The Daily Worker Newspaper, December 19, 1928, Page 1

ao the All-America Anti-Imperialist _ dress the workers of this city at the THE DAILY WORKER FIGHTS For a Workers-Farme rs Government To Organize the Unorganized For the 40-Hour Week For a Labor Party Baily Entered as second-class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y. under the act of Mai Peg FINAL CITY EDITION Vol. V., No. 300 Published daily except Sunday by The National Dally Worker Publishing Association, Inc., 26-28 Union Sq., New York, N. ¥. 928 SUBSCRIPTION RATE 1 In New York, by mall, $5.00 per year. BOULDER DAM IS ADOPTED; WEST TO SPEND CASH Kellogg War Treaties Reported In to Senate ‘ Vote Fourteen to Two Reed, Moses, Shipstead for Open Imperialism WASHINGTON, Dec. 18,—The two outstanding events in congress so far were the adoption today by ihe house of ‘representatives of the senate version of the Boulder Dam Dill and the reporting in without amendment or reservation cf the Kellogg anti-British and anti-Soviet war treaties, masqueraded under the title of “peace pacts.” | Shipstead Good Imperialist. The official rol! call in the foreign relations committee on reporting in the treaties with recommendation for ratification by the senate was} as follows: For the treaty, 14—Republicans, | 7; Borah, Johnson, Edge, Capper, | Gillett, Reed of Penn., Fess of Ohio. Demperats, 6—Swanson, Pittman, | Robinson of Ark., Walsh of Mont., | Harrison, George. “Farmer-labor,” 1—Shipstead. | Against the treaty, 2: Democrats 2: Redd of Missouri and Bayard. Voting present, 2; both repub- licans, Moses and McLean. Reed and Moses have been fight- | ing the treaties on the ground that | they do not clearly enough state that | the Monroe Doctrine must be re- spected by Europe, which means that they want Latin America recog- nized as an American empire. They may continue the fight on the senate floor; meanwhile they are submitting their reservations to the senate as a resolution of their own. Shipstead, the fake “farmer-labor” senator personally conferred with President Coolidge to urge the same point. Coolidge and Kellogg have taken dominated Bolivian government is Shell is everywhere in conflict w threat to its power, A section of the Gran Chaco ti ) r, What action will the League of Nations, dom- inated by Great Britain, take?. The last imperialist world war started just as “humbly” and “obscurely.” | district, which. the Standard Oil- | attempting to steal fron Paraguay by open war. What will British imperialism, whose own Royal Dutch ith Standard Oil, say to this new | TO CLOAK MORE LOGALS IN FURNOMINATIONS Convention Delegates Election Thursday At meetings marked by a large and enthusiastic attendance, mem- bers of Cutters’ Local 1 and Oper- ators’ Local 5 of the Joint Board Furriers’ Union, after spirited dis- cussions, wholeheartedly endorsed yesterday evening the amalgamation program of their leadership and nominated delegates to the conven- tion on Dec, 29. The plan to amal- gamate with the cloak and dress- makers union will be realized at the last sessions of this convention, The meetings were held in the auditorium of the Joint Board build- ing, 22 E, 22nd St. After the chidf officers of both locals had reported on the amalga- .plan and on the structure the attitude that the treaties, as nation. 1 they-stand,-mark-off Latin Amiesfew the ‘hew union will adopt, the basic as a United States preserve, ard op- pose tactless plain speaking on the subject. Power For West. The most important change made by the senate in the Boulder Dam bill, which was originally a house | bill, was to increase the cost from $125,000,000 to $165,000,000 and the removal of the Davenport amend- ment made in the house which would have prevented the secretary of the interior from spending this aioney any way he wanted to. The | new secretary of the interior, West, is closely hcoked up with electric | power interests, angl power will be made at the dam. * o * WASHINGTON, Dec. 18 (UP).—} The senate public lands committee | decided today to conclude hearings on the nomination of Secretary of Interior Roy West and adjourn until | tomorrow when a vote by the com-| mittee on reporting the nomination to the senate is expected. New York WIR Issues Call for Shop Delegate Conference Tomorrow The New York local of the Work- ers’ International Relief (W. I. R.) has arranged a shop delegates’ con- ference for tomorrow at 6 p. m., im- mediately after work at Bryant Hall, 6th Ave. and 42nd St. The purpose of the meeting is to further the building of the W. I. R. into a mass organization for workers’ relief. The call issued by the conference states that after the militant strikes of the past few years—the miners, Passaic, New Bedford, furriers, needle trades and other strikes, the relief committees temporarily organ- ized all disappeared. In the. strug- gles ahead to orzanize the unorgan- | ized into militant unions, to fight injunctions and company unions, ete., relief will be needed in every instance. The W. I. R., it states, an international relief organiza- tion, the American section of which must now be firmly established. This meeting will lay the basis for such organization in New York City. Pershing Will Speak on ‘New World War’ in Youngstown Friday YOUNGSTOWN, Ohio, Dec. 18.