The Daily Worker Newspaper, August 1, 1925, Page 3

| py ities Hive eH a lutlistroioiet FASCISTS USHER IN NEW REIGN OF VIOLENCE Destroy Headquarters of Catholic Clubs PARIS, July 30.—The ordering of an American newspaper correspond- ent from Italy, the attack on Signor Orlando and the smashing up of sev- eral catholic clubs, mark the latest phases of the deterioration of the fas- cist organization. Even papers formerly pro-fascist are now changing their policy despite the immediate risks that a change of front involve. But it is apparent that the power of fascism is on the decline and the trimmers who rode the storm One way are now going to ride it in the opposite direction. Originally Atheists. Tt is evident that Mussolini is un- able to control his forces or else that his entente with the Vatican is im- paired. It should not be forgotten that the original fascist tools of capi- talism, Mussolini included, had no More use for catholicism than they had for masonry, and that the official. alliance with the catholic church was due to the need of such a conserva- tive body to aid the armed forces of fascism in breaking down the work- ing. class. organizations and isolating them from Communist influence. Smashing Things Up. In this period of fascist disintegra- tion the irresponsible elements inthe fascist organization are wreaking vengeance indiscriminately knowing that the day is approaching when their bodies are just as liable as not to decorate lamp posts. American correspondents in Italy are said not to’be at all pleased with the conduct of U. S. ambassador Fletcher. They feel that he has been too willing to carry out the demands of Mussolini in seeking to put a muffler on the correspondents. It is the opinion of those correspondents that a little pressure from the am- bassador would cause Mussolini to think twice before ordering the ex- pulsion of an American reporter. Vatican Criticizes Benito. The officila organ of the vatican ap- peared with a mild criticism of recent fascist violence. Catholic clubs were broken into and the offices of catholic deputies raided. It was learned that the leaders in those atacks were com- missaries of public safety. Not only did the blackshirts destroy ordinary furniture but they burned crucifixes, pictures of the sacred heart and of the pope, The leading papers in Italy have been warned that any further ¢riti- cism of the fascist dictatorship will be severely punished. The general belief is that fascism fears another and More severe crisis than any it has hitherto undergone. Theunis Still Has Hopes. BRUSSELS, July 30.—Still hopeful that the United States would remit that part of the Belgian war debt con- tracted while hostilities were actually in progress, M. Theunis,’ chairman, left the Belgian capital today and with members of the debt commission planned to sail tomorrow on the Olympic for the United States. Our Readers’ Views Strikers Told to Scab To THE DAILY WORKER: I have been a reader of your most interes- ting paper for about one year and it sure has helped me solve my problems in the labor movement. I am not surprised that Johnston of the Machinist Union is going to ex- pei all the memebres that belong to the Workers Party. As long as he can keep the members in darkness his job is safe. In the strike of railroad men in 1920 the ship yards were out on strike in California and drawing strike) benefit, but the leaders told the ship workers to go and take the striking railroad men’s job, and some of them did so. F. Moorhead, Chicago, Ill. Sub—Makes an- Another new other Communi Many S (Continued from page 1) been compelled to allow this pointed question, with all its consequential possibilities, to creep into official print though they shy away from any real answers. Quotations from the article follows: “On All Sid “One hears on all sides: ‘What is the matter with us?’ Why is it that we cannot hold our membership? ‘Why is it that since the birth of the organization more than a million cards have been issued, and after twenty years of effort, we have about 30,000 members (We must insert here that the Bul- letin in which this is published shows per capita payments to the genw.al or- ganization of 11,168 members ivr the month of June-—H. G.) “We must blend our ideals with our material desires. We must offer the ‘working man, even as the A, F, of L. or crap shooting is what you prefer, then your place is in our ranks.” From the above you might think that he appealed only. to the low and degenerate, but watch this: “If any of you are interested in making some- thing of yourself then you have a great chance in the national defense. To our outfit is attached one of the best collections of books that you can find in any club or library. There are some five thousand of them. Besides ;that after one year service in the.na- tional guard you are entitled to enter any military college. The captain, who spoke before, has worked himself