Evening Star Newspaper, December 28, 1881, Page 3

Possession of Damag- n Governmen’ ag Testimony. Nuch bas been made by the star-ronte men and their organs of the aMdavit of Redell, retary of Dorsey, reeanting by him to the government e members of the ring. and d falsehood on his part in The story of that episode Iby those in a position to know the ‘ho believe with the goverament the affidavit c efecting his pui 4 self-con came to ¢ ator Powell a request to be brought in com-| on with the Postmaster General. | View was arranged. and ti it Jamies, Woodward en said that matters that he would have to t i or be wuiity of He was only aclerk on a s: and | ¢ not afford to ruin himself in behalf of at lt ar-route fr when le was would have t| ies! oned, the whol 1 Dorsey P ruined trut Brady and th He must have fr in In the | Meanwhile be rooms, mak fr. Smith” or had asked him, " were Brady and ¢ paid corruptly. these sums ax to profit an not arresting the attention of the committee. He exhibited transerints from Dorsey's iving most damazi! < facts, and among others He did ne orandum, pre surrender | i howey . that For two tion with eeks he was in con ‘tment. is unquestionable that duri ty. I n effert to would break the foree other persons he went to ex. telling him that he (Dorsey) Redell’s ev with a telegram inh he showed to the Po ster Gen- eral. It was in substance as follows teturn New York at once. Dorsey.” afterward, when the train stopped at hia, the conductor asked if M. C. I on board, and handed him another This, too, Redell showed to James. Tt was im subs follows, and was signed “De you want to ly me back to New York and see if we can not make some arrange- ment.” A tew nichts after Redell’s return to Washing- ton, Dorsey came to Spencer's rooms here in high glee Spencer afterward the details ofthat interview to the Postmaster General, te Clayton. and Woodward. and promised to relate them to President Garfield. He said that Dorsey told him that James Bosler, of Carlisle, Pa, formerly an Indian contractor, and understood to be Dor- meial backer, had had Redell with him ai « most of the preceding night. He told Spe rthat Boster had induced Redell to write out ihe statement, afterward published. When it was finished, Bosler suddenly said: “Now you ear to this.” Redell consented. ¥ public was in the next room, and Redell to the statement, Dorsey had this | mouth Rock the | S| dinners an His Effort at the Dinner of the New England Sons in Philadelphia, The Philadelphia Press says that when Mr. Samuel L. Clemens was called upon at the din- ner of the Sons of New England in that city on Thursday evening, he arose, and in a peculiar, sleepy manner began his remarks by thanking the company for the deserved compliment to himself and to his posterity. “I shail continue to do my best.” drawled out the speaker, and he continued as follows: - “I rise to protest. I have kept still for years, but really I think there is no sufficient Justifica- tion for this sort of thing. What do you want to celebrate those people for?—those ancestors of yours, of 1620—the Mayflower tribe, 1 mean. | What do you want to celebrate them for? Your pardon; the gentleman at my left assures me that you are not celebrating the pilgrims them- selves, but the landing of the pilgrims at Ply- on the 2a of December. Soyouare etext thinner thanever: the 1, fish-bladder, but this is celebratii was thin en ut t her was tissue. tinf sold leaf. Celebrating their landing! it was: jthere remarkable about it, I would like to ow? What can youn be thinking of? WI pilgrims had been at sea three or foi mouths. It was the yery middle of winter; it was as cold as death off Cape Cod, there. Why shouldn't they come ashore? If they hadn't died there would be some reason in celebrat ‘t. It would have been a case of imental leatherheadedness which the world woul! not willingly let die. [fit-had been you, which they did not , but only transmitted. ee y ni ad simple, and customary procedure w extraordinary circumstance—a cireumstance to zed “at and admired, . at orgies like this for 260 years—hang would have known eaough to land; a pardon again;the gentleman on my right \ + me that it was not merely the landing of the piixrims that we are celebrating. but the | pilgrims themselves. So we have struck an inconsistency here—one sa the other consistence it was the landing, ims. It is an in- tie of you for_you never agree about Weil t di ' eiebrate those pi | a migtity hard lot—you know it.I grant vou, without the slight unwillingn: were a deal more gentle and merci! than were the pec re But what of that? that is nothing. Peo- rparted, for I consider such things impro- Yes, those among you who have not been if such there be, are better 1 xrandfathers were, but is per). in the penitentiary than your | that any athers i celeb: ting you? No, by no means, by no means. Well, I repeat, those pilzrims were ahard lot. They took good care of them- selves, but they abolished everybody else’s ances- tors. I am a border ruffian from the banner state of Missouri; I am a Connecticut Yankee by | adoption. | Connecticut culture; this, gentiemen, is the | combination which makes the perfect man. But where are my ancestors? Whom shall I cele- brate? Where shail I find the raw material? Indian; an early Indian; your ancestors skinred him alive, and Iam an orphan. Not one drop of my blood flows in that Indian’s veins to- day. "I stand here, lone and forlorn, without an | ancestor. .ater ancestors of mine were the Quakers William Robinson, Marmaduke Stevenson et al. Your tribe chased them out of the country for their religion’s sake; promised them death if they came back, for your ancestors had forsaken. the homes they loved and braved the perils of the sea, the implacable climate an@ the savage | wilderness to acquire that highest and most | precious of boons—freedom for every man on | this broad continent to worship according to the dictates of his own conscience: and they were not going to allow a lot of pestiferous Quakers “ en, you probably wouldn't have landed, | - | but you have no shadow of right to be celebrat- - | ing in your ancestors, ¢ his | exerci oe oa intractable and | 8 progress. You are better than your | grandfathers were, (this is the first ever aimed a measureless slander at | uflicient reason for getting up annual | In me you have Missouri morals, | My first American ancestor, gentlemen, was an | ANESTHETICS, ‘Their Uses Comsidered from a Medico- Legal Standpoint. AN INTERESTING PAPER READ BY DR. JOHN G. JOHNSON BEFORE THE NEW YORK MEDICO-LEGAL SOCIETY. From the Brooklyn Eagle. Dr. John G. Johnson, of this elty, recently read an interesting paper before the New York Medico-Legal Society on “Anesthetics.” The following are the main Points of the doctor's statements: ANESTHETICS MEDICO-LEGALLY CONSIDERED. Mankind has, in all ages and in all climes, sought relief from pain. What reader of the “Odyssey” cannot call to mind the beautiful Helen, driving away sad memories from the | minds of her husband and friends by making | them drink of the wine into which the sweet nepenthe had been cast—that nepénthe