The Daily Worker Newspaper, May 26, 1934, Page 5

above the struggle. By SEYMOUR WALDMAN. JASHINGTON, May 25. — The Roosevelt program re- sembles that of the Nazis not only in that it has sys- ically lowered the standard of living of the working but also in striving to maintain the fiction of the leader In the event of an unusually ferocious Brown shirt anti- yor outrage, murder or-awkward slip in which the various apoleonic private cretaries are revealed stick- bro#m pins into that part of map marked Soviet Ukraine, coordinated swastika scribbers i the sympathizers in the various pro- tO. rhe Ho d that any should the dirty rk with, the ume of the sullied leader, Her. No, they say. is not Adolf ler. Whatever s done is the it of #is lieu- 8, Waldman nants. Goering, Goebbels, the ‘egregious Dr. Rosenberg. “ler? Why. Hitler (who is .con- ted or initiates consultations be- e every important move is made) being betrayed. 4 ‘ranklin D. Roosevelt, who holds ry cabinet portfolio, who makes ‘ry single major administration ion, who presses all the but- who decides the color pf ‘ry administration trial balloon, trying frantically, though with ainishing success, to occupy the me position, For it is this -es- pe from personal responsibility t.has permitted him in the re- at past, to enjoy substantial pstige among workers. In the case of the automobile ike struggle two months ago, it 5 those agents of the automobile ‘nufacturers, Bill Green and the itaristic General Johnson who the dirty work, who pulled the 91 over the workers’ eyes. Two his trusted lieutenants had be- yed Roosevelt, the fable ran, This oi repiinded one of the Harding rus “pocus with its ridiculous us that the genial and trusting rding had been betrayed by his ‘isers, bly Daughetry and ohter jefs of the malodotous Ohio gang. psevelt and the Darrow Report m_the case of the furor which | Darrow reports’ caused, the ad- histration trumpejpers have tried ‘perately to report the Darrow- /mpson indictment of the N, R. ‘as the executioner of the small tiness man and the intrencher of mopolies, as a squabble between eral Johnson and Darrow, with ssident oosevelt looking on julgently, obseeving the argument tween his two appointees with jomon-like demeanor. ‘hat Roosevelt, immediately rec- fized the seriousness of the Dar- reports, especially the Sup- Jentary Report signed by Dar- jand Thompson, and refused to » them public for seventeen 46 until Johnson and his army aides could draw up some sort ‘answer in the hope that its in- ence’ with the public would be ken, was glossed over by num- us administration. supporters. at Roosevelt refused to comment the report of a board appointed {him while a barrage was being foreign? directed by his supporters against the integrity of one of the signers of the supplemenary report, was, of course, ignored. The whole thing was laboriously presented by worried -administra- tion supporters as a Johnson- Darrow fracas. In time the Presi- dent would separate the quarreling boys and decide to whom the marbles should go! Until then the scheme is to make Darrow “respect- able” by references to him as just @ chronic pessimist, but neverthe- less “a grand old man” who was cajoled into signing the supple- mentary report by his law partner, Thompson. Who even signed this report without even looking at it! And_when Darrow’s face is “saved,” the pack of wolyes—Sidney Hill- man, Bill Green and John L. Lewis of the N. R. A. Labor Advisory Board, Fred P. Mann. Sr., former director of the big business Cham- ber of Commerce of the United States and wealthy store owner, who has tried to spread the wage differentials under the codes and establish home work; W. W. Neal, Marion, North Carolina textile manufacturer whose workers were shot down in 1929; and Samuel C. Henry, lobbyist for the drug in- terests—the three who refused to sign the supplementary report— will use every and any means to discredit Thompson. Darrow, of course, will not surprise anybody who is familiar with his career by @ typical Darrow compromise. Nye and the Darrow Report The support given the Darrow Board’s findings by Senator Nye of North Dakota is a cross between a protest and a whining plea, salted with provocateur reference to the workers, The N, R. A. is a viola- tion of the good parts of the New Deal, says Nye—such as the fascist tinted C. C. C., the Public Works program, the screen for huge war preparations. And so on, and so forth. The workers will soon rise up in arms, if something is not. done, warns Nye. But not a word about clubbings and shootings of workers. Not a word about Roose- vélt’s indifference to murders of strikers, Senator Wagner, the political brains of the Administration and its chief liberal reformist dress shirt, phrased it differently in his