The Daily Worker Newspaper, September 9, 1926, Page 4

Page Four Workers (Communist) Party THE WORKERS (COMMUNIST ) PARTY ENTERS THIS YEAR’S ELECTIONS “i a number of states nominations have been filed by petition while in others the petition campaign is still In progress to place Work- ers (Communist) Party candidates officially on the ballots, Nominations officially filed: Mee ce following candidates will appear officially on the ballot In the Primary elections to be held Tuesday, September 14th: . Governor, William Reynolds. _ Congress, 13th Dist., Willlam Moollenhauer, JOHN CASPER AGAIN IN PITTSBURGH DISTRICT DAILY WORKER DRIVE PITTSBURGH, Pa—The first day of the Special District Daily Worker Drive brought a batch of eleven subs. Ten of these were secured by comrade John Casper, who won the race in District Five during the National Daily Worker Drive, Tom Ray, of McDonald, started Congress, ist Dist., Harry Kishner, in with one sub, Congress, 9th Dist., Daniel C, Holder, The subs secured by comrade ENNSYLVANIA—The following were the candidates nominated: Kasper included two for twelve months each, seven for six months each and one Young Worker sub for twelve months. Ambridge sends in good mews that the comrades there are on the job and that they will soon be heard from in the campaign. So also in Avella, Pa. The Avel- la miners know what the Daily Worker means to them. They were slow in the last campaign. But the promise comes from them now that they expect to make up in the Spe- cial Daily Worker Drive. Watch the Daily Worker for fur- ther reports. D Governor, H. M. Wicks. Lieutenant-Governor, Partenia Hills, Secretary of Internal Affairs, Max Jenkins, United States Senator, E. J. Cary. State Legislature, first district, Ernest Careathers and Anna Weis- man. Second District, Mike Blaskovitz and Cella Paransky. Seventh District, Margaret Yeager. Eighth District, Susle Kendra and Peter Skrtlo. Ninth District, William P. Mikades and Sam Shore, State Senator, William Schmidt. NEW YORK WORKERS’ SCHOOL TO PROVIDE SHORT COURSES THIS MONTH ON COMMUNIST THEORY As part of the drive for new members now being carried on in the New York district, the Workers Party has requested the Workers’ School to begin short courses in the Fundamentals of Communism, the Organization, Role and Tasks of the Workers Party, in September. Altho the regular winter courses do not start until October, two such four-week, once-a-week courses will start on September 7 and September 8 respectively, at 8 p. m. The course to begin Tuesday, Sept. 7, will have D, Benjamin, assistant director of the school as its instructor and the course beginning Sept. 8, to run on Wed- nesday nights will have: Bert Wolfe, school director, in charge. The Workérs Party in the New York district is making it obligatory ‘on all new members, who have joined since the membership drive began, and all older members who have never gotten any training in this subject, to take the course. For this reason, no fee will be charged by the school but it will receive direct compensation from the party organization. Membership Course—4 Weeks. @—————______________—- For New Members in Party. 4. Interested in immediate struggles The outline of the course follows: = and final emancipation of the working class. B. Its role in the class struggle. What Kind of Society Are We! 1. ‘To unity workers on basis of revolu- tionary struggle. unne in Minneapolis on Friday, Sept. 10 On Friday, September 10th at 8 P. m., the workers of Minneapolis will assemble in Moose Hall, 43 8S. Fourth Street, to listen to the state- ment of the Workers Party on the tarmer-labor movement and the issues confronting the workers in the fall elections. William F. Dunne, the principal speaker, is sure to draw a large at- tendance of working men and wo- men, as he is an able speaker on issues and problems confronting the working class, Norman H. Tallentire, district or ganizer of the Workers Party, Min- nesota District No. 9, will preside as chairman of the meeting. A nominal admission charge of ten cents is set and the advance sale of tickets has already reached encouraging proportions. Lesson |, A. Why the capitalist class is strong. t! Monopoly of means of production. 2. So oir igh Spake igre This is the first of a series of . ee eee more class conscious, *? “27 Pecome|! meetings to be held under the %. Control of state power. fore class conscious. 4. Monopoly of culture and reining Nees a = oe working Pega ae its | auspices of the Workers Party on B. Why the capitalist system is weak. |struggles, development and fight for 1. Class struggle. emancipation—to.point-ont_ mistakes and the farmer-labor movement and the 2. Anarchy of production. necesse~y lessons, fall elections, to be addressed by 3. Machinery and employment. 