The Daily Worker Newspaper, August 23, 1927, Page 6

Me A ke te et oe 2 eno Page Six xvaci »ATLY WORKER, NEW YORK, TUESDAY, AUGUST 23, 1927 NAVY LEAVES i Crew of “Miss Doran,” Dole race s THEM TO DIE ea airplane which has apparently fallen in the Pacific. The navy today stopped hunting for it. INDIAN COOPERATIVES STRIVE TO BUILD BANKS; BRITISH REFUSE DELHI, Aug. 2% There are in India 77,000 cooperatives of various kinds with a membership of 3,000,000. Of these, only 5,482 are other than agricultural cooperatives. The work- ing capital of the non-agricultural cooperatives, most of which are eredit cooperatives. A few data on the social composi- tion of the Indian peasant population will throw light on the importance of these agricultural credit cooperatives. The peasant population of India is over 180 million strong and embraces about 59 million families. Of these 59 million, 11 million are well-to-do | peasants (Malik \Rayets), 13 million} middle peasants, (Rhodkashts), . 25} million poor peasants (Thani), and 10| million pauperized peasants (Chap-| perband). The well-to-do peasants | are on an average poorer than the European middle peasants. However, there are among them millions of families who can be designed as kulaks, and who have accumulated some savings. Apart from these 3,- 000,000 families, the entire peasantry | groans under the burden of debt on) which they have to pay exhorbitant interest. According to _ statistics, | agrarian debts in India, amount to 10| milliard rupees. The annual burden of interest for these debts amounts to 18-45 per cent. | operative bank in Bombay, THEIR CAPITAL According to the Indian coopera- tive leaders, agricultural credit co- operatives were established to free the peasants from the grip of the usurers, It is in this spirit that one of the most prominent cooperators of India, the founder of the district co-| Lalubhai, Samaldas, writes in the “Asiatic Re- view” the periodical of the East India Co., which has imperialist tendencies: In fact, it is also the policy of the | British government to set a limit to | the exploitation of the peasantr with the help of credit cooperative: in order to increase the savings of | the aforementioned three million ku-| 1 ; | produce of which was to be devoted to the rites of an-! antry. laks and also in order to improve the} _ ~ Private and Public Lands. in China \ cestor worhip, of the income must be used to purchase additional land, thus providing for automatic enlargment. These areas also grew thru the custom of descendants demonstrating |their piety by themselves adding to the ancestral land. Practically all of this ancestral land is rented out, By EARL BROWDER. ARTICLE II. There is quite a controversy among sinologists about the question whether feudalism persists still in China. My own observations and study in China convinced me that unquestionably semi-feudal relationships and cus- toms do persist, and play a prominent role in China’s present struggles. But it must be made. clear iy; once, in dealing with the land tenure system, that the domi- nant, the determining factor is the right of private own- ership and not the relationship of a feudal lord holding title to nation or province and parcelling it out to his political lieutenants. An Old System. According to the Russian sinologist, Zakharov, pri- vate ownership'of land became the dominant system let it to the poor cultivator. \family; by means of this control, these elders form the |principal portion of the ruling-caste in the villages | wherever the ancestral lands exist. They are a large |part of that class called “gentry,” a term which in the Chinese peasant movement has become a one of deepest leontempt and hatred. The village public lands, are those which have been thruout China during the Han Dynasty, 206 B. C. to! <2 aside to provide for special village needs, such as | 230 A. D, Alongside the dominant form, there has per-| y)keep of the village school, road building, maintenance | sisted thru the centuries, remnants of the old forms of} 5¢ village temple, etc. This is merely a variation of | tribal ownership, seen today in the so-called “public”} scestral lands, the principal difference being merely lands. But however ancient, or modern, private owner-/ that, instead of being administered by the elders of a | ship may be, it is clearly established in Chinese law an: | single clan or family, they are in the hands of “village | custom today. (See article “Contemporary Cf¥il Code elders,” comprising several families. in China,” in “The China Weekly Review,” Shanghai,|—The scholar fields are lands of which the incomes have July 1926.) rE 2 | been assigned to certain “learned persons” asa sort of The so-called public lands are, in effect tho not for-| ;eward for culture. These lands are either assigned by mally, absorbed into the system of private ownership.