The Daily Worker Newspaper, June 20, 1932, Page 4

are “ERICK REIDENG” Published by the Comprodaily Publishing Co., 138th St., New York C Telepho: Aidsiber’ ane saatl. chase to the Daily daily exexept Sundi Cable Inc., ne ALgonquin 4-7956 Worker, 50 E, 13 SUBSCRIPTION RATES By mail everywhere: One year, $6; six months, $3: two months, $1; excepting } . Borough ef Manhattan and Bronx, New York City. Foreign: one year, $8; 1 six months, $4.50. World Wide Struggle for Scottsboro Boys TENS of thousands of Eurepean worke cities to welcome Mrs, Ada Wright, Scot' pledge their support to the world-wi Scottsboro Negro boys, facing lega American white ruling class. A sti Sponse of the European workers to the Scottsboro fight was given last Thursday in Amsterdam, Holland, when over 10,000 marine and other workers gave an enthusiastic reception to Mrs. Wright and carried out a militant demonstration before the United S! Sonsulate in protest -against the hideous attempt to burn these innocent working-class boys in the electric chair. Similar demo. Prance, Switzerland, Belgium a The workers of America hail tt pean proletariat to the world- Scottsboro boys, and for the defense “Black Belt The workers of the lay nati nal oppression directed b; Negro masses, and being intensified at this time war and hunger program against t for armed intervention against the and the Soviet Union The tremendous protest actions of the European proletariat against American imperialism against the Negro people, serve as an inspiration to us to strengthen and build the mass fight the crime planned by must in this country for the release of the equal rights fcr the Negro masses and the right of self-determination for the oppressed black nation in the The Scottsboro appeal is to be tates Supreme Cou: must be under no ii tuling class for the s ions. The uppre: Only workers can stop the bloody hands Against illusions in the “fairnes: For the strengthening and building boro boys! other cf international working-cla The Negro and white worke: ion of the struggles of the toiling masses and 1e perpetuation of the brutal oppression and robbery of the Negro the mass defense campaign of millions of white and Negro s” and * have turned*out in scores of boro mother, and to militantly ide fight to free the nine innocent massacre at the hands of the brutal rring example of the tremendous re- nstrations have occurred in Germany, European countries, his tremendous response of the Euro- fight for t freedom of the of the oppressed Negro nation in the United States join in this inspiring agai st the lynch terror lism against the as part of the bosses’ in this country and ople, the Chinese Soviets ss solidar’ y Amer’ he wo! Chinese fF Scottsboro victims, for unconditional “Black Belt” of the South, 10 by the United of this country Supreme Court is a weapon of the heard on October of the imperialist lynchers! justice” of the enemy courts! of the mass fight to free the Scotts- Cut Wages of 2,500! Salem Mill Workers: By Labor Research Association NEW YORK —A four-day week and a second wage cut of 10 per cent are handed to the workers of the Pequot Mills, Salem, Mass., the shorter week to begin at once and the wage cut to take effect following | the annual “vacation’—without pay. ‘The cut will affect some 2,500 work- | the compap: United Textile ers in Salem and bleachery at Peabody. Workers, A, F. of L. union, has its | “model” union-management” coop- peration scheme in operation at Pequot. Concerning the workings of this | plan, which was hailed by A. F. of L. officials as the great example of co-operation between capital and labor, Labor and Textiles says: “Under this agreement no strike is permitted until after two months of conferences, and if the workers should refuse to wait, and go out on strike, the U. T. W. pledges Meelf to cooperate with the com- pay in breaking the strike. . . “The Pequot “plan” does nothing for the workers but throws them out of work, All they can do is Yook “elsewhere” for a job in an industry where unemployment and part-time work has already reached the proportions of an incurable capitalist disease. . . . } “Such a scheme, in short, is but an advanced phase of the ration- alization program of the employers being gradually introduced in all industries both in this and other capitalist countries. It would use the conservative union as a means of speeding up production and cut- ting costs.” Taxes and Length of Crisis Are the Main Points With Farmers | Daily Worker: ‘The farmers in this section cannot pay their taxes. All demonstrations lshould be made with that in mind. | JA demonstration will be held in a| ‘neighborhood county against a con- servation officer, because of abusive treatment against a farmer. Now if ‘the farmer is unpopular, and the of- ‘ficer popular, as seems to be gfe case fwith most conservation officers, the \demonstration will be a flop. On the other hand, 40 per cent of the farm- jers in this county have not paid, eir taxes, and a demonstration built ‘around that is almost certain to go over. Another thing that seems to show a weakness is the getting over of too many ideas at one time, If the party jentrated on the one idea that ldepression wiu continue forever, they answer the question in every- ‘body’s mind which is, “How long will it last?” Pamphlets reading that ‘hope is pepe’ and showing that the competi- jon today is in the discharging of workers and replacing with machin- ery, and if we came out of this de- pression, the next would be on us felmost at once, and due to the~ gap between consumption and production which is ever widening, the next one would last longer than the present, ‘That is a thought provoking idea and it is what you want. So concentrate jwith literature on this. You do not we to tell anybody thet everything | ‘wrong, but you should work on \ . International Notes Intensifying Wage Struggles in Japan TOKIO.—According to the official reports of the Ministry of the Interior there were 2,456 conflicts between enn Ts and employed in Japan in |1931. Since 1925 the number of such | |conflicts has been steadily increas- | By BILL DU. E Substitute class cooperation for | struggle in the ranks of the unem- ployed workers of Seattle and vicin- | ity. Charlatans, demagogues and fascists of all stripes aré making every imaginable appeal to the 15,- 600,000 unemployed workers. On the north Pacific Coast —the | thousand workers were involved, Portland, Everett, ete,, and precisely Most of the conflicts were efforts | because ‘hete there is an old and of the workers to defeat wage cuts, |strong revolutionary tradition, these |"The chief trades and industries af. |demagogues and charlatans are un- fected were the enginecring anq| usually busy. u | chemical industries, the textile work: | The leaders of the Unemployed ers, the transport workers and the | Citizens League, in Seattle, the lead- | miners. |ership of the so-called “Liberty Par- Unemploymens in Japan contitues |ty,” éte., are in this category. jto increase and mass dismissals are} They are consciously and deliber- leer Place. Two thousand of the/ately using for the purpose of side- five thousand workers employed at|tracking the struggle ofthe unem- the Mitzubitzi shipyards in Naga- | ployed the militant spirit which | saki have been given notice of dis- | brought about the general strike of | jmissal. Last year seven thousand | 1919 in Seattle, they are utilizing the | | Workers were employed by the yards. | militant traditions of the lumber | The drop in the purchasing power | workers when they fought the Loyal jot the masses owing to unemploy- | Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen, jment, wage cuts, ete. can be best| the fascist “unions” organized by ;Seen in Japan by comparing the rice | Colonel Disque during the war; they | [consumption figures. In 1931 the |are utilizing the militant traditions| figure was 0.57 Koku of rice per head lot the Centralia battle of the lum- |as compared with 0.65 in 1930 and an|ber workers against the American average of 0.63 for the last five years. | Legion and the gunmen of the lum- | * . * ber barons when the I.W.W. was still | German Capitalist Paper Admits War | an honest revolutionary organization. jon USSR May Break Out Any Time | They are utilizing the militant tradi- farmer ac USTEISM in Seattle is trying to} ing and in 1931 almost two hundréd.| Puget Sound area—Seattle, Tacoma, | NEW YORK.—A Berlin dispatch | to the New York Times reports a |statement by the German capitalist | Paper, the Deutsche Allgemeine Zei- |tung, that “a Russo-Japanese war, which, although not desired by Russia |and likely to be ruinous to Japan, | might break out at any moment | | through collisions on the Manchurian border.” The paper declares “it is amazing and shocking” that the United | States, France and Britain will not do anything “to prevent the danger | | of a new catastrophe in the Far East | from becoming a reality.” Collections for the “White Russian Army” |. PRAGUE.—In a number fo towns |collections are being taken up “on behalf of the White Russian Army in Manchuria.” In Uzhorod the White Russian committee has collected fifty thousand crowns for this pur- pose. The authorities make no at- tempt to interfere with this action. aor ae Successful Communist Recruiting in Sweden. STOCKHOLM.