The Daily Worker Newspaper, November 20, 1931, Page 4

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: Poblished t oda Publ: ng Co., Ine., daily except Sunday, at 60 East & Page Four 13th St City, NX. ‘Lelephone ALgonquin 4-7956.. Cable “DAIWULK." al vor er By mail everywhere: One year, $6; six months, $3; two months, $1; excepting Boroughs * Address and mail alt ehecks to the Daily Worker, 50 East 13th Street, New York, N. ¥. Fs USA of Manhattan and Bronx, New York City, Foreign: one year, $8; six months, $4.50. es eee Gebel One ail wise sf ee: ie ' By BURCK SPIKE HIM! By JORGR Article 8, and all setbacks suffered by their “own” impe- This is the eighth of a series of articles | rialists, the position of the ruling classes be- D ‘ f rkn compiled by the Social and Economic Depart- | coming especially precarious. Hence, during “a auchters of Darkness ment of the Red International of Labor Un- reactionary war, the revolutionary class cannot A comrade recently sent us a clipy 1 ion which give in clear outline, the forecast but see that all military defeats are contributing Virginia papers that told of some ot of what war will bring, the conditions that will towards the overthrow of the rulers. The ‘only of patriotic old hens (The “Daughters of the ensue and the historic developments that will policy of rupturing the “civil peace,” not-in word Confederacy”—if we recall aright, he transformation of the capitalist war civil which every Lor will find it necessary to act as an agent hat Tet all understand that the develonments which are today war ,develanments transformation but forecasts, will tomorrow be grim realities h must be faced. Answer the Noy. 21.--Editer made ore apparent during future wars than lear all these more fai he last war and the in ernment will be and more and unes capital more manife: - w military technology will Dp and one unforeseen contin- pected attacks, air raids on the 1 centers, the constant uncertain- orrow. Instead of, or rather lying inactive perhaps will be sharp dispersed it severe, defeats, In short, new ‘ont lin partial, k toppages. day 8s will become general; 6 masses will be increased m will reach the limit of human ill exhaust all further desire to ifices. e mobilization, the close connection rear and the front (the uninter- operation of the war machine being de- the “agreement” and obedience of sses), the far-reaching effects on of the masses of all the horrors, 1s tension of wartime will ‘© take up action, which will 1 rapidly weakening the hold alist group. cannot expect the rise of a revo- tion exclusively with the declara- tion of war War Develops Weakness In Ruling Class 5 the contradictions of war develop, are g factors brought into play, becom- y manifest during defeats, retreats Only egoi especia The War Alliance Against the Soviet Union | By ¥. Polish-Rumanian miiitary alliance signed 1926 provided that “in the event of the tates becoming involved in war with sia the other party pledges itself to come immediately to the assistance of the other with all its fighting forces and if the war is carried on against Russia alone, not less than nine-tenths of the fighting forces of both states be thrown against the Russian armies.” HE T x5 must (P. R. Dietrich.) This treaty was renewed this year and “it will be a purely ‘defensive’ alliance Russia.” (N. Y. Times, Jan. 8, 1931). ator Wheeler, who just returned from Eu- emarked that “it is an armed camp.” He tly Rumania agreed that in the nt of a involving both Rumania and Po- land, General Pilsudski automatically would head the Ri n army as well as his own.” (N. Y. ‘Times, Nov. 7). This is the result of Pilsudski’s recent trip to Rumania where he went to dis- cuss “questions arising from a military-political Rumano-Polish alliance directed in spirit if not in letter against the Russian danger.” (N. Y. Times, Oct. 13). Both Poland and Rumania are satellites of France. Earlier this year France loaned Poland about $39,000,000 arranged by the “ jer-Creuzot group—the Banque Ge Pays du Nord. “The Polish loan has a strategic as well as economic importance... the money will be used chiefly for the completion ofar y line from Upper Silesia to the new port of G ia. A glance at the map shows the potential military value of such a line...” (Car- lisle MacDonald, N. Y. Times, Nov. 14), This is in accordance with the plans of the French general staff for intervention against the Soviet Union. It will serve the purpose of trans- maitting munitions through Poland and Rumania and will supply rail and water connections be- tween France, England, Poland, and Rumania. The Schneider-Creuzot munition works, which controls the French steel industry, has invested heavily in developing the war industry of Czecho- Slovakia (Skoda Works) through the Banc, de L'Union Europenne and Banc de L'Union