The Daily Worker Newspaper, May 5, 1924, Page 4

Page Four THE DAILY WORKER Monday, May 5, 1924 DAWES PLAN T0 MAKE GERMANY VASSAL STATE Communists Denounce Wall Street Control By LOUIS P, LOCHNER (Staff Correspondent of the Fed. Press) BERLIN.—Germany is to become an economic colony of the Entente in tmuch the same manner in which the “republics” of Central America are financial colonies of Wall street, ac- cording to the plan doped out by Gen. Charles G. Dawes and his committee | of experts, who have been determin- ing these months what Germany can and should pay in the way of repara- tlons. And, just as in Central Amert- ca, it is the native worker who, in the} last analysis, is footing the bill, so, tao, the workers of Germany will pay tor the damages caused by the old im- perial regime. Workers Will Pay. To understand what the probable adoption of the Dawes committee re- port by the German government ineans, it is of the utmost importance that one recall the recent joint ses- sion of the industrialists and employ- ers’ federations of Germany at Ber- lin, on March 27. Their public meet- ing was preceded by a secret session, at which, it now leaks out, the chair- man, Dr. Kurt Sorge of the Krupp con- cern, made the following statement: “In principle the fulfillment policy of Wirth was correct. But Wirth’s home policy was wrong. We, too, must stand for the fulfillment policy, but only under certain conditions. These condtions are the following: The political influence of the work- ers’ trade unions must disappear en- tirely. The federal government must under no conditons deal henceforth with the unions. The eight-hour day Must be struck off the statute books. Collective bargaining on the part of diferent unions must be prevented and the government’s right to arbi- trate in labor disputes diminished. “All undertakings of the state, es- Decially the federal railways, must be turned over to private capital. Ger- man industry is ready to make sacri- fices only then, if these conditions are absolutely accepted. It can turn its attention to foreign questions only if it ts certain that the domestic policy is absolutely clear.” Privately Owned Railroads. The Dawes report fills in beautiful- ly with this plan. First and foremost, the long cherished dream of the indus- trialists will come true and the rail- Ways will go over into private owner- eal HUGE ST. PAUL CONVENTION WITH THOUSANDS OF DELEGATES SEEN BY ORGAN OF ILLINOIS MINERS SPRINGFIELD, Il, May 4.—The Illinois Miner, official organ of District 12, United Mine Workers, predicts a successful convention of between 5,000 and 10,000 delegates at St. Paul on June 17, where the national Farmer-Labor movement will meet to name presidential and vice-presidential candidates. “The prospects for launching 1 successful Farmer-Labor party at the June 17 convention at St. Paul grows brighter,” says the Illinois Miner in a page one edi- torial. “Despite the warnings of the heads of various labor internationals, the prospects are that between five and ten thousand delegates will attend. Actors’ Lockout Nears. NEW YORK.—The union-breaking organization of theatrical managers is split wide open, while the Actors’ Equity Association, American Feder- ation of Labor, is united to the last member. These are the lines of battle drawn up for the lockout in American theatres, June 1. ILLINOIS STATE FARMER-LABOR CONVENTION CALLED FOR MAY 18TH By ARNE SWABECK. District Organizer, Workers Party, District No. 8. Following the example of the state of Illinois, the Mlinois workers and farmers are now pendent political action. moving forward towards inde- A convention composed of farmer- labor groups will be held in Peoria, Ill., May 18th, and a call issued in the name of the Provisional Committee composed of well known labor representatives all over the state has gone out. to jew wage scale. local unions, farmers’ organizations and other working class bodies, as well as political groups in the state of Illinois. All have been invited without qualifications or conditions to partici- pate in this convention. Those who refuse to take part no matter for what reason will have to take the responsibility for any con- tinued disunity of the forces of the farmers and workers. Such unity of all the forces of the ee eee Cae farmers and workers is sorely needed, as the masses by their lack of politi- cal unity have been powerless in the face of the united forces of the em- ploying class. Throughout the state, the basic manufacturing industries are operated on the “Open Shop” Plan with injunc- tions being used against any attempt to organize the workers. Injunctions have become an everyday occurrence against labor unions striking to bet- ter their conditions. While Governor Small in an effort to line up the labor vote has dangled the bait of anti-injunction legisla- tion before the workers, yet in view of his past record, it immedately be- comes clear that this is only lip serv- ice against the injunction and as long as the old Capitalist Parties are used by men professing to be friendly to the workers, it is the capitalistic class which will dictate to and lay down the program for these men to follow. Governor Small has always been a warm supporter of capitalism, and its effort to crush the resisitance of the workers, and to support him means to support the existing capitalist regime. During Governor Small’s adminis- ship. It matters relatively little that tration the republican and democratic La-majority. of the stock is to be na- Politicians united to defeat the Wom- tional property—the main thing from|an’s eight hour law. During his re- the industrialists’ point of view is that|zime the Lunden-Thompson combina- @ big step is taken in the direction of|tion in Chicago, created the Dailey wiping out such beginnings of social-| Commission for no other purpose than ization as have existed. Secondly, the Dawes committee in mo sense intimate that the French troops of occupation are to be with- drawn from the Rhine and Ruhr val- leys. They are to be left there, where- as the management of industry is to be turned back to the German owners. The German workers are exceedingly apprehensive that this merely means that the industrial overlords will have the French army on hand as a conven- fent instrument for stopping “disord- ers” in case the German workers are unwilling to give up the eight-hour day and the principles of collective bargaining. Germany Mortgaged. Thirdly, Germany is to be weighted @own with an enormous load of obli- gations in the way of reparation pay- ments. These obligations are to be met partly by indirect taxation, and Partly by a first mortgage of 10 per gent to be placed upon German indus- trlalists, like the industrial barons of other countries, have always managed to throw a large part of_their burd- ns upon those who