|¢iders of the family from ancestral land, to some mem- The following details are culled from an unpublished|}.; who has made the clan famous by becoming a investigation, made under the direction of Michael Bor-|«<cholar,” or by a “Min Yun Tang” (society of learning) odin, which will appear later in two volumes Under the which often have great estates»or funds procured from title “The Peasant Movement in Kwantung.” What is/the government. These “Min Yun Tang” are a sort of true of Kwantung holds good generally for South China; \ trade union of the literate sections of the village ruling | in the North, the “public lands” play a much smaller|¢jass, All these lands are cultivated by propertyless role. : * tenants. Public Land. So far as the mass of peasantry are concerned, they There are three main forms of public lands: ancestral/ get no benefits from public lands. The principal effect lands, village lands, and scholar fields. The most im-|of this form of landownership, which in Kwantung com- | portant is the ancestral land, which in Kwantung com.) prises 30 to 40% of all fields, is to weld together into prises about 25% of all cultivated fields. Originally |a closely-knit body, the village ruling class, the “gentry”, these lands were connected with ancestor worship. ‘Rich! who are the masters of the village, its funds, its works landholders, many generations ago, set aside portions of|in road building or irrigation, etc., who levy taxes, con- their holdings, to be preserved from division or sale, the} trol local militia, and administer “justice” to the peas- Many also provided that a proportion | | mostlysto, Jandless peasants or to “middlemen” who sub- | The rents amount to huge | sums, which are at the disposal of the “elders” of the | | | Village Domain. | financial position of the other peas-|1);. ants. ‘The: government hopes ba ef: amount on an average to more than fect thereby, another accumulation of | i .., |5 per cent of the total working capi- capital, andy to; amalgamate. it with | tal of the agaricultural See easter usurious capital, creating thereby 4) tives. According to Samaldas, the system of agrarian credits which |sunds of these credit cooperatives are | would finance agriculture at the rate dominated ‘and administered by 530 of ten per cent interest*at the utmost. | yovineial and central cooperative It: is in this manner that British 1M-/ banks with a working capital of ‘500 perialism wants to bring Indian agri-| million rupees in round figures (33.4| Government credits do not All-Indian Cooperative Congress in, the methods of exploitation practiced Bombay at the end of 1926, The busi-| hitherto by big landowners and mon- ness ‘of this bank and its branches|ey-lenders. But at the same time, shall-be: re-purchase of peasant land| this development is fraught with a and houses, land amelioration, build-| counter-revolutionary elements as far ing dwellings for the peasantry, liqui-|as the future is concerned. Although dation of the old debts, in special|the revolutionary movement of India| cases new purchases of land. Where-|must aim at an aalliance between! justice! during the red-baiting days of 1920, rested and convicted upon a framed-up ever no legal obstacles exist, mort-| workers and peasants,-for a bour- fage credits are to be granted “with | geois-democratic revolution with a culture and raw material production into the channel of circulation and to place it under tthe direct influence of | finance capital. British Withhold Credits. But British imperialism itself does | \not want to put much capital into/ million). This was in 1926. In 1919, | right of ‘transference’ so that the| program of land nationalization, ! the capital was only 175 million) mortgage debtor is converted into ajthere is in the unification of big fin- | which means a 200 per cent increase|tenant farmer. |ance and the kulaks the tendency to! in eight years. | This development of the system of! establish a bloc against that devel- For the same purpose, an agrarian |credit cooperatives is no doubt ajopment in order to isolate thereby mortgage bank is to be established in|great stride forward as compared! the labor movement with the ultimate | accordance with the decision of the|with feudal monopolist economy and|intent of crushing it. @ Pickens Addresses Pan-African Congress © fense against the inevitable. It is Theses adopted at the Plenum of the E. C. C. I. on May 29, 1927. | The VII. Enlarged Plenum of the | Executive Committee of the Commu- nist International held in December} last year, warned the international | working class of the danger of war.) ' The eyents which have taken place in| China and Great Britain since that time have wholly and completely con- | firmed the, forecasts made by the} Executive Committee of the Com-) 'munist International. The concentra- EDITOR’S NOTE — The DAILY} national policies unstatesmanlike and] WORKER herewith publishes in! silly. Human science is fast making} like shutting out the tide with a pic- full the address of William Pickens/ of the world one market of goods} ket fence. before the Fourth Pan-African|and one~ community