that de- livered men from grief and wrath, and caused | oblivion to every ill. The effects of alcohol in | stupefying and overpowering the nervous Bys- | tem were known as far back as we can trace | the history of civilization. In the Bible we read | of the daughters of Lot administering wine to | their father and entering in unto him, that the | human Tace might not die out. The Chinese are known, so far back as their history can be | traced, to have used hasheesh, or Indian hemp, to relieve pain of acupunoture. . Inhalation of narcotics was known to the ancients. | Herodotus relates that Seythians were accustomed to produce intoxication by inhaling the vapors of a certain | kind of hemp. The fertile plains of India pro- duced the soporiferous poppy from which opium was extracted, whose power of relief isso great that it has justly been called the great gift of the gods to men. Among the Egyptians was an art | of producing sleep by inhalation. Pliny de- scribes a mineral brought from Memphis, which, when pulverized and mixed with souravine, ap- plied toa wound, would destroy pain. Baron Larry, after the battle of Eylau, found in the wounded who required amputation a remarkable insensibility, owing to the intense cold. This | being the first use of cold as.an anesthetic. Of all drugs known to the ancients mandragora wine undoubtedly was the most potent and effi- cient. Apulius states that half an ounce of this preparation wouid render the patient insensible to even the pain of amputation. The wine, | the Saviour on the cross, was undoubtedly th mandragora, for it was a common practice for kind-hearted women to alleviate the horrible azonies of those being crucified by the admini tration of this pain-defying drug. Dr. B. W. Richardson, of London, proved that this was true. He procured a specimen of mandragora which, though five centuries old, he made of it mandragora wine, and administered it to animals, and found that it was a narcotic, ha ing precisely the properties claimed for it. He found that in animais it would produce the sleep of Juliet. not for forty hours, which must be regarded as a poetic license on Shakspeare’s part, but for four hours, as described by Diosco- Tides. Who could have written Friar Lawrence's description of the wine that Juliet is to drink unless he had seen its effects: “Through all thy veins shalt run A cold and drowsy humor, whieh shall Seize each vital spirit; for no pulse shall keep Mis natural progress, but surcease to beat; | No warmth, no breath, shall testify thou livest; | The roses in thy lips and cheeks shall fade ‘To paly ashes; thy eyes’ windows fall, | Like death, when he shuts up the day of life; | Each part, deprived of supple government, ll SUIT, and stark, and cold appear like death; nd in this borrowed likeness of shrunk death | Thou shalt rematn full two and forty hours, | And then awake as from a pleasant sleep.” | But to our country and century is the world indebted for the DISCOVERY AND APPLICATION OF ANESTHETICS: | for the purpose of rendering persons insensible | under surgical operations. If America had con- | tributed nothing more than this to the stock of | human happiness, the world would owe her an | everlasting debt of gratitude. The name of Mor- ton, of Boston, will descend to posterity as a | benefactor of the human race. The benefaction he has conferred on suffering humanity in the relief | of pain being as great a boon as th mingled with myrrh, offered by the women to | THE EVENING STAR: WASHINGTON, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 28, 1881—DOUBLE SHEET. been one of felonious aseault. I have been un- able to find any case wherethe courts have passed upon this question. The last edition of Taylor's “Medical Jurispradegce” has the following bear- ing upon it: “In a case of this kind, ene becuase ie nsibility of the who ie original wowed? No decision 80 far as I know, has ever been given on this point. Was the administration of the chloroform vapor, ina professional view, a necessary part of the treat- ment? Was it skillfully and properly adimin- istered? Could the diseased condition of the heart, which rendered the effects of the vapor more fatal than usual, have been detected by the operator? so. as to show the impropriety of administering it inthis case? These questions should receive satisfactory answers before the aggressor is rendered responsible for death under these peculiar circumstances.” Should the prisoner be actjuitted by a jury in one of these cases, would an‘action lie against a physician who had administered the chloro- form and who had been the unwitting cause of death? This isa question of great importance to surgeons connected with our large institu- tions, where injuries and woundings of every kind are continually brought in, and when, to save life, a surgeon must often act promptly, where he knows nothing’ previously of the patient and perhaps can learn little now, either the patient, and yet must give his immediate and best attention. circumstances, does that that seems best to his enlightened judgment, is he responsible should the result prove unfortunaté? The tendency to draw more strictly THE LINE OF RESPONSIBILITY is shown each year. Should a patient die from chloroform inhaled in a sitting position in a dentist's chair it could no‘ longer be urged in behalf of the surgeon, whose patient had been chloroformed out of existence, as it was suc- cessfully argued in behalf of the young Parisian surgeon, in 1853, who had been imprisoned for the death of a patient under chloroform, on whom he was operating without assistance, that there were no fixed rules for the administration of chloroform, The English chloroform com— mittee appointed by the Royal Medico Chirurgi- cal Society laid down in 1864 the rule that anes- thetics should always be given in the recam- bent position and never in the erect position. ‘The reason of this rule is evident. In natural respiration the rising and falling of the ribs is produced by the intercostal muscles, and the respiration is culled thoracic. As the patient ander the influence of the anesthetic hese intercostal muscles become paralyzed and | cease their action. The respiration is then kept | up by the action of the diaphragm or abdominal | respiration. ‘Those who have seen much of the | patients under the influence of anesthetics ii our large hospitals must have noticed ho: quickly a patient stopped breathing at this | stage if an assistant pressed against the abdo- | men,to watch the operation or to pass an instru- | ment. Now, ag soon as the patient comes | fnlly under the influence of an anesthetic, she | slips down in tie dentist's chair. The weight of the upper portion of the body is compressing | the abdomen—preventing the diaphragm from | acting. I think with the present knowledge of | anesthetics that a surgeon who should adminis- | ter chloroform to a patient in the erect: position in the dentist's chair, with her clothes tight around her waist, and the patient should die, he would justly be held for manslanghter. During the early ages of anesthethics. the knowledge of the profession was