The Daily Worker Newspaper, February 7, 1925, Page 3

MELLON THINKS U.S. SHOULD MAKE LOANS TO RUSSIA By LAURENCE TODD, (Federated Press Staff Correspondent) WASHINGTON, Feb. 5.—Now it is Secretary Mellon, the actual power in the Coolidge cabinet, who is reported to be convinced that American loans must be made to Soviet Russia in or- der that France and Italy and other European nations may be enabled to pay something on their war debts to the American treasury. This is the position that Borah took a long while ago, but which has heen steadily resisted by the big business crowd, Need Soviet Trade. In substance, the new Mellon rea- soning is said to run this way: He wants to collect from the French and Italians and other bankrupt debtors. Their repudiation in fact—whatever their pretense of ultimate purpose to pay up—has a tendency to undermine the credit of world commerce, and to justify the Russian attitude on pre- revolutionary debts of the ezar. In order to collect from France, he must enable France to collect from Germany. The Germans cannot pay unless they develop the Russian mar- ket for their manufactured goods. And Russia cannot buy in sufficient amounts to make Germany a pros- perous industrial country once more, ualess American gold is loaned to the Soviet Union at reasonable rates. Of course, loans running into scores of hundreds of millions cannot be made without much negotiation. Preb- ably a trade treaty, if not outright political recognition, must precede the loans. Borah Hits at Mussolini. Borah, who has just asked Mellon to inform him of the total of Italy's debt to the American treasury, and the steps, if any, thus far taken to collect it, will be pleased to learn that Mellon is discovering that Russia is an essential part of the European economic machine. ‘When Borah and Mellon get into conference on this subject, it is to be ‘expected that Borah will write “bluff” across the face of Mussolini’s latest promise to arrange for payment of the war debt to America, just as he has with the French promises. He sees no possibility of such payment so jong as the Soviet Union remains an ontcast, unable to buy the products of the industrial European countries under reasonable terms of credit. “Are You Going to the Open’ Forum @unday Night? World Oil Market Is Favorable for Soviet Exports (By Rosta News Agency) MOSCOW.—The condition of the world oil market is actually quite fa- vorable for the development of Soviet oil exports, according to a statement of Lomoff, chairman of the Oil syndi- @ate of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in the course of an inter- view with a Rosta correspondent. Lemoff has just returned from a business trip abroad. He further re- marked that he felt sure that the cur- rent year’s exports will be consider- ably larger than the amounts ex- ported during the last pre-war years. The Union of Soviet Socialist Re- publics Oil Syndicate, said Lomoff, ac- tually prefers disposing of Soviet oil products thru the intermediary of such solid oil groups in various coun- tries as do not constitute part of in- ternational oil consortiums; in future, the syndicate proposes to gradually adopt the form of mixed joint-stock companies, acting jointly with the “Arcos, Ltd.,” as is now being done in England and Turkey. Lomoff further referred the large Italian purchases of Soviet crude oil which form about‘one-third of the to- tal yearly consumption of oil products in Italy; to favorable negotiations under way with serious French con- sumers regarding supplies of crude oil for an ensuing period of years; the passing of a contract with Eng- lish interests for the sale this year of 200,000 tons 'of crude oil; the in- crease of oil exports to Germany, and the disposal in other foreign markets of 140,000 tons of crude oil and 120,000 tons of benzine. In conclusion, Lomoff stated that he was optimistic about the develop- ment of Soviet oil export to France. Red Revel Masquerad 1, 37 South Ashland Avenue Corner of Monroe and Madison Sts., February 28, Look for it every day beginning with next Saturday's paper. A series of short sketches on outstanding characters in the American radical and labor movement. Skidmore, Wietling, Sorga, Silvis, Powderly, Parsons, Most, De Leon, Debs, Mitchell, Gompers, St. John, Bill Haywood, Joe Hill, Frank Little and John Reed are some of the interesting personalities in the labor movement that will be treated in this series. > INTELLECTUAL LIFE TH IN SOVIET RUSSIA REMARKABLY ADVANCED, WORKER-INTELLECTUALS ARISE (By T' NEW YORK CITY, Feb. 5.