The Daily Worker Newspaper, January 7, 1927, Page 2

| | DEPORTATION OF |Nes!ect® VAJTAUER DUE TO LABOR ACTIVITY Decree Calls for His Im- mediate Expulsion NEW YORK, Jan. 5.—The decree of the department of labor in the case of Bmanual Vajtauer, Czecho-Slovak radi- eal, has been confirmed and he will be immediately deported from the United States. ‘Vajtauer was arrested for a deport- ation hearing in Chicago on April 4, 1924, as the result of an anonymous gomplant, and was charged with “be- Meving in or advising” the overthrow of the government of the United States. “Evidence.” The first hearing, after a number of continuances, was had on the lith of May, 1924, and the government intro- duced into evidence a pamphiet al- leged to have been written by Vaj- tauer in his native age: “Re- Volution and the Dictatorship of the Proletariat” as well as a copy of the proceedings of the fourth congress of the Communist International, a vol- ume which is to be found in a num- ber of American libraries and on sale at various labor bookstores. Question Entry. The authorities introduced an act passed by congress which read that: “Whenever any alien attempts to enter the United States the burden Of proof shall be upon such alien to establish that he is not subject to exclusion under any provision of the immigration laws; and in any deportation proceeding against any alien the burden of proof shall be upon such alien to show that he en- tered the United States lawfully, and the time; place and manner of such entry into the United States.” Proved Legal Entry. The attorney for the defense proved that Vajtauer had legally entered the country, and introduced the passport granted to him. But the authorities persisted in their efforts to have him deported. His work in the movement of the Czecho-Slovak workers of this country, to which he had applied him- self from the moment of his arrival in the United States, ‘son for the anxiety of the department ‘of labor to exclude him from America. The case was appealed, and the ver- dict just rendered means that Vaj- tauer will be immediately shipped out. This case is similar to the Sormenti ease, which is now pending, and in- yolves the right of political refugees enjoying asylum in this country, a tra- dition which the United States has tvad for scores of years. It is pointed ay ‘ah that the fate which awaits Sor- m even worse than that of Vaj- ‘tauer, for it is the intention of the de- partment of labor, at the request of - the Italian government, to send Sor- menti back to Italy where certain im- prisonment or death awaits him at the hands of the fascisti. The Vajtauer tase was defended by International Labor Defense, which is also working to prevent the deporta- tion of Sormenti. WILL ROGERS TRACES MOSCOW INFLUENCE IN RECENT EARTHQUAKES Will Rogers, the cowboy humor ist, says that the recent earthquake was the only thing we ever split 50-50 with Mexico, and that it is lucky for our neighboring state that she didn’t cop off too much of it or she would have had a note from Kellogg. Will suggests that it is the influence of Moscow that caused the upheaval. No Communist Home Can Be Without Calender A beautiful and character- istic portrait of Lenin, mounted on a handsome ‘red cardboard, with a list of the mosi important rev- olutionary dates. Indis- pensable for your home or your headquarters, A lim- ited supply on hand, Order now before the supply is ) exhausted. Price 25 cents each. 16 cents each in lots of 10 or more. Daily Worker Publishing Company 1118 W. Washington Bivd, Chicago, III, was the real rea- \tion work, \Kip Ought to Have a (Special to The MANILA.—(By Mail.)— The Filt-| Pinos here are offended by the ne-| glect of the courtesies which they had arranged for the so-called traveling} univ on the studen which has just bee S. Ryndam of the University f the Phi-} lippines had prepared a program in- cluding addre: a banquet and oth-| er social fe: ities for the visitors The program d received the approv-| al of the local representative and the] cabled acceptance of the party. When the boat arrived, somewhat ahead of schedule, the party was met by a committee from the governor- general’s headquarters and taken to the Malacanang Palace, where Admi- ral Kittell addressed them on the American occupation of the islands. Trips were arranged for the students by the Americans, Only thirty of the visiting students | 2} ed against Philippine ry vee University of Philippine Hospitality Does Mischief Daily Worker) attended the banquet at the Univer- sity of the Philippines. The first American to speak at the table im- mediately offended by remarks direct- independence, The challenge was taken up by Fili- pino speakers who followed him, Al- tho an subject American had introduced the the Filipinos are being ge- ized for using the ban- quet for propaganda purposes. The whole incident happened dur- ing the absence of Gen. Wood at Ba- guio. It is possible that the young students preferred sight-seeing to the banquet, but there is a feeling here that the whole thing was steered by the official group. The fact that five professors aboard the Ryndam ex- press sympathy for the cause of Phi- lippine independence does not coun- terbalance the harm done by the oc- currence. GLIMPSE INTO BOWERY OF NEW YORK REVEALS WHAT ‘PROSPERITY’ MEANS; THOUSANDS THERE ARE UNEMPLOYED By FRED HARRIS, Worker Correspondent. NEW YORK, Jan. 6.