of social in-) poonomiec Lines Dessee Than “Rare. Congress now being held in New! terests, so that enslaved workers in} na and was first organized in Paris of lish and called the gathering “The | tion of troops in China, the bombard- | 1919. It recognizes the fact that in| International Congress contre the} ment of Chinese cities by interna- a world largely dominated by a! Colonial Oppression and |’Imperial-| tional capitalism, already mark the group-conscious white men there is a} ism.” ‘opening of the war against the toil-| “color problem” for the colored peo-; Abolition of Racial and Economic | ing masses of China who are fighting | York City. South Africa will surely lower the * standard of living for supposedly free * * CONFERENCE of the oppressed workers in the Mississippi Valley.| The psychology of the masses must | is the beginning of the end of the oppression. dividual effort at emancipation of any kind is so infinitesimally small that it can be put down as) zero,—for al the social good it may accomplish. The beginning of the end of Amer- ican'slavery was not in sight until a group of rur-away slaves like Fred- erick Douglass began to confer and co-operate with white abolitionists like Garrison and Phillips. After nominal emancipation was achieved, représsion, disfranchisement and segregation might have gone on un- challenged for generations, had not) brave black men, like W. E. Burg-! hardt DuBois, begun to confer and/ co-operate with just and equally | brave white men, like Moorfield Storey. The devouring of Africa, the rap- ing of Haiti, and the bullying of Nicaragua will go forward as far as human selfishness will carry them, unless those whose welfare is at stake shall begin to confer and co-operate. The proletariat, the workers, the pro- ducers of the goods of human society and beginning to sense a common In-| terest in a common cause, and a need for mutual support,—in Moscow, in Hankow, in Paris and in Passaic. * * * The Workers Know No Race. ae ultimate causes, then, lie deeper than race or color; and any ulti- mate success must call for -ooperation beyond all racial and color lines. In spite of the powerful tradition of the myth of race, we wish"to say that a likeness in economic condition is far sounder basis for co-operation among men than a similarity of The result of mere in-» Self-seeking wealth and capital will! find it advantages as water finds its level, with the unerring constancy of | natural law. Tariff walls and cus-| 1 toms officials are a most pitiful de-| the far-seeing genius of Dr. DuBois Bo! a movement for improvement | ple of the world, and especially fcr) 3 Oppression. ‘for their emancipation. The raid on must begin sometimes somewhere. | the aescendants of Africa. Eten hated iali | the Soviet Embassy in Peking made Perhaps nobody, 4 that rhs| [7,38 ‘lear that imperialism, oppres-| 7." chang Tso-lin, at the instigation be recognized for what it is: The Pan- | Sere See ca acy ot 4 nine, ola pression, financial and | on pei and with the eapeart of | African Congress a biennial confer- Paste ce! “|commercial robbery, colonial and | ‘ Chinaman can ever be solved simply | semi-colonial by the co-operation of Negroes or of | first time an cae fe ok bs Chinese with Chinese. The National | gether, where they bel Association for the Advancement of ‘ y sid r t of The congress also put race pre- Colored People began with the <on-|judice in the same rank when” it ference and cooperation of a grotip of called for “Immediate abolition of colored men styling themselves “The| aj} yacial restrictions, social, political Niagara Movement,” and also headed | and économic.” This first league of | by W. E. Burghardt DuBois. ‘This | the economically, politically and so- movement became a real national cially oppressed called for complete power when by protest and publicity | racial equality thruout the world it brought some ofthe more socially-| Some day posterity will hakiat minded white people to see that they not only that such a call was even had a common interest in the claims | necessary, but. that it should have Sree p Eerie the | fallen on deaf and even hostile ears. F ion is 7 ism simply local fermentation,—a first | - Are eit as ACReRee | stage in the evolution of world organ-| és baie noticeable that French Im- | ization and co-operation along eco- | perialism in Indo-China and in nomic lines. Economic. lines are| North Africa was just as severely | societally more fundamental than ra- 2¢cused as the imperialism of Eng- cial lines. The effective agent is not !ish-speaking nations. Colored peo- | the theorist and his theory nor the|Ple are accustomed to regard the | doctrinaire and his doctrine, but hu- | rench as espetially just to other man science is the miner and sapper /*@¢eS. The French may lack a color lwhich is laying s€ige to the whole | Psychosis and may be more cosmo- works’ of nationalism and racialism. | politan in their attitude on the ab- In the end human sciences, rather | Stract