only experimental. That age has passed. The most distinguished men in the profession, as long ago as 1864, published this Tule and the reasons for it. Subsequent experi- mentation has demonstrated the justice of it It has been adopted by all our modern writers on the subject. The courts have held over and over again that a physician must practice ac- cording to the well known rules of his profes- sion, and if he departs from them it is at his peril. Now, if he has read any of the medical authorities issued in the last fifteen years, he must have seen this warning; if he neglects it, and a life is lost by his neglect, what escape there from thg charge of manslaughter? Next jto deaths in The dentist's chair come the fre- quency of deaths from operations for piles and other operations of this kind about the rectum. When we recall the fact of the ano genital region being the last to give up its sensitiveness, we can understand this result, because the bound- from the exhgnsted or intoxicated condition of | If a physician, under those | Hep Pee: Ke med three persons, he ly chlorofot a man, the other two being boys, one of 10, other 13 years of age. He took about seven minutes to chloroform the man. ions of American Medical Association, 1880.) The | BATTERS WHO HOLD THAT IT RAS—GRAVEYARD experiment has frequently been tried by ex- since Dr. Rogers’ paper, and it has been found that with children it can be done by a skilled hand after a little practice, but with adults it is a matter of great difficulty, and un- less the person who uses the chloroform is an expert it is an utter impossibility. In a trial for the attempt at rovbery by the use of chloro- form, at New Bloomfield, Pa., the possibility of anesthizing a sleeping person was discussed in court by Dr. F. F. Maury and B. Howard Rand, M. D., professor of chemistry and lecturer on medical jurisprudence in Jefferson Medical Col- lege. Dr. Maury stated (Wharton & Steele) that he ‘shad experimented on six sleeping per- sons, and all resisted more or less. Two woke up immediately, and one remark: ‘You are trying to give me something.” I administered it to a child four days old; it offered resistance. With all my experience I could not administer it to four persons.” Professor Rand confirmed Dr. Maury’s testimony. The question “WHAT ANESTHETIC SHOULD BE USED?” has been much discussed by the profession, and there isa wide aifference of opinion. In Eng: | land and on the Continent, chloroform holds al- most entire sway. They claim that the deaths ‘sult from ignorance and carelessness in i that ifthe proper amount of atmosph administered with it, it is practically per cent. of chloroform should be allowed; that if the party who is to administer the chloroform attends to that and that only, and knows his | business and watches the respiration and face, and should they show any danger, pull the tongue violently forward with a pair of rat. toothed forceps, so as to start up the respiration | immediately, the danger is averted. They point to the fact that during the entire Crimean. war, with the enormous number of operations, not one life was lost. That ether *is pungent. irri tating to the lungs, and especially fatal to old people, and is used in America because it is an American invention. In this country the fee! ing is overwhelmingly in favor of ether, on ac- | count of its greater safety. Ether should not asleep. He tried tt and found that danger; that not more than three and one-half | LARGE BRAINS AND SMALL, the Has the Average Haman Size been Growing Les? TESTIMONY TO DISPROVE THIS—SKULLS SKYE! CENTURIES OLD ONES. From the Edinburgh Scoteman. The brain is universally recognized as th part of its unfortunate possessor. M. Broca p and 32 in females, the average brain- Europeans being about 49 ounces possession of more than the averaze quant rain implies the presence of more than age intelligence isa question that has i rise to much discussion. It is an undou fact that very high —_brain-w are occasionally found in peop! | mental acquirementsare certainly aot above t! Javerage. Out of 157 brain-weighits of adult Scotsmen, Dr. longing to artisans, who, so far ve as could | their fellows by superic | ment, weighed’ over est brain on r med to a brickl icled the case, we a good memory and that he could neither ever his potentialities miziit have been, evident,” says Dr. Morris, “that his actual quirements were not great.” The non-devel- intellectual ende hower capacity for learning, but to the abser onditions necessary to its crowth. that among the edneated and inte’ es the number of big brains is yreater than and intelligent opie. tter the prepertion of brain- ounces Nas been ascertai zent cl with uneducate Among the | be administered to aged persons with emphyse- great valvular lesions; second, it should not be | administered to persons who faint easily; third, | itshould not be administered to habitual drunk- | ards or those who drink a little each day; fourth, it should not be administered in cases where the action of the lung is limited either from old | pleuritic adhesions or pneumonia, or where there is an excessive secretion from ‘the mucous membrane. For the dentist's chair nitrous oxide holds pre-eminence on account of the | quick return to consciousness, yet eight deaths from its use are already published. The same | rule as to reclining posture and loose dress should be followed as with chloroform. It does | | also stimulate the sexual functions of both sexés, and the same precaution should also be observed to have third parties present. One of the deaths from nitrous oxide was an English physician, and it was administered by his own | dentist, who agreed to make im snore before | | commencing. “The administrator should never | take his direction from the patient, but use his | own enlightened judgment as to what is best for | that patient. Numerous other anestheties have | been brought forward for public favor, but they | have not yet passed beyond the resion of ex- | periment. ‘Notwithstanding all the attention to , | the subject of anesthetics and al the study that | | has been made of this mystery of human lite, it | is not probable that we ever discover a perfectly safe and harmless way of parting with our sense of pain and be quite certain of a return to | life. And while the number of deaths from | anesthetics are infinitesimal when compared with the deaths from shock and unrelieved | cases before anesthetics were discovered—while | anesthetics have added immensely to the com- fort of the patient, still the surgeon should re- member every time he takes an anesthetic in his hand he is leading the patient far down on the | road to death, from which there may be no re- | covery. Our fathers had to deal with men and | women of more rugged constitutions than we | have at the present day. The ei | fects of modern civilization had not reduced them toa bundle of nerves. steam railways to There were no | ve the terrific shock of ma—hypertrophy of the heart, fatty heart or | y | curately know: weights above to be only from 4 to 6 per cent, while the 4 vho have been distin- guished for