4. 0 inspire, enthuse. and give con-| speakers of national and interna- wag, Criss overproduction, commercial} gence to the working class in its strug-| tional prominence in the labor move- ment. Following the meeting with William F. Dunne announced above for Friday, Sept, 10, the workers of Minneapolis will hear J. Louis Eng- dahl, Sept. 24th, Bertram D, Wolfe, Friday, Oct. 8, and C. E. Ruthenberg, general secretary of the Workers Party, on Sunday, Oct. 31st. Ss. Mur se a To furnish proletariat with allies. 1, Imperialist wars. 6. To lead to victory and organize the 2. International organization of andj|victory during the period of the dicta- deeper exploitation of working class. torship. Oppression of farmers, colonies, C, How the party is organized. minorities. 1. Meaning and significance of shop 4. Waste and decay. (Fetters upon |nucleus, factory district nucleus, street further development of society—danger of | nucleus. rebarbarization.) 8. Unit, sub-section, section, district. 4. The C. E, C,, national convention, What Kind of Society Do |E. C. C. I. and Communist International. We Want.. (We belong to an international party.) A. What is Communist society? Lesson 1V. How Can We Win the x: Busnes. Soserdee. Masses for the Revolution? 3. No state and no wars. rol a tish state of production and culture Fa OR ae a eth co dinars Micali gr nd or all. . B. Why we must have dictatorship of Piritam tp nae. Beton proletariat before we can have Com- munism. 1. Meaning of dictatorship of prole- tariat. 2. Necessity of dictatorship of prole- tariat. 3. Historical function of era of dicta- torship of proletariat. C. Why the dictatorship of proletariat Lesson Il. Meaning of trade unions. ' Importance of trade unions. Our fractions and trade unions. Organizing the unorganized. Class struggle vs. class collabora- * Amalgamation. Trade union unity. c. ork in fraternal organizations, language clubs, sporting clubs, factory committees, etc. guardists. must take form of Soviets. D. Work among women, youth, Ne- 1. The real nature of parliamentary | grocs, farmerse » democracy. E. The importance of labor party cam- The real nature of Soviet democracy. | paign, F. Immediate demands, Why? Lesson 111. What is Role of C. |. and Its} (> Importance of taking pho in eleo- American Section, W. P.? toral campaigns and parliament. Introduction: W. P. is a section of aj H. Who is a real Communist? world party, the C. I. 1. One who belongs to the party. Advanced section. 2. One who is an active member. A. Its relation to the working class, 3. One who is a mass organizer. 2. Organized detachment and organ- 4. One who is disciplined. Democratic izer, centralization. 3. No interests from the! 5. One who is ddvanced theoretically working class. and applies it. CAMPAIGN IS BEGUN TO INCREASE BALTIMORE DAILY WORKER READERS BALTIMORD, Md., Sept. 7.—The Workers’ (Communist) Party of Bal- time is in the midst of a campaign to increase the circulation of The DAILY WORKER in the Maryland district. The following letter has been sent to members and sympathizers of the party urging them to support the campaign: Dear Comrades: Do you know what a strong DAILY WORKER means to the existence of our party? It means that we will be better able to get new members in the party, it means that we will get into our party people who will be attached to our party, thru a press, which they will recognize as their press, Are you the party mem- ber who does not care if the party grows or not or are you the one who wants to see the party grow and grow. You must be the latter one or you World not be a member of the party. Lenin said in relation to the Rus- “a paper is what we need and we can say the same thing in relation to the English press. Lenin said this in Russia and we say it in America. Local Campaign. In order to give you a chance to do the real work this time we are giving Three Lie Factories. The Soviet press points out that there have long been offices in Riga, Stockholm and Prague where specially invented communications concerning the Soviet Union are fabricated. For instance, the head of the bureau in Riga is one Karabtchevswv, publisher of the magazine, “Mir,” who provides foreign correspondents with informa- tion about the Soviet Union, The foreign correspondent of the Times, Urch, fabricates his “special telegrams from Russia” in Karabt- chevswv’s bureau. Amongst the em- ployes of the bureau in Prague there is a certain Block who is a Bessara- bian emigrant and leader of the Rus- sian section of the semi-official Prager Presse, and a certain Bolgovski, cor- respondent of the Europapress