speech supporting the N. R.'A. There are abuses, he admitted. Yes. “Recovery” has been effected. What remains.to be effected -s “teform.” And on the very next day Wag- ner announced that President Roosevelt wants the Wagner Labor Disputes Bill, the administration mechanism for riveting compulsory arbitration and the company union on the workers, passed this session of Congress. That will be the Roosevelt's administration’s first “reform” act supported by strike- breaking National Guardsmen and deputized thugs, - "nployees, But Not Employed, veel Workers Lose Relief by LABOR RESEARCH ASSN. ‘EEL*companies in the Pittsburgh area have been played up in the pss throughout the crisis period rause they did not permit their iployes to be placed upon public lef rolls, The reason steel workers have en denied relief is that the com- les marked them “employes” en though this might mean that e head of the family was work- & only one day a month, or as not working at all, but sub- (ct to call. How Duquesne, Pa., steel workers fed in 1933 was revealed in a ivey of some 50 families consist- ¢ of 296 persons, or an average '6 to a family. The survey was ducted by the local of the Amal- mated Association of Iron, Steel i Tin Workers early in 1934. It > found that the total gross in- ie for these families was $18,853 the year 1933. This is an aver- » of $377 per family for the entire ‘r, or about $7.25 per family per ek! And out of this total, $920 S deducted for group insurance, l $534 for past food boxes, But. the end of the year the workers’ ts—for groceries, rent, taxes and , like—stood at $46,255! yt the time the study was made lof the families were getting ‘pplementary) county relief rang- | from $1 to $8 a week; 14 had er had any relief; and 12 had telief stopped because they e “earning too much.” One of se families had in 1933 a gross gome of $193 for three people; & had $293 for four; a third $383 for six, and so on. nong families of eight, one drew ‘in 1933, but received no relief; econd received $424 for the year i got-$1 a week relief; a third lan income of $307 and received (2 week relief, 3 orkers stated that the com- ‘ny dominated the relief office __ that workers who reported levances or were active union- r were discriminated against, . - ‘ood boxes were weing given as #,as November, 1933, Carnegie | workers making over $13.50 ‘o weeks could not get them. loon as the fortnightly pay Ched $20, the company began ucting for past boxes. At the nestead plant of the same com- ly, one man with a family of am who was averaging $36 for | Weeks, had $2 to $5 deducted each pay for food boxes, And man is on the payroll, even © works only one day in two Es, he is not permitted to re- ers at Braddock were in receipt of food baskets, families of 10 and 11 were found who never got any milk at all, despite the presence of many children. The men were working only two or three days in two weeks. Moreover, Carnegie workers claim that, the $2 food boxes could have been duplicated and much improved at chain stores for less. Jones & Laughlin, which extended relief through credit at t! company store, collected its interest through higher prices on some products, Eggs, sugar and bread, for example, have been about 20 per cent above normal. Homes of some 32 Jones & Laughlin workers on Pittsburgh’s South«Side were visited since Feb, 1. Three-fourths of them had their gas and electricity turned off and were using kerosene lamps and coal for cooking. Many families who owned their own homes had no in- side toilets, no bathrooms and rarely hot water. .One of the J. & L. workers recently averaged $20 for two weeks’ pay. He was given only $2 in cash, the rest going for. the company store where the fam- ily owed $170. Japanese Bombing Plane Slaughters 1,000 in Manchuria PEIPING, China, May 24.—Over 1,000 Manchurian peasants around Chinchow, Southern Manchukuo, were slaughtered yesterday by the Japanese aerial bombardment when they refused to give up their arms to the Japanese invaders. Jay = hs nese bombing planes de- villages by the use of incendiary bombs, Very few of the plosives, The policy of destroy whole villages follows the ie of the Japanese imperialists of joint re- ‘sponsibility of entire villages in the event of resistance to the Japanese dits, If a group-of Chinese peas- ants in a village resist the Japanese and the village does not report it, all are held jointly responsible; and in this instance were destroyed by the bombardment, ' The dictatorship of the prole- tariat must be a State that ém- bodies a new kind of democracy, for the proletarians and the dis- e relief. though Edgar Thomsen work- Possessed; and a new kind of geoisie.