great intellectual acquiremeuts is at least 23 per cent. The brain-weights of only 23 sueh inen are ac- and it is m these that the above proportion has be ained. Wi exceptions, th eth y of 49 our elebrated naturalist Cuvier, with hit of G414 ounces, followed by the Scottish physician, Abercromby, and the poct Schiller, each with 68. Goodsir, the follows at_a considerable distance with Sir James Simpson with 54, and Chalmers . That su possess may be infe the average brain-w from a statement lately public of the of hat worn by these anda humber of living or recently deceased states- men and liter: ing that what is known to the trade as. si: that of the ay- ve head, with presi bly 49 ounces of and that 7¢ isa size so large made when specially ordered, it app f 14 persons whose hat sizes are yiven, Chelmsford and Dean Stanley) were bel ther 2 (Lord Beaconsfield and the Prince a of Wale ) were e: ly up to the average. OF the others, Dickens, Selborne, and Brixht quired 73,: Earl Russell, 73; Lord Macaule Gladstotie, and Thackery, 73g; Louis Philipp Ti ; 7% and tle Archbishop of York, 8 fall. Ofthe 23 distinguished men already referred to whose actual brain-weight are known, four, including | the late Prof. Hughes Bennet, and Herman, the | philologist, are distinctly below the averae, showing, as Dr. Bastain points out ina recent work, that “a well-constituted brain of small dimensions may be capable of doing much bet- ter work than many a larger organ whose inter- nal constitution is, from one cause or other, de- | | fective.” When there is no such defect, how- | | ever the big brain, there is every reason to be- | lieve, confers an undoubted advantage on its owner. Such being the case, it is_not surprising that the assertion recently made that a sensible SMALLER THAX MopeRN | P8City which now distinguishes organ of mind, and the size of this organ is very | others in the generally taken as an index of mental capacity. Big brains have come to be suggestive of great minds. while it isan undoubted fact that the pos- | ¢) session of a brain which falis below a certain | minimum standard of weight implies idiocy onthe maie and of es the lowest limit of braiu-weight compatible with human intelligence at 37 ounces in males en eacock found that four, atl be- be ; | learned, had not been ‘distinguished among ary line between danger and death is so slight | collision, or machinery propelled by steam to | diminution had taken ‘place of late years in the | the average capacity of the skulls of male and female Parisians is almost double that found te j obtain between the skulls of the male and female inbabitants of ancieut Ex: Cilia tion, by giving increased exercise, especially to the male brain, has, there is good reason to be. lieve, gradually produced that increa: ized trom the savage races of mankind. No- where has this Influeuce been more conspicuous than in China, whose culture, if not the most advanced kind, bas the advantage over all pat length of time it has endured. The Chinese are, as might a big-tun’ 2 inde | th ec have been expected, d, the only statis- wt8 available show o@ all other nations in this respect, A tew = the brain w f il adult female Chinese victims of a great typho tained. These be! the Coolie, or lowest ier and yet the average br redched 5), ounce: ounces. This i an average not any 45 so far as yet known, by being fully ounces ai size of t admit e can be that the fore, he and that, asa people, ograde journey toward the we originally emerged. we had begun a barbarism trom wh: see The “@le Marsters” Chrisunas. 1 what di nuttin r leah ts, sab oS er Cnt WIStY kin’ , Suh, i iy own h bes’ hart, sub, ¥ tn Als Lan’, wrop hi Dat ts b Te «tin? “No, taint fer not in ter me— ‘Cept ds, di nd dest “But de wah a ¢ Toss all he } nl “Rut Vd bs *Dar's bet pl own Like a litte | ¥. “Den we dun de bes’ wuck in de wurl’, sab, Sse", ‘Ter keep his heh, n’ bref: Am’ keep tu hit hiz £ ; But I seed him dis mawnin’ so poly, So thin, an’ so pale, an’ so bar’ Dat 1 jes” tuck er holt ou my hart-strings An’ played ‘ei fer all dat waz dirt vL “ So Pse tuck all de munny 1d laid up | Fer ter buy me my own Christmas gi? Ab boughten dis coat, good an’ warm, sab, Fer ter cib my Ole Morster a Ut"! I Know he'll be glad wid de cumfurt | Hivil bring ter hiz weakly ote frame; | While me?—T kin skirmish eroun’ heah An’ feel happy an’ rich jes’ de same!” | va. So went thé old man on his mission | As happy as ever a king, His heart beating holier music Than ever a mortal can sing. And though others may think that a nigger i Has never the gift of a soul, | He's got something will pass for its equal Witen heaven shall call its last roll} -Christmas Eve, 1881 “Old in Atlanta Constitutions size of the heads of the male population of those | = islands, and, consequently, of the brains—for in | health the brain aiways fill the skull—should | | have attracted attention. The data upon which this startling statement is founded lave been supplied by the most persistent, it not the most a rset omens eine hatters, |““With a groan of despair a mackerel-eyed noll- I kind. One merchant of larze ex- turner from New Jersey flung himself like a states that of the six sizes of hats be- bushel of turnips on an inverted basket behind paper with him, and showed it to sp. better told DM@rsey that if he was ever that he Would be compelled to relate all the facts of this interview. conferred | - see TOO TOUGH FOR CHRISTMAS, that before the anus ceases to respond the patient | is across the line of fatal narcosis. Again, the patient is rolled over very frequently for the sur- | geon’s benefit, and thus there is danger of inter- fering with the abdominal respiration. Anes- thetics should never be used for these cases so | as to produce full loss of sensibility. Anesthetics should not be used at all unless’ the patient is very nervous, and only enough to blunt the usceptibility of the parts. With the knowledge shand mangle. With all these increased | difficulties over what our fathers had the sur- xeon of the present day has to contend. isties on a large scale show that with anes ies we produce as good results under these unfavorable conditions as our fathers did in the operations they had to meet. Who of us would 0 back to their iron-bound operating table— With holes through the irons to strap the pa- tient down, to listen to the shrieks of the pa- | to interfere with it. Your ancestors broke | bythose other Americans, Fulton, who first applied | forever the chains of political slavery and gave | the steam engineto the navigation of vessels, and the vote to every man in this wide land, exciud- | Whitney, who invented the cotton gin, have been ing none! None except those who did not be- | tothematerial prosperity ofthe world. Noonecan the orthodox church. Your ancestors— | form, even at the present day, a just estimate of y were a hard lot; but, nevertheless, | the true value of the various anesthetics, or ex- ihey gave us religious liberty to worship as they | Dress in words their wonderful and extended ap- | Tequired us to. worship, and political liberty to | Plication to human suffering. To