— George Pershing, cousin of the jingo general, John J. Pershing, will ad- Ukrainian ‘Hall, 525% West Rayon Ave, this Friday evening at 7:30. The meeting, the subject of which will be the “Néw World War,” will be held under the auspices of the Workers (Communist) Party and principle of which will be the shop delegate system, lively discussions were participated in by the mem- bership, who carried without a dis- senting voice the resolutions endors- ing the action, At a recent membership meeting some members expressed indccision on the question of amalgamation and on the new structure. Since that time, however, the open forums and meetings, and finally the local meetings of the last two days showed that a much better under. | standing of the policy to be pursued has been developed. Clear insight as to the assistance the amalgamated union ‘wil! give while the furriers are preparing for a general strike was also shown by the membership. With elections for delegates to the conventions set for tomorrow and Friday, locals elected their elec- tion and objection committees and instructed them to meet the follow- ing day. ‘Fhese committees of all |four locals will meet at Joint Board headquarters and will hear objec- tions to the candidacy of any of the nominees. j All nominees must appear before these committees if they want their names to appear on the ballot, Those having objections to any 0: the candidates must also appear to state them to the committee. GREEK MISLEADERS SELL OUT. ATHENS, (By Mail).—The strike of local Greek bakers was sold out by reactionary union officials. (Special to the Daily Worker) LOS ANGELES, Dec. 18.—This city has already started the ball fifth anniversary. of the Daily Worker. Los Angeles workers in- tend to make it a real tribute to the only working class daily in the Eng- lish language. ‘ The local celebration will be held Sunday, Jan. 13, at Music Arts Hall, 288 S. Broadway. Under the direc. tion of Paul C, Reiss, the energetic Daily Worker manager in this city, preparations are under way to make the celebration the biggest event of its kind yet held in this city. The program will include mu- sic, dancing, plays and speeches. Campaign For Greetin:; A campaign has also been started to secure greetings for the special anniversary edition of the Daily Worker. This has become the chief immediate task of the preparations for the celebration. Trade unions, workers’ cultural and athletic clubs Leagua of which Pershing is a pomhan, end other working class organize- PICK DELEGATES TODAY CONVENTION ; Workers in all branches of the jcloak and dress manufacturing in. | dustry here are to elect delegates to. day to the convention of the left wing cloak and dressmakers’ union, | which begins in Irving Plaza Hall, New York, on Dec. 29. | Voting in all locals, 2, 3, 9, 10, 22, 85 and 41, will take place from three polling places, and will last from 9 a. m. till 8 o’clock in the evening. | The stations are: Joint Board head- | quarters, 16 W. 21st St. and Bryant Hall, (Sixth Ave. and 42nd St.).| Members of Local 41 will elect their representatives at the Joint Board | | offices in the garment center dis- | trict, 87th St. and Seventh Ave. | With the long awaited convention | | date but a few days off, the work- |ers in this industry are developing |tremendous enthusiasm for the es-| |tablishment of the new industrial | |meedle trades union, of which the | new national furriers’ union will be |@ part. | A graphic demonstration of the | |utter bankruptey of the right wing | was seen at the open forum meet-| ing of cloak and dress makers in| | Bryant Hall yesterday afternoon: One after another of the rank j and file took the floor in a discus- sion of the fake trade progam and | peace manifesto issued by Benjamin Schlesinger, and expressed the ridi- | cule with which this fake maneuver | was received by the broad mass of} workers in the industry. Leading | NEW YORK, WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1 B | RAISEMOSCOW CASE; COSSACKS | BOGEY AGAIN FEAR EXPOSURE ‘Chamberlain Attacks Defense Demands Trial Soviet Union in Address | Go On; Arrests Onko, Brutal Trooper |The Elections Are Near New Toohey Warrant MacDonald, Tories in Darrow Says Union Is Framed Up Dec. 18. False Promises | ; | LONDON, Dee... 18.