The Daily Worker Newspaper, November 17, 1925, Page 6

preconey meena was cement Page Six THE DAILY WORKER THE DAILY WORKER Published by the DAILY WORKER PUBLISHING “CO. ‘ig W. Washington Blvd., > iii ml. Phone Monroe 4712 SUBSCRIPTION RATES » By mail Tin Chicago only): | By mail (outside of Chicago): $8.00 per year $4.50 six months | $6.00 per vear $3.50 six months $2.50 three months | $2.00 three months Address all mail and make out checks to THE DAILY WORKER, 1113 W. Washington Blvd., Chicago, Illinois J. LOUIS BNGDAHL WILLIAM F. DUNNE MORITZ J. LOEB...... Entered as second-class mail September 21, 19 cago, Ill., under the act of .Editors Business Manager , at the post-office at Chi- h 3, 1879, ‘Advertising rates on applization. | - War Fable Explodes When Sir Phillip Gibbs sat down to pen hisstory “New It Can Be.Told,” he did not tell all. He could not, within the confines of one volume or one hundred. Bit by bit there is coming to light the secret details of the late war, The motives that impelled the nations into the mighty struggle are now.matters of recorded history. The economic struggles, the frantic, building of armaments, the diplomatic ~ intrigues and the, final grim impact of the armies, are known. But. in addition to the deadly roar of cannon, the inferno of liquid fire, the bursting of shells, the whirring of bullets, the poison gas, the airplane projectiles, there were propaganda bombardments against the home population that were relied upon effectively to erush opposition within, The most extray nt fiction, the most ap- palling bare-faced lies were told about the viciousness of the enemy. It was a period wherein the most vile, the lowest and meanest criminals, half-idiots and perjurers rose to places of eminence. Whole staffs of propagandists were hired to concoct tales of frightfulness. In the, United States we had as chief liar George Creel, a cheap <= 290 Denver, Colorado, scribbler,. who attained previous eminence when! he became the kept man of an actress, Miss Blanche Bates, who took | pity on him and married him. No dope fiend ever dreamed more ghastly tales than Mr. Creel put forth as authentic fact... Those who believe all the calumny of the protsituted, publicity agents of Wall Street and religiously repeated and amplified it were patriots. Those who doubted and dared voice their-opinions were pro-German spies and traitors. oy . One particularly obnoxious tale, on the face of it a lie, dealt with the German armies shipping back bodies of their war dead to place them in vats, boil them down so. that: fat for fertilizer and munitions might be obtained from them. Now comes the confession of the real story by ‘the Creel of England, one Brig.-Gen. John V. Chartiers, who bore the euphonious title: chief of the intelligence service of the British army, The story was invented because England was worried. over the attitude of the Chinese during the war. Some foul piece of designed mendacity had to be concocted in order to arouse the Chinese against the central powers. Chartiers was entrusted with the task. For a time he was puzzled. But one day his spies sent him photographs of two cars enroute from the German lines to the German interior. One of them contained dead horses, labelled “cadaver,” the other dead soldiers who were returned for burial. The astute Chartiers simply transferred the label “cadaver” from the dead horse car to the one containing human corpses, making photos of this falsifica- tion and sending it to China, to influence the inhabitants who, have ‘a superstitious reverence for their ancestors and dead people gen- erally. ‘ Chartiers, himself, at a recent banquet in New York, recited this contemptible infamy as a joke. The workers of all countries who. were hounded to prison for daring to doubt the outrageous. lies do not consider it a joke. The | speech will be useful for us in the next.war, when other Creels andj other Chartiers spew forth their venom. Missionary Defense of zivipagd A slimy christian, missionary calling himself D, N. Purnajieff, writing in a stupid religous weekly called. Chrsitian —e airs his | views on Bulgaria in a recent issue. This apostle of ignorance and superstition polluting the minds of Bulgarian people with the ob- scene filth of the so-called holy bible and incidentally serving the imperialist interests subsidizing Zankov,:the monstrous butcher of the working class of that country, tells his version of the-cathedral bombing at Sofia. Like the other capitalist hirelings this clergyman accuses the Communists of the plot to assassinate the king. He says: The conspiracy intended to bury all these (cabinet: members, the king and prominent government functionaries) inthe ruins of the cathedral church, after which they could take possessidn and control of the country and government, Unfortunately for them and fortunately for the country, providence intervened and almost miraculously saved the life of the king. As we should (sic) expect, the arrests were made on a wholesale ba: i. * Under the ruins of the cathedral church scores of people lay |lation of 8,502,572, can prevent legis-| The Constitution and American Ec (Continued from page 1) labor is perpetrated in all its ghastly forms because the constitution up- holds it. Bullets of militarism mow |down women and children and sol }diers in national guard uniforms | burn them alive because the constitu- | tion protects them. Upon the author- }ty cr that doour che outstanding | figures in the vanguard of the labor |movement are jailed for expressions of opinion. There is no nefarious | conspiracy against labor that does jnot re upon the constitution for its | justification, | biberal Deception. | + One of the functions of the liberals |in preserving capitalism is always to bark back to the constitution; to in- sist upon its provisions for the éxer- cise of “pure democracy,” being pre- served. As Lenin so well said, the very concept of anything being “pure” is a bourgeois delusion, an unscientfic term that has nothing whatgover to do with dialectics, Under Me rule here can be no such thing as impar: tial democratie privileges for all. When considering democracy we t view it as the democracy of a -today either as proletarian democracy or capitalist democracy, Nof 6nty liberals, but (who are semi-liberals) also suffer from the illusion of bourgeois democ- racy and actually proclaim the pos- sibility of a gradual growth into so- cialism within the confines of the con- | stitution, Far from upholding any semblance |of democracy’ the one impelling mo- tive of those who created the consti- tution was a hostile distrust of the ability of the people within the thirteen colonies to govern them- selves. It was. so constructed that the government was organized upon the principle of a system of checks jand balances that would prevent the “mob” effectively achieving any bene- fits thru legal channels... Provision was made for a triplicate form of gov- |ernment, comprising the’ legislative, executive and judicial. How ft Works. In the first division of the govern- ment two houses of congress were created, known as the lower house and the upper house. The-house of representatives is supposed to be composed of one representative for each 30,000 population within the states, while the senate is created on the basis of two senators: from each State regardless of population, | Bills originating in the house must pass the Senate before they can be referred to the executive (president) and be- come law. Here is the first check. The senate can override the house. The next division is the executive, The president must-sign all bills, and if, for any reason, he does not desire to accept them he simply vetoes them and sends them back to the house or senate (depending upon their ori- gin) and after the objections are con- sidered the bill may again be voted vote for it. Thus 33 senators, -repre- senting 16% states and a total Popu- lation favored by representatives of country. tives in the senate of less than one- tenth of the population can defeat the desires of representatives of the other nine-tenths. Yet this is the country whose government, boasts that it will not recognize Russia because its gov- ernnment is not democratic, in spite of the known fact that the Soviet sys- tem is a thousand times more demo- “Jeratic than our own much vaunted system. Thé third diyision is the gem of the whole thing. That is the United (Continued from page 1) whatever progress is made in wealth buried. The record of the number of lives lost has now reached two hundred. Then ensues a melange of drivel about desecration of “the house <of god.” He deplores the fact that “a number of leaders of Commun- ism, instigators and promoters of the plot, escaped arrest and found themselves over the frontier of the country.” His report reveals the habitual truckling to capitalist savagery of cbristians,1t also exposes the workings of their disordered minds. His “divine providence” saved the life of the degenerate spawn of royalty who sits upon the throne, but permitted two hundred others to be killed. In the eyes of a missionary what are the lives of two hun- :dved ordinary mortals compared to god’s chosen king? If the Christian god is so all-powerful why did he permit his temple to be destroyed? If god had the power to prevent the destruction of the king, he unquestionably had. the power to prevent the explosion of the bomb. It requires no profound logie to reach the conelusion that it was not the people who. bombed the cathedral who are responsible. but the god who permitted the bomb to explode. Hence the god of the Rey. Furnajieft is proved by his own representative to be a dastardly nmiurderer,--Instead of assailing the representatives of the battered and bleeding working class of Bulgaria he should launch a drive to dethrone god, who, instead of striking dead the bomb plotters chose to permit the murder of others. “he only extennating circumstance must be that god is so busy reotecting the rulers of Europe that he has no time to protect the people. The Communists of Bulgaria, like those of the rest of the world, pare determined to dispense with missionaries, kings and their god. We will put the former to work and dispense with, the latter thru ..doud and irreverent laughter: production is theirs. They