up to what he is today. Don’t miss your chance.” Z Workers ‘Starved Into Army. After about half an hour’s worth of picturing the flowery side of soldier's life he contrasted it to the miserable condition of the workers. He said: “If you are out of a job you don’t know where your next meal is coming from. If you do work you work long hours, and in a stuffy room. You ride in crowded subways to work, You have to worry about rent. And if you do work then very likely you are praying that you get a week’s vaca- tion without pay. Look how different it is if you join us.” This is a picture of the worker’s life given by an army officer in an ef- fort to draw some fools into the army. The above is only one of the many means our government is employing in the feverish recruiting efforts. The other day several chorus girls from the Ziegfield Follies dressed, of course, in bathing suits, came out on Times Square and City Hall Square in an effort to vamp some fool young workers into the army. If in addition to the feverish re- eruiting efforts of the government you consider the recent mobilization day, the maneuvers in the Pacific ocean, the increased armaments both of the army and navy, then you realize that there is something doing. Predicts War Soon. Here is how one of the speakers at the above meeting put it: “True,” said he, “a war is possible, even prob- able, but then that is a thing we must always expect. But then you have an advantage also (if you join the army), the others who ‘will be drafted and will be green, while you will be ex- perienced. You know ‘what’ we say is no bunk. Uncle Sam would not al- low us to promise you anything we would not do.” Yes it is bandists, gangsters and strike breakers that the army pre- pares for “peace” time; cannon fod- der for war times, and as the officer put it war must be expected and most likely very soon. The Young Workers’ League and Workers Party with their propaganda might not be able to stop the war, but when the ‘soldiers in the next wai which is going to be much more bloody than the last, will begin to think, then all of the bloody imperial- ists, who are planning that slaughter in order to make more profits, are go- ing to land the same place the Rus- sian czar and capitalists landed, It Does and It Doesn’t AMARILLO, Tex,, July 30.—Slight earth tremors were felt here at 6:17 o'clock this morning. The earth moved slightly, rocking houses, but doing no damage. eee FT. WORTH, Tex., July 30.—The U. S. weather bureau reported today that no reports of earth tremors had been received, a en stake eo nee eee hee Nahant laces al Sed nr RP Ae A seh BULGARIAN WHITE TERROR TO HANG SEVENTEEN ¢ SOFIA, Bulgaria, attorney. "Tee eh IIE CE PN Ne “oem rE GOVERNMENT USES THREAT. GIRLS, PROMISES AND WARNINGS TO RECRUIT NEXT WAR'S VICTIMS By CLARENCE MILLER (Special to The Daily Worker) NEW YORK, July 30.—Several officers of the National Defense with a band of military music to attract a crowd held a street meeting on the lower east side speaking from the top of a military truck. One of the speakers, a lieutenant, offered the following as an incentive to join his “outfit”: “If you want to learn how to shoot in order, say, to become a bandit, or if you like to play poker, we have some experts whose specialty is stud, or maybe billiards, or pretty women,¢——————___________-___.___. ANTI-ZANKOV WORKERS July 30.—Death sentences for seventeen prisoner- workers among whom are Communists, and life terms in prison for six of their companions were demanded of the military court today by the state's ie) S, CHORUS MORE WOOLEN MILLS JOIN WAGE GUT WAR ON TEXTILE WORKERS ONECO, Conn, July 30—Small woolen and worsted mills scattered over Eastern Connecticut and Rhode Island have generally joined the American Woolen Company today in a 10 per cent wage reduction, bringing the number of employes whose wages have ben cut up to 10,000 in this small region. Call N. Y. Workers to United Front Meeting on China and Soviets NEW YORK CITY, July 30.—The conference of labor organizations on the issue of “Hands Off China— Stand by Soviet Russia” which had been called by the Workers Party for August 3 will be representative of the workers of the city. The Kuomin- tang, the people's party‘ of China, which has a large organization in this city, has been invited to be represent- ed at the conference. * The conference will demonstrate its solidarity with the workers of China and will take practical steps to raise funds and tonduct propaganda enlight- ening the workers on the significance of events in China, and especially the danger of a new war which the Im- perialist rivalry in China is creating. All, workers should see that their organization is represented at the con- ference which will be held on Monday, August 3-at Stuyvesant Casino, 142 Second Avenue, New York, 8 p. m. All communications should be ad- dressed—China-Soviet Russia United Front Conference, 108 Bast 14th St., New York, WEST VIRGINIA MINE GUARDS USE POISON GAS ON 35 STRIKERS WASHINGTON, July 30.