. It is philosophic, reasonable and wise. He says of alcoholic tonics: Alcohol lingers in our hospitals as slavery lingers in the West Indies, as the witchcraft delusion lingers in southern Europe. Has alco- hol any remedial value whatever? Let us con- sider the matter from a purely empirical stand- point. Does alcohol protect from malarial fevers? It isa well known fact that the hu- man system cannot support two diseases at the same time. Rheumatism can be temporarily re- lieved by producing an artificial inflammation; a headache yields to a severe toothache. For the same reason the alcohol fever affords a tem- porary protection from other febrile symptoms— 1. e., a man might fortify himself against chills and ague by keeping himself constantly under the stimulating influence of alcohol. But sooner or later stimulation is followed by de- pression, and during that reaction the other fever gets a chance and rarely misses it. Tne history of epidemics prove that pyretic diseases are from eight to twelve times more destruc- tive among dram drinkers than among the tem- perate classes. * * * Toes alcohol impart strength? Does it benefit the exhausted sys- tem? If a worn out horse drops on the high- way, we can rouse it by sticking a knife into its ribs, but after staggering ahead for a couple of minutes, it will drop again, and the second deliquium will be worse than the first by just as much as the BRUTAL STIMULUS has still further exhausted the little remaining strength. In the same way precisely alcohol rallies the exhausted energies of the human body. The prostrate vitality rises against the foe, and labors with resistleas energy till the poison is expelled. Then comes the reaction, and before the patient can recover his organism has to do double work. Nature has to overcome both the original cause of the disease and the effect ot the stimulant. . ALCOHOL HAS NO REMEDIAL VALUE. But that would be a trifle, if it were not for the fac mischief which the wretched poison Is liable and very liable to cause. Four repetitions of the stimulant dose may inoculate a child with the germs of the alcohol diathesis and initiate a habit which years of anguish and despair will fail to cure. By a single glass of medicated brandy thousands of convalescing topers have lost their hard-earned chance of recovery; poor, struggling wretches, swimming for their lives, ang, at last approaching a saving shore, have been pushed back into the surging whirlpool and perished almost in sight of the harbor! The only chance of CURING THE POISON HABIT consists In the hope of guarding its victims against all stimulants; and I would as soon snatch bread trom a starving man as that last hope trom a drunkard. Abstinence is easier, as well as safer, than temperance. “In freeing themselves from the bonds of an unworthy attachment,” says Madame de Sevigne, ‘men have one great ad- vantage—they can travel.” If young Loch! var’s suit had been hopeless, the furtive inter- view with his lost love might have soothed his sorrow for a moment, but for his ultimate peace of mind it would have been better to stay in the west. The anchorites of ola knew well why they preferred the wilderness to thehumblest village; they found it easier to avoid all temptations. Vices, as well as virtues, are co-operative. In the cure of the alcohol habit, the total re- Nunclation of all stimulants is, therefore, the first and most essential measure, A change of diet, a change of climate, of employment and general habits, will help to shorten the distress- ing reaction that must precede the re-establish- ment of perfect health. ‘The Highiands of North Carolina. A lady who has summered in the Highlands of North Carolina, a region but comparatively little known as yet to the tourist, describes the scenery and the people ina very readable arti- cle in the October number of Lippincott's Maga- zine. She says of the region: The western part of North Carolina ts a region | of wild and picturesque beauty. Mountains stand—purple shoulder to purple shoulder—all over it; shaggy forests of oaks, pines, stately hemlocks and immense chestnuts clothe all their slopes; down the’ narrow glens, dark with the shade of rhododendron and laurel, rush clear bright streams, fed by gushing springs, and everywhere a rich profusion of wild fiower is to be met with in their season. Botanists who have been attracted to this region bythe en- thusiastic though vague description of the flora given by the few tourists who have penetrated its wilds, have found their expectations far sur- both as to variety and beauty. Health and pleasure seekers have come sum- mer after summer to Asheville and other resorts on the French Broad, and sporting have pene- trated the Balsam and smoky ranges in search of the deer and bear to be found in the remote forests or the speckled trout that abound in the cold streams. But, compared with the space to be traversed, visitors are few; there are whole leagues where the foot of a stranger has never trod, and the native life of the region {s unin- fluenced