point to this fact, and also to the lowering of the standard of living in other coun- tries where capitalism,’ rules from cel- lar to garret. “ee (bat mayor of Rock Island, Illinois, got terribly excited last week when he discovered that a Commun- ist group exists in that city. The mayor heard that they were connect- ed with Moscow. He promised to rid the city of them or die in the attempt. We do not know what kind of squirrel refreshment this executive imbibes, but if he reads the papers he might know that Soviet Russia has 62 mis- sions in various countries studying industrial efficiency. methods, ‘in or- der to apply any improvements they notice to Soviet industry, If they hit Rock Island, it is quite likely that the babbittarian mayor will be on the receiving line with his hand ex- tended right palm “up. “+ & OLAND'S cabinet has resigned. That, government changes cabi- nets in a year oftener than the aver- age citizen changes his underwear. The latest flip-flop was related to the deplorable condition of the Polish zloty. There was something in @ name from the moment Grabski, former Premier was baptized. His fingers itch for everything that is not his, He wanted to use the funds of the ‘ — Get a member ‘tor the Workers Party and a new “subseription ie ees | y A CBRE: MR ome ett Sin ie Bank of Poland to bolster up the ex- change. That functionary refused. Perhaps he is in sofme other politi- clan's group, ThgBot you jwho re- f, Sah upon, but cannot become a law unless | a two-thirds majority of both: houses’ the other 100,000,000. population, of the In other words representa-| © States supreme con f Nine judges, appointed for life by the president of the United States, have the power to declare illegal any law that may be able to get over the barriers existing in the two other divisions. When, for reasons of political expediency ‘in r.sponse to popular clamor, both houses pass a law and the presi- dent signs it, the supreme court can with impunity declare it unconstitu- tional. solutely no appeal. This brief outline, only gives some | suggestion of how the system of checks and balances works, not to furnish political expression to the in- habitants of the coyntry, but actually in order to prevenft,elected represen- tatives passing vrais tat might serve ihe majority of the inhabitants of the country. Constitution Changes. When efforts are’ iiade to change the constitution we again meet with the most flagrant travesty upon de- mocracy, Changes may be initiated | cwo-thicas vote of both houses, but before they become effective they must be ratified by a’two-thirds vote of three-fourths of the states of the union. That means*that the 13 smal- lest states with a population of 5,535,-| 742, could defeat “‘a‘- constitutional amendment that might be endorsed by the other 35 states representing more than 100,000,008, When we di- vide that by the fraction over one- third which would’ result in defeating. the amendment in the given states ‘¢ find that action ‘preventing ratu- cation can be achieved by legislators representing less than 2,000,000 popu- lation. So, in the final analysis we have the spectacle of representatives i a popwation similar to the city of Chicago or less than one-fiftieth of the population, defeating the will of the representatives of all the rest of the 110,000,000 population of this country. Perhaps the socialist apologists of democracy and constitutional methods of achieving, the liberation of the working class will explain to us how long they expect .to, weit to achieve anything worth while. , by constitu- tional means. The, whole thing be- comes still more absurd when one considers the fact that the so-called elected representatives. are, almost totally, selected. by, gets of spoils politicians and that.the, mass of peo- | ple who vote for them have absolutely no choice in their nomination. To siart with, our democratic pre- rogative is exercised,only in voting for candidates chosen by the political machines of the mastet, class. Then, if they are forced, in order to main- tain democratic iMltisions among their canstituency,.a@ vote in the legisla- tive halls for a bill qbnoxious to the capitalist class, the .sxgtem of checks and balances comes Spto. full play to destroy: the bill. Why it!Originated. The origin of the United States con- stitution is not to be, sought for in the realms of miracles. It did not descend from on high,.nor were the men who drafted it impelled by any benevolent motives., The thing was concocted for the immediate purpose of endeavoring to overcome the end- less tariff and- other antagonisms existing between the,thirteen original states. The economic, situation was such, with the interests of the slave owners of Virginia,,Georgia and the Carolinas clashing with. the manufac- turers of the northerp.states, that no dominant economic glass yet existed, so-the constitutional convention, held in secrecy, was at best a compromise between the various groups. The draft was adopted by the con- stitutional convention on September 17, 1787, but it encountered the most determined opposition from every AS WEE SEEIT -:- ByT.J. O'Flaherty | member