—A three months |recruiting campaign for the Com- imunist Party of Sweden closed on the 15th of May, the fifteenth anni- versary of the formation of the Party. In these three months the Party formed 117 new branches and won 1,300 new members, The Party has now fifteen thous- and members or about twice as many as immediately after the expulsion of the Kilbom group in the autumn of 1929, In the same period the Young Communist League formed cannot be righted under our system. Another weakness, I believe, is the inability Of many speakers to instill a little humor in their talks. This ‘ : —~ wh EK 4 forty-five new branches and won 1,400 new members. the one idea that it will not, and/| | tion of the struggle for the release | of Tom Mooney, of which the Puget | Sound territory was always a strong- | | hold. These demegogues are utilizine the militant spirit of workers which in| | 1920 stopped the shipment of muni- tions for the counter-revolutionary |forces in Siberia. | ‘The leaders of the, “Liberty Party,” |are using fot their own purposes— | which are\the purposes of the ex- | ploiters—the traditional militancy of | the Washington “stump” farmers, |many of. them workers blacklisted | out of industry, which, has time*and | time aeain brought them to the. sup- | port of the workers. These leaders of the U.C.L.. most cf them middle class elements and professional “labor leaders” whose opposition to the bureaucracy of the American Federation of Labor lead- ership and the more open reaction- ary capitalist forces represented by the Seattle Times and Post-Intelli- gencer has: been merely a cover for their own competing for the profit- able venterprise of betraying the working ¢lass and exploited farmers. ‘They have a working alliance with the leaders of the “Lierty Party.” The “Liberty Party” is not con- fined to the sttae of Washington. It is operating with its program of the “Common Good,” i.e. state capit- alism, in Oregon, Idaho, and the western part of Montana. Its em- blem is “the Statue of Liberty with the Dove of Peace in her hand.” Like all American reformist agrarian movements its program is directed mainly against the bankers and rail- roads. “Coin” Harvey is one of its| theoretical leaders. Its role is to j divert the revolutionary energies of) the exploited farming population, whose militancy reaches a high point | jas a result of the long continued and acute agricultural crisis bringing the | ruin of hundreds of thousands of | “independent” farmers, into futile and non-revolutionary channels, For all these reasons.our comrades. DAILY | WORKER NEW. YORK, MO: DAY, JUNE 20, 1932 ew The Fight of the Seattle Unemployed Councils Against Musteite---A.F.of L. Misleaders : | Some Opportunistic Errors in the United Front must have and carry out a revolutionary line in estab- lishing the united front. It must be a united front with the rank and file against these leaders and not, as appears to have been the case at the mass meeting in Seattle following the election of Dore as mayor, a partial united front with jleaders in the organization of the meeting. This was a most serious opportunist error, The Unemployed Councils con- cluded the circular containing their demands, issued for this gathering, with the following: Workers: Mobilize transportation to Fourth and Stewart. Auspices of Unemployed Citizens League and the Unemployed Council of Seattle. The result of such a tactic is to confuse workers. It puts the Unem- ployed Councils, which represent the jinterests- of workers, on the same level with the Unemployed Citizens |League, a political group dominated by middie class individuals and groups with interests opposed to those of the workers. Hulet M. Wells, an accountant (a member of the Electrical Workers Union at the time it took in all em- ployees of the Seattle municipal light and power plant is or was a paci- fist, is saturated with the ideology of the petty bourgeoisie. Carl Brannin, another leader, is a journalist and a follower of Muste. A few quotations from the program end articles of leading members of the Unemployed Citizen's League will confirm the ‘above statements: Writing in the Musteite “Labor Age” for June, Brannin gives the program of the League and shows that it is definitely a political party with ambitions for state positions as well as municipal administrations: “There is much talk of running an independent ticket in the com- ing State election. A state wide convention is being held as this is written, to perfect and spread the _Movement in the Northwest.” Class collaboration is emphasized in the program. Point 8 Says: “Contact with public officials should be made as soon as the organization reaches any consider- able numbers. *Lay the plan be- fore them as a constructive busi- ness proposition which will lift the major portion of the public relief burden if it is rendered the aid necessary in its beginning, a money saver to county, city and business. Appeal for their cooperation and that of the press in getting-thene-.” cessary land, tools, gas and equip- ment, with which to get into pro- duction in the modern manner.” (Our emphasis.) It would be hard to find a crasser admission of the ‘purpose of this movement. It differs from the plan of Governor Roosevelt and other capitalist party demagogues—“back to the land,” “help the unemployed help themselves,” only in that it masquerades as a movement ‘of the unemployed themselves. Its obvious role is to lift the cost, of maintaining the unemployed from the capitalists, to “relieve” the un- jemployed at no cost to the class. re= sponsible for the mess misery, Further proof of the cssentially social welfare” character of this movement is given in point 9 where