—“It Loge great mistake to think intellectual life dead in Russia,” Michael Gold, former editor of the Liberator, asserts after six months’ visit to Europe, most of which was spent in Russia. Gold lectured to a large audience at the New York Civic Club on con- temporary Russian drama, “Intellectual life was never so alive as now,” he says. “The whole nation is reading, going to the universities and to the theatre. viks are creating the worker-intellec- tual, The univegsities are crowded with young workers and farmers’ sons. I saw thousands of such young people in‘ Moscow studying to be- come doctors—a sight one would nev- er find in America.” Lots of Books and Theaters, Six to ten bookshops to a city block. Gold reports in Moscow. One of the publishing houses published 50,000 books last year, according to the head’s statement to Gold. Three- fourths of thé books were heavy po- litical or technical works and only one-fourth belles lettres. The pub- lishing houses are government trusts. In 1915 there were but 210 theaters in all Russia. In 1920 there were 6,000 exclusive of factory club, peasant and Red army theater groups, says Gold. “The new Russian actors are ath- letes and artists,” declares Gold. “They reflect the energy and hero- ism of the workers and the mechani- cal rhythms of the machines which workers use, The plays are not the old talky intellectual plays, but ev- ery moment is crowded with action. Men solve their problems thru action on the stage as workers solve theirs thru‘ direct action in life.” Drama Has New Forms. Meyerhold is the leader of the new theater in Russia. Painted scenery is eliminated by Meyerhold’s group and structural forms are used. The stage is stripped for action, says Gold, like a steel mill. This new stage has grown out of what existed before in the trenches of war, in factory and peasant plays; crude propaganda plays at first, like the old Christian miracle plays were. “The new intelligentsia,” asserts Gold, “ts close to the workers—is the young workers in universities. They have been thru the civil war and have lost the old Russian psychology of searching for the soul. They think in terms of class and machinery and show the influence of Marx. One of the greatest lies about Russia is that intellectual life is cut off.” The Bolshe- FARM RELIEF 1S SIDETRACKED BY SENATE CHIEFS Republicans Smother All Talk of Relief WASHINGTON, D. C., Feb. 5.—Con- gressional legislation for relief of the farmers was ignored by the republi- can steering committee, which has selected nine measures for action by the senate before March 4. The pres- ent agricultural commission made vague and indefinite recommendations to congress regarding legislative re- lief for the farmers. Coolidge has let it be known, how- ever, that he opposes farm relief le- gislation. The republican leaders in the senate will press the considera- tion of the German commercial treaty- the reorganization of the government- al departments, and the McLean Dill, which authorizes the treasury to re- duce interest rates on governmental loans to railroads on the advice of the interstate commerce commission. The rest of the nine subjects to be considered are: Enlargement of the naval reserve, the civil service re- tirement bill, the McFadden bill al- lowing national banks to establish branches, the Brookhart game refuge bill, the French spoilation claims, and the Wadsworth resolution form a con- stitutional amendment requiring ac- tion on changes in the organic law to be, taken only by state legislatures elected after submission of a pro- posed amendment. The farm relief legislation introduc- ed by Coolidge’s commission, is now being discussed by the senate agri- cultural committee. TWO WORKERS BURNED TO DEATH .-» BY SHOWERS.OF FLAMING OIL NEWARK, Ohio, Feb. 5 —Their bodies showered with a sheet of flaming oll when a large tank in the plant of ‘the pure oll refiner here was ignited by an undetermined cause, Samuel Taulor, 35, and Lee Sommers, 29, were burned to death early today. loss of $10,000. The fire was brought under control with a MORE FLATS BUILT|DIPHTHERIA IS THAN A YEAR AGO, 33 PCT MORE CASH Chicago Apartments In- crease in Number Permits for 1,643. new apartments were issued last month, according to records of Commissioner of Buildings Frank B. Doherty. Altho the number is 692 less than the total of new apartments author- ized in December, it exceeds by 220 the number for which permits were issued during January a year ago. During the last thirteen months 28,932 new apartments and 9,073 new residences have been authorized. Ac- cording to Chief Plan Examiner Ed- ward H. Nordlie, the total, 38,005 new abodes, is unprecedented and is suffi- cient to absorb the city’s annual growth for two years. The amount of money schedyled to be expended in last month's permits was given as $21,007,950 as against $14,117,110 for January a year ago and $22,115,630 for December permits. British Won't Offend Freneh. LONDON, Feb. 6— Great Britain desires to encourage France to pay its debt, but it does not want to of- fend it, it was said in official circles today, when the cabinet met and ad- journed without being able to decide on the text of the note it is prepar- ing. for mission to France. A new draft the note is being pre- pared, SPREADING THRU ALASKAN TOWNS Nome Serum Supply Is Nearly Exhausted NOME, Alaska, Feb. 5.