—Charges that thirty-five strikers had been »gassed by mine guards at mine No. 9 of the Jamison Coal & Coke Com- pany near Farmington, W. Va., were received today by the conciliation bureau of the Labor Department from J. L. Studdard, international representative of the United Mine Workers of America. E DAILY WORKER POLICE ARREST SAN FRANCISCO PARTY SPEAKERS Dolsen and Fleming Wouldn’t “Move On’ SAN FRANCISCO, July 30.—Ap- parently enraged by the success of the local Communists in holding street meetings on the Chinese situa-, tion, the police of this city arrested two local speakers, comrades Dolsen and Fleming, at an open-air meeting they were conducting here. Dolsen had just started to talk when a bystander, evidently a stool- pigeon or “dick”, darted into a cigar store nearby. In a few minutes Officer 829 arrived. He kicked the box out from under Dolsen’s feet and told him to get out. When the speaker pro- tested that the Salvation Army had just held a meeting on the same cor- ner, the cop remarked that had been a religious matter. “Can I talk on religion, then?” asked Dolsen. “No, you can't. Get out!” was the reply. Dolsen then called out to the comrades to sell the literature, that there was no law against that. Irri- tated by his failure to scatter the crowd, the cop then proceeded to grab Dolsen and march him down the street to the police alarm box, a block away, trying by shoving, twisting Dolsen’s arm violently and rough tactics to provoke him into resistance. While waiting at the box for the patrol wagon, Dolsen, noticing Flem- ing standing near, asked him to take the names and addresses of those who had seen the affair. As soon as Fleming started to do this, the offi- cer; brutally grabbed him and put him under arrest, too. The comrades have been bailed out. The preliminary hearing takes place soon. The same charges were placed against both men—that of resisting an officer, of disturbing the peace and of refusing to “move on”. Whether the arrests are part of a general police attack on the local Communists or merely the venting of the personal spleen of the officer mak- ing the arrest remains to be seen. This is the first of such street meet- ings thus disturbed. Paper Mills Follow Woolen Mills Cut in Wage Scale Cut LAWRENCE, Mass., July 30—A wage reduction of 10 per cent went in- to effect Monday in most of the mills of Greater, Lawrence, ‘At the Merrimac Paper Company it was stated that,a 10 per cent cut be- came” effective, this morning: This plant had not made public announce- ment of the cut previously. Two hun- dred are employed. The Methuen Yarn Company, em- ploying thirty, announced that a 10 per cent cut would be made in a short time. MASS TRIAL OF 500 BESSARABIAN PEASANTS BEGUN BEFORE WHITE ROUMANIAN COURT, SPIES ON STAND VIENNA—The great mass trial of Bessarabian peasants accused of par- ticipating in the Tartar-bunar (southern part of Bessarabia) insurrection of the year 1924, is under way. On the benches are 500.defendants, The majority of them do not understand the Roumanian language and therefore the trial will proceed with the aid of interpreters. —+ Two Die in Airplane Crash BRYAN ATHYN, Pa., July 30—Lo- gan R. Black, 22, an aviator, of Wood- mont, Pa, and Roger Bispham, 19, of Philadelphia, are dead today, the result of the airplane in which they were flying crashing 200 feet to the ground. The accident occurred on the Piteairn Aviation Feld here. Both men were socially prominent. The indictment totals 600 pages and it will take sev- eral weeks before the defendants get acquainted with the charges. against them. About 800 witnesses will be called, the majority from the Army Intelli- gence office. New arrests have been carried out in the district of Tilkov in connection with the trial. It will last about two and one-half months. The official press in preparing the ground for the verdict, opened a bit- ter campaign against the defendants and against Soviet Russia; it is being stated that the insurrection is the “doing” of Moscow. A rumor is spread that the govern- ment is in possession of certain mili- tary plans sent from Moscow. The main defendants in. the case are the peasants Ninin and Nikolai Sismon. (Federated Press |loaned to them, ‘This is the story of duction, est while the farmer with full respon- sibility secured only 4.1 per cent for both management and capital. Increase in Gross and Net Income. Gross income from agriculture for the year ended June 30, 1925, amount- ed to $12,136,000,000, a gain of about 7% per cent over the previous year. The increase in expense of operation farm income was slight, The net Income from Farms Gross cash income Food and fuel Total income... Expense of production Net income .... Interest on loans abor of Farmer & family plus taxe Farmers net income ett Net for farmer’s management & capital $ 1,928,000,000 The