subject of “race,” but a French than religion, will bring to pass, not i™perialist or economic robber is just by persuasion but thru necessity, a/ like any other. Economic exploita- jcondition of universal brotherhood. tion knows neither race nor color. Tt will attack that, group which is most helpless, most open to exploita- tion, . ¢3 The Negroes of Africa were not slaved because they were Negroes but because they offered the greatest ence of all the descendants of Afrtca thruout the world, was conceived by Congress of Oppressed Peoples. i c is interesting that the first world’s |“ conference of the cppressed has) oy, ‘ ‘in Brussels, Belgium, in’ ‘ebruary, 1927, eight years after the ,, for ‘ founding ue t the Pancattcan aimeresal eee for the smallest amount of |i Parts. Sc thie conference. uepresents | outlay and effort to the slave hunter. the first grouping together of the sub- | Tbuapoany oraenived en dteneelees pated thi thé: baxtonel congeries of tribes appealed to the [eaeeged: ues Had vat nal von, Slave-raider as a Klondike, an El Yacia! and national con- | forado. They were enslaved not for sciousness. This congress of the being black, but for offering a resis- \ prepared against the Soviet Union. | \the diplomatic representatives of all | ‘the capitalist governments, and the| raid on the Soviet Union Trade Dele-| gation in London and the consequent | breaking off of relations between | | Great Britain and the Soviet Union | are criminal acts calculated to pro-| | voke war. | | Now more than ever before is it | necessary for the masses of the work- ‘ers of all countries to exercise vigil- | bance. Communists of all countries | | must close up their ranks and | mobilize all their forces in the face | of the war which has already begun | in China and the war which is being | | Capitalist Antagonisms and War. | | 1. With the world war of 1914-| | 1918 there opened for the masses of ‘the toilers of all countries a period} | of eruel wars of extermination, of un-| bridled and ruthless plunder of col- onial countries and violent outrages jagainst the working class. Ten mil- ‘lion killed, nineteen million disabled | and crippled, an enormous expenditure | of economic resources, the economic inter-connections of world economy shattered for years, depreciating cur- | rency, impoverishment of the masses | | of the people, growth of internal re- action in all countries throughout the | world, a raging capitalist offensive /against the working class, the Bal- | kanization of Europe, and the intensi- ‘fication since the world war of capi- \talist antagonisms,—such are the re- ‘sults of the war of 1914-1918. i | 2. The conclusion of the war ert ‘immediately followed by a period of | “little wars” for the regulation of | ‘frontiers: the struggle between Ger- skin-color or nose-shape. Tf there is a factory or a mill that employs many people of many dif- ferent races, the destiny of those peo- plesis far more involved in their work! and wages than in their language and birth-places. But the superstition of race and of| nationality is so strong in the minds of men that many movements for the| good of mankind still find themselves at first narrowly limited by racial and national lines. y This shows that man’s social de- yolopment has not kept pace with his scientific advancement: for human science has in the last one hundred years reduced the relative size of the earth and made of it such.a small. community that everybody is eco- nomically elbowing everybody else., Coal miners in India are helping) to the wages of coaleminers in| Wales; for English ships may coal in India and make a trip to Europe and perhaps back to India, without re- coal ‘The speed of transportation instantaneousness of n have made mei com- every group which came to it, had a different name for it. It was vari- ously called. “The .Anti-Imperialist Conference,” “The League for the | Suppression of Colonial Violence,” the. congress. of “Oppressed Peoples and the Working Class,” etc, When the representatives of In- donesia, or the Dutch Indid%, pre- sented their resolution to the meet- oppressed was. so new that nearly tance of spear heads to powder- many and Poland for Upper Silesia, driven lead balls. The French may be careless of race and color in both Paris and North Africa, but they will ‘practice economic exploitation in the place where economic exploitation is most profitable, and that is in North ‘Africa, Capitalistic exploiters are a ‘natural class, not to be distinguished by race, color, language or ancient history. Even an American Negro ‘ing, they addressed tht assembled capitalist, late descendant of raped | delegates as “the Congress against | Attica, is just exactly ' like other | Colonial Oppression and Imperial- | C2Pitalists. He must be like the | the armed occupation of Fiume by the {Italian Fascists, the Greco-Turkish | war for Smyrna, military collisions be- tween Balkan States. The establish- \ment of proletarian dictatorship in | Hungary brought