—Let Judge G t es 000 dividend. Let the U. S. taxes. Let Secretary Davis of the U. wages and little unemployment. ale chamber of commerce join in a unanimous chorus of prosperity. ry of the steel trust declare a 40%, asury pay a $150,000,000 refund of . department of labor proclaim high let all the spokesmen of the U. S. It don’t mean a thing to the men on the Bowery, New York's center for the unem- ployed. Where surplus labor is found, exploit the dependency of the former. Bowery center. not eaten since “yesterday.” The the air, Everybody is waiting for laborers may be called a typical men who have no jobs, and who have time is ip. m. Prevailing anxiety in something. Finally it arrives. A big ten gallon kettle of “soup.” The men file in line, pass by the kettle, get their ration and then crawl into some corner to devour their meal. “Bean Soup.” “It ain’t so bad.” This from a man answering to the name of Jim. “Bet- ter than nothing. Only for this we'd be starving. Want some?” It is referred to as “bean soup,” but closer investigation proves it to be hot water with chunks of bread. Now and then a stray bean. It seems that the railro:d companies furnish this free meal oncea-day. No doubt, to keep the slaves alive and ready to go to work whenever. wanted. The dis cussion turns to work. A hot debate ensues about the prevailing rate of wages. Jim says it’s 44% cents an hour, his opponent, that 44 cents is top wage. Finally they agree that possibly, due to the slack season, the railroads cannot afford to pay more than 44 cents. But everybody expresses there are also employment agencies to Kane’s Employment Office for railroad Here assemble all the¢—— HONOR MEMORY OF LENIN HERE ON JANUARY 23 Third Great Meeting at Ashland Auditorium When workers of Chicago gather at Ashland Auditorium on Jan, 23 it will be the third time they have met to commemorate the memory of Nicolai Lenin, great leader and teacher of the revolutionary workers the world over. It was on Jan, 23, 1924 that Lenin passed away and deprived the workers and peasants of Russia of the guiding hand that had directed the revolution to success and to its consolidation into the Soviet state, now in its ninth year, Both previous memorials in Chicago have been worthy tributes to the memory of the revered leader. The Workers (Communist) Party that has conviction that, a8 soon as work picks up again, that wages will be raised to its former peak, namely 4414 cents. Kane’s sell these laboring jobs for $3.00. The men are taken out to the “road,” and usually work about ten hours a day. “You see,” says Jim, “more hours— more pay.” Everybody agrees. The bunkhouses? “Oh, well, we don’t expect any hotels along the road, and besides, the rent is low.” Poor Food. The food consists mostly of what is available. The charge for board is from $7 to $9 a week. President Green of the A, F. of L. may not know that there are several million laborers who should be or- ganized. He may never know it. The laborers are the lowest strata of capi- talist society. When roused to a class consciousness they will prove the backbone of the proletarian army. There is a fertile field for organiza- Known What He Was Getting, Says Court NEW YORK.—Leonard Kip Rhine- lander still has a mulatto wife, under a decision of the appellate division of the supreme court, which upholds the lower court in denying him an annu! ment of his marriage to Alice Beat- rice Jones, the daughter of a coach man, The court holds that the wealthy young man had ample opportunity be- fore his marriage to learn that his intended bride had colored blood, Send in your order for the Birthday Edition! See page four! AMERICANS AND FRENCH DECLARE WAR AGAINST BRITISH TIRE MAKERS LONDON.