how saucy Poland was to Soviet Russia, can tél the next dumb- bell who says the Bolshevik govern- ment is a failure, to’ look around~him and see what he cam see. Practically every capitalist géWernment in Eu- rope has time for"nothing else but passing the hat. Soviet Russia is not playing the role of’ beggar. « ole i but not iélist, a few words about The DAILY WORKER. Our paper is not perfect by any means, but it is the only ane workers’ pa- per published in this country in the American languag - Its deficiencies will be gradually, corrected—provided it lives. Communists criticize them- selves as well as‘others. In spite of all our shortcomings, The DAILY WORKER is first, in line when it comes to defe: the workers’ agdinst the coi enemy, and is ever pointing the, way towards the goal of all class-conscious workers— the overthrow of capitalism. i owe DAILY WORKER is up against it. We know that every weasel- brained renegade in the labor move- ment and outside of it will chortle with glee when they réad our tale of woe. But those who laugh last laugh fongest. The salvation of The DAILY WORKER is in the hands of its read- ers. If the workers are convinded what it is serving a useful purpose they will not let it die. We are of the opinion that. they will not. We are convinced that they will answer the premature rtles of the ene- mies of labor by coming to the rescue of their paper, | v it From its decision there is ab- | state, with the exception of Delaware, New Jersey and Georgia. These three states adopted it unanimously, but their legislatures were small in num- ber and were mere cliques, not at all representative of the population. In all other states, where the legislative bodies were larger, it required brib- ery, intimidation and violence to get the required number of votes. For instance Massachusetts adopted it by the narrow margin of 187 to 168; Vir- , 3 to 70; New York, 30 to 27. In evéry state there ensued fierce con- flicts, Rhode Island was the last state to adopt it, after more than two years determined resistance by a vote of 34 to 32. It was literally bludgeoned down the throats of most states. The Bill of Rights. So obnoxious was the constitution when nrst drafted that at the first ses- sion of congress ten amendments were introduced known as the bill of rights. These amendments, beside: the first which is supposed to gui rantee free speech, free press and frei assemblage, were calculated to grant state autonomy to a considerable de- gree. Most people point to the bill of eens as a guarantee for the exercise of free speech, etc. But everyone |knows with what viciousness every semblance of free speech is stifled if it endangers the ruling class. The present situation in the anthracite region of Pennsylvania gives the lie| to the free speech illusion. The miners there do not even enjoy the nominal free speech which exists else- where. As to the masses having an equal opportunity with the ruling class | for spreading their ideas a moment’s consideration will dispel any such no- tion. The capitalist class controls the powerful press and utterances of workers protetsing against their mis- erable conditions are distorted in the most shameful manner in its columns, The best and most centrally located public auditoriums are closed to the workers. We are permitted to exer-| cise our nominal right of free speech in dingy halls available in obscure neighborhoods and at exhorbitant prices. Free assombiage is stifled whenever | there is a crisis that might result in the workers being rallied to deter- mined struggle to remedy their condi- tions. In every manner and in every part of the United States the first’ ar- ticle of the bill of rights, which is the first amendment to the constitu- tion, is a jest as far as workers are concerned. The same thing applies to article |of the | italist government to dwell upon the nageruabis, Ae We 4, which ®ardntees the’ “right of the people” to be secure in their persons and homes ‘from unreasonable search and seizure. How many times, with- in. our own experience, have whole- sale raids been made upon workers’ homes thruout the country, without the slightest pretext of legality? Not merely do the police, the courts, and if necessary, the army, invade and terrorize the homes of the workers, but let the workers dare utilize their alleged right to defend themselves against the vandals of the capitalist class and they are mercilessly crush- ed. The ruling class may appeal to the constitution when their own in- terests are endangered, but let the worker, defending his home, shoot down the uniformed thugs of capital- ism and he soon learns that the in- violability of the home clause in the “basic document of our republic” is not meant for him, Smash the Illusion, Reverence for the constitution only exists in the minds of the dolts in the ranks of the working class who still suffer from the mental asphyxiation administered by the perverters of history .in the public schools, the churches and the kept newspapers. The constitution, wherever it might have been interpreted in the service of the ‘workers, has been torn to shreds by the capitalist-courts, trying