the recommendation os made that “relief funds from public sources should be handled by some. promi- in the Unemployed Councils, and those -who are working among the or ge nent individual trusted and respected |. by all classes.» .” In Point 10 the admonition is given: “Avoid red flag waving. This cannot be a revolutionary organiza- tion.” Wr..:> in the same issue of “La- bor Age”, the activity of the Unem- ployed Citizen’s League in Tacoma is described by a person signing him- self “Bystander”, He tells how, as is usual with middle class elements, | the leadership in Tacoma is harras- sed from the left and right but sticks to its program of helping the unem- ployed without hurting the capital- ists, “At the present writing, the members of the executive --mmit- tee of the U. C. L. have requested the mayor to call a conference of 100 leading business, industrial, and financial men to meet with them to find ways of supplying their needs. If such a conference fails, then the agitators of the extreme left may have their way and a demonstra- tion of a Communist sort may be arranged.” This writer continues: “Speaking of Communists, they, too are active both within and without the League carrying on agitation, demanding a course of direct action, and the securing of the existing industrial surplus. On the other hand, at the ‘ight is a group who clamor for the League to enter competitive bids on public work, and the selling of theif labor power at distress prices, (Note the pseudo-Marxian phras- es with which this particular de- , Magogue operates.) A third group are those who stand opposed ‘to any wholesale buying which might distress the small merchant. They. feel the League should exist to aid the small m ~chant . . . It is hoped that the plan of organization adopted by members of the labor college (Muste again) will keep the League clear of the snares set by these factions so that it can steer the course originally charted.” The domination of the movethent by middle class elements led by Musteites is here made.¢lear. The chief enemy is not capitalism or capitalists—but Communists. The elements which want the League to ‘exist to aid the small merchant’ are slightly to the left of the “Musteites who are aiding the big banker and lumber barons of Puget Sound. The program of the League has a whole series of demands with immediate relief” at the expense of the county; sister and federal | governments”, “and “unemployment insurance.” But these demands are only win- dow dressing to attract and delude workers. The center of its program is class collaboration and the devis- ing of ways and means by which the capitalists are relieved of all ex- pense for the maintenance of the un- employed; Brannin writes: “To expand its industrial pro- gram with the establishment of factories, where commodities will be made for the use of Leazue membs, not for sale, a tirive is on now for a special fund of many thousands of dollars, Public moneys will be demanded and wealthy in- dividuals will be asked to give This will have a strong appeal as it will tend to’ make the unemploy- ed self-supporting.” (Our empha- sis.) J expose Clealy~all these anti-working class aspects and activities of the} By BARD i} ‘Seattle Union Record,” its inside | coterie of union officials, its string of “cooperative” enterprise ranging from banks and huge steel estate speculations to corner grocery stores. For all of these workers paid and in | all of them they were hornswoggled out of their savings by such crooks as Ault, Rust and company. ‘These schemes of the’ leadership of the U. C. L. are not utopian. These are no well-meaning but mis- guided individuals. Under the lead- ership of the Musteites, under the guise of “practical” measures of reliéf the cost of unemployment re- lief is placed on the workers them- selves and the class struggle is shoved into the background, Class coopera- tion takes its place. Like the program of the Hoover Emergency Relief Committee, this Musteite program puts unemploy- ment relief on a “community” basis. No wonder the capitalists in the state of Washington look compla- cently on this movement which is doing their dirty work among the unemployed more efficiently than they themselves could. But the U, C. L. is unable to over- come one great obstacle—the unem- ployed workers continue to go hun- gry. Their grandiose schemes, di- vorced from the class struggle, do not feed the workers. The Tacoma writer is forced to admit this. “A shoe shop and tailor shop are in operation ,and other similar projects are being planned. Four- teen locals are operating wood- yards and commissaries, but as to the commissaries—there stands a problem. As yet they are nearly like Mother Hubbard’s cupboard. The food that has been obtained is seanty, and hungry men clamor for relief,” and then, with the cheery optimism of one who is not hun- gry, a situation which will be al- leviated as the League's machin- ery of production gets under way, but immediate relief is needed.” Our emphasis.) It