—Lenin, ‘democracy. Villagers escaped the fire or the ex- | Ge, DAILY WORKER, NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MAY 26, 1934 Open Letter to Socialist Workers from the Central Committee of the Communist Party “FOR UNITY IN STRUGGLE A To the Members of the Socialist Party and the Delegates at Its National Convention OMRADE WORKERS: We address you, workers who understand that the rot- ten capitalist systern is de-| stroying and will destroy all tolerable conditions of life for the working class. and the/| toiling masses, that this system must be ovefthrown and a socialist system erected in its place, and that to bring about this change the working class must organize itself and take power, constituting itself | as the ruling class. = At this moment the world stands before another great crisis, similar to that of 1914-1918. Again the workers of the world stand at the cross-roads, and must choose one of two paths. Again the workers’ struggles are rising also in the United States, most important of all in a great wave of strikes. But this time, we have the benefit of the brilliant light thrown by. the ex- perience of the last sixteen years, upon the question, “Which way?” Two Camps In the closing years of the World War and the immediate post-war Period, the workers who had already declared for socialism found them- selves divided into two camps. One was, the Second Intérnational, which declared through its principal theoretical spokesman, Karl Kaut- sky, and in the United States through Morris Hillquit, that the road to socialism must be through a transitional period of coalition with the bourgeoisie, of cooperation é6f working class with capitalist class, of gradual and peaceful tran- sition to socialism througlt bourgeois The other camp was that of the revolutionary socialist groups, headed by the Russian Bol- sheviks under the leadership of Lenin, which founded the Commu- nist International in 1919, who pointed out that the road to so- cialism must be through a transi- tional period which could only be a dictatorship of the working class against the capitalist class, of civil war between them, the establish- ment of a new Workers’ State power, and the crushing of the re- actionary forces, the enemies of the revolution, Balance Sheet of 16 Years ‘We now have before us the bal- ance sheet of 16 years application of these two opposition lines of ac- | tion, In Germany and Austria, the road of Kautsky and the Second In- ternational was taken by the ma- jority of the workers; in Russia, the road of Lenin and the Communist International was taken by «the great majority, with the establish- ment of the Union of Socialist Soviet, Republics. “By their fruits ye shall know them.” The road of the Secgnd In- ternational, of coalition, of class- cooperation, of gradualism, of “dem- ocracy,” led inevitably step by step in Germany and Austria to the sur- render without struggle of all the gains of the 1918 revolution. It led to the shameful vote for Hinden- burg, to the refusal of a united fight with the Communists against Hitler, to the capitulation to Fascism, to the créwning infamy of the vote for Hitler's policy in the Reichstag in May, 1933. It led to the shattering of “Red Vienna” and its “municipal socialism” by the artillery of Doll- fuss and the slaughtering of a be- trayed and leaderless working class. The road of the Second Interna- tional led directly 'to the yictory of Fascism, The Road of Lenin, The road of Lenin, of the Com- munist Internatinoal, led step by step» to the consolidation of the power of the workers, to the over- coming of the terrible economic problems of a shattered, backward, country amidst a world of enemies, to the laying of solid foundations of a socialist system. It led to a bril- liant and unparalleled economic ad- vance, which brought the Soviet Union into the first ranks of the in- dustrial nations, to a cultural rey- olution and a rise of living stand- ards without precedent in history. It led to thecreation of a mighty stronghold of working class power, based upon socialism, which is cap- able of meeting and defeating a world of capitalist and fascist enemies. Workers of the Soclalist Party! Which of these roads do you wish to travel in the United States? You must choose one or the other. There is no third way. The Communist Party addresses you, pointing out to you this great, all-dominating question which you must answer, because this is a ques- tion of life or death for the working class, for the establishment of so- cialism in our country. Your lead- ers have taken you, they are taking you today, along the same sad road travelled by German and Austrian social-democracy. We appeal to you, workers in the Socialist. Party, to call a halt to any further steps along this path towards death and struction, When your leaders endorse the N. R. A. as Louis Waldman