to conceal,the diseased blotches upon] the body of the national hag, symbol- ized by the Goddess of Liberty. To appeal to it only evokes boisterous and irreverant laughter from the camp legitimate offspring of the seducers of the national goddess. It is as effective as a savage invoking the aid of his savag® god Mumbo Jumbo. On the day sét aside by the cap- virtues of the constitution we expose it to the workers as the basic docu- ment upon which rests the govern- ment that functions exclusively as the instrument of oppression in the hands of the capitalist class in order to keep the working class in subjec- tion. Furthermore that governmental power can never be wrested from the hands of the* capitalist class within the confines of the constitution, Where Socialists Fail. The oustanding. characteristic of the opportunism of the yellow soeial- ists is that they ignore the nature of the capitalist state (government). Their aims are confined to the limits set by the ruling class. That is one reason why they must remain impo- tent in the class struggle. AMALGAMATED MEMBERS GIVE ‘ OFFICIALS COLD CHICAGO VIC On Friday night, the Amalgamated a general mass meeting for the celebrat TORY CELEBRATION Clothing Workers of Chicago, called ‘ion of the victory in the strike against the International Tailoring Co. and also to consider the recommendation of the joint board to levy a tax of $25 on each member as a reserve fund. About 3,500 members were present. The stage was decorated with flowers and the officials tried their utmost to have a holiday spirit prevail to prepare the members’ minds to accept atmosphere. The officials of Chicago and New York, included President Sidney Hill- man, were the speakers of the eve- ning. Yet none was received with any.great enthusiasm. Manager Sam Levin opened the meeting. Levin Deplores Strike. Speaking of the strike and the co- operation he received from the Chi- cago membership, Levin deplored the fact that the union had a strike, say- ing /that the Amalgamated Clothing Workers is a peaceful organization, settling its differences with the boss- es thru negotiation for the past six years. It had thot that it had suc- ceeded in convincing the employers that labor is a part of the industry and that—‘“We did not wish upon our- selves or on the employers, such a conflict.” Later on he stated the union had to prepare for war in order to have peace, and the preparation for war is—money. Tries to Discredit Strikers. Sidney Rissman, assistant manager of Chicago Joint Board followed. He also spoke about the strike in Chi- cago and the work done in New York giving very little credit to either the strikers or the membership as a whole for the victory. He tried to imply that money, and not the mem- bership, won the strike. Rissman algo spoke upon the mat- ter of the levy of $25, and pointed out that—“Those fools and disrupters who ask*where the money goes to, ought to have the answer by sls time,” William A. Cunnea, attorney for the Amalgamated Clothing ‘Workers ad- dressed the meeting. His speech was pretty much contrary to the speeches by Rissman and Levin, for he pqinted out that it was the solidarity of the membership and the iron will of the strikers which were the major factors that brot about the victory. His speech was received with enthusiasm, Steamroller Motion Thru. Levin then came forth with the pro- posal that the joint board was recom- mending to the meeting that a tax of $25 be levied on each member for a reserve fund. Immediately, from a distant corner, someone moved its adoption, One of the members in the center of the hall got up wer stated this proposition. INTERNATIONAL ORACLE, LIKE ANCIENT DELPHI, AMBIGUOUS AS USUAL SOFIA, Nov. 15.— The report of the league of nations commission, investigating the recent Greco-Bul- garian frontier incident, will be most cautious, according to unoffi- cial forecasts here. The commission will report that the Greek invasion of Bulgarian soil and the attempt to occupy Petrich was unwarranted, it is stat- ed, but it will state that it is im- possible to state which side fired the first shot in the original inci- dent. © It was an artificial he had an amendment to make, Levin refused to recognize him and imme- diately put the tax proposal to a vote, not permitting any questions or discussions, Meeting Gets Levin's Goat. There was a stir of dissent among the members and when the vote was taken, it appeared that the majority were not in favor of the proposal. Levin became very excited, flew into a rage, hammered on the table and declared in steptorian voice that the motion was “passed, and there will be no disruption of this meeting.” He declared that “The tax will be paid,” There is no doubt-but that the offi- cials knew the pulse of membership prior to the meeting, and there is no doubt that they were cautious in or- ganizing their forces, Because at once after the dissendent member had ris- en to introduce an amendment, this organized force were immediately on the job, pointing him out and ready to “square the matter with him.” From what was learned later, the member did not intend to oppose the building of a