agency, and a certain Magerovski, an employe of the official Czecho-Slovakian tele- graph agency. Stockholm Lie Bureau, The head of the bureau in Scandl- havia is a member of the French mis- sion, a Russian white guardist, Shere- shevski, alias Sergei Chessin, alias Serges de Chassin. One of his as- sistants is a certain Zion, who is per- manently in London and who pub- lishes in the Stockholm Tidningen “correspondence from Moscow.” This le factory forged the well- known “telegramme” purporting to be from Chitcherin to Buroy upon the illegal transportation of repatriated | WCEL Radio Program Chicago Federation of Labor radio separate the club, and in order to be let into the banquet, free of charge, you need only get $10 worth of subs to The DAILY WORKER, Workers Monthly, Young Worker, Imprecor or any others of the English party press. That is, you must. get $10 worth of subs for any of these papers or a donation of $10 for them. Well known national speakers will be at the banquet, and there will also be a fine program, Get to work—the campaign ends on Sunday, Oct. 17. Subs must be given to the city Iterature agent (DAILY WORKER) in order to count; and send them in, let’s keep The DAILY WORKER agent busy sending in the subs, Chicago Russian Fraction of W. P. out the call for a local campaign for broadcasting station WCFL is on the M4 The DAILY WORKER, Meets Thursday |oir win regular programs, It is There is going to be held a big af- med broadcasting on a 491.5 wave length] ,,..%( ae Pee yd fair for the benefit of The DAILY ey a cents Bowed iH 4 from the Municipal Pler. A. Schlemmer, chi t 1% AVORKER and there is also going to cago Russian fraction of the Work- é unkler, Chicago, x be organized a DAILY WORKER |ers Party will bo held Thursday, Sept. push ale ia entic en shetabatlon, 40: Lac LRMMUR eneeeedole alia < Hr Builders’ Club and only those who get |% at the Workers’ House, 1902 West | bor Taine ond 6 1,00 a certain amount of subs will be able|Division St. Election to the district } 6:15 to 6:80—Fable Lady—Stories for 3.90 to become a member of this club Nani gt aa nf Lge vane ed 410382, 19, 7:20—The Florentine String Trio, |W 20 which will be an honorable position | Portant reports wi scussed, pa ee ist, I. 5:00 in the city of Baltimore. Are you go- [Suing at 8 p. m, ies Hate van moaersen. & ue Sys 28.00 {gto be 9 member of the club? Hawallans; retetie. erg Wainer gloom — 3 Banquet. The size of The DAILY WORKER ae ei suena oe an ie" enon. Send The DAILY WORKER for on jepends on you, Seng a sub — | tra ang “Gniertaineres month to your shop-mate, on . In_order to become a member of|d ae r THE DAILY WORKER FIVE MINERS SERIOUSLY HURT IN VIOLENT BLAST AT MOUNT CARMEL, PA, MOUNT CARMEL, Pa., Sept. 7,— Five men were critically injured and several others slightry tnjured in a violent explosion at the Reliance shaft of the Philadelphia and Read- Ing Coal and tron Company, near here, today. All of the injured were taken to the Shamokin State Hos- pital, OPEN SHOPPERS WARN OF UNION DRIVE RESULTS Fear Auto Industry May Be Organized WASHINGTON, Sept. 7.—Warning has been issued to its members by the Employers’ Association of Denver against the campaign begun by the machinists’, metal workers’, carpen- ters’, upholsterers’, and teamsters’ and chauffeurs’ international unions to or- ganize the men in the automobile and garage industry. One of these circu- lars, issued by the Denver anti-union group of employers, has reached the headquarters of the International As- sociation of Machinists. “Up to this time,” says the circu- ‘lar, “they have made no material headway in organizing mechanics in Denver, at least. But in eastern cities they have met with better success, and the automobile industry faces the necessity of so organizing its forces ihat it will be prepared for whatever muy come. “he organizing of taxicab, motor bus drivers and truck drivers is part of the campaign and is backed by the ma- chinists. Next comes the organiza- tion of auto plants, including three in- ternational organizations—the uphol- sterers, and sheet metal workers—to secure the membership of body trim- ners, wood working mechanics and sheet metal workers. “And last, but not least, the Auto- mobile, Aircraft and Vehicle Workers of America are gaining membership thru an intensive drive. This union is dominated largely by the Commu- nist element. So it needs no stretch of imagination to see what the conse- quences would be, shdtld organized labor establish the closed shop in the automobile industry. . ized labor must not get control of the industry, for it will «mean another transportation strike as of: 1922, with the automobile transportation thrown in.” We will send sample copies of The DAILY WORKER to your friends— EXPOSE LIE FACTORIES WHICH TURN OUT ANTI-SOVIET FAIRY TALES, NAME THEIR MANAGERS MOSCOW, Aug. 10 (By Mail).