food and fuel item represents +— food and fuel consumed on the farm|to pay fell slightly from an average of The labor of|6.6 per cent in 1923-24 to §.4 per cent where it is produced. the farmer and his family is charged for at the regular rate for agricultural labor. Farmer Made Four Per Cent. The total capital invested in agricul- ture is estimated by the department at $59,154,000,000 in 1924-25 and at $59,548,000,000. Farm indebtedness amounted to $12,250,000,000 being ap- proximately the same in both years. But the interest farmers were forced AS WE SEEIT -: (Continued from page 1) right into the discussion, while the preacher continued to rant. “He has the right religion like hell,” grunted the catholic. “If he had, do you think he'd be out here in the alley with it, talking to a lot of lousy bums. He'd be in a church, wouldn't he? Did you ever hear a catlik priest standing on 1 chair in the middle of the street making a bloody fool of himself?” ae ee ; heed original interrupter found this addition to his intellectual arsenal too much for his emotions. Wordless- ly, he grasped the new recruit by the hand and they both zigzagged down the street. The preacher descended from his lowly pulpit, grabbed his drum and began to wallop it. A tango was the result. Several liquored christians thereupon took to their feet with effort and kept time with the music. This scene was enacted on the corner of Green and Madison, e. HE Riffians are not retreating no- ticeably. The French victories have turned out to be fictitious just as we surmised. The Riffs are starting a new offensive after saving their harvest. In the meantime Marshal Petain is returning to Francs, and the French government is raiding the of- fices of the Communist Party, in re- taliation for its courageous opposition to the government's war on Morocco. * . HE Fascisti speaker at the Insti- tute of Politics, in Williamstown, Mass., frankly stated that England's Possession of Gibraltar and the Suez * ranean, formed serious threats toltaly’s interests. The Fascist said that peace talk was foolish so long as economic differences existed between nations. This is quite true, but the Fascisti as well as capitalism must go before peace can be realized. eee IR Frederick Maurice of England said that fear was the greatest cause of war. This is only superfi- cially true. The great powers and the little powers fear each other, much the same as rival bootleggers e of war is capitalism, that robber system which lives on the FARMING THE FARMERS IS MORE PROFITABLE THAN FARMING THE PARMS; BANKERS GET THE PROFIT By LELAND OLDS cast up by the department of agriculture. revealing the way the food producers of the country are exploited to feed the huge cities that serve commercial capital, The outside moneylender, who provides the other capital required farmers as the mortgage curse extends, assumes no responsibility for pro- Yet he got 6.4 per cent inter-# canal, both ends of the great Mediter- | Industrial Editor) Farmers get a far lower rate of return for their capital and management combined than they are forced to pay the organized money power for capital the 1924-25 agricultural balance sheet It is the farmers’ annual report, by | showed an increase of $725,000,000 or }14% per cent. It is this increase which has enabled the press to broad- cast propaganda concerning the farm- er’s prosperity. But the following figures from the government’s annual report show that this ggin is based on so poor a condi- tion that it falls far short of placing the farm population even with | game: 1924-25 1923-24 $ 9,777,000,000 $ 8,928,000,000 2,359,000,000 2,360,000,000 8,000,000 12,136,000,000 6,486,000,000 6,363,000,000 5,650,000,000 000,000 784,000,000 808,500,000 2,938,000,000 4,866,000,000 $ 1,184,000,000 last. year, The capital owned by actual farm operators, according to the depart- ment was $46,904,000,000 in 1924-25 and $47,298,000,000 the precedingyear,. Thus the return received by farmers rose from 2.5 per cent in 1923-25 to! 4.1 per cent last year. This income is | all the farmer gets for both manager- ial service and for the use of his capi- tal, By T. J. O'Flaherty surplus values stolen from the work- ers, The Communists are denounced | as prophets of violence, yet it can be easily proved that their program is the only one that leads to universal and lasting peace, because it goes to the root of the causes of war and pro- poses to abolish the cause, which is capitalism. ; oa ORALITY is very much a matter of time and geography like right and wrong. A Christadelphian defended Jehovah of the old testament for or- dering his once favored children of Israel to dispose of their male cap- tives but to keep the virgins for the good of Israel, on the ground that the need for an increase in the population justified the edict. It was admitted that such conduct on his part today would be considered very bad man- ners. In olden days the