about the attack fon it by the capitalist States— Czetho-Slovakia and Roumania. Simultaneously therewith the capital-) ist world mobilized its forces for the purpose of crushing the proletarian} revolution in Soviet Russia, The in- tervention commenced in 1918-1919 , Jail Ex-Soldier as Sacco-Vanzetti Picket MORRIS WILLIAM GURKIN. \ He carried a banner reading, “We were supposed to, havé fought for Give justice to Sacco and Vanzetti! this he was arrested by the Boston police and thrown into jail. © Gurkin asks, “If this is the treatment accorded an ex-soldier in 1927, it is easy to imagine the brutal tyranny that “was visited upon foreign-born workers They must not die!” For when Sacco and Vanzetti were ar- charge of murder. On War and Danger of War 8, Although in the course of the last few years capitalism had at- tained a certain. stabilization, this stabilization was of an extremely re- lative nature. The proletarian revo- lution in Russia dealt a heavy blow to world capitalism. The national revolutionary movements in the col- onies make a new breach in the capi- talist system. These two factors alone combined with the resistance of the international working class to the capitalist offensive exclude any possi- bility for a lasting stabilization of the capitalist order. The years which have elapsed since the conclusion of the world war were years of an especially marked “de- terioration” of capitalisrh. The cyclical character of world economy has lost its pre-war periodicity; crises in world economy arise now here and now there, very brief and feverish booms are followed by prolonged de- pression. The re-distribution of the world brought about by the imperial- ist robbers as a result of the world war has created new sources of fierce competition and the danger of fresh conflicts between imperialist powers. | A stubborn struggle is going on for | vegions which are either sources of raw material or places to which foreign capital can be exported. The | capitalist States have cut themselves off from each other with new customs barriers, restricting thereby former trading facilities. Diminished con- sumption by the masses in the big- | gest capitalist States, the establish- ment of national industries in the colonies and overseas countries, which were formerly markets for ‘foreign manufactured goods, confront world | capitalism with the extremely acute problem of markets. The struggle for markets is assuming acute forms unprecedented in pre-war capitalist economy. This economic struggle is Jeading to armed collisions, (To be Continued) Maryland R. R. Courts Strike by Firing of Brotherhood Secretary CUMBERLAND, Md., Aug. 22. — By the discharge of Alston Soe general secretary of the Brotherhoo of Railroad Trainmen in Maryland, the Western Maryland railroad is courting another disastrous strike which may make it a 100 yer cent non- union railroad. , ~Cook and two other trainmen were fired for alleged subordination but they declare that the Western Mary- * land is trying to provoke a strike of conductors and trainmen, Three years ago the engineers and firemen struck when the road refused to grant a wage increase won on all other eastern roads. The Western _Mary- land is one of the two or, three im- portant carriers which do not recog- nize the engine service unions. The persistent refusal of President and “developed into” the war of Po- Byers to negotiate a settlement of }ism.” When the Persian delegation! thers. A Negto who owns athou- got the floor, it addressed the as-|5#nd acres in Olabajna or Texas, pays ' sembly as “the International Congress | his tenants and “hands” just as little {of Oppressed Peoples.” The South|®%4 charges them just as much a | Africans addressed it as “the first) @Y white farm-owner in the neigh* International, Conference of Workers bothood. and Oppressed Peoples in all Im-, , The American Negro and the Pan- perialist countries and Colonies.” The African Congress must see common Chinese said “the Congress Against) interest and make common cause with Colonial Oppression and Imperial-| the other oppressed and exploited ism.” peoples of the wagld, . ‘ Ne a _ And the resolution on the Negro| The world is my country. _ Question of the w pina To do good is my religion. The Human Race is. m iat land against Soviet Russia. This was | followed by the occupation of the) Ruhr and which was relieved by the! colonial expedition of France against the Riff rebellion in Morocco, The French imperialist war against the Drises marked the close of the de- ‘eade following the conclusion of the great war of 1914-1918, The whole a period of has been : wars whi ich are of the period following the great war |! imperialist | 1 the long-fought engine strike has been condemned by labor and liberals alike, Even ‘national church com- mittees have entered their denuncia- tion of Byers’ autocratic stand. Washington representatives of the Trainmen declare there has. been con- stant friction between the train ser- i ‘and the Western’ be we