reserve fund, but mere- ly wished to amend the motion, But the officials seemed to fear any ex- pression at all from the member- ship. ; The finis of the proposal being thus arrived at, President Hillman address- ed the meeting, This closed the vic tory’s célebration. “ Strong) Arm. nape nye it re Pia matin Cy roe a 2 a PIN RAKE cou lucation Week The: ‘revolutionist must first of all consider’the character of the capital- ist, state, dts means of perpetuating itself, and also: understand its basic documents, stitution of the United States is to realize that no revolution is possible that does not shatter the constitution and the government which is based upon it. The bourgeois constitutional gov- ernment with its parliamentary appa- tus, which functions against the will of the majerity of the working class must give way to a unified sys- tem of administration of government, which will ensure the immediate, di- rect participation of the masses in the political lifé-of the country. In- stead of the system of checks and balances, with legislative, executive and judicial counterbalancing each other in order to perpetuate the rule ‘ of the..capitalist class, the govern- ment of the workers must be one that combines the legislative and executive powers under one head. Instead of political units being based upon ‘ter- ritorial divisions, the only systeni that effectively can funetion for’ the working class must be political divis- sions based upon’ the principle of pro- duction, thus connecting the working masses directly with the govern- mental apparatus, In other words, it is the floviet-sys- tem of government only that can fune- tion as a means of emancipation of the working class. instead of the empty bombast of the capitalist apologists for the consti- tution on this day, we expose it as a class intrument, and at the same time raise the call to overthrow the rule of the capitalists maintained by the Gonstitution and establish a work- ers’. and farmers’ government as in Russia. We pledge ourselves to utilize our political power to: Free the class war prisoners, in jail under the consti- tution. Smash the fake justice and equality of the capftalist class! Crush the rule of the bosses! It is only the Workers (Commun- ist) Party that conducts the struggle against the illusions of the capitalists and their servants, the yellow op- portunists, therefore intelligent work- ers should join the Workers Party. *The younger elements among the workers should join the Young Work- ers League, which carries out the struggle for defense of the youth. The children of the workers should be sent to the Young Pioneers of America where their minds may be cleared of the illusions fostered in the public schools, | The organized group which - were there to strong-arm any opposition did not fail in their “duty,” Meyer Berson, an-active-membey. of Local 39, who had devoted himself to the strike, onthe picket. line morning and evening, who as chop chairman, was instrumental in bringing down his shop for the mass picketing and who has been removed from that po- sition and lost his job because he fought for the workers, was met at the door of the hall” by the strong-arm gang. With Berson was B. Goldstein, also of Local 39. Blows came from all sides, and they “wére not struck with naked fists, Dodging did no good, as there were too many. The assaulted men tried to run back into the hall. But the gang had locked the doors. They tried to catch a street car pass- ing, but blows were showered upon them. One of the victims received large wounds on his head. Another’s face was bruised and bleeding. Women were screaming and men shouting to stop the gang. The out- numbered victims rushed into the street and were nearly struck by an automobile, which however, also checked the assault on the escaping members. Many more were hurt whose names were not ascertained. One member got a beating from the gang becausethe was sitting ‘next to the one trying to make_an amend- ment. Rissman Directs Gang. The end of the skirmish found Sid- ney Rissman on the scene directing the gang to scatter and not to see anything, hear anything or know any- thing about’ the incident. 161.4 ence Nels Klan Head After Bribes, © FORT WAYNE, Ind., Noy. 15— Harry McNamara, ku klux klan or- ganizer and advocate of prohibition, who. conducted a number of federal rum aids here, was arrested on the charge “of accepting a $250 bribe | a federal defendant. MeN: 8 ar- rest came after several of the ‘teder- al law defendants had appealed to police for assistance, alleging that the “special federal agent” responsible for their arrest had endeavored to se- cure money from them by a “bribe” plot. To “Punish” Anti-Fascists. ROME, Nov. 15.—Premier Musso- lini’s bill for the punishment of anti- fascist Italians living abroad was ap- proved by his cabinet. It is under- stood that the bill would cancel the citizenship of such Italians and vide for confiscation of their OUR in, Italy. , ' To Erect New Schools }. The Chicago board of education nounced that it will have 4 mentary and five junior hi erected before Oct., 1926, to. ui in the vaees ety To understand the con- | ats