illegitimate progeny of kings were more numerous than their legal offspring and usually more intelligent. I believe it was one of the Plantaganets of England who said, “A king’s bastard is a house's pride.” IMES have changed and so have morals. Thus we have Mrs. Guine-| veve Sinclair Gould, widow of the} late George J. Gould, under a social} cloud because she lived in France for several years with the deceased mil-| lionaire, while the legal wife lived elsewhere. Mrs. Gould has now mar- ried a Viscount Funsford, which trans- | forms her into a baroness or some- thing of the kind. The Viscount will) transport her to London. American | society is quite curious to know whether British royalty will receive the ex-concubine or not. “ee 'E are not in the least concerned with the morals of those parasites. What we would like to know is, how long are the working class going to let a lot of useless human cattle live on their backs and spend their money in riotous luxury? Gould could afford to support more wives than the Sul- tan of Turkey, but most of the slaves who supplied him with the money to keep them, could not even support one in ordinary decency. This is how the world wags under the capitalist system, which is said by our preach- ers to be the cidatel of morality, re- ligion and justice, the | (© Page Three PULPIT POUNDER | FAILS TO SPEAK AT CHINA MEET Does Not Like Mixed Workingclass Crowd J By L. P. RINDAL’ *vietm LOS ANGELES, Cal., July 18—(BY Mail)—Yesterday a meeting was held at M Art Hall, 233 So, Broadway, to protest against the terrible condl- tions prevailing in China as a result ndless abuses inflicted upon the Chinese people, by the imperialistic powers of a greedy world. This ng was a let-us-all-get-together , in which various labor organ- ions took part. Not the least note- ty was the interest manifested )y representatives of the Kuonlintang of Chine national party) and the Japanese Workers. Association. Our native brothers of color were there also and, therefore, helped to nplete the picture of a healthy, eal proletarian unity, regardless of lor, race, nationality or creed. he speakers announced were: Rey. G. eomley Oxnam, of the church of all nation Coca aha Clinton J. Taft, director A. Emanuel Levin of the Work- ers (Communist) Party, and repres- entatives of the Kuomintang, and the Japanese Workers Association. Church Head Shuns Mixed Crowd The tardiness of the, procedure to start the meeting was partly due to the changeable minds of Rev. Oxnam and his wife, from whom he had to have permission to speak. So free speech does not seem to be popular in that family. We all know that a wo- man has the privilege to chance her mind, but it is generally believed that preachers are men of their word. Rev, Oxnam used to live in China and, therefore, he is more or less familiar with the conditions in that suppressed country. He had promised Director Taft to speak, and even came down to the hall, but he got cold feet after looking at the program. He ob- jected to the parties under whose auspices the meeting was held, and also expressed disapproval of the re- cognition of Soviet Russia. One could hardly expect such a stand of a man who claims to be an all around mixer of nationalities in his “Church of All Nations.” ‘ Intolerance Two years ago, Rev. Oxnam tried to break into the house of “Goslings” (as a liberal.) But did not make it. It that his reason for being intoler- ate today? Comrade Levin ran for the same office this year., And now this “broad-minded” gentleman refuses to speak from the same platform with a “narrow-minded” fellow victim of the same forces that kept Oxnam out from the board of (mis) education two years ago, Comfort Prisoners William Sneiderman (the red-head- ed boy orator) was chairman. He an- nounced that the A, C. L. U. wants to collect old papers and magazines to be sent to the political prisoners. Then his mind flow across the ocean and said: “The A. F. of L. has a long way to travel before it reaches up to English labor in organization.” Class Struggle When the first speaker of the even- ing, representative of the Kuomintang party, took the floor, all hands ap- plauded. “Imperialism must perish from the earth,” he said. After having mentioned Karl Marx, he delved into the class struggle at Shanghai, China. He pointed out in details the demands of labor. “You, workers,” he cried, must force the hand of the govern- nent! Take the soldiers away from anghai! Hands Off China!” (pro- jonged applause), News for President Comrade Levin outlined the Chinese question from the standpoint of the Workers (Communist) Party, He read a “Hands Off China” resolution. It passed unanimously and was directed sont to the President, members of con- gress and to the press, Clinton J. Taft also spoke. He was strongly opposed to the stand taken by Oxnam, Jap Workers Ready “The workers of Japan are willing and ready to stand by the Chinese and Ainerican worsers,” was