Pari- A White Guardist Murder Plot Exposed By “Rote Fahne” BERLIN, Oct. 31—Today’s “Rote Fahne” con- tinues itS revelations concerning the activities aid plans of the white guardist murder bands. It ‘es that the former Czarist General Turkul is organizing special murder bands in Bulgaria i Yugoslavia. Whilst his collegue, General shewski, plans to carry out his outrages in the Soviet Union, Turkul plans to perpetrate outrages in Europe. Both Comrades Gorki and Litvinoy, were chosen as victims. Comrade Gorki in Italy, where he is now staying for the benefit of his health, and Comrade Litvinov on his arrival in Berlin, Captain Fors was in charge of the white guard- @st, training school in Sofia, where prospective mosassins were taught the art of pistol and rifle sooting and of bomb-throwing. A white-guard- ‘isi musder organization also existed in Poland, where it was furthered and directed by the gen- ©?) staff of the Polish army. Last year the murderers made an attempt on te life of the Soviet ambassador to France, Tumvade Dovgalevski. The attempt was pre- vented by the watchfulsfess .of those entrusted vith the care of Comrade Dovgalevski's life, whereby the satraps of Monsieur Chiappe are not meant The “Rote Fahne” points out that the bour- cols and social democratic press, which is busy conducting a furious campeign of incitement in eo nection with non-existing Communist terror * cups, shows no interest whatever for the real (orrerist and murderers. but in deed, and of recognizing the implications of the class war, is the policy whereby the pro- letariat will utilize the difficulties of its Govern- ment and its own bourgeoisie to overthrow them. This cannot be achieved, and indeed cannot be our aim if we fail to desire the defeat of our own Government, if we do not do our best to bring about such a defeat...or if we do not fa~ cilitate the break up of our own “great” imperi- alist power. The instability of capitalism described above with the hopeless suffering and distress of the masses of toilets and soldiers (whic will be- come intensified, especially after a defeat), will create the psychological pre-requisites for the rise of these aspirations, As Lenin wrote: “War cannot release in the masses those vehement feelings and passions violating their usual state of torpid somnolence, and (as a result. of their misery and desperation) hatred of their govern- ment and of their bourgeoisie.” Rebel Or Die Every soldier at the front is faced with the practical question: “Either die fighting in a war between the slaye-owners, remain a blind help- less slave, or die for attempting to get the slaves to fraternize to overthrow the system of slavery.” Such, too, is how the question confronts the working masses. “War breeds blind hatred of the enemy, for the bourgeoisie does its utmost to direct all the dissatisfaction of the people along these channels, thus diverting their attention from the chief enemy, namely the Government gnd the capitalist class of their own country. But the war which saddles the workers with poverty, horror and endless suffering, simultane- ously enlightens and trains the finest represent- atives of the working class. If we must die, then we shall die fighting for our own cause, for the workers’ cause, for the social revolution, but not to defend the interests of the capitalists, the landowners and the tzars—that is the way every class-conscious worker sees the situation and feels. In spite of the difficulties of revolution- ary activities today, they are nevertheless pos- sible. They are forging ahead in every part of the world. They are our only salvation.” (To be continued) sienne. “At the present time threé-fourths ol the B. de L'U. E. interests aré concentrated in the mining and metal industries of Ozecho- Slovakia.” (R.LL.U, Magazine, July 15). France’s war industry has developed the war industries of her allies, Poland, Rumania, Czecho-Slovakia, at a terrific rate. On this point, the R.LL.U, Magazine of July 15 has an excellent article, also P. R. Dietrich in his pam- phlet, “The War of Intervention Against the Soviet Union,” which every worker should read. Otto Hoetzsch, professor of history in the Uni- versity of Berlin and editor of “Osteuropa,” writes on the railroad to the port of Gdynia in “Foreign Affairs,” Oct. 1931, as follows: “The strategic advantages of the Kattowitz-Gdynia line are self evident, as regards the supply of war materials by France both to Poland and to Rumania.” This “chain of Balkan treaties, all of which have been drawn up to form an eastern block against the Soviets,” (Chi. Tribune, Oct. 8, from London) increases the immediate danger of war of intervention against the Soviet Union. The plot to make war against the U.S.S.R. was let out of the bag recently in connection with the Sino-Japanese situation. Geneva