—Austen | Chamberlain, British foreign min- ister, told the house of commons to- day, in answer to questions concern- | was to go on trial today was ing the resumption of relations with | missed by motion of the prosecution the Soviet Union, that first the| which feared the trial would expose Soviet government must promise the “complete cessation of propaganda activities here.” PITTSBURGH, Pa., The “riot” frame-up which Pat Toohey, sec: urer of the Nattonal Miner As the general elections approach, both MacDonald and the tories are attempting to win as much support as possible by false promises. The financ and interests which Chamberlain represents are httempting to gain better business and at the same time win more sup- | port by opening again the question | of Soviet relations, The British imperialists are mak- ing use of the “Red scare” to sup- press revolutionary labor. jal industrial HOOVER DODGES URUGUAY LABOR Argentine Still Tries to PAT TOOHEY. the real reasons for the-arrest and also the brutalities of state troop- ers. It was dismissed against the | protest of the defense, which de- |manded trial. The defense imme- | diately swore out a warrant for the Frame Workers arrest of Corporal Onko, the state | trooper who beat up Toohey at the MONTEVIDEO, Uruguay, Dec.!time of the arrest, and his hearing 18.—Delays in the official routine) js set for Friday. Apparently in for Herbert Hoover here, made! an attempt at retaliation and ter- necessary because of the hostility | rovism, the prosecution then secured of the masses of the population and a new warrant for Toohey; the spe- | the: desire of Hoover's party that cifié charge is not known at present every step be shrouded in masses/as the warrant has not yet been of mounted police, plain clothes de-| served. tectives, and soldiers, postponed his departure from this city until 11/ The Toohey-Brophy “rioting” case o’clock this morning. was called to trial today with Even in his departure, Hoover the assembling of such a staff of was protected by armed forces of famous attorneys as was never be- the government: fore witnessed in these parts. The Defense Prepared. Continued on Page Two |No Bread Shortage in) ‘Moscow; 66,000 Tons of | Flour Stored for Use (Wireless by “Inprecorr”) MOSCOW, U. S. S. R., Dec. 18.— | Volkov, vice-chairman of the Mos- cow Soviet, addressed the Soviet | session today concerning the rumors | |that there was a shortage in the | bread supply. He declared emphat- | ically that there was no bread crisis. | He explained that the temporary | |shortage was caused by errors in |the trade organizations. Moscow | ;has 66,000 tons of flour stored and | ; ‘ defense was all prepared and The president-elect and his patty anxious to go to trial with Clarence were brought to the Utah on the| Darrow and Arthur Garfield Hays Uruguayan cruiser, Uruguay, which gs chief counsel. steamed out several miles to where At the opening of the court, and the Utah was anchored. The Utah) after a session between the sheriff had been forced to go farther away|and district attorney, and_ state from the docks when an exception-| troopers, the prosecution decided to ally low tide yesterday threatened | nojie prosse the case, for fear that to strand her. | trial would expose to the world the * * * | nefarious activities of state trooper BUENOS AIRES, Dec. 18—The|#"d coal region. justice. Trogoyen government continues its) ..*"° attempt to convict Manuel Scarzo| dismissed due to the fact that they and others of an attempt to blow! Continued on Page Two up the train carrying President-elect! ... Hoover to this city from Chile. Silk Hatted Whalen Takes Over the Job of President Irogoyen’s party is circu- lating the story that he, too, was! The prosecutors wanted the case| |had guaranteed the maintenance of | boas SILK UNION USES ‘Morgan Family Holds Steel Trust Offices Junius S. Morgan, Jr., and Walter S. Gifford have been elected direc? tors of the United States Steel Cor- |, 7-75 ig, Fi oration “to fill vacancies, and| Militant. New Union to |poration to fill vacancies, and Thomas W. Lamont has been elect-) Fight Job Dismissals ed a member of the finance com-_ AFL TERRORISM [the grain purchase organizations | riots | ©" Victim of the alleged Police Commissioner Grover Whalen stuck a_ police badge up beside the gardenia on the | lapel of his faultless morning coat} at noon yesterday and swore to go! in search of criminals in general | and the slayer of Arnold Rothstein, | in particular, telling his friends he! would use disc>:tion if he found any ‘of them. | He beeame New York’s third po- \lice commissioner in three years.