the ciosing remarks by the Japaneso re- Presentative (long applause), igns of Change in the I. W. W. Show Progress does, something that comes within his every day wants; something real, tau and vital to his existence.” ‘There are thirty-three or four mil- lions of workers yet unorganized. Wo want them, we need them, we must have them. How are we going w keep them? Why cannot we organize them? Does the fault Me witn our selves, in our educational methods, in our job tactics? These are ques- tions that sooner or later we shall have to face.” Only A Real Change Can Help ‘There is little offered in way of an- swer by Marat to his own questions, But if pursued, they lead directly two the fact that the way to build an or- ganization and keep it, is to correct past policy that has vitally and basic: ally interfered with such result. Stop trying to be a political party over the anti-political madness itself an instance of politics that aid capital- ists, and while not being a politica) party as at present and being more of a union than we are-—adopr a friendly attitude of co-operation with thé revolutionary party of the, wors- ers, the Workers (Communist) Party. A Wrong Tactic Get over the idea that the way to organize the unorganized is to disor. ganized the organized, That is, stop dualist attacks upon other unions, be they A. F, of L. or independent, The members of the I. W. W. who are members of other unions because of Job control of such unions, surely have better and more constructive work to do that to try to split off splinters from these unions of little aad {mpo tent groups of “convinced” rebels who take a negative and hostile posi- and a union at the same time, Get | ton toward the existing union, Any- how, the I, W. W. has tried it and it don’t seem to work. % As to how you might keep the work- ers the 1. W. W. might get from among those millions of unorganized, ‘A. Martin of San Pedro suggests along with Marat that something tan gible and material of the workers every day needs must be given them, as well the necessary “blend” of revolutionary education, Martin Why Not Discuss it? “We can see that whenever we call- ed a strike in the mative industry, tne craft unions always sCabbed us out of existence, They got ’a contract and wo were left out in the cold. Let us be prepared and look at things as they are, and not as they should be. “At the international conference held in New Orleans fh'the month ot March, Resolution No.‘i' of the Galve ston branch of 610 was'thtroduced, It read in part as follows: “Whereas some sort of job contro) is necessary to protect our members from petty discrimination, resolved that some form of agreement stipina ting wages and conditions be entered into for a period of one year, with provisions for termination (for cause) on due notice, and be it further resolv- ed that this branch while favoring discussion of this proposition, destres to go on record as opposed to arbitra. tion by imperial arbitrators.” Unions Must Control Jobs— A Good Idea Martin continues—“The resolution was not endorsed by the convention, but it was left open for discusston In our publications. Not having seen any kind of discussion on the contract system, | personally think it we are to be anything more than a propaga: da organization, that something must be done if we want to function as a job organization that will better the lot of the Marine Transport Workers.” One more sign of good sense in the I, W. W. is noted in the Marine Work- er of July 15. It says that the main office of the Marine Transport Wors- ers I, U. No, 510 received the fottow ing cablegram from the ‘Transport Workers’ International propaganda committee of the Red International of labor unions. “Boycott Norwegian ships and ships for Norway tn con nection with Norwegian seamen’s strik M. T. W. Acts Loyal to Class We are happy to say that—true to the declared policy of unity and co operation with other workers’ orga. izations against the capitalist class, the Metal Trade Workers acted splendidly. The Marine Worker telts the story as follows: “The cablegram was read at tne regular business meeting of the Man hatten branch of I, U. No. 510 and much discussion took place tn favor of co-operating with the Norwegian seamen against the ship-owners. Tne following motion was made and carried unanimously: “That cablegram pertaining to Nor wegian Seamen's strike be accepted and that we boycott all ships involved in the strike and that we ask all branches to do likewise.” This is Path to Power This is the attitude and policy that will build the I. W. W.-on the sea as well as elsewhere, but tne policy of religious frenzy, of blind hostility te workers’ organizations, political and economic, is not the policy of winning the unorganized or keeping them, All revolutionary workers will bé. en- encouraged to know what some ele- ments among the I.-W. W, are think: ing straight and acting sensibly, - a A as de