—British manufacturers of automobile tires are suffering from a devastation competition with American and French companies. The common shares in the Dunlop company have shrunk in value to the extent of $25,000,000, The British claim that the French are taking advantage of the rate of exchange to dump tires onto the British market, while they charge the Americans with an outright move to break the monopoly which Britain practically now possesses in the supply of raw rubber, sponsored the memorials is planning for quite as notable a gathering this year, Ashland Auditorium seats four housand people. The program is arge and varied. A feature of the meeting will be a mass recitation, “Strike,” written by Michael Gold, a fitting number for a memorial to a man whose teachings and activities were the embodiment of workng class struggle. Nationally prominent speakers will address the meetings and further additions to the program will be announced in due course. Sse mE NA, estas THE DAILY WORKER —_——— SOVIET GOURT ADOPT UNIQUE WAY TO SETTLE INHERITANCE QUESTION MOSCOW.—Isadora Duncan has been made the arbiter of the for tunes of the woman who supplanted her In the affections of Serge Es- senin, the eccentric poet, who mar ried the American dancer and then left her after a hectic married life. The Soviet courts have been baf- fled in thelr efforts to settle the estate of Essenin, who was a much married poet and whose various wives have made clai flor an in- heritance. Now the co! have de- cided that when Essenin committed suicide he was either the husband of Isadora Duncan or of Sophia Tolstoy, granddaughter’ of the fa- mous novelist, and that fils estate shohuld go to one of thepe, There is still some doubt, however, whether Serge had actually divorcdd Isadora before he married Sophia. The courts have decided to write to Isadora Duncan in Paris and ask her to state whether she was di- voreed from Essenin at the time of his death. If she says she was, then Essenin’s estate will go to Sophia. If Isadora denies the di- vorce then she is the legal legatee. “Go and Find Out,” Says Jury Fixer to Federal Government Contempt of court is the weapon which the federal government will turn against those involved in the charges of trying to fix the jury in the Hoffman-Druggan-Lake jail case. This will cover the attempted fixing as well as any successful result which may later be uncovered. It will bring the defendants before Federal Judge Louis FitzHenry on a contempt charge, Later, if indicted, they will have to face a jury on a charge of conspiracy, Plunkett still refuses to reveal who was putting up the monéy which he is charged with having offered a deputy marshal to get on the jury. He says jauntily: “You are all ace investiga- tors. Go out and find who was put- ting up the dough.” And that is now the big question the authorities are trying to answer. Who was furnishing the corruption fund? Send in your order for the Birth Day Edition! SeePage Four. Salvation Army: Gets Its Street Collection Permit; I. L. D. Denied SEATTLE, Jan. 5.—(FP)— Mayor Bertha Landes refused.the request of the International Labor. Defense to be allowed to station collectors on the downtown corners to receive do- nations for the special Christmas fund for a cash present, for the Cen- tralia prisoners at Walla Walla. The fact that the Salvation Army and the Volunteers of America were given permission to cover all down- town corners did not open the way for the I. L. D. though his matter was called to the attention of the mayor. NEW YORK LABOR TO PACK MADISON SQUARE GARDEN AT LENIN MEMORIAL NEW YORK.—The third anniver- sary of the death of the greatest leader, of the working class, Nicolai Lenin, will be commemorated at a memorial meeting at the New Madi- son Square Garden, 50th street and Eighth avenue, on Saturday evening, January 28, at 8 p. m. This occasion will be used not only to demand the recognition of Soviet Russia but also to welcome The DAILY WORKER, the only English labor daily in the United States, to New York. It is expected that the new Garden, seating 20,000, will be crowded to ca- pacity. The progressive labor move- 1ent of New York is preparing to iake the Lenin memorial meeting a ousing demonstration for militant vorking-class policies, and in support of an English labor daily. Among the speakers scheduled to address the meeting are C. E, Ruth- nberg, William Z, Foster, Moissaye J, Olgin and J, Louis Engdahl, An excellent musical program has yeen arranged, including such emi- nent artists as Mischa Mishakoff, con- cert master of the New York Sym- yhony Orchestra; Ivan Velikanoff, chief tenor of the Moscow Art Thea- ter Musical Studio, and others, Tickets are 50 cents, 75 cents and $1. There are only 2,000 seats at $1 and 5,000 at 75 cents. Workers are urged to get their tickets in advance at the office of the Fretheit, 30 Union Square; Workers Party headquarters, 108 Bast 14th street; Jimmie Higgins’ Book Shop, 127 University place and all