the surzeonit | “been | Vote as the Church required, and so, I, the be- | fives the means of operating and saving life in ¥ rite | reft one: [, the forlorn one, am here to do iny | £TAve cases, when before the discovery of anes. pof the A Wonderful Turkey That a Jersey Farmer Could Not Dispose Of. | From the Philad mes 1. on good authority, that Bosler erward mai how settled on the land vernment has timony which it has 1 r to make publie in advan perienc sinning at 21 inches, and increasing tient and af Colonel Bliss’ notes it appears that to come for the first time be used kaye made much parade attempts of the government It is evident had mere hopes frou y nature than from Pres- From the Chicaro 3 wind wa ing and shrieking as if in mirth, ever and anon dying away into a rowful refrain, like the low sob of a £ spirit that had come back to earth morn over the sad sights from which its uld not be kept. Over stately hall and cot alike the storm king held completest and brave, indeed, would be the one who dare dispute his power. The snow, which was ‘Trib whirled around as if the demon of the air were seeking its destruction, piled up in on the broad bosom of mother earth, if by fairy hands in curious and fan- nm the bare branches of trees or s and windows of houses. ’ there be any,” said Pizarro th Baron of 24th street, as he «x wood Bre in the wassail dence, whoseturrets had sky since Biz Foot Murphy—tast of a had erected it with the money he ht. dear papa, that all humanity lied the Lady Constance, ¢ id Bas ly and the pride other had died, and the meade utlowers—the nurse had placed 4 tiny waif of humanity with and the general ap- and, pressing it ten- had sworn to devote at heaven had sent wn into a beauti- as a Grecian stormy . 1 have not seen a of 1880, when I got ~ snow for the street doubtless remember, The Baron As he did so , Stood before ollingstone, the haughty You was heard. . ut to the front do vered with sue rt hter in, Mr. MeGinness?” asked n. seeing that it was usek he started for the front gate. were he saw something black, at reminded him of a human form, the snow. Stopping, he bent over the it'sayule log,” he said. “The Mc- faites always celebrate Christmas in the oll ioe ww What a sad. sad Christmas for Mayhap I may yet battle suc- cruel fate that seems to and placing p wcainst th bear me down” his shoulder, he passed swiftly and the front gate. - . . * nates later Rupert was going up witha light heart and a merry [us pure, sweet face. He had swapped Jule log for a thirty-five cent necktie. was Smitten, a famous scientist says there is often a ‘nal resembiance between husband _ | their fe the fiercely eddying currents, and, | best to help them eelebrate them right. The | Quaker woman, Elizabeth Hooton, was an © | ancestress of mine. Your people were | pretty severe with her—you will confess that. | But, poor thing, I believe they changed | her ¢ ns before she died. and took her into se we have every reason to pre- nen she died she went to the same ich yonr ancestors went to. It isa i pity, for she was a good woman. Roger shness to an unjustilable ex- k pity on him and burned him. They Werea hard lot. All those Salem witches tors of pine. Your people made it for them. Yes, they did; by pressure and the gallows, they made such a clean deal with them that there hasn't been a witch and | hardly a halter in our family from that day to ti at is 189 years. The first slave | bron New England ont of Africa by | Your progenitor was an ancestor of mine, for T | am of a mixed breed, an infinitely shaded and quisite mongrel. I am not one of your sham meerschaums that you can color in a week. No, complexion is the patient art of eizht gen- erations. Well, in my own time I had acquired alotof my kin—by purchase and swapping around and one way and another—and was etting along very well. Then, with the in- rn perversity of your lineage, you got up a war and took them all away from me. And 30, again am I bereft. again am I forlorn; no drop of my blood flows in the veins of any living bee ing who is marketable. “Oh my friends hear me and reform! your good, not mine. rd speeches: disband these New England societies— nurseries of a system of steadily augmenting laudation and hosannahing, which, if persisted in, uncurbed, may some day in the remote fu- ture beguile 'you into prevaricating and brag- st from a sky of inky blackness, was | T seek ging. Oh, stop, stop, while you are still tem- perate in your appreciation of your ancestors! Hear mie, L beseech you; get up an action and sell Plymouth Rock! The pilgrims were a simple and ignorant race; they never had seen any good rocks before, or at least any that were not watched, and so they were excusable for hop- ping ashore in frantic delight and clapping and iron fence around this one; but you, gentlemen, are educated; you are enlightened; you know | that in the rich land of your nativity, opulent | New England, overflowing with rocks, this one isn’t worth, at the outside, more than thirty-five cents. Therefore, sell it before it isinjured by | exposure, or at least throw it open to the patent | medicine advertisements and let it earn its taxes. “Yes, hear your true friend—your only true | friend—l'st to his voice. Disband these socie- | ties, hotbeds ot vice, of moral decay; perpetua- | tors of ancestral superstition. Here on this board I see water. I see milk. I see the wild and deadly lemonade, These are but steps upon | the downward path. Next we shall see tea, then chocolate, then coitee—iotel coffee. A few more | years—all too few, I fear—mark my words, we ; Shall have cider! Gentlemen, pause ere it be too late. You are on the broad road which leads to dissipation, physical ruin, moral decay, gory crime, and the gallows. I beseech you, I im- | plore you, in the name of your anxious friends, in the name of your suffering families, in the name of your impending widows and orphans, stop ere it be too late. Disband these New Eng- land societies, renounce these soul-blistering saturnalia, cease from varnishing the rusty rep- utations of your long-vanished ences, the super-high-moral old iron-clads of Cape |, the pious buccaneers of eae Rock—go home fo learn to behave! ar ial chaff and nonsene aside, I thank, honor and appreciate your pilgrim stock as much as you do yourselves, perhaps. And I in- dorse and adopt a sentiment uttered by a grand- father of mine, once—a man of sturdy opinions, ofasineere make of mind, and not given to flattery. He said: ‘People may talk as they like about that pilgrim stock, but after all's said and done, it would be hard to improve on those people, and,asfor me, I don't mind coming out flat-footed and saying there ain't any way to improve on them, except having them born in Missouri.’” d te jocked. He had been introduced to a beep eigen and together they pawed alinlessly througha broken-backed album. ooh shall you hang up your stocking? he. aa 5 as they talk of Christmas. “Sir!” ex- claimed the Boston girl, drawing herself up proudly and fixing her quivering glasses firmly on her nose, “let me never hear they have been married awhile. i Some time ago a tp nD, whose eyes were j jack-eyed woman, and ‘ar he had blaek eyes himsell— me again.” And she swept man went and laid his room, Pepepdord Seecat the frosty window pane and turned sick as to bis stomach.