—The campaign of lies carried on by the international bourgeois and social democratic press against the Soviet Union is directed from Warsaw and Bucharest with the assistance of Russian white The object of the campaign is undoubtedly to draw international Fublic opinion away from the military prenarations of Poland against Lithu- ania and the concentration of Roumanian troops in Bessarabia. + send us name and address, Russians over the frontier of the So- viet Union. This forgery was carried out on the order of the Bulgarian gov- ernment. The declaration of Chitch- erin that the Soviet Union would be compelled to take action against per- sons arriving in Russia without per- mission and especially against, the ship's officers responsible for this traf- fic was issued by the forgers as a threat of the Soviet Union to take rep- risals “in particular against ex-of- ficers.” Twisted Stories, The same forgers, in reporting upon events at the Polish-Lithuanian fron, tier, put instead of Poland the Soviet Union. That is to say, they did not report that Poland was mobilizing against Lithuania, but that the Soviet Union was sending troops to the Pol- ish frontier. The latest inventions concerning al- leged insurrections in the Soviet Union, arrest of persons guilty of at- tempts upon Soviet leaders, etc., have as their object the covering up of the preparations for an attack on Lithua- nia. The worth of these inventions may be judged by the fact’ that even Miliukoy has issued a wartfing against sianders issued from Riga and Stock- holm, HONOR ROLL OF WORKERS AIDING PRESS Organ- {surplus in the Georgia banks and over resumed at mine No. 7 of the POVERTY DRIVES MOTHER AND FOUR YOUNG TO DEATH WITH THEY | ,CONDUCTED - BY TH, Husband Can’t Support|FRENGH COMMUNIST YOUTH Family on Wages (Special to The Daily Worker) SAN FRANCISCO, Sept. 7—Crushed by poverty and hunger and with evic- tion from their modest home staring them in the face, Mrs, Edna Fuller, 39, gave up the struggle here today when she huddled her five children ranging from 2 to 11 years into one room, locked the door and windows and turned on the gas, Her Husband Returns, When Otto Fuller, 40, the husband and father, a night watchman, re- turned to his home he found his wife and four of the children dead. Win- field, 11, was found barely alive. He was rushed to the University of Cali- fornia Hospital, where physicians are endeavoring to save his life. Fuller has offered his own blood for a trans- fusion operation that may be neces- sary. Struggling With Poverty. The family had been struggling with poverty for months, Fuller told police, and he believes his wife be- came temporarily deranged when she resorted to her desperate act. A Diti- ful story of privation and misery was told by Fuller. He said I#s monthly salary was $65 a month, $35 for Rent. “Thirty-five of this,” he said, “went for rent and on the remaining $30 the family for months had gotten along as best they could. “It was agony for me to see them suffer so,” he told officers, He was frantic with grief and was on the edge of collapse. Charge Bankers’ Trust Officers With Larceny ATLANTA, Ga., Sept. 7.—Fifteen in- dictments, ten of which charge lar- ceny after trust, three a misdemeanor and one another felony, were returned by the grand jury investigating the case of President W. D. Manley and other officers of the now, defunct Bankers’ Trust Co. of this city. When the trust company collapsed it caused also the closing of over 100 banks, most of them in -Georgia, Florida and Alabama, Over $20,000,- 000 was lost in deposits, capital and $10,500,000 in Florida. More than 110,- 000 depositors had their entire life’s savings swept away. The defendants are under $16,000 apiece in bonds. An attempt has just been defeated to have Manley de- clared incompetent, and sent to a sanitarium, thus preventing prosecu- tion, Herrin, Ill., Mine Resumes Operations HERRIN, Ill., Sept. 7—For the first time since April 15, last, work has Consolidated Coal Company of St, Louis, which is regarded as the back- yone of Herrin’s coal industry. The nine employes about 700 men. The Sobby Dick mine announced it would start immediately. SUPPORT FIGHT AGAINST NEW BOSS OFFENSIVE “PARTS, France (By Mail) — It is only the Communist Party here which is carrying on a consistent and sincere fight against the government of Poincare, Briand and Herriot, just as it did against the not much less reactionary governments of the smashed left bloc, The Young Communist League of course is helping the party