—All Alaska may be gripped by the fearful dip- htheria epidemic, according to Leo- nard Seppella, world’s champion musher, who arrived here today. The towns of Elim and Whitemount- ain have been quarantined, as cases are suspected there and 32 cases are unofficially reported in the village of Shaktoolick, Sepella said. With one more dead and several new cases unofficially reported, Nome today faced its fight against diphtheria with its supply of antitoxin virtually exhausted. The 300,000 units of serum rushed to Nome Monday by dog teams, was almost used. The death of Mrs. R. C. McDowell, 24, wife of a newspaper man, brought the death toll of the camp, to six. Thirty cases, 31 suspects and 100 con- tacts, are now officially reported. McDowell, husband of the dead wo- man, and one of the McDowell chil- dren, have been stricken and were reported critically ill. With final arrangements completed today to rush antitoxin to Nome’s diphtheria sufferers by airplane, it was learned that Roy §. Darling, government employe at Fairbanks and former navy aviator, who will fly the plane to Nome, leaving as soon as the serum arrives from Anchorage, will have no compass or other instru- ments to aid him. He will be for to follow the Yukon river and the coast line from Fairbanks to Nome, Earth Tremors in Norway. OLSO, Norway, Feb. 5.—Fifteen earth tremors, some of considerable violence, accompanied by reverbera- tions and sounds resembling explos- ions, were recorded in southern Nor- way in the last two weeks, according to reports here today. Deep fissures have appeared in the earth at several places. Reports About Dzerjinsky False, MOSCOW-1t is stated authorita- tively that rumors and reports ap- pearing in some foreign papers anent the resignation of Dzerjinsky, the president of the people’s supreme economic council, are absolutely false and void @f any foundation. E DAIL% WORKER SMALL REFUSES TO TAKE STAND ON CHILD LABOR Wisconsin Senate Rati- fies Amendment Len Small, republican governor of Tilinois, has followed the footsteps of his chief, President Coolidge, in re- fusing to actively support the pro- posed federal child labor amendment. Small even refuses to make a state- ment mildly favoring the abolition of child labor, “passing the buck,” to the Illinois state legislature. Small has declared that. when he submits the amendment to the legislature for their ratification or rejection, he will make no recommendation. The fight on the amendment is now centering at Springfield. The Illinois chamber of commerce and the Illinois manufacturers association are con- ducting a vigorous lobby against rati- fication of the amendment, and have spacious headquarters in Springfield. The women’s clubs and other organiz- ations favoring ratification are also working hard for favorable action by the Illinois legislature. Both sides de- clare that Illinois is the key state be- cause of its large industries and its central location. Other state legis- latures are expected to be influenced by Mlinois’ action. Wisconsin Senate Ratifies The Wisconsin state senate, now meeting in Madison, by a vote of 19 to 10 ratified the amendment. The amendment gives congress power to “regulate and. prohibit” child labor. Tt is understood that many members of the Wisconsin assembly favor sub- mitting the amendment to a referen- dum. Lawyers who have investigated the legality of such a procedure in Illinois report that the only legal pro- cedure is to order an advisory refer- endum, which would defer action on the amendement until the next session of the h lature in 1927, This move would be favorable to those who are working against the amendment, as it postpones action for two years. Up tn Indiana The child labor amendment was slated as @ special order of business in the setiate yesterday. It was be- lieved the amendment faced the op- position of conservative farmer sen- ators, a8 wellias those who have been influenced by the lobbying of the manufacturers: Both houses of the Tennessee legis- lature, hayeyrejected the child labor SRG "at i me. children are employed? Hot Fight in New York Declaring that the fight for the pro- posed child, r amendment to the federal constitution has just begun, the