by any contact with the outer world. In these mountains there is @ dialect spoken which has RARELY IF EVER sppested in print; the mode of life and habits thought of the natives are less known to general readers than those of the peasants of any country in Europe. Artists have never set up their easels in these magnificent forests, nor dreamed, pencil inhand, upon the swelling outlines and amethyst hues of the distant mountains. Two or three literary workers have found fresh and interesting mate- ral here while on hasty visits. put there are types of character that have never been deline- ated; there isarich store awaiting the seeker who ts gifted with the power of insight and ex- preasion. The existence that goes on in these cabins has not yet found an interpreter. The tanned, athietic mountaineer who steps lightly down the sope is a figure suggestive of the Ho- meric age. That woman pdt water from the spring in the glen leads a life as unfamiliar to us as the dweller in a wheeled house on the bian steppes. ree things attracted us—the mountain scenery, the fine climate, the cheapness of liv- Ing, and each of them has surpassed our expec- tations. The grandeur of the mountains has been a Perec feast; the climate has restored jaded nerves and color to paling cheeks; and we have lived well, as regards an abund- ance of food. The town of Butler, Pa., uses natural gas for illumination and for The whole town is supplied by one well. “Let's drive a spike” is now the to invite a Montans man to tare sn thing. Mr. Keel, of Detroit, in writing to Castle Gar- den for a wife, iscareful to “A hair son need not aplye.” eae ee Paris bonnets are now with a man- sard, in whi ‘stored the knot or coll into GLOBE smasHERS IN THE SKY. The Danger ani Pobéibility of Astro- momical Collisiond— What Would Happen if the Should Run Into Another World—Wenderful Stars ‘Whose Blaze May Have Been Caused by Collision— Litte Danger from Comets, : — From the North American Review. The universe of space is,in one sense, fulland crowded. Everywhere our telescopes find stars, and for every one wesee thereare probably hun- dreds, and even thousands, too faint or small or far away to reach our senses. And of thiscount- Jess host of worlds not oneis at rest, but all are rushing through space, free and unbridled, with velocities far exceeding anything in the range of our terrestrial experience. Our swiftest can- non shot ta kes more than three seconds to go a mile, but the stars and planets seldom move slower than five miles a second, and some ot "them go two hundred. The veriest snail among them would overhaul a rifle ball in the same sort of way that the rifle ball would overtake a re- ceding freight train. Is there not, then, dan- ger of collisions? Have such collisions ever Occurred, and, if 60, with what consequences? CAN SPACE BE CROWDED? Now, inthe first place, it 1s only in a sense, and rather a Pickwicklan one, that space can be called crowded. True, stars are to be seen in every direction; but this is because our vision reaches so unimaginably far. If we restrict our consideration to bodies of respectable magni- tude—a hundred miles in diameter, for instance —we ought rather to say that space, instead of | D8TY being crowded, is almost inconcelvably empty. Between any star or planet and its nearest neighbor lie usually desolate distances of mill- jons,or even millions of millions of miles. If we agsume, what is probably an underestimate, that the region commanded by our telescopes is 80 vast that light takes a thousand years in coming to us from its outer confines, and, further, that the number of its stars is a thou- sand millions (the number visible with our largest telescopes is usually esti- mated at about sixty millions) then we find that the average distance from star to star must be about nine millions of millions of miles. This is not quite half the actual distance from the sun to onr nearest stellar neighbor (a Centaur), according to the received value of its parallax; but it fs a distance which quite defies the power ot human comprehension. If two stars at such adistance were rushing straight toward each other with a speed of ten miles a second, it would require nearly thirty thousand years to bring them together. Represent the sun, as in Sir John Herschel’s familtar illustration, by a globe two feet in diameter, so that oranges, cherries, peas, and pins’ heads would stand for the different planets at distances ranging from eighty feet to two miles, then, on that scale, a Centauri would be eight thousand miles away. Obviously, there is plenty of elbow room in the universe, and the chance of two stars accident- ally jostling each other is far less than that of the collision of two bullets in midair over a bat- tlefleld. Stillthe possibility remains. 