—. Courier, You have heard the | a ik to iy out of the | | theties the shock rendered death inevitable. | alfords to the surzeon the means of manipul | ting the broken bx | facility, when without it the patient would be thing in agony. With anesthetivs a correct iaznosis can thus be made in the most obscure injuries and painful di To the woman in | the pangs of labor it brings sweet relief to the | primeval curse, and she comes to her contine- | ment with the happy consciousness that she will t suffer as her mother did. In the removal xe tumors it affords relief to the shock It | the most dreaded result of all operations. It | | renders the eye insensible, so that it can be touched with impunity, and the most delicate | operations performed on this sensitive orzan | without pain and with far less risk, while thus suffering humanity is benefited inealcula- Sull, the surgeon should remember eve: he takes an anesthetic in his hand that he sing his patient far down on the road to death, when the slichtest error on his part may prevent return to life. Nor is thisa blessing wi mixed Though itis to American den- tists that the world is indebted for anestheti yet the dentists themselves haye often had TO SUFFER AN AGONY which has made some ot them wish their profes- sion had never conferred this boon on humanity. The surgeon or dentist should never administer chloroform to a female patient unless some other female is present and stays in the room the whole time, from the commencement of the inhalation to the restoration to full conscious- ness of the patient. Althouzh women more often than 0 have their sufferings alleviated by anesthetics, they have too often rewarded the dentist with charges of the most alarming into the criminal courts to answer. Dr. Johnson then gave several instances of women making serious charges against dentists while under the influence of anesthetics, when there was not the slightest ground for the accu- sation other than their own hallucinations. He continued as follows: DEATH UNDER ANESTHESIA. Another medicolegal point of interest to the physician and also to the lawyer is the ques- tion, what would be the effect on the prisoner's case of a patient dying from the etfect of chloro- | form administered for surgical purposes? To | ceons should hav dent Gartield’s case, and after consultation of | carefully skilled surgeons, it should have been determined to put him under the influence of | chlorotorm to remove the bullet, and he had | died from the chloroform before ‘the operation | had been commenced, would it relieve Guiteau from the charge of murder? Under the old rule | of law, unskiilful treatment on the part of the attending surgeon did not relieve, even if it | could be shown that the treatment was unskill- | ful and expedited the death. It was held, and Justly too, that the prisoner was responsible for the result, because if it had not been for the | wounding, the attendance would not have been | necessary; but here is a different case. | physician administers a well-known poison. |Huadreds are known to have died from tho hand to see if it was sate to administer it in their case. Physicians have it when carefully adi physicians, in whose skill they had confi- dence. Cases also are on record of deaths from chloroform in ourlarge hospitals where the abiest of our profession have n in attendance, and they have had the honesty and manliness to come forward and state that after a careful post mortem examination they could find no cause | that would explain the reason why the chioro- form produced the death. Death has occurred from Squibbs’ chloroform, from Powers & Weightman’s, from Duncan & Flockhardt’s, manufacturers of the highest repute. Now, the intent, it is true, but nevertheless he dies from a poison, He does not die from the wound. If he does not die from the wound, then there Is no murder. If there is no murder then there is no murderer, and the prisoner can only be con- victed of a felonious assault. When this ques- tion has been faded bp to my legal friends their answer has invariably been according to the old rulings of the courts. After the matter has been laid before them Se det coor ate it isa close question. That it. must be shown absolutely that the wound wasa fatal one. The prisoner is entitled to the benéft of every doubt, with the enormous number of recoveries that haye taken place in doubtful cases. No surgeoncould sweat positively but what the patient might have recovered not he chloroform a | ministered, been ad- then the case would haye only es and injured parts with | character, and the dentist has been dragged | make the question plain, suppose that the sur- | found the bullet in Presi- | The | effects of this poison. Those who have died from | the effects of it were carefully examined before- | inistered by other | patient dies fram the effect of a well known poi- } son administered by another party, with good | of this peculiarity of the ano genital region 5 profession by Anstie, and ¢o thor. «chly the property of the profession, failure to observe these precantions will eventuate in the | surgeon being held ona serious charge, should | death tollow, unless he coulé show that the ope- | ration was of sufficient gravity to call for this | unusually dangerous use of aitesthetics. That it was not merely his individual opinion, but that it was the that the anesthetic was adtainistered by a per- son skilled in the business and not by a inedical student, and that the person that administered the anesthetic had no other part of the opera- | tion to attend to to distract his attention from ‘the effect the anesthetic was having on his pa- tient. Thi point the surgeons should well consider, for it is an established principle of Ie that a physician or surgeon, in the perfor of his professional duties. is Hable for injuries resulting from hig want of ordinary dilligence, Kill and care (Landon ys. Carter, 9 Conn., 209). Already in Enzland, according to the last edi- tion of Taylor's “Medical Jurisprudence,” cases (of this id have been brought before the courts, for damaves for deatlis from chlo- reform—and, although they broke down from a cases as to other civil suits against physicians. CHLOROFORM TO DETECT FRAUD. Another question of interest is whether it is justifiable to use chloroform against the person’s will to detect fraud. During the war soldiers would imitate the curvature of the spine or stiffness of a joint, or some other disease as deafness, this _malingering could always be de- tected by putting the patient under the effects of chloroform. The same trickis frequently done now by persons arrested under some criminal charge, who often simulate deafness or some interesting fact that no matter how much you may inculeate upon a patient that he shall not speak, he will invariably answer when coming from under the effects of chloroform. The stiff knee, apparentiy permanently anchylosed, will