party papers, By Uplon Simetnir Read it today and every day Risberg Tells Story al Game ‘Fixed’ in 1917 Before the high salaried “commis- sioner who was made notorious in la- bor circles by his infamous award to the Chicago Building workers, Judge K. M. Landis listened to charg- es by “Swede” Risborg, former Chi- cago White Sox ball player in which it was charged that a Chicago-Detroit series in 1917 was “thrown” to the former after the Sox had raised a “pool” by a contribution ‘of $45 from each player on the team." Risborg was brot into Landis’ pal- atial offices to face 20 ofthe biggest players in baseball who were implicat- ed in the charge and who volunteer- ed to come to the hearing. Bddie Col- lins, Ray Schalk, George Dauss, Clar- ence Rowland and Ho Ehmke were among the players, some of them managers or former managers, who were called. Raised “Pool,” Plainly nervous, Risborg recounted the details of the story 6f the man- ner in which the “pool” ‘was raised and gave his remembrance of the manner in which the Detroit men had played a careless game, missing balls and pitching to the batter with no steam. State Assembly Opens; Small Reveals Control (Special to The Daily Worker) SPRINGFIPLD, ML, Jan. 5.—Iii- nois’ fifty-fifth biennial general assem- bly opened here Wednesday with Governor Small’s machine virtually in complete control. lection of Rep. Robert Scholes of Peoria, @ Small leg- islator, as speaker of the! house by almost unanimous vote revealed at the first ses#ion the strength of the governor's machine, © CUE AANA Lowden, the Capitalist, Thinks Production Cost Good Enough for Farmers By J. LOUIS ENGDAHL. UCH of the war that now rages about the question of farm re- lief centers on the question of how much the farmer should receive for the products of the fields he tills. The capitalists and their politi- cians are very anxious that dollars invested in industry should receive “an adequate return,” at least six per cent guaranteed in the case of railroads, for instance. The farmers are somewhat amazed that congress does not take a similar attitude toward them. The whole drive, behind farm relief legis- lation is to win some such guarantee for the farmer. The Coolidge-Mel- lon administration, however, de- clares such legislation to be “eco- nofnically unsound” and it ds not adopted. eee Frank O, Lowden, the IUlinois multi-millionaire who parades as “a friend of the farmer,” states the case as follows: “It is clear that the great agri- cultural plant of America has been running down at a dangerous pace, ... If the farmer does not re- ceive an adequate price he will finally cease to produce. No one, whether manufacturer or farmer, can go on indefinitely producing un- less he receives at least the cost of production for the thing he sells. The result will ‘be fewer farmers. This result is already in evidence. A report recently issued by the de- partment of agriculture states that the farm population of the United States was reduced by almost a half million during the last year.” Then Lowden becomes a little clearer as to where he stands on the question of the farmers’ return by discussing the stabilization of prices ag follows: “We should find some means for stabilizing prices of farm products, The price of a commodity can be stabilized only at a point near the cost of production. For if the price continues below cost of production, a sufficient number of producers will fail, production wjll fall 7 the needed requ gente prices will rise. it ‘on > tempt is made to stablilge the price above the cost of production plus a reasonable profit, capital less profit- ably employed “elsewhere will flow into the production of that partic- ular article, the supply will exceed the needed requirements, and prices will fall. “Therefore, it follows, that if we shall succeed in stabilizing farm prices it will have to be done et a point covering cost of production with sufficient profit to induce the farmers’ to go on producing.” se @ This is the Mr. Lowden, who draws huge dividends from the Pull- man company, but never fears that the profits will be too high, attract- ing excessive capital into the pro- duction of sleeping cars and other products of the car-building imdus- try, resulting in an overproduction. No corporation will admit that its profits are too high. aoe While the farm crisis was sweep- ing into nearby all sections of the nation last summer, the Pullman company showed a profit after all deductions, of $14,296,611 for the year ended July 31, 1926, which represents a return of 26 per cent on capital invested. This was a gain of $500,000 over the pre- vious year’s profits. Farmers should be vitally interested in the profits taken