18 THERE IMMUNITY FROM COLLISION? There 1s a prevalent impression that the im- munity from collision between the heavenly bodies depends mainly on their being held“in orderly orbits by central attraction? and it is true that their orbital constraints make it quite impossible for the planets to collide with each other, or even to ‘approach each other very closely. But a very impressive picture is some- times drawn of what would happen if the earth, for instance, should some time free herself from the bonds of gravitation—how she would fly off into space (which 1s true, of course), and soon dash herself to 1st against some other wandering world (which is not true at all, or at least not probable). Most lkely, if gravitation were suddenly to cease, the earth would travel four millions, not of years, but of ages, without ever encountering: anything more important than meteors, such as are now continually falling upon her surface. And these meteoric encounters, even, would probably be far less frequent than at present, since there is reason to suppose that s¥ch bodies are much more numerous in the ieighborhood of the sun, and ofother great sta/s, than in the rest of space. Evidently, however, the attractions between a wandering star and others lying near its path must considerably increase the chances of col- lision, though not to so great an extent as per- haps might be supposed. A body entering oar system ata distance from the sun one hundred times as great asthe radius of the earth’s or- bit, and moving with no more than the velocity natural toa comet at.that distance (about 23¢ miles per second), would not strike the sun unless its path were directed within leas than half a degree (23.4’) ofthe sun’scenter; and ifits velocity were greater, the aim would have to be still more accurate to scoreahit. If bodies were shot into space at random from the posi- tion and with the velocity indicated, only about one ineighty-six thousand would hit the sun. Were it not for the sun’s attraction, however, the proportion would be twenty thousand times smaller still—only one is seventeen hundred millions. It is obvious, therefore, that encounters be- tween heavenly bodies of considerable magni- tude must be extremely rare. There is not in all the astronomical record a single certain in- stance of such an occurrence. And yet it may confidently be asserted that some time or other in the past such events must have happened, and some time in the future will happen again; simply for the reason that, in a sufficient length of time, the most Improbable things, if only not impossible, are sure to come to pass. Now, it is almost certain that the stellar motions are not such as to render collisions impossible; the planets, it is true, as haabeen said before, can never run into each other, because of the size and nature of their orbits, but, so tar as can now be ascertained, nothing of ‘the sort holds gece for the motions of the stars. We already now enough about some of thelr so-called “proper motions” to be quite sure that, as a tact, they are not traveling in any simple curves around any common center, and also that some stars are flying through space with such velocities that no attraction, such as can reasonably be supposed to act in the prem- ises, can control them. Nor does theory, any more than observation, indicate a structure of the stellar universe at all analogous to that of the planetary system. Among the stars there is no central dominance and no imperial power, but we have to do with a republic of compara- tively free and independent members. COLLISIONS ARE INEVITABLE—THE EARTH WILL BE A HUGE BALL OF VAPOR, IF IT 18 HIT. Sir Willlam Thompson is therefore fully justi- fled in writing: “It isas sure that collisions must occur between great masses moving through space as it is that ships, steered without intelli- gence to prevent colltsion, could not cross and Tecross the Atlantic for thousands of years with immunity from collision.” Undoubtedly the chance of an encounter between a Pat of heavenly bodies selected at random is rifling, almost beyond the power of computation, anc the intervals of time between such catastrophes in that part of the heavens subject to buman observations must be on the averagesenormous; but yet. in infinite time’ and unbounded g somewhere or other now, some time or other here—such things are happening, or will come If ever two great. worlds do really meet in this way {it is possible to ‘predict some of the consequences. To-wse the technical language of science, “their energy be converted into various forms of molecular and potential cperey; hich, translated into the vernacular, fheans that there will be evolu- ee ee ands wie oes os st me ‘e solids present will be wholly or in part lique- fled, the liquids ‘vaporized, and the Vapors ond led and expanded. The intensity of the action will depend, of Piao nae qy the mass and swiftness of the colliding Bodies; but an easy calculation shows that if our earth were ever to meet‘ anot globe like herself, and moving with the same velocity, heat enough ae be Senerated by og ok to transform em both a huge vapor; unless, in- deed. the central gore of the earth is much f molar motion will colder and more refractory than usually su; posed. At any rate, the i of