New York committee for the ratifi- cation of child labor amendment has ited fetatemen to counteract the effects 6f the publicity of op- Ponents of the child labor measure that it wag dy defeated. John O'Hanlon of the New York state federation of labor says: “The New York State Federation of Labor sincerely believes that the federal child labor amendement will even- tually be ratified by more than 36 states and that states now recorded against the amendment will reverse themselves When the truth gains on and overcomes, as it will, the false- hoods being spread by those who pro- fit and hope to profit from continued debauchery of American childhood. We expect New York state to take rank with Arkansas and California in de- fense of the right of America’s youth to life, liberty and the pursuit of health and education by ratifying the federal amendment in obedience to the platform pledges on which every member of the legislature of 1925 was nominated and elected.” LOOKING FOR A I tried to get a job in Chicago at 116 N. Dearborn St. where the state and federal officers co-operate in lacing the unemployed. Placing— By H. C. DEF NSE OF THE CLASS WAR VICTIMS MANY FAKE TRADE IS FIRST DUTY OF MILITANT LABOR The capitalist prisons of Europe (America has its victims as well) are fight goes on. they try to break down their morale —as they try to break down Saccc and Vanzetti, Mooney, Manko, as they tried to declare Gitlow insane at Sing Sing. The fight for the 25,300 class war prisoners must go on, These revolu- tionists count upon the solidarity of the revolutionists outside. Thru the International Workers’ Aid and the Labor Defense Council this solidarity is being mobilized in the United States. This solidarity, however, is not to be expressed in words and resolutions alone, It must be expres sed in action. The prisoners are suffering—their families are suffering. Many of them are starving and are being dogged from place to place. They are denied employment. The capitalists think that the misery of the families will compel the revolutionists to forsake the revolutionary movement and re- turn to the fold of “good citizens” of their country. But the revolutionists are not made that way. Théir imprisonment only steels their revolutionary determina- tion, and they only long for the day when they may return to the fighting jranks. We must preserve them for their later work. Every revolutionist, every friend and sympathizer do his share in real- izing this task! He must give all support to the In- ternational Workers’ Aid and the La bor Defense Council. The immediate step is to help militantly in making the joint bazaar which has been _ar- ranged by these two organizations a success. This bazaar will take place at the Lyceum, 86th St. and Third Ave., on Feb. 11, 12, 13, and 14. Every eve- ning there will be a fine concert and other entertainment. Saturday night, Feb. 14, there will be a grand costume ball. There will be an Indian magician doing his most subtle tricks. There will be a glassblower and a printing establishment. There will be a Russian booth con- taining most wonderful . hand-woven linens. apd embroidery done by the peasants of the Ukraine. ©” There will be an Italfan spaghetti booth; a German flower booth; a Lithuanian, Finnish, Hungarian booth; a Greek and Armenian pastry and coffee booth. There will be booths with books. kitchen utensils, perfumery, etc. Everybody attending the bazaar will not only be helping along the best cause that he can support today, but at the same time will be able to en- joy himself to the full, Don’t forget that the Freiheit Sing- ing Society, the Finnish Gymnastic jand Choral Societies, the Hungariar }Orchestral and Singing Clubs, the jchildren of the Modern School, a chil- jdren’s orchestra, the Junior groups of the Young Workers’ League, the “Sprachchor” of the Naturfreunde (who will deliver some mass declama- tions), the Drama League and a num- ber of first-class soloists will partici pate. You, can go right from work to the bazaar. There will be a fine cafe- teria, with a chef from one of the best kitchens of the city in charge. So be sure to be there. Don’t come alone—but bring all friends and sym pathizers. Reserve all four dates: February 11, 12, 13 and 14. JOB IN CHICAGO Filmore. the employers have it in for this of- fice. Finally you grow weary waiting for the job that does not come. You yes, placing them all around a big|stroll around to the Busch Agency on room on the second floor. The major-| Randolph St., one of several other ity stand becauge there are few seats. | private employment offices and there They wait there alone or in little|you find many jobs on sale prices sroups for “something to turn up.’ /ranging from $2 to $5 or $10. Here and there the discouraged| All is bustle here and you reflect ones tramp downstairs while the yet |“Now if I only had the price maybe hopeful arrive to take their places. I could get one of these jobs washing Six men andone woman are regu-| dishes or emptying slops and if I was larly employed , waiting for the|iucky, hold it long enough to pay for telephone to ring and bring them | jt.” news of jobs open. Of course it is a tedious business to sit at a desk all day with nothing to do, so they visit at intervals from desk to desk, and ' Mount Etna Is Active ROME, Feb. 5.—Mount Etna was the men smoke cigars. The waiting men are not allowed course, but they watch the attendants active again today. Eruptions may be te” smoke of expected at any time, according to observers experienced in the ways of the Volcano. blow rings and inhale some of the to- bacdb second handed which offers some compensation. To register for a Job you are given an elaborate application form in which you must state what you want to do, your jerience, your last three emplo, hyd nationality and a few other little details about your life's history. mn they file your You wait but no the distribution, Today we ‘have to add its “thank you.” Oth White, Sesser, itl. of it all sinks and hope ek the telephones Chicago industry must have decid- edly taken 4 flop you meditate or else, ot is THANK YOU COMRADE SMITH! OMRADE C. M. SMITH of Coscob, Conn., having read in the DAILY WORKER about the dire need of the miners in southern illinois, sent a bundle of clothing to Ross White, who is in charge of him in which Comrade Ross White thanks him for his splendid show telephone ring, au walt and slowly of class solidarity and the DAILY WORKER takes this opportunity wishing to send funds or elothing should direct it to Ross The immediate needs are funds and shoes and { stockings for children 6 to 12 years of age. ALL clothing is accept- filled with revolutionary workers and peasants; 26,000 workers and peasants who have fought for the working class are now in the dungeons—and their In the United States 32 Communists face prison in Michigan In the prisons they are not left in peace, way, for the capitalists realize that one day they will be free again, and their return to the revolutionary struggle means an increase in the ranks of the enemies of the capitalist system and the capitalist governments, Hence They are tormented in every IS YOUR BRANCH OR ORGANIZATION LISTED BELOW? The national office of the Labor De- fense Council reports the following contributions in the past five days: Seattle branch, L. D. C.—Collection at Lenin Memorial meeting, and dona- tions, $105.00. Tacoma L. D. C,—Collection at Len- in Memorial meeting, $51.60. Detroit Workers Party—-Proceeds of joint entertainment held by Bulgarian, Jugoslay and Roumanian branches, $90.15. Boston—Lettish branch Workers Party, $35.00. Boston—So, Boston Lithuanian W. P. branch, $14.16. Chicago—Douglas Park English branch, $20.00. Chicago—Town of Lake Czecho-Slo- vak branch, $10.00. Chicago—lItalian, 19th ward branch, $10.96. Chicago—N, W. English branch, $6.55. Chicago—Irving Park branch, $4.00. Cleyeland—Jewish branch, W. P., $20.75. Cleveland—South Slavic branch, W. P., $34.60, Bellaire, O.—Czecho-Slovak branch, W. P., $5.00. Pullman, Ill.—Greek branch, $7.05. San Francisco—German branch, W. P., $5.00. Finnish branches of Workers Party, as follows: Diamondville, Wyo.—W. P. branch, $10.00. Hancock, Mich—Ww. P. $12.00. Winlock, Wash—W. P. branch, $10.00. Arlington, $5.00. In addition, the organizations listed below have sent donations for the Michigan defense. Chartiers Valley Central Labor Un- fon, Cannonsburg, Pa., $5.00. 8. D. R.—Flint, Mich, $21.50. L. M. P. 8, No. 14—Haston, $10.00. 5 L. M. P. S. No. 37—Grand Rapids $5.00. 8. R. S. No. 63—Little Falls, N. Y., $5.00. 8. R. S. No, 62—Hammond, 9.00, 8. R. S. No. 64—Nokomis, IIl., $4.00. The above does not include contri- butions from individuals, or funds col- lected on lists by Workers Party branches and members, or readers of Empros, Vilnis, Obrana, Delni&, Lais- ve, Ny Tid, Rovnost Ludu, and Tri- buna Robotnicza. branch, Mass.—W. P. branch, Pa., Ind., Brownsville Open Forum Sunday evening, Feb. 8, Comrade Israel Amter will deliver a lecture on “The White Terror in Europe,” at 1844 Pitkin Ave., Brooklyn. This forum is conducted under the auspices of the Brownsville section committee of the Workers Party. Cleveland Notice CLEVELAND, Ohio, Feb. 5.—A basket party for the benefit of the Young Worker official organ of the Young Workers League will be held Saturday Feb. 7, 8:00 P. M. at the Workers Party office 5927 Buclid Ave. All party members, league members and sympathizers are invited. Mexico Interior Bureau Rejects Request of 1000 Negro Colonists MEXICO CITY, Feb. 5.