during the period since the war, the period of deflation for agri- culture, by Lowden’s Pullman com- pany. Here they are: Pet. made on cap- Year Profit ital invested 1920 $12,913,509.00 26.4% 1921 6,120,934.00 12.5% 1922 4,271,767.00 11% 1923 13,216,936.00 24.0% 1924 13,603,063.00 24.1% 1925 13,771,976.00 25.0% 1926 14,296,611.00 26.0% ‘This is approximately $80,000,000 taken in profits, with no mention of the hungry “reserve funds.” ‘This is wealth taken by the “saviour” of the farmers who talks about stabi- lizing farm prices “somewhere near the cost of production,” QD But the farmer must be kept in his place. He is not considered a member of the Capitalist group, al- tho he is coddled by capitalist pro- paganda into harboring that belief. Capitalism, whether the farmer likes it or not, places him in the category of wage slave on the land, The figures themselves prove that. The estimated farm population on January 1, 1925, was 81,184,000. Of these approximately 10,000,000 were gainfully employed, Out of those 10,000,000 we find that 4,000,000 are morely farm ‘workers, receiving miserable wages; 3,000,000 tenant farmers, leading a precarious exist- ence; 2,000,000 of mortgaged farm- ers, On the brink of becoming ten- ants, with only 1,000,000 so-called “well-to-do” farmers, the American Kulak. Yet dt is this. American Kulak section, constituting one tenth of the farm population, that has almost entirely dominated the thinking and the actions of the re- maining nine-tenths, But that condition is changing, the farming masses are becoming restless, and farm relief becomes one of the dominant issues before congress. e Ri 2 Mr. Lowden is not inconsistent in his attitude toward the wage work- ers at the Pullman plant in Chicago, and his remedy for the “farm prob- lem,” which sets forth his attitude toward land workers, The Pullman corporation, thru years of bitter war against labor, has kept wages down to the bitter level of merely provid- ing the absolute necessaries to satis- fy the requirements of the workers. The historic strike of 1893 was ruth- lessly suppressed, The recent strug- gle in the Pullman plant, against a reduction in wages, was also de feated, “Company houses” end “company stores,” with every other method practiced by the exploiter, has been brought into play in “Pull- man,” the “company town,” named after the first George M. Pullman, one of Chicago's first great capital- ists. The wages of the Pullman worker have truly been the min- imum required to reproduce hig la bor power. $ i * Lowden, the capitalist “friend” of the farmer, applies the same theory to the land workers that the Pull- man corporation applies to wage la- bor, “to stabilize prices of farm products .. . at a point near the cost of production.” For the 4,000,000 farm workers this means just enough in wages, food and shelter to prevent too many of them going off to the city and hunting jobs in industry. For the 3,000,000 tenant farmers it means just enough to keep these workers, with their families, _con- tinually hunting some landlord, beg- ging the privilege to raise corn, cot- ton, wheat or some other product as a means of fighting off starvation. It will be noticed that these 7,000,- 000 of “gainfully employed” on the land possess no land of their own, nor any of the means of cultivating ‘the land. This is provided by the employer. Yet these constitute seven-tenths of the farm working population, eo 2 The 2,000,000 mortgaged farmers are only a step removed from the 7,000,000 actually “landless.” For them the estimated three per cent ‘arm income does not meet the six per cent mortgage interest that dangles. like a hangman’s noose above their heads, It is of these 9,000,000 that George W. Norris, republican United States senator from Nebraska, declares: “The farmer works harder, lives more economically and has fewer of the ordinary pleasures of life than any other class of our citizen- ship... . An honest civilization should demand that those who toil the most and the longest hours to supply the world with the neces- sities of human existence should have at least a fair return for their labors.” eee But capitalism is a dishonest civilization, robbing the many in or- der to gorge the treasure chests of the few. The farm relief legislation of the capitalist political parties, with its Lowden theory of meeting “the cost of production,” constitutes merely a ball and chain to keep the 9,000,000 enslaved to the 1,000,000 well-to-do farmers, most of them absentee landlords, to the bankers, the food mergers, the farm implement com- bines, the railroads and other mon- opoly interests in the meang of production, Against that condition the ex- ploited farmers must