} | Joseph Warren resigned because in handling the case of the gambler) rolling for the celebration of the | mittee of the corporation, it was _ announced late yesterday. FOR “DAILY” BIRTHDAY tions will be canvassed for greet- ings. Units of the Workers (Commu- nist) Party, as well as individual workers, are also being asked to snow their appreciation of the Daily Worker by sending greetings and donations. Los Angeles workers are determined not to lag behind the workers of other cities in mak- ing the occasion of the fifth birth- day of the Daily Worker worthy of the fighting organ of the American working class. * * * YOUNGSTOWN, Ohio, Dec. 18.— The Youngstown, O., Daily Worker Club is planmng an elaborate mu- sical program for its celebration of the fifth anniversary of the Daily Worker. Workers here are also being soli- cited for greetings for the special anniversary edition of the “Daily.” ‘Though the local Daily Worker Club is small, it intends to make up in energy in behalf of the Daily Worker what i lectn ty otoa (Special to the Daily Worker) 8nd drug magnate, Arnold Rothstein, PATERSON, N. J., Dec. A8.— vas shot to death 43 days ago, Taking a stand which definitely as-|it WAS necessary to have a scape- signs the Associated Silk Workers’ | 8°8t to cover up what the whole Union as partner to the reactionary world ‘kngws now: that Tammany tactics of the American Federation | | stente were mixed in the “oth- police and a lot of Riverside Drive) Workers’ Union fired, from their | jobs, | A meeting of the Associated board | yesterday also expelled 25 left wing- N. T. W. local, after the of”'cials committee. The first victim of this “Commu- | nist-baiting” policy was already ,rec- erded when the owner in one of the smel'-» shops controlled by the As- |soe!= 1 summarily dismi---d a pro- ‘gressive worker, not a Communist, | on the order of Yanerelli, Associated | organizer. Be~saucrats Lying. While the officialdom are trying |to halt the speedy growth of the .N. T. W. locals by making an alli- jance with the boss to use economic terror against the workers, their rep- alopticn of a “red-baiting” policy. resentatives issue hypocritical state- ments to the press which deny the \ Continued on Page Five ers v.no led the formation of the | vommittee to distinguishede suests. | of Labor bureaucrats, that union tein “rackets.” made a decision to have all sympa-| ‘tein “rackets. aera \thizers of the National Textile), Whalen’ has been lots: of things| during his life, but never a police-| man. Most reccntly he was general nanager of the John Wanamaker | depe mt store. He also was irman of the mayor’s reception |For the first job he got $100,000 a’ had broken the strike by removing | for thie’ 1 » he had th ean teaaerahig MRAM eg MEETS ie ne ae ee privilege of han= | Marie, | Whalen yesterday ,“accepted the \resignations” of all deputy commis- sioners, and ordered the chief in-| spector, his deputies, and all other inspectors to appear before him to- day. There is a persistent report that Whalen will be the democratic nom- inee for mayor when Walker’s term expires. FASCIST GENERAL DIES BORDIGHERA, Italy, Dec 18.— | Field Marsha! Count Luigi Cadorna, who commanded the Italian armies in the Zirst two years of the war and then became a devout fascist, died at 2:30 p, m. today of cerebral thrombosis. ig ro>2s to Queen Outside New 86.00 per yenr. RITISH TORIES DISMISS TOOHEY| Fight Against the New US, INTERESTS Impenalist War! STATEMENT OF THE CENTRAL EXECUTIVE COM- MITTEE OF THE WORKERS (COMMUNIST) PARTY OF AMERICA IN PLENARY SESSION Another war has begun as the fruit of Yankee imperial- ism in Latin America. War’ is proceeding between Bolivia and Paraguay. This is a war, not based on differences of interest be- tween the Bolivian and Paraguayan peoples, but a war en- gineered by the imperialist government of the United States to fasten the chain of exploitation on the peoples of both Paraguay and Bolivia. It is an imperialist war incited in the interests of Yankee investors in these countries. The Bolivian govern- ment is a puppet government which acts not as the representative of the Bolivian people, but as a shameless tool of the Wall Street bankers, the Yankee holders of mining, petroleum and other properties in Latin-America, and of the United States govern- ment. The still more cruel exploitation of the toiling masses, the workers and peasants of both Bolivia and Paraguay, as well as those of all of the republics of Latin America, and the looting of the natural resources of those countries—this is the purpose of the war which United States imperialism has launched through its tool, the Bolivian government. : The Paraguayan government, on its part, is not a