—The Calles government has rejected the request of a colony of 1000 American Negroes for permission to settle in Mexico, The Negroes proposed to emigrate from the United States in a body and tablish a Negro agricultural colony. e Mexican interior department has tonite a made public the rea- sons foryts action. Singh ise Witness Sick. LONDON—The flness of William C. Hobbs, alleged arch-conspirator in the Sir Hurri Singh blackmail case, caused a postponement today of his trial. His counsel told the court that Hobbs was “very ill” and wanted a speedy trial. received a copy of a letter sent Page Three SCHOOLS ROBBING STUDENT TOILERS Charge Big Fees for Use- less Diplomas By SIDNEY WARREN. (Federated Press Staff Correspondent) VANCOUVER, B. C.— Fake trade schools are filching from unsuspect- ing workers thousands of dollars on promises of teaching them any kind of trade they care to select and giv- ing them a job when their course of instruction is completed. Gold Bricks For Workers. Thruout western Canada there are a number of such schools which prom- ise their victims anything and. give them practically nothing beyond the course of stereotyped” lessons and a gaudy “diploma” which is to serve asthe “Open Sesame” to a big pay job. These schools issue very elabo- rate advertising matter, a glowing prospectus printed in two colors and filled with promise and testimonials from supposedly satisfied and pros- perous students. Workers here are charged $275 for such a course and many of those who have “graduated” from the school and received their “diploma” find that the big pay jobs are in their own imagin- ation only, while the “diploma” as a means of obtaining work as an auto mechanic is the sheerest farce, Graduates in Pearl Diving. Sometime ago one of these schools was closed up by the authorities and it was found that the testimonials from successful students were mainly from relatives and friends of the own- ers with a few paid letters from out- side points. One of the “graduates” of thts trade school has been compelled to earn his living as a “sandwich.man” on the streets here, while another has disillusioned himself of becoming a garage owner at $500 a month and has instead, in the parlance of dish wash- ers, become a “pearl diver.” Insull Takes Over Another Suburban Electric Railway LAPORTE, Ind., Feb. 5.—According to announcement made today, the Chicago Lake Shore and South Bend railway, better known as the South Shore Line, has been acquired by Samuel Insull. Plang for the reorganization of the line and the turning over of the man- agement to the Insull interests are being submitted to the bond holders by a first lien holders’ committee in Cleveland, the final carrying out of proposed plans being contingent on approval by the courts and the public service commission. The line was built in 1907 and operates on its own tracks from South Bend to Kensing- ton, TIL, and trains are run down to town in Chicago on tracks of the IIli- nois Central railroad. Patronize our advertisers. AS WE SEE IT By T. J. FLAHERTY. (Continued from page 1) conflict of interest between capitalist groups. Anyhow there will be no con- scription of capital because capitel runs the government, se TATE after state defeats the child labor amendment. Capitalist de- mocracy is a great institution! Chil- dren can be slowly put to death in in- sanitary mills. Their little bodies may be coined into dollars so that male and female parasites may revel in luxury and idleness. But what of it? We have democracy and we should be content! It is safe to pre- dict that there will never be laws of any real benefit to children passed until the workers consign the capita} ist system to oblivion ees CCORDING to all reports the movement for unity of the Chi- nese people against the plundering imperialists of the west is nearing fruition. The illness of Dr. Sum Yat Sen is very regrettable in view of his steadfast loyalty to the interests of the exploited Chinese masses and his friendly and sympathetic attitude towards Soviet Russia, But even if {Sun Yat Sen dies—as the capitalists sincerely hope—his labors. will scon be crowned with success. The policy of Soviet Russia, today the dominant factor in the Orient, will help China on her feet and conserve her re sources for the use of her own people. what the Russian Trade Unions are doing—and how? Be sure to read in the Fe! issue of the WORKERS MONTHLY: “The Sixth Trade Union Congress of the U.S.S.R.” By Chas. E. Johnson, When you subscribe get this and many tures every month, will fea- ? ¢ : ’ : ’ : ’ ’ ¢ ’ ‘ ‘ ’ : ‘ ; ; ‘ ‘ ? ; : ‘ é é «