bend, and the curved spine that they have learned to simulate so well that it will remain curved in sleep, becomes straight, and there is not a simulated disease but can be discovered by chloroform. Has the surgeon any right to make use of this means with the arrested party? | I think decidedly not. sumed innocent till proved guilty. and the law will not compel a person to criminate himself. Tt would seem that the old opinion holds that a prisoner's person was sacred, and evidence ob- | tained in that way would be ruled out by the courts if obtained against the will of the party. So far has this principle been | carried that the court of appeals has decided that a judue cannot even make a_pris- | oner stand up in his seat for the purpose of hay- | Ing a witness on the stand identify him. As for enlisted persons, the army officer would proba- | bly enforce it. clfiming inter arma leges silent, and, beside, the party has voluntarily placed his life under the orders of his superior by enlisting, | and ausolute obedience is the law of the service Known to the recruit beforehand. The question becomes interesting to the medical expert who may be sent by order of court to make an exam- | ination of the case—a special damage case. He may feel that the impairment is simulated—has | he any right to make an examination under an | anesthetic to ascertain whether the claim is hon- | 4 est or not? He is expected to testify to the truth—how:can he testify if he is not aliowed to obtain his facts? This right to administer chio- roform against the will of the party upon whom it is to be used becomes an interesting. question, and has been brought before the courts. My invariable custom in those ‘cases is to request that the patient may be placed under the effect of an anesthetic by her attending surgeon, that I may examine her, in his presence, ané then leave with them the responsibility of the refu- sal. If the injury is feigned, their excuses will affect them usually as much as an examination of the case would—and you have all the infor- mation needed without puttilig yourself in THE POSITION OF 's ‘TRESPASSER in endeavoring to administeranesthetics against | the will of the party. The question that was so | exhaustively discussed by a former president of this society, Stephen Rogers, M. D., has been | Yenewed recently in our courts. Dr. J. V. Quimby, of Jersey city, was called as a witness in the noted case of the murder of the police- man, Richard Smith, by his’ wife’s paramour. She claimed that she was asleep in bed with her husband when the murder was comm hence the blood on her underclothing. She was iol aan criminis, the state holdii her el that she was chloroformed in her seers to be an impossibility. Dr. Quimby was eal ‘asa witness. He knew nothing of the possibility of administering chloroform succese- joint opinion of a consultation; | failure of the provf—stiil the courts held the | same principle of law was applicable to these | other defect to conceal their identity. It is an | Every party is to be pre- | the quivering limb almost baflling | ‘on's effort to seize and secure the ar Who would see the shock repeate; th ‘ous constitution of to-day? The patient | was then of ing from fear, or the rupture | of an aneurism, or an apopiectic attack, before | the surgeon's knife had commenced its neces sary work of torture. | | THE SUMMING UP. | To sum np, the medico-legal points made | 1. Anesthetics do stimulate the sexual fun the surg on Vv by females nesthetic should be ed as the testimony of an insane person is. | or surgeons who do not protect them- a third person present do not h by havin t antich symp: | 2. Death after a fell | to detect crime against the will of the criminal 4. The army-surgeon has the right to use chloroform to detect malingerers. 5. The medical expert. notwithstanding he is sent by order of court, has no riglt to admin- ister an anesthetic against the wish of the plain- til in a personal damage suit to detect fraud. 6. Gross violations of the well known rules of | administering anesthetics, life being lost there- 1 by, will subject the violator toa trial on the charge of manslaughter. 7. A surgeon allowing an untrained medical student to ad. ister anesthetics, and life beng thereby lost, will subject the surgeon himself to asuit fordamages. What he does through his agent he does himself. 8. The physician who administers an anes- thetic should attend to that part of the work and nothing else. He should have carefully ex- amined the heart and lungs beforehand; he should have the patient in the reclining position, with his clothes loose so as not to interfere with respiration: should have his rat tooth forceps. nitrate of amyl and ammonia, and know their uses and when to use them and artificial respira- tion. 9. In operations on the ano genital region and the evulsion of the toenail compiete loss of sen- | sation in these parts should never be allowed, and no operation on these parts at all should be had under an anesthetic unless by the approval of a full consuitation who have a knowledge of the dangers. 10. Chloroform cannot be administered to a | person who is asleep without waking them by | @ person who is not an expert. Experts them- selves, with the utmost care, fail more often | than they succeed in chloroforming adults in their sleep. Another question I should have discussed | should time have permitted is whether a physi- cian bas the right to administer anesthetics to mitigate death agonies. Take hydrophobia, for | instance, when the death is inevitable—when the paroxysms of pain are frightfal—when the danger to the surgeon in the administrations in the ordinary way is extreme—has he any right to alleviate this suffering when the patient may | pass away suddenly from the chloroform? A few | Years ago a clerzyman was convicted of murder in the second degree in England. He was a | missionary among the poor in London, and | when he found them with cancer and other in- | curable diseases, and ~without the means to ob- tain-necessaries for their comfort, at the sick person’s request he would administer a dose of morphia sufficient to carry them off. And he was transported for life as a convict for thus re- lieving incurable suffering. Would the physi- cian who intentionally administered chloroform enough toa hydrophobic patient to cut short his suffering come under the same rule? The £sthetic Alphabet. * sthetic, to which we “live up,” for Blue, in sweet tea-pot or cup, Consummate, with soul-stirring sor the Dado, in all the rooms found. to Elevate tastes of the mass, for “Fleshly,” non-art loving class, for Green, in all tints sad to sage, High Art, which fs now all the rage, * Intense”—most intensest young: J's Japanese uinbdrella and fan. for Kyrl-ites to spread their art craze, for Lily to sit by and ga: Is for Maudie, eee ie of his schoo! Narrow-minded, who think him a foo! for Oracle, when his words fall, for Peacock, a feather for all. for Queen Anne in intenvest of styles, for i—hor dresses and tiles. ht, Pt Pat ee Freee see eee es cael} = se fo} gee a; E A i NxiedcH@mo e , 35 inch to 23!g Inches, he was in the nabit azo, of buying for iuis retail trade in th ing ratio, besianing at 21 inches, viz., 0,1 3. 