government of the workers and peasants of that country but of the bourgeoisie which exploits those masses and which relies for support upon conspiracies with imperialist powers, today with British imperialism—tomorrow perhaps a surrender to, and an even deeper conspiracy with U. S. imperialism. The Paraguayan government being a government of the exploiting classes and not of the toiling masses, does not call upon the workers of the U. S. and peoples of Latin America to join in defeating the imperialist aggressions of the U. S., but instead it weakens the fighting strength of the masses by creating illusions, through accept- ing the dishonest proposals of arbitration by the “Pan-American Conference” controlled by the same Wall Street imperialists who insti- gate the imperialist war, or equally dishonest proposals by the League of Nations, really on behalf primarily of British imperialism. The so-called “peace” and arbitration offers of the Pan-American Conference are only another means of facilitating the imperialist war plans by covering up the war forces, The so-called “peace” overtures of the League of Nations repre- sent the maneuvers of rival imperialisms, especially the British inter- ests, which do not wish to protect the Latin-American peoples but only to take for themselves the privilege of exploiting the Latin American peoples. Sharpens Danger of Imperialist World War. A sharp development in the struggle between United States im- perialism and British imperialism, leading inevitably to world war, is inherent in the military aggression which the United-States capi- talists and their government have begun through the agency of the puppet government of Bolivia. The struggle between the two mightiest imperialist world powers for hegemony over Latin American countries, he offensive of Yankee imperialism aiming to oust the relatively weakening British impgrialism from the sources of raw material, tre- mendously sharpens the danger of early arrival of the inevitable im- perialist world war. These developments show beyond question the correctness of the view adopted by the last Congress of the Commau- nist International which sees the growing antagonism between the European and the United States imperialisms. The Big Navy Program now before the U. S. Congress marks the logical step in the present sharp advance of Yankee imperialism. Di- rected toward preparation for the coming war with Great Britain, the colossal increase in armament is also gauged to the program of im- perialist aggression against Latin America, the Chinese revolution and against the Union of Socialist Soviet Republics. Imperialist Plan—and Hoover, Its Agent. Imperialism is the first order of the program of the United States government. To facilitate this colossal internatibnal capitalist crime, Herbert Hoover, whose post as president of the Dollar Republic of the North is purchased by the biggest Wall Street bankers interested in ruling and looting Latin America, is even now in South America. The “good will” tour of this imperialist engineer is already bearing i fruits in the murder of Paraguayan and Bolivian workers and peasants. Hoover, whom Wall Street selected as president, assumes the role of imperial ruler over the twenty republics of Latin America, which he and the class he represents hope to crush under the iron heel, to deprive of all semblance of independence and to make servile colonies of the Yankee imperialist government. U. S. War Against Nicaragua. The criminal imperialist war of the United States government against the Nicaraguan people has continued nearly two years and is now being enlarged into open warfare against further Latin Amer- | ican peoples, And even this is only a beginning; the complete con- quest of all republics of Latin America, the rape of their independence, and their reduction to servile colonies, is the program of Yankee im- perialism. Thus far the shrewd Yankee conquerers operate through the corrupt Bolivian government as a tool against both the Boliviah and the Paraguayan masses. But this is only a beginning, to obtain a foothold. As the United States armed forces came to Nicaragua, so they will also come to Bolivia, Paraguay and other republics further south. Bloedy History of Yankee Imperialism. A whole series of events marks the development of the imperialist program for the conquest of the southern republics. The Monroe Doc- trine long ago jbecame the doctrine of the Yankee colonial empire throughout the Western hemisphere. In 1898 Cuba and Porto Rico were “liberated” from Spain, to become slave-colonies of the Wall | Street empire. In 1903 by force and violence the Yankee government seized Panama. With a “loan” secured by control of its customs, the