heat devel: Sped would be sumisient £9 melt voll and com ‘ely vaporize a mass of ice fully 700 times That of both the colliding worlds—an ice planet 150,000 miles in diameter. Tf, however, the impinging masses were, to fogla with, mainly gaseous (as the sun seemsto be) the effect might be curiously different. Heat we of course, be generated, just asin the case of solid bodies; but, as a Spt Msc parently most loxical, the resul! heat ture, nay, must fal, if the “perfect” gas. Ot course, immediately after the collision, and before the ultimate expansion of bulk was aijained, the temperature and bell- Uance of the mass ‘would be for a time vastly increased, but the d have not on the astronomical records a single certain instance of any collision between bodies of considerable size. But there have been sev- eral cases of a most remarkable phenomenon, which, perhaps, may owe its explanation to such encounters. Stars never before visible, or else known only as faint and minute, have sudden! blazed out, shining sometimes with the brii- Hance of Sirius, or even Venus, and atterward faded sa Aad their original insignificance. Such was the ‘ous star of 1572, so carefully ob- served by Tycho Brahe. As recently as 1 and again in 1876, similar things have hap- pened, though these later stars were less con- spicuous. The star of 1876 (in the constella- ion of Cygnus) had long been known and cata- logued as a telescopic star of the ninth magni- tude, with nothing to distinguish it from any of the common herd. On November 24 jt suddenly shone out as bright as tne pole star. Schmidt, of Athens, who discovered it, had been observ- ing that very region of the sky only four days before, and no such object was then visible. The intervening days were cloudy, so that we cannot tell precisely the hour when it first blazed up, but evidently its increase of brightness must have been extremely rapid. Immediately after Schmidt's observation it began to fade, but it was two weeks before it fell below the sixth magnitude and became invisible to the naked eye, and it was more than a year before it re- sumed its original faintness. “Its whole course was carefully watched with the spectroscope. At first, and for some months, like the star of 1866, it showed conspicuous in its spectrum the lines of hydrogen, together with other lines of uncértain origin. As its brightness decreased the hydrogen lines faded still more rapidly, leav- ing other lines more prominent, until at last the spectrum, instead of becoming that of an ordi- star, came to consist simply of three bright lines, the spectrum of a nebula, and it continues such tothisday. Whether this is or ts not the same spectrum it had before the outburst, no one can say, as it had never been observed with the spectroscope before. Now, I am very far from asserting that this was @ case of collision; and yet it is clear enough that the whole course of phenomena was very much what might have been expected ifit were, At any rate, the collision hypothe- sis is held and defended by several astrono- mers of authority, and the principal reason for preete ® different possible explanation lies In the fact that these “temporary stars,” as they are called, are far too common to be prob- ably due to stellar encounters. We have on record elght sinoe the Christian era, and no less than three ot them since 1840. It Is hardly necessary to say that if any retl- nue of planets attends such a star its sudden blaze cannot fail to carry disaster and destruc- tion to all life upon them. We can concelvethat forms of life may be possible under almost any imaginable physical conditions, provided only the course of events by which they have been reached has been gradual enough to allow the necessary adaptations. One would not dare to deny the possibility of life of some kind on the airless moon, or even on the sun itself. But all we know makes it certain that no planetary lite could survive the tremendous and catastrophic change of conditions involved in a sudden thou- sand-fold increase of the solar radiation. STELLAR MASSES—SHOOTING STARS—THOUSANDS OF MILLIONS OF THEM. Thus far we have been considering only colli- sions of stellar masses. But space is filled also with minor particles, separated from each other only by intervals ofa few hundred miles; and these, In the formof meteors and shooting stars, are rushing through space, dropping continu- ally upon the larger worlds, increasing their size and adding to their store of heat and en- ergy. Every year the earth “encounters nearly three thousand millions of them, according to the estimate of Prof. Newton, mene from the merest particles to masses of. sever hundred weight. Very probably, also, the comets belong tothe same category, being really nothing but larger meteors, or flocks of small meteors, or perhaps even only puffsof meteoric dust. Nearly all the meteors which strike the earth are very minute. Perhaps a hundred or so reach the ground each year as recognizable masses of stone or iron, weighing from an ounce or two to