feared that if Japan provoked a war with Russia, both Poland and Rumania would attack the Soviet Union. “The Whites believe that if Japan and Russia clash, Poland, with France backing her, might at- tack the Russian western frontier with the prob- able assistance of Rumania.” (Times, Nov. 9). The strengthening of Japan’s position in Man- churia means the solidifying of the imperialists on the eastern frontier for an attack on the Soviet Union. The Tokyo correspondent of the Brooklyn Eagle, Noy. 10, 1931, says: “Japanese (as well as the other imperialists) entertain apprehensions in regard to the Rus- sian Five Year Plan. They fear that a tussle with Russia is not to be long postponed and are inclined to view that if the struggle has to be waged again, it is better to do it before Russia reaps such advantages as may be hers even by a partial realization of the Five-Year Plan.” Despite the political antagonisms between France and Germany there is close cooperation in the war industries between the two countries. France has received reparations, deliveries in kind from Germany, consisting of coal, coke, machinery and chemicals. ‘Now it is announced that French bankers will transfer substantial stock interests from leading German firms to repay short term credits. The firms mentioned are the I. G, Farben Chemical Trust and the French Kuhlmann Chemical concern, largest in Frapee. Other firms are the United Steel Works, some potash concerns, etc. (Journal of Com- merce, Noy. 14), Arnold Rechberg, the German potash king,” who advocates “concerted action of America, England, Germany and France—if necessary, a blockade against Russia” (Chicago Tribune, July 6) wrote in an article in the “Vossische Zeitung” for June 7, 1928, entitled, “Germany and France: the Material Guarantees for Peace”: “The French metal industry (Schneider-Creu- zot, mine) is firmly resolved to offer the greatest resistance to the disarmament of France, which is synonymous with the reduction of her orders for war material “The big meta! industries (Schneider-Creuzot) have another interest: the building of fortresses in the East from which to be sure they anti- cipate 4 not inconsiderable profit. As I learn from a reliable source, for some time there has been a change in the political outlook of the captains of the French basic industries, and the plan is now being developed to foster the Franco- German Industrial alliance, which has come about through a series of agreements concern- ing potash (Franco-German potash cartel), tron ‘Continental steel cartel) and chemicals, and it By F. BORICH Secretary National Miners Union \AMUEL PURSGLOVE, president of the Pitts- burgh Terminal Co. invited Comrade Kemen- ovich, District Secretary of the National Miners Union, and myself to his office to discuss “What, can be done to help the starving miners in tent colonies,” who were evicted from the company’s houses by Mr. Pursglove for their refusal to work and starve. The invitation was accepted and on November 13th we visited Mr. Pursglove. Two other officials of the company were present, pre- sumably body guards of Pursglove. As was expected, Pursglove did not even raise the question of the suffering of the blacklisted miners. He had something else in mind. He tried mighty hard to convince us that his com- pany cannot operate its mines “because of high wages paid to the miners.” He gave us a one- hour “lecture,” using every conceivable means to prove that his company will go bankrupt unless the miners accept the wage cut. After stating all the “difficulties of the company” and the “ne- cessity of wage cuts,” Pursglove made the follow- ing statement: “I have told the same story to Mr. P. T. Fa- gan,’ president of the United Mine Workers, time’and again, Knowing the difficulties of = z it alliance go along with it.” (From Otto Lehmann- Russbuldt in “War for Profits” p. 107-8), Russ- buldt says that “Rechberg’s article was confirmed later by a report, issued in Oct. $829 dealing with the conversations that took place between the German nationalist member of the Reich- stag, Kloenne, and the French deputy Reynand, in which it was revealed that sych an alliance would be directed against the Soviet Republic.” In accordance with the war plans of the im- perialists against the Soviet Union, ideological preparation’ goes with it. The capitalist press is preparing “public opinion.” The poisonous venom of that press is projected and shot into the minds of the workers to make them more pliable eannon fodder. The falsehoods spread about the U.S.S.R.—forced labor, dumping, the menace of Russian armed forces, Russia blocks disarmament, etc.