Dominiean Republic was reduced to vassalage and in 1916 was seized by the United States marines, becoming a protectorate of the Yankee Continued on Page Three ANTI-WAR MEET FRIDAY Party Membership Meeting Postponed Because of the declaration of war between Bolivia and Paraguay instituted by American imperialism, the membership meeting that has been called for Friday, Dec. 21, has been called off and in its place a mass meeting to fight against imperialist war will be held at Central Opera House, 67th St. and Third Ave., on that night—Friday, Dec. 21, at 8 o'clock. All section organizers and section executives, all unit organizers are to mobilize the entire membership to attend this meeting. All Party members of all units are to mobilize the revolutionary workers to attend this meeting in protest against the war of oppression of Latin America and to fight the machinations of American imperialism, leading to another world war. All revolutionary workers on guard! All revolutionary workers, carry out your. proletarian duty! Fight the imperialist war! Protect the interests of the American working class and the in- terests of all oppressed peoples! DISTRICT EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, WORKERS (COMMUNIST) PARTY OF NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY. WILLIAM W. WEINSTONE, District Organizer. 4... RETIRE. BOLIVIA FROM OPEN WAR Washington Confab Is Friendly Shelter as Opposition Grows Checks League Action Stalls Counter Moves by A. B. C. Powers WASHINGTON, D. C., Dec. 18.— While Bolivia today cabled Kellogg acceptance of the mediation offer of the Monroe Doctrine “concilia- tion” conference here, this does not mean that Standard Oil is defeated in the Chaco oil war, even though the military offensive is suspended. Firstly, the case is left in the hands of Hughes and Kellogg, open- ly agents of American imperialism and controlling its lackeys of vari- ous Latin-American governments repre: ed here. The function of this gang of bandits is now to ter- rorize Paraguay, which has foolishly left everything in their hands with- out making any reservations, into yielding most if not all Bolivian de- mands. Secondly, the persistent efforts of Argentina to bring the dispute “set- tlement” back to Latin America from Washington, is defeated. Thirdl the League of Nations, representing largely British imperi- alism, is kept out of control. To give the coup d’grace to the purely Latin-American Gondra Com- mission, which yesterday retired from the dispute at its session in Montevideo, the Venezuelan trained puppet of Hughes, brought up the matter of all the Latin-American governments abandoning the Gondra accord, signed in Chile in 1923. Fran- cisco Parejo of Venezuela ‘declared that to retain the Gondra accord was an error and a “backward step.” This awoke some differences and a commission was appointed to “con- sider the problem.” T!:2 majority of the commission are governments | known as satraps of Washington. | . hie | PARIS, Dec. 18.—Darkness still hangs oyer what the League of Na- tions will do in the Bolivian-Para- (Continued on Page Five) SHOE WORKERS PLEDGE DRIVE Militants “Meet, Sketeh Organization Plan An energetic drive for the organ- ization of the workers in the shoe industry during the next season was decided upon by a mi |shoe workers held last night under ices cf the Independent Shoe ion of Greater New Y Hall, 790 Broadway, Workers at Lorraine , The first copy of the “Shoe | Workers Voice,” official organ of the Independent Union, was received with great acclaim by the enthusi- astic meeting. A spirited appeal for members for the union met with signed applications from many shoe workers until now unorganized. The organization drive is to be carried on on the basis of creating a mili- tant union to fight wage cuts and all other attempts of the s to limit and decrease the rights ef the | workers. Among the speakers were Alexan- derson, the chairman; Joseph Magli- aneani, who spoke both in Engli and in Italian, and H. Levin, bus ness manager of the Independent Union. PROTEST U.S, WAR INTRIGUE FRIDAY Workers “Party Will | Fight imperialism To protest the beeinnings of new world conflict with the declaras” tion of war between the American’ vuppet-government of Bolivia and” Paraguay, a protest meeting will be held Friday, Dec. 21, 8 p. m. at the ” Central Onera House, 67th St., and Third Avenue, under the ausnices of | the Workers (Communist) Party, | ‘The speakers will be Jay Loves stone, William Z. Foster, Otto Huise wood and Robert Minor, We | In its call to the meeting, the Party points out that only the power _ of the working class can prevent ngw and horrible conflict and upon all workers to attend the test meeting, I. '