did in your name in the Washington code hearings, they are taking you on the same road that German Socialism [ travelled. When Thomas and Hill- quit visited the White House to con- gratulate Roosevelt on his “progres- sive” policies in the first weeks of the new administration, they were walking in the footsteps of Loebe, Wels, Severing, Bauer, Vandervelde arid MacDonald. When your leaders give their wholehearted support to the Green-Woll-Lewis bureaucracy, at “the head of the American Fed- eration of Labor, as they do, and endorse the infamous auto settle- ment and the steel ende, this is yAINST FAS Socialist and Communist workers stood shoulder to shoulder in braving the police attacks on work- ers who demonstrated against the Nazis in Yorkville, New York City. : This crying need for unity, particularly between Socialist and Communist workers is amply demon- strated by the events in Toledo, Minneapolis and on the whole strike front throughout the country, In the light of this—in the light of the struggles and necessity—the Open Letter of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, gains significance and urgency, Roosevelt, and through Roosevelt with finance capital. This course is paving the way for fascism in the U. S. just as the course in Ger- many and Austria, which was also approved by your leaders, led to the victory of Hitler and Dullfuss, The Communist Party Tt is quite possible that most of you, uneasily conscious of this prob- lem, are still unable to give your- selves @ clear answer ag to how to find a way out of the swamp into which the Second International has} Jed you. Many of: you are still filled | with suspicions and distrust against the Communist Party, about which you know little except what its enemies have told you. The Communist Party has been | tested and proved in action. We in- vite you to join with the Communist Party in a united struggle for the most immediate, and pressing needs of the workers and toiling mass against developing Fascism and i perialist war. To fight for and to} win these immediate demands is the first. step on the road to Socialism. Never was the need of unity so} great. The capitalist attacks against living standards must jbe defeated. ‘The working class must be organ-| ized, must win. victories. We invite you to join in a united fight for such objectives as the following: 1. For decisive wage increases, to overcome the declining stand- ards of living being brought about by the Roosevelt "New Deal” and the N, R. A.; for a decisive short- ening of the working-week; for , driving company unions out of the industries; for a bold and ener- getic strike movement in every in- dustry to win these demands; for a decisive fight within the unions against the policies of Green, Woll, Lewis & Co., and for build- EDITOR'S NOTE: The “Daily | Worker” publishes herewith the revised Bill for Negro Rights and the Suppression of Lynching, as | drawn up by the League of St | gle for Negro Rights. The Na- | tional Council of the L,S.N.R., in | a recent decision declared that the mass fight for the passage and | Bill for Negro ASSEMBLED, other section of the population. phases of life, ECTION 1:—BE IT ENACTED BY THE SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN CONGRESS that because the rights of the Negro people, although guaranteed by the Consti- tution of the United States of America, 13, 14, 15 Amendments, have been and are being systemati- cally violated, as shown by: the denial of the rights of citizenship and equality, the denial in many sections of the country of their right to vote, to - serve on juries and to enjoy equal rights in courts of law, the system of peonage and slavery and chain gang widely practiced in the South, the whole- sale frame-ups against innocent Negroes and other such oppressive practices, the fact that during the past. fifty years more than 5,000 lynchfngs have taken place in the United States and with very little effort on the part of the Police or Judicial Authorities to apprehend or. to punisn the guilty parties; therefore it becomes necessary to adopt Special measures to suppréss the practice ef lynch- ing and to segure to the Negro people the full and free exercise of complete equal rights with every ECTION 2:—Every p¢rson participating in a lynching is declared to be guilty of murder im the first degree, and upon conviction shall be punished by death. Lynching is defined as a violent assault, resulting in death or aggravated injury, directed against: the victim because of supposed inferiority of’ the Negroes, and/or, because he or she is accused of a crime associated with such sup- posed inferiority, and/or, when such violent attacks are wholly or partly directed towards intimidating the Negro population to prevent