—are all part and parcel of war preparations. Let's quote from an American paper, the “Star,” Washington, D. C., Oct. 26. “It is idle, almost, to talk of arms reductions to France and to the nations of Central Europe when Rus- sia, for example, stands at their doors with an army estimated at 600,000 men. It is obvious that no agreement can be made which does not take into consideration the Russian army and the clear implication of the Soviet government's demands for an overthrow of all capitalistic forms of government and reversion to the Soviet type of rule.” In the same vein, the Evening Union of Spring- field, Mass., Oct. 28, writes: “Yet France and Central Europe face the spec- tre of a Russian army of 600,000 well-equipped men pledged to overthrow capitalism. The 3,000 miles of water, that separate us from that men- ace explain our impatience with Europe's reluc- tance to disarm, but Europe cannot forget the jessons and expereinces of the past thousands of years of strike and conquest.” ‘These cursory quotations from the American press are just. an example, ‘This is the kind of dope fed to the workers all over, in Germany, France, England, etc. They can be multiplied many times, They serve the same purpose—the main theme of capitalist-imperialism — war against the workers’ republic, the U.S.S.R. What can stop the war preparations — peace pacts, treaties, “publie opinion,” socialists, paci- fiste?—no, only the revolutionary workers led by the Communist Party. We must answer—smash % now being urged that @ poptigal and military sons eA IPP TASHA f the feverish war preparations, the war plans of ost Om } imperialism, and defend the Soviet Union. the company, Mr. Fagan said to me: ‘Yes, Mr. Pursglove, I realize that you need a wage cut; I agree that you ought to have one and I am willing to help you all T can, But you must know one thing, Mr. Pursglove. You must know that there is the National Miners Union. If we cut the wages of ‘your miners the Nationa! Miners Union will strike your mines and put us out of business. The miners do not believe in the United Mine Workers; all of them are with the National Miners Union, whose leaders will get busy and cause us lots of trouble. However, if you are willing te take a chance the United Mine Workers of America will do its utmost to beip you.’ We did try to cut the wages and you gentlemen know the re- sult.” Mr. Pursglove made quite frank admission that the National Miners Union prevented the intend- ed wage cut of his company in spite of frantic efforts of the U. M. W. A. to help cut the wages of the miners. This is known to the miners thru- out Western Pennsylvania and especially to the miners of the Pittsburgh Terminal Company. Why did Mr. Pursglove want to have a confer- ence with the representatives of the N. M. U., although he hates the N. M. U. and its leaders from the bottom of his heart? Fagan for the Cut About a month ago the Pittsburgh Terminal Coal Co. decided to cut the wages of its miners 15 per cent. The U. M. W. A. was to convince the miners of the necessity of the wage cut. The U. M. W. A. called a mass conference of the Pittsburgh Terminal miners to consider the ques- tion of a wage cut, Mr. Pursglove himself spoke at the conference. He brought with him all the records of the company, trying to prove that the company is losing money and cannot operate its mines on the basis of the present wage scale. He made a frantic appeal to the miners to accept a 15 per cont wage cut. He also made a threat that all of the mines of the company will be shut down if the miners do not accept the cut. Mr, Fagan, with convincing voice, followed the talk of Mr. Pursglove. He appealed to the miners, in the name of god and the devil to save the Pittsburgh Terminal Coal Company from bank- Tuptcy by accepting the proposed wage cut. However, the National Miners Union under- took to fight against the wage cut. Prior to the Pursglove-Fagan conference, the N. M. U. called @ mass United Front Conference and adopted a policy of struggle against the wage cut. Many delegates that were to attend th? Pursglove-Fa- gan Conference were present at t! Confrence. As a result, the min glove-Fagan conference almost unanimously yot- ed against the proposed wage cut. U. M. W. A. Meetings Revolt But the Pursglove-Fagan machine did not give up the idea of a wage cut. They decided to call a special meeting of the U. M. W. A. locals, The entire force of the company and the U. M. W. A. was mobilized to prepare for the meeting. Ev- erything was prepared in advance to put the wage cut through, ‘The N, M, U. followed its DISTRICT, SECTION AND UNIT LITERATURE AGENTS Vor All Anti-War Activities Wer in the Par Hast, by Henry Hall Chemical Warfare, by Donald A. Cameron, The War of Intervention Against the Soviet, Ww 10 Union and the Second International, by P. R. Dietrich. . 