is the main task of our com- rades:in-the. Unemployed Council to Unemployed Citizens League (the name itself is a symbol of class col- laboration.) It must be kept in mind that the UCL is now the government of Seattle. Demands should eb made upon the UCL as the government and not directed to the UCL as a non-party and classless organization. It is the main task of our com- radeS“in.the Unemployed Council to By CYRIL BRIGGS 'ACED with the rise of the Soviet Power of the toiling Chinese masses and the progressive collapse mintang regime, the imperialist powers are engaging in direct armed intervention against the Chinese Re- The ruthless mass murder of Chinese workers and peasants | began last September by the Jap- anese imperialisst is being carried the impérialist powers. The reac- tionary attempt to crush the Chi Chinese Soviet Districts, and par- tition China among the imperialist robbers is on in full swing. ‘The murderous attacks on the; Chinese Revolution and the revolu- | tionary fighters in the Chinese Soviet Districts are being carried out jointly by the imperialists and their Kuo- mintang militarist’ tools. The Wall | Street. Butcher, Chiang Kai-shek is in personal command) of the fourth “Communist Suppression” Campaign, recently launched upon the direct and open orders of the Wall Strect | Government at Washington. But) Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomin- | tang are no longer able to hold back the Chinese Revolution or to stop the steady growth of the power of the central Chinese Soviet Govern- | ment and the Soviet Districts. The | imperialists are forced to come eee more openly in direct armed inter- | vention aimed at crushing the re- | volutionary struggles of the Chinese | 5 masses and to perpetuate the fright- | ful conditions imposed upon the toiling masses by foreign imperialism | and the native feudal landowners, bankers and militarists. Rushing Warships Thus we see the imperialist pow- | jers rushing warships to Amoy, South | China, when that Fukien Proviace seaport was facing capture by the | Chinese Red Armies of the revolu- tionary worker-peasant masses. The United States, Japan, Great Britain, 1 France and Italy, all sent warships to Amoy to threaten the revolution- ary workers in the town with blood-bath and to oppose the ad- a vance of the victorious ‘1 \W2u. Chinese Red Army. Most of foreign warships are still at Amoy. | Under the direction of the impe-| rialists, trenches have been dug/ around the town and martial law established against the warker in- habitants. : A few weeks ago, the imperialists with brazen effrontery attacked the strike of the Chinese postal workérs and attémpted to éstablish a strike- breaking apparatus in Shanghai and | other Chinese cities, This vicious Parade of the white-guardist These mercenaries are used by the intervention against the Chinese masses and participated in the butchery of Chinese workers in Chapei. strikebreaking attempt was l@ by United States Consul General ‘Miwin S. Cunningham, More recently, on June 8, the U. S. Gunboat “Oahu,” operating | one thousand miles inland in China () on the Yangtze River, opened fire on a body of 2,000 Chinese troops who, disgusted with the shameful treachery of the Kuomintang, had | mutinied against the Nanking Goy- | ernment and were on their way to join the armed forces of the Revolu- | tion. Two armed British steamers took part in the attack. Attacks by the imperialist gun- boats on the Chinese Red Armies are of the greatest frequency. In 1930, it was the imperialist gunboats \. drove the victorious Red Army out of the city of Changsha, capital of Hunan Province, Central China, after the masses in that city had joyously welcomed the Red Army—on the ad- mission of the Reuter News Agency: “the city became a mass of red flags . . .” The U. S. gunboat “Palos” lead ‘the imperialist attack on the Red Army and revolutionary of .the counter-revolutionary Kuo- | volution on a rapidly increasing scale. | on with: increasing ‘ferocity by all | | | ese Revolution, destroy the growing | | | | | | | ment in helping to re-establish | | | | | other jthe United States, THE ROBBER WAR _ AGAINST CHINA gunboats, said the China Weekly Ree. net on September 6, 1930: + » .in this particdlar aie | performed. a good service for the | Chinese government by helping te} | drive the Communists out ie Changsha. Chief credit for enterprise apparently higes 74 | Lieutenant-Commander Tisdale of | the Patos who steamed back to Changsha after evacuating the American residents, and who gave the blood-thirsty, Russian-inspired hordes (sic) a dose of. their own medicine. Undoubtedly it was Com- ; mander Tisdale's retaliation, fol- lowed by that of the Japanese, Italians and British, to the machine gun fire of the Communists. that wounded six American sailors, that started the evacuation of the Com- munists from Changsha with the eventual collapse of their Soviet Government which they had es- tablished in the city. In this in- stance the foreign