some hundreds of pounds, but ali the rest are dissipated in the upper air, and never come down unless as impalpable dust, not to be certainly identified. The whole amount of matter falling daily upon the earth from outer space is probably about 100 tons on the average (it is variously estimated from 25 to 500). A hundred tons is in itself a very considerable quantity, but utterly insignifi- cant as compared with the mass of the earth, and entirely incapable of appreciable effect upon our temperature. Assuming even the largest estimate (500 tons a day), and also that the average velocity with which meteors enter our atmosphere is 16 miles a second (probably con- siderably too large), we find that the heat an- nually recelved from them by the earth is only about 58 calories for each square meter of her surface—iess than would be imparted by two minutes’ perpendicular sunshine, and only about 1-60,000 of the heat actually received from the sun inayear. Retaining the same extravagant estimate of 500 tons a day, it appears that the earth’s diameter would grow an inch in about 100,000,000 of years, and that her distance trom the sun would be reduced about 83 feet ina million years, in consequence of the resistance experienced in moving through the meteoric swarms. It would not, however, be just to the general reader to dismiss the subject without fair no- tice that some most eminent astronomers hold views at variance with those above expressed. The late Prof. Pierce maintained to the end that the heat of tne sun is chiefly due to the im- pact of meteors, and also that the earth itself receives as much heat from meteors as from the sun, & necessary result If the solar heat is really so produced. Of course we have no space to discuss the matter here, and must be content with merely saying that ‘the quantity of matter which falls upon the earth, if his idea is correct, ought to be easily noticeable, amounting to about fifty tonsa day on each square mile. It iavoles also serious difficultiesin the planetary eory. So far as human beings are concerned, the most important question connected with our subject 18 whether anything is to be feared from comets, as a consequence either of col- lsions with the earth or of their fall into the sun. It may be said, Just as of the stars be- fore, first, that cometary collisiona, either with sun or earth, must be very rare occurrences, and, secondly, that they are practically certain to happen some time or other. Babinet com- puted, on the one hand, that a comet would strike the earth on the average about once in 15,000,000 years; on the other, we know at least three comets whose orbits cut the earth’s path 80 elosely that if eer should ever reach the crossing at the same time as the earth a col- lision must occur. These comets are known as Biela’s, Tempel’s, followed by the Leonid meteors in its train, and the comet of 1862, which precedes the Perseids. One of the three, however (Biela’s), has probably ceased to exist as a comet, and it is quite possible that the other two may vanish in the same way before we meet them. As to cometary encounters with the sun, no cemet has yet been known actually to strike the sun, but several have grazed rey near it.” The great comet of last year brush through the corona, and came within 300,000 miles of the photosphere, and there is no assignable reason why some other comet should not actually pierce it. CONSEQUENCES OF A COMET HITTING THE EARTH. As to the consequences of a comet's collision with the earth, it is impossible to predict them with actentific certainty; probably, however, they would be insignificant. We know abso- lotely that the whole quantity of matter in a comet (techni its “mass”) is extremel, small com) ith that of the earth; but just how small no one can say. It isimpossible to contradict authoritatively either the man who says he could comet home in his pocket if properly or One who asserts thata comet's nucleus is equivalent to an fron ball one hundred miles in diameter. An attempt been made to get rounding nebulosity were an atmosphere in equilibrium around nucleus; Dat’ the as- sumption is more thandoubtfal, and the: col ion, of course, is of little seems, on thé whole, more probable that a comet is throughout only a cloud of dust and vapor—a mere smoke wreath—than that there rebel cre! any solid kernel of preponder- mass. splece, collision ¥ most serious matter, spreading devastation contents ion possibly over pare ee phe at once; not amounting, an; @ destruction of the. world, at far more or vol lon. Warm ity Norere tattae see ter with a comet would be see Berio E Lee Sp ee ae there might be some unusnal fiash of on the earth; but the main thermal tion of the im; far below the ible surface of the sun, and would result merely in a it ion of its bulk, tar too slight to Wve dctected by terrestrial astronomers. C. A. Youxa. Lt OF LETTERS REMAINING IN THE WASHINGTON CITY POST OFFICE, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1883. 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