10 War Preparations Against the Soviet, Union, by Marcel Cachin.........0sceceesers » Revolutionary Struggle inact War vs. _Pagffiem, by Alex ieee 8 The Pittsburg Terminal! Coal Company Admits the NMU Prevented a 15 P. C. Wage Cut , policy of determined struggle against any wage | cut. It mobilized all of its forces and brought them to the local union meetings of the U. M. W. A., prepared to fight the wage cut. Asa re- sult the special meeting of the U. M. W. A. re- sulted in a unanimous vote against the wage cut. Being unable to put the wage cut through at open meetings the Pursglove-Fagan machine de- cided to have a secret vote in front of the mines. The intent'on was to steal the vote — this is the well known method of the U. M. W. A. buro- crats. The high officials of the Pittsburgh Ter- minal Coal Company were present at the time the vote took place. The N. M. U. again put up a bitter fight through mass organization and ed- ucation. The vote against the wage cut was so unanimous that even Mr, Fagan was forced to admit that 98 per cent of the miners voted against it. Attack on Tent Colony The Pursglove-Fagan machine saw the black- listed miners in the tent colonies, together with the N. M. U. members in the mines, playing a leading and decisive role against the wage cut. Therefore, they decided to weaken the N. M. U. forces.They wanted to move the blacklisted min ers from the tent colonies into the company hous- es at an abandoned mine. This was supposed to be done with the help of the Pittsburgh Housing Association. The N. M. U. prevented this scheme of the company. Instead of permitting the com- pany to move the miners into still greater star- vation, the N, M. U, demanded re-employment of all the blacklisted miners. It also formulated de- mands for immediate relief to be given by the local government and company. Mass demon- strations were organized in front of the offices and local governments with the employed and unemployed miners and their families participat- ing. Thus, this move of the company was de feated by the N. M. U. Seeing the victorie: the N, M. U,, the Purs- glove-Fagan machine decided on another scheme. Some of the mines of the Pittsburgh Terminal Coal Company are shut down, They decided to. turn over one of these mines to the National” Miners Union so that the blacklisted miners may have a job. The mine was to be operated on a “co-operative basis.” The N. M. U. was to furnish the labor and the company was to fur- nish the supplies, management and markets. ‘The profit was to be divided 60 per cent to the N. M. U. and 40 per cent to the company. This of course was rejected by the N. M. U. as the worst form of class collaboration. Instead of eecepting this scheme of the Pursglove-Fagan machine the N. M. U, is developing a bigger mass movement than ever before to force the Pitts- burgh Terminal Coal Company to re-employ all of the blacklisted miners. It is clear from the foregoing that Mr. Purs- glove wanted to sound the N. M. U. leaders and see whether there is <ny possibilities of winning them in favor of his wage cutting policy. At the end of the conference he stated with a very sweet. voice: “Gentlemen, you must understand the present conditions in the coal industry. You must cooperate with us and help us to stabilize the industry so that we may give employment to every miner.” N. M. U. Position We want to inform Mr. Pursglove and his as- | scolates that the National Miners Union was not organized to help the coal operators to carry out, | their program of starvation. That the National Miners Union was organized to fight against“the coal operators and for the interest of the miners. ‘The N. M. U. will remain toyal to this principle and will fight not only against wage cutting and speed-up, for higher wages, shorter working day, better working conditions, etc., but will carry on the struggle to expropriate the coal operators and turn the coal mines &, Hae mae ee | i woukles dn them them, "gy my! why OO since we've mislaid the clipping), which is building a monu- ment at Harper's Ferry, Z You might think that a monument st Hare ver's Ferry would be one to John Brown Nothing doing! John Brown is unmentionatie in respectable bourgeois circles, North as well as South. And he has no monument at Harper’e Ferty, as we were told by Ryan Walker, who wee down there recently. “John Brown’s body” wes sufficiently used for capitalism’s purpose by ‘ving as the libertarian slogan to get Northe ern wage slaves to fight Southern chattel stavemy. ‘Then wage slavery had no interest in keeping the John Brown tradition alive, but every interest i" NOT building monuments to him. No, the monument these “Daughters” aze building is to “the loyal slaves” who loved their slavery and would not fight for freedom! There were plenty who did fight, we must remind you. But the “loyal” ones get the monument of this capitalist civilization! Another clipping recalled that first one. Fhe second tells us that at