gunboats were on the side of the Chinese govern- order, something which the Chin- ese Government manifestly. was unable to do; hence there has been no outery on the part of the Chin- ese authorities at this most recent activity of foreign gunboats in China.” Armed forces of the imperialists are in every Chinese port and large city. During the past few months the South China city of Shanghai has been the scene of the greatest aggregation of battleships and armies since the World War. American, | British, French, Italian warships and. ; troops ‘all Participated with the Jap- anese in the bestial butchery of tens of thousands of unarmed Chinese civilians, men, women and children, While the Japanese acted as the spearhead of world imperialism in the ruthless attack on the Chines Revolution, the representatives of the imperialist powers stood by applauding and doing everything in their power to crush the heroic re- sistance of the Shanghai masses and disrupt the defense of Shanghai by the Nineteenth Route Army and the revolutionary workers. Japanese troops were permitted to use the In- ternational Settlement, controiled by Great Britain and Japan, as a military base for their murderous operations, for the wiping out of the densely populated proléetarian district of Chapei.- The United States was actively engaged both in protecting its desired loot in China from its imperialist rivals and in attacking the Chinese Revolution. Attack For U. 8S. Workers What are the American workers going to do about it? The honor of the international proletariat is in- “Russian Regiment” in Shanghai. imperialist powers in their war of States and Europe must rally to the defense of the Chinese people. We must raise more militantly than ever the demand for the withdrawal of all imperialist troops and warships from China. We must actively resist the robber war against China. We must organize broad united front com- mittees“0. actions in the shops and on the docks to stop the production and slifoment of war munitions against the Chinese people and the Soviet Union, We must conduct a struggle to expose the robber policy of American imperialism. The Communist International calling upon the world proletariat to act against the imperialist war which has already begun, correctly points | out: “The defense of China, the Chinese Revolution, the Chinese Soviets must stand in the foremost place in the tasks of all Communist Parties. The defense of China's independence from the military di- vision which has already begun is na integral part of the defense of the Soviet Union, the defense of workers in Changsha. The foreign volved, The workers of the United consistenfly expose all of these anti-working class programs and activities of the Unemployed Citi- zens League. Our Comrades must conduct a systematic struggle against the leaders of this or- ganization. They must aim to create a clear division between the Musteite agents and middle class leadership of this unemployed move- ment and the workers and honest fighting elements, on the basis of demands for their immediate relief and the fight for unemployment in- surance, and on every. iseue ot working-class concern, Our com- rades in the Unemployed Councils must seek to esiablish a united frent from below against the Unemployed Citizens League and its leadership. In the mass meeting jointly ar- ranged by the Unemployed Council ANTI-WAR As has already been stated in the press, @ number of prominent per- sonages of public life, headed by Romain Holland and Henri Barbuse, are heading the initative for the convocation of a great World Con- gress against the war danger. All or- ganizations and individual persons willing to fight actively, means promising success, against the fresh war danger, are invited to the nevertheless they only addsd fuel to the fire of this organization. They joined in a united front from on top with it, Such deviations cannot and the Unemployed Citizens League | this. was not. achieved. ‘Though our ‘'This-is reminiscent of the war | comrades attacked the leadership of |the period and the golden}era of the'the Unemployed: Citizens League, serve to win away the workers from them as, leaders...It only. confuses workers and weakens the auth- alsa act argue te ota { -_ with all | the proletariat of all capitalist countries from the world war.” SOVIET FRIENDS AND CONGRESS Congress. The International Com- mittee of the Friends of Soviet Rus- sia las informed the preparatory committee organizing this poogren that it welcomes this warmly, and intends pri Obie in the Congress. It has at the same time issued instructions to its Sec- tions in all countries to give active assistance in the preparations for and carrying out of the Congress. ; Unemployed Council. No united front with these misleaders eyen of the shortest duration, but the organiza- tion of unemployed and employed workers against them through skill- ful _and.unhesitating struggle for their defeat with a united front from le oA A ae ae emcee | 0) | : j | \ | | 4