them from claim- dng their rights, and/or, when such violence is directed towards preventing the free association of whites and Negroes and their joint activity in all Such violent atiack shall be con- essentially a coalition * policy with; sidered‘a lynching whenever motivated by any or ing a revolutionary trade union leadership. ; 2. For the immediate enactment of the Workers’ Unemployment Insurance Bill (H. R. 7598), the only real social insurance proposal | before the country, which has al- ready been endorsed by over 2,000 A. F, of L, unions, by many City Councils, including those of Mil- waukee and Bridgeport, hy Farmer-Labor Party of Minne- sota, by the unions of the Trade | Union Unity League,—for a vigor- ous struggle for immediate relief, for building a strong Unemploy- | ment Council movement, and uni- fying all mass organizations of the unemployed. 3. For the immediate enactrnent of the Farmers’ Emergency Relief Bill, to secure the farmers in pos- session of their land and tools, to provide them with the means to cultivate their lands, and to pro- duce the abundance of food that the mases need. This is the only measure before the country which, if carried out, will really meet the needs of the masses of farmers, 4, For the immediate enactment of the Bill for Negro Rights and to Suppress Lynching propesed by the League of Struggle for Negro Rights; for a daily struggle to im- mediately win equal rights for the Negroes in every phase of life; for the unconditional liberation of the Scottsboro boys, 5. For the united struggle against War and Fascism, to stop shipments of munitions, to de- fend the Soviet Union, etc., along the lines of the program of the American League Against War and Fascism, adopted unanimously by the great U. S. Congress Against War on October 1, 1933, by 2,616 delegates from the broad- |New Negro Rights Bill to Be a Central | Point in Mass Fight on Lynch Terror} enforcement of the Bill would be @ central point in its nation-wide fight against Negro oppression, The decision at the same time pointed out that the mass fight against lynching and Negro per- secution remained the most effec- | tive weapon in the hands of the | workers, and that it is only Rights and the Suppression of Lynching To Abolish the Practice of Lynching of Negroes, and to Secure Full Equality and. Civil Rights, Throughout the United States of America. any attempted to vote through which exclude in addition to M, HUNGER, WAR!” the | all of the above, whether the attacker or attackers are private individuals or officers of the kaw, or both, and whether or not such attack was directed against any particular individual. able by imprisonment for not less than one year, A eit ial 3:—Any official or official body of any subdivision of the United States government or the government of any state, county, or munici~- pality, who shall adopt or enforce any aimed at or resulting in, the denial of full equality of Negroes, is guilty of a malfeasance in office, and is subject to immediate removal and is guilty of | a felony. In such category of prohibited measures, | are all so-called Jim-Crow laws and regulations | which provide for segregation of, or discrimination against Negroes, which deprive them of the right whieh in practice resultin depriving the Negroes of the franchise, which exclude them from Jury lists or panels, and in practice result in the dismissal of persons from Juries on account of being Negroes, office, or. which in any way directly or indirectly ‘ depriye the Negroes of their full and complete rights of participation in any phase of public life, ate . . ECTION 4:--Any person who shall in his private. capacity discriminate against Negroes, in em- ployment or in the renting or other occupancy of | any dwelling or business quarters, or who shall charge .higher prices or rents to Negroes than to the ‘general public, or who shail refuse to render to Negroes professional services which he or she normally offers to the public, shall be declared guilty/of a misdemeanor, punishable by not less than six months in prison, and upon a third repetition of the offense is guilty of a felony, punishable ‘by not less than two years in prison, in both cases | | | | est variety of organizations. ever | gathered together in the U. S.; Por | the freedom of Thaelmann and all | | other anti-Fascist prisoners in | Germany. 