carry on its fight against the new indirect taxes, the transferring of state monop- olies to private exploitation, the con- tinuance of the wars in Morocco and Syria, the wholesale dismissals of the government employes and reductions in their salaries, the prepared Dawes plan for France which also has the sanction of socialists like Paul Bon- cour and Philip Snowden, the new in- flation of the franc, etc, In this situation the most impor- tant slogans raised by the party are: The nationalization of the banks, the confiscation of the rich, the state mo- noply of foreign trade with workers’ control, the cancellation of the inter- national debts, the dissolution of the chamber (parliament) which was elected against Poincare and is now supporting him, and for a workers’ and farmers’ government, At the same time the Young Com- munist League also issued a stirring call to the young workers, peasants and soldiers to organize their defense against the offensive of the capital- ists, calling especially on the boys on the army and navy to fight for their right to organize themselves and read the workers’ press and telling them: “Don’t shoot on the workers when they are on strike! Don't let your- self be used as strikebreakers! Fras ternize with the toiling masses in their struggle against oppression! Fraternize with the peoples of Mor- occo and Syria.” POST OFFICE RETURNS WORKERS PARTY MAIL IT PRESERVED 2 YEARS By just now returning to national headquarters in Chicago a letter sent August 7, Nineteen Hundred Twenty-four to Wm. Johnston, 11 North Square, Boston, Mass., the United States postoffice has some- what further demonstrated its inca- pacity and inefficiency. Both the address of the sender and that to which the letter was intended to travel are even now, after two years in the mails, plainly legible on the envelope, as is also the dated postmark. But before the government of Morgan and Rockefeller got around to deliver it, Johnston had moved. The envelope contained material for the Foster-Gitlow presidential campaign in 1924, Co-operative Section This department will appear In every Monday’s issue of the The DAILY WORKER. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. By JOHN HAMILTON. CHAPTER IV. The Rochdale Pioneers and Their System. T is of interest to note why revolutionary trade unionism and chartism collapsed. nomic conditions bred intense competition amongst the workers. The early trade union movement failed mainly because eco- Chartism mainly failed because it had no organized industrial strength of the workers to support it. The seed of the pioneers eventua lly took root and bore fruit, for the Rochdale Pioneers’ store in 1844 saw the beginnings of a movement destined to have a great effect on the working class, not only in Britain, but over the whole world. much greater success abroad. Alexander Campbell and. His Pioneer Efforts. Alexander Campbell claimed to be the first propounder, in 1822, of the theory that profits, since they repre- sented a surplus charged to the cus- tomers over the actual cost of the goods, should be distributed to the purchasers after the books had been periodically balanced. He had lectur- ed in Rochdale, and was consulted by the pioneers when their famous Equit- able Society was being formed, Other societies preceded Rochdale by paying dividend on purchases; e.g., The Meltham Mills Society, near Hud- | dersfield, established 1827, and the| Lennoxtown Society, 1812. Charles Howarth, who explained this idea to the Rochdale weavers, made it the recognized system of profit distribu- tion in Co-operative Societies, and the success of the system in Rochdale gave it new impetus and made possi- ble the growth of the movement. The Rochdale System, The system adopted was “that the profits made by sales should be divid- 1 among all members who made pur- chases in proportion tothe amount In some instances, indeed, the movement has developed with they spen The initial capital was £1 apiece, subscribed, in weekly sub- scriptions of 2d., by the 28 trade un- ionists, chartists and Owenite social- ists who formed the original members, Owen's teachings can be plainly noted in the aims of the society, for these in- cluded, besides the establishment of a store for the sale of food, “the build- ing, purchasing, or erecting a number of houses, in which these members, desiring to assist each other in im- proving their domestic and social con- dition, may reside; the manufacture of articles, or purchase or rent of land, in order to employ members who were out of work or underpaid;” and fur- ther, “that as soon as practicable this | society shall proceed to arrange the powers of production, distribution, ed- veation, and government; or, in other words to establish a self-supporting home colony of united interests, or as- sist other societies in establishing such colonies,” Many industrial districts followed the Rochdale example. The purchase in bulk and co-operative distribution of food and other essential commodi- ties were plainly perceived by the gg - girs corte arms ete are no Sas ror Young Workers ee of New York to Hold Youth Meet on Sept. 10 NEW YORK, Sept. 7.