1, while at the present time he is se in the following ratio, viz. other words, where only one 5 years ago, at or under 21'y he now requires seven; and where fo iy four of the two largest sizes were required, he new only needs one. From numerous te ters which hi appeared in Naf the experience in this instance would appear to be that of the trade generally. One manu- z say that heads gen- fe a rarity, wrheads with The de- to another manufacturer, is hat we do not make big-sized hats for siock, bat only ed, and very then.” That asi ition has take in Scotland is nce of one of the e can be no reasonable doubt, therefore, that our hats are, on the whole, smalier than they were a generation ago. Do smaller hats, however, in this case imply diminished heads? It has been pointed out that the un- doubted diminution is probably to be explained by areterence tochange of fasion in the mode of wearing* both hat and hair, Thirty years ago it was customary. as the prints of the time show, to wear the hat drawn well down over the head—how far over may be judyed from the fact that it was customary, in England at least, to attach a piece of cloth to the under side of the brim at the back in order to take the friction off the coat collar. On the other hand, the hair was worn thick and long, | the present style of elose-cropped hair being in those days associated n soldiers and_prison- fers. These two causes together seem fairly ade- | quate to explain such decrease in the size of hats as has been notited. If inadequate, as cer- tain correspondents in Nature maintain. the only alternative is to betieve that in the course of a little more than a quarter of a century the heads and consequently the brains of our male population have sensibly diminished. That this is in the last degree improbable will be the opinion of every student of recent anthropolog- ical science. Ina progressive civilization, such as prevails in this country, and throughout the greater part of Europe and America, there is reason to believe that the cranial capacity of the | aires tion is, on the whole, increasing rathér than diminishing. Owing to the want of early ob- servation, it is difficuit to institute comparisons between = and present. . An opportunity, however, lately occurred in Paris, which was taken advantage of by Mr. Broca. In digging the foundation of a new building, a vauit was cpened containtng a large number of human skeletons, whose surroundings proved them to have lived not later than the twelfth century. M. Broca found the avenge capacity of 115 those twelfth century skulls to be 1,426 cubie centimetres; while another series of skulis—125 in number—taken from acemetery belonging to the early years of the present century, gave an average of 36 cubic centimetres more. The av- erage Parisian skull would thus seem to have increased considerably in copeeyy during seven centuries of progressive civilization. That this increase has gone on slowly but surely as man rogressed from to civilization maj inferred from a study of the cranial capaci- ties of the various human races. Thus, while the brain capacity of the amounts to ‘94 cubic inches, it 1s only 91 in the Esquimau, 85 in the negro, 82 in the Australian, and 77 in the Bushman. These are merely av 5 and, as lately noticed by Le Bon, that among the lower races the fimits of variation in the cranial erages, such, do not bring out the importsht fact about = op oe ona while eae vary only by ancient Egyptian ic centimetres. ”. cubi Another See difference in the cranial nected Witt sex, att serven to throw ight upon wi and serves to throw upon the poten ae mental exercise in i According to Prof. his stall in the Farmers’ Market at noon yester. day and gazed unutterable things at the figure ofa woman who had been bartering with him nly for the last ten minutes for the last tur- had in stock. The turkey, a regular hung head downward from a hook splaying his muscular development to the besi advantage. The bird, from the le his beard and the spread of his tail- Which alone remained of all his plumage, had jently been a bara-yard “boss” and cut a big | figure among the lar: circle of femates that composed the family. Sitting gracefully on @ meat block on the other side of the aisle was an erly agriculturist deeply absorbed in working ahalf of phupkin pie into a rhomboid~ moutit. “ Alvin!” shouted the proprietor of the aged fowl to his friend, “1 was sure that ‘un was | going to take him. There has been more wimin ‘as has poked theer fingers inter his chest and yanked his breast bone about an’ felt of his legs to see if he was young than you could put in two piles. I never seed a turkey keep up ‘pear- ances so well as this ‘en. I reckon he's ‘bout ten year old: an’ if that old catamaran hadn't inched a biue spot on his les as big as a shoe buckle 1 could work him oi as @ spring ‘un, sure.” A score or more of middle-aged women gan- ning for * bargains ” were skinning through the market and the man from Jeraey was on the verge of giving up when one of the number the aged and lonely gobbler and went for him. “Young?” she asked of the owner, in a penny- | whistle voice, at the same time poking the bird all about the breast-bone with a pudgy index | fi Aes as tender, mum, as a gum shoe. I cal- culate if he was stuffed right and baked brown | he'd melt in your mouth. Just nab onto that | ‘ere breast-bone and give it a wrench. That's the test.” The woman clasped her thumb and | finger on the spot indicated and smiled dubi- ously while she worked the bone that had been worked so frequently before. “There is one thing about this bird T can't an- | derstand,” said she, “his beard is too big for a young turkey.” “Wal there,” broke in the marketman casting | an appealing look out of his mackeral optics at the subject under discussion. “That ‘ere gob- | bier hes allus been a wonder to me. He wa'nt | more than two months old before he vegan to | put on more frills than a prize ram at a county fair. He pranced around the barnyard, with | that ‘ere tail spread out like a windmiil, andeut a bigger swath than a two-lorse reaper. The | next thing we know'd he was cultivating ; beard—afore he was three months out of the shell, 60 help me Bob. He's old looking, mum, afore his time, but he’s as tender as can be.” |The customer, during this little speech, had been eyeing the precocious bird from tail to top- knot, and finally espied the mark on his leg where the previous customer had bruised it. | * My goodness!” she exclaimed; “whut’s that? Why, it’s on the point of turning.. I guess I don't want him.” The truthful loam-worker was stumped for a | moment and then, working his countenanceinto a child-like smile, said: ‘Wal, now, that's just, too funny for nothing. Why, mum, that’s a waccination mark.” “A what?” piped in the woman. “A waccination mark,” repeated the honest farmer. “‘He was so tarnal cute that we deter- mined to raise him | Mong mg wife nape he has ewatlered mere nals when the Jerseyiman remarked: “I reckon, Al fh neh soe! gohum with this