6. For the broadest possible | united action in localities in the factories and trade unions, on | every question affecting the work ers and toiling masses, to win het- || ter working conditions, relief for | | the unemployed, ete., and to build and unify the existing mass or- ganizations of the working class. The Communist Party is prepared | to cooperate with every worker and w | workers’ organization hich will | really fight for these things. We of- | fered a united front in March, 1933, but it was refused by your leaders, | in thessame way as the German so- | | cialists refused the Communist offer | | for a joint fight against. Hitler. we} | offered to suspend criticism of or- | | ganizations entering such joint} |struggle, for the duration of the| | agreed-upon actions, on condition |that the fight is loyally carried | through by all. We are offering to all wor! in | the Socialist Party who really want to fight against the terrible misery, against the growing danger of im-| | ; |perlalist war and fascism, every- | where, in all factories, trade unions, | }and localities, to build a real and | solid fighting united front. | | For unity jim struggle against | hunger, fascism and war! | |. 4 Fraternally yours, CENTRAL COMMITTEE | COMMUNIST PARTY OF U.S. A. | Earl Browder, General Secretary. through that mass fight that Con- gress can be forced to pass the Bill and enforce its provisions. All workers and intellectuals, and all sincere opponents of lynching and Negro oppression, are urged to support the mass fight for the passage of the Bill, and for sub- sequent enforcement of its provi- { sions, The Bill follows: | | | | | Participation in lynching shajl be a felony, punish- * * . | paying compliments most responsible Thomas was quoted in the pres as saying “What we have got today is & more intelligent and better = DANCE RECITAL = — Now Have “More Intelligent Capitalism,” Thomas States By A. B. MAGIL Mich talism, but this time we Under DETROIT, running the show President in 1 for NRA. in action velt, in a” ser has been ma igan in p cialist Party na which opens in Thomas, who early 1 hailed the N. R. A. as a toward socialism, has now char his tune ew of the wide- spread mment with and | growing struggle against the N R. A. on the part of tens o | thousands of workers. It nificant however, hat in | speeches in ies of th | state, Tho g the lead | of the capitalist press, has levelled most of his criticisms. at Gen Holland, Michigan. peech at Grand Rat adapted form of capitalism. We still have a disintegrating capi- | Free Free Tomorrow Until 5 P. M. Pioneers of America will perform STRIKE ME RED At 5-Day FESTIVAL—-BAZAAR COMMUNIST PARTY, NEW YORK DISTRICT MANHATTAN LYCEUM — 66 EAST 4th STREET Large Dining Room with Ralalaika Orchestra Danging TAMIRIS ||| AND HER GROUP Genevieve Pitot at the Piano | SUNDAY, MAY 27th bd AT 8:30 PM. City College Auditorium Lexington Ave, and 234 St, Benefit NEW MASSES Tickets - 95¢, 75c, Reserved New M dC, 35¢ Fr | | Farewell Banquet for SEAN MURRAY General Sec'y, Communist Party of Ireland IRVING PLAZA 15th St. and Irving PI, MIKE GOLD Master of Ceremonies Earl Browder Charles Krumbein Carl Brodsky Max Redacht I. W. 0. Symphony Orchestra Admission at the Door... Fifty Cents GRAND PICNIC sponsored by Ukrainian, Russian Polish Workers’ Organizations SUNDAY, MAY 27th At Ulmer Park, Brooklyn, N. Y. (Park at left hand All Kinds of Amusements Admission 40 Cents pay and get off at 28th Avenue blocks south Wed., May 30th -8P.M. Two Great Orchestras Gates Open at 10 A. M. Take Wert End BMT. then walk for Directions: have got a man of courage and brains Johnson gh he now the N. R. A; to fascism, t prevent him from Norman Thomas, Socialis ech at I &, the state’ party leader, being greeted by | capitol, that the country was bet the reactionary Mayor Bosch of |ter off today than when Roosevel HUGE ANTI-WAR ATHLETIC FIELD DAY and PICNIC City Council of Associated Workers Clubs ULMER PARK psth Ave. on West End Line PROGRAM: Begins at 1 P.M, Sat. 1. Track Events | 2. The “Patriots” (Soviet Anti-War Film and newsreel at 8:30 P.M | 8. Workers Laboratory Theatre in new side show 4. Artists! Union Members—portraits and caricatures June 5. Mass Chorus 6. Mass Games Open Air Pavilion Until 2 A.M 2nd || speaker: MAX BEDACHT, Natl, Secy. LW.O., at 7 P.M. Admissi in advance — 25 at gate Tickets on Sale at 1 W. 18th &¢.; District Omce ¥. C L., 35 50 EB. 12th Bt Brownsville Workers Roo! measure the enacting of special qualifications Negroes from any employment or punitivé damages payable to the Person discriminated against, Scottsboro Terror Stalks Birmingham Rally to ALABAMA STRIKE PROTEST HAROLD RALSTON A Communist Party Organizer just acquitted in Birmingham Courts JOHN HOWARD LAWSON Author “Processional” and “Success Story” PAT TOOHEY EULA GRAY Editor, “Labor Unity” Organizer Sharecropper’s Union ALLEN TAUB, Chairman National Committee Defense Political Prisoners Monday, May 28th. Irving Plaza — 8:30 P. M.— 15th St, & Irving Place ~— ADMISSION 15 CENTS — Joint Auspices; NationavVComm, Defense Political Prisoners, New Masses, John Reed Club ALL PROCEEDS FOR ALABAMA STRIKERS! \ Ass't. Secretary,