—The New York Young Workers’ League will cel- ebrate the 12th annual international youth day with a big mass meeting and concert in Central Opera House on Friday, Sept. 10. Comrade Love- stone, member of the central execu-* tive of the Workers (Communist) Party; Sam Darcy, national secretary of the Young Workers’ League; Ben Gold, manager of the Joint Board of the Furriers’ Union, besides other prominent speakers, will address the meeting, The Young Workers’ League of America is rallying the young work- ers and students for a militant strug+ gle against preparations for war. In New York City the league is arrang- ing a series of open-air meetings thru- out the city. A big open-air demon- stration will take place on Wednesday, Sept. 8, at Union Square Park at 6 p. m., after work. The league wilt wind up the week of Sept. 3 to the 10th by a mass meeting in Central Opera House, Polish Child Describes Situation vite By MANNY MANKIN, ix Young Pioneer, HE government of Pilsudski is try- ing to make the people of Poland believe that they want peace. What Pilsudski really is plotting for is to get control of all the countries around Poland. He is also trying to destroy the mass membership of the Polish (Communist) Party, but the workers and peasants of Poland can see right thru his plans. The more things he does to destroy them, the more mem- they get into the party. The Workers (Communist) Party of Po- land is regarded as illegal by the Pil- sudski government and anyone found with any party literature in their pos- session, the penalty for this crime is from four to ten years at hard labor, There is practically no freedom of press in Poland. If any paper comes out it is either censored or is confis- cated by the Pilsudski regime. All the schools are under Pilsudski, and they are taught whatever the dictator wants them to know. js wie International Youth © */\ Day'Is Celebrated by ' Many Mass Meetings NEW YORK CITY—Sept. 10 at Central Opera House, 67th St. and 3rd avenue. Speakers: Lovestone, Stachel, B. Gold, Don, Frankfeld. BOSTON, Mass.—Sept. 26, Paine Memo= rial Hall, 9 Appleton St. Speakers: Jack tSachel, N. Kay and others. Buffalo, N. Y.—Open air demonstrations (To Be Cointinu 4 on corner of Division and Main Sts., Sept. 7 and 8. |. Greenberg and Benjamin, speakers. PERTH AMBOY, N. J.—!. Y. D. date has bene changed to Sept. 12, 7:30 p. mu at Workers’ Home, 308 Elm St. ST. PAUL, Minn.—Sunday, Sept. 12, at 435 Rice St. The district organizers of the party and Y. W. L. and M. will be speakers. PHILADELPHIA, Pa.—Sept. 11, m. Speakers: Lovestone and Darcy. Parmes NEWS AND COMMENT workers to be an advantage. The de velopment of the trading sida gener- ally submerged the ultimate aims, and the idea of self-supporting colonies faded from the vision of British co- operation, Economic Reasons for Success, The success of the trade union and co-operative. movements after 1850, was due mainly to the enormous eco- nomic development, which, aided by improved means of transport, opened out the interiors of the vast contl- nental markets. Hence increased de- mand for labor-power to produce com- modities, and decreased competition amongst workers, allowing them to or- ganize more effectively. Dives could afford a few more crumbs for Las arus! The repeal of the corn laws in 1846 cheapened food, altho the factory lords signalized their political triumph by a 10 per cent all round reduction in wages, As‘ ‘the more fare-secing of the chartists had previously pointed out, the landlords were not the only enemies of the workers. One of the most important of the factory acta was passed in 1844, and this was fol- lowed by the ten hours’ act in 1847, Legal protection was given to the friendly societies, and to a small ex- tent co-operative societies, in 1846. All this tended to assure the skilled craftsmen of a better standard of life, Real wages mounted steadily and surely upwards, not to decline until the formidable rivalry of Germany and America developed in the eighties, The result was the growth of reform- ism, and organizations based on that tactic—co-operation and trade union- ism, “British labor entered upon a long period of comparative material com- fort and extreme ‘intellectual stagna tion.”