Alexandria, Virginia, the “Daughters of America” have demanded that the Bible be “read daily in the public schools.” Daughters of darkness! Some day your shameful monument to slavery will be torn down and the toflers of this country will erect a fit- ting tribute to the numberless “forgotten” brave rebel slaves like Nat Turner, and to John Brown, whose tradition belongs today completely to those who follow the banner of Communism! a er ie “Free” Forced Labor A “relief” plan for the jobless of Jamestownt, Pa. highly reminiscent of Mark Twain's “Huckleberry Finn,” was revealed through the | Harrisburg, Pa., newspapers recently. Jamestown, it seems, is in need of @ new city water reservoir. On the site of the proposed reservoir stands a forest. which must be cleared before the reservoir can be constructed. To spend money for clearing this forest away means to reduce the amount of potential graft for the | politicians of this burg. Hence “Huckleberrian” tacties, such as that famous character of Mark Twain used to get a fence whitewashed, are resorted to. Statewide announcement is made that here is an oppots tunity for the jobless to secure “fuel for the taking.” To make the offer more ailuring, it is an- nounced that only those who get permits through. the Red (Double) Cross will be permitted to “take” the wood, that is, to clear the land. (Just as Huckleberry Finn would only “permit” the boy who gave him “a dead rat and a string to swing it by” to whitewash his fencé—Jorge.) Here, however, the analogy with “Huckleberry Finn” ends. If enough “voluntary” workers will not be secured by these tactics, then the Red Cross will “assign” those on its rolls to clear that forest on the penalty of discontinuing their “re- lief” if they disobey.—H.H. os Make No Mistake ™” America is “civilized.” There’s no dowbt about it! One evidence is the regret, expressed by an “expert” on the Wickersham Crime Commission appointed by Hoover, that a twelve-year-old boy, a bright faced little shaver who, out in a small town in the state @f Washington, was sentenced to life imprisonment for killing a sheriff who came upon him ebbing a store—was NOT PUT TO DEATH! We've mislaid the clipping, but re- call the thing distinctly. Another nice piece of evidence: In Portiand, Oregon, where we got our eye teeth cut on the class struggle, a 15-year old girl, Helen Hanna, had a little sister who stole some trifle. Helen was accused of getting her to do it. So & capitalist “scientist” gets hold of Helen and gives her a “test” in psychiatry (which is a $2 word for “mental power”). A lot of ques- tions: “Who is the mayor,” etc., she answered. But she couldn’t tell “How many years is the life span of a horse?” or “Why does the heart beat?” So the psychiatrist declared that Helen was mentally off, and ordered that she be oper- ated on so she could never have any babies! She was rescued just in time. But there you have it! “Civilized America!” The “Boston Traveler” correctly suggests that the operation. be performed on the “scientist.” We think it ought to be carried out on the whole darned capitalist “civilization.” . his ee ae They Find Out Up in Utica, N. Y., a worker who joined the Communist Party recently informs us that, as long as he remained with the so-called “sociai- ist” party, his boss didn’t mind at all. But when he decided that his place as a worker was in the Communist Party, the boss fired him! “This proves,” he says, “that the only Party of the workers is the Communist Party.” Over in Brooklyn, in the recent election, “socialist” candidate who’ spoke at the meeting was introduced by the chairman by saying: “This fellow is all right. I know, because I’m his boss!” We have received also a copy of some edifying letters that passed between a comrade named LaFayette Boal, of Long Island, and James Oneal, editor of the New Leader, wherein Boal states tha the is leaving the so-called “socialist” party because “there are many inconsistencies between theoretical socialists and biperory in power who repudiate their principles and {deals they formerly advocated,” and who wound saying: “Only Communists advocate and adhere i materialistic Marxian philosophy. Only Oneal's “answer” was merely a stream of ba Jingsgate, which would jar some of the thin- skinned who imagine that Communists have a monopoly on “name calling.” This General But» Jer of the “socialists” ends by urging Boal to send his letter to the Daily Worker, and we are thus obliged to Oneal for this added evidence of his fascist blackguardism, Further, we learn that the branch of the Proletarian Party in Cleveland, unable longer ta tolerate that Party's opportunist sectarianism that flies in the fece of the Marxism # professes, has resolved to join the Communist Party, ee ph ® up to munists are class-conscious social rebels revolutionaries.”