rally with the wage workers in industry for the working class struggle against the capitalist overlords. ii AMEE me RRA COST OF FOOLING POLITICAL DUBS LEAVES DEFICIT Both Parties Are Flat in Purse WASHINGTON, Jan. 5. — Both the republican and democratic national committees sustained huge deficits in 1926, it was disclosed in statements filed with the clerks of the house to- day, Tales told early last fall by cam- paign fund collectors that the senator- ial “slush fund” investigation had frightened many of the regular contri- butors and made collections meager, apparently were borne out in the re ports, The republican committee spent $671,342.66 in 1926 while it collected from contributors but $434,511.79, and a loan of $125,000, according to the statement of William V. Hodges, na- tional treasurer, The net deficit for the year was shown to be $236,830.87. While the democratic committee failed either to collect or spend as much as the republicans, it ended the year with $166,992.95 in unpaid bills and but $8,829.95 to meet them, James W. Gerard, national treasurer, how- ever, reported progress in a special campaign to wipe out a long-standing committee debt. Standard Oil Greases Wheels. John D. Rockefeller Sr., put $10,000 into the G. O, P, fund on Nov. 4, just after the fall election, while John D, Rockefeller Jr., also was listed as a contributor of $10,000. Other heavy backers of the repub- lican campaign, whose names had not been reported in the pre-campaign statements, included: Pennsylvania republican committee, $25,000, William Nelson Cromwell, $10,000; Clarence H. Mackey, $5,000; J. J. Raskob, $5,000; Chester A. Braman, $2,500; Charles M. Schwab, $2,500; Eugene Grace, $2,500; T. C. Dupont, $2,000; Francis D. Barstow, A. M. An- derson and Stephen Baker, all of New York, $1,000 each; Edsel B, Ford, and Charles B, Warren, of Detroit, $1,000 each; B, W. Backus, T, B, Walker, B. L, Carpenter, R, M. Bennett and John Crosby and associates, all of Minnea- polis, $1,500 each; Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Davison, Bay City, Mich., $1,000. The democratic committee collected $95,000 to be used solely for retiring obligations to the New York Trust company, Contributors to this fund include: Ryan Backs Democrats, Thomas F, Ryan, $25,000; Ralph Pulitzer, $10,000; John W. Davis, $5,000; H. H. Lehman, $5,000; Thomas L, Chadburne, $5,000; Norman W. Davis, $6,500; Percy S. Straus, $5,000, all of New York; W. L, Clayton, $5,000; Jesse H. Jones, $5,000; John Henry Kirby, $5,000; R. S. Sterling, $2,500; W. S. Farish, $2,000, all of Houston, Texas; Charles H. Great- house, Indianapolis, $5,000; William A, Julian, Cincinnati, $1,000; Missouri state democratic committee, $2,000. Indebtedness reported by the dem- ocratic committee included $124,200 to the New York Trust company; $9,708.- 80 to the New York Times; $21,116.60 to the Postal Telegraph company at New York and $12,967.45 to the West- ern Union Telegraph company at Bal- timore, To Get Contracts for Paving, Employes Do Some Illegal Voting HIGHLAND PARK, IIl—This sub- urb hag a small sized political scandal, not to be outdone by the neighboring metropolis. Seven employes of a con- tractor fave confessed to illegal voting in the December election in favor of issuing bonds for more pav- ing. I. G. Lain, son of I. D. Lain, of Bloomington, Ill, head of the paving concern, is under arrest for aiding, abetting, and encouraging illegal vot- ing. eee — ee Send in your order for the Birthday Edition! See page four! U, $. SENDS WARSHIP TO PROTECT STANDARD OIL FROM MANCHU ARMY PEKING, Jan. 5.—The American legation announced today that the U. &. destroyer Ford is being rushed to Wuhu, where the property of the Standard Oil Company and other American holdings, are endangered by the looting of northern troops. N. Y. Preparing for Big Concert January 9 On the eve of the third anniversary of The DAILY WORKER, New York has arranged for a fine concert in co- operation with the Uj Blore, the Hun- garian daily, This concert will be given on Sunday afternoon, at 2:30, January 9, at Yorkville Casino, 86th Street and Third Avenue, The pro- gram will include a number of fine features including vocal numbers by the Hungarian chorus, interpretative daneing by well-known artists, “Re- condita Armonia” from Tosca, and the “Volga Boatgan’s Song” played by Emile Bujacich, “The Voice of Labor” by Rebeca Grecht, Hungarian Folk Dances, and the Mass Recitation of Michael Gold’s famous play “Strike” with a specially selected cast, Tickets for this affair are fitty cents, and they are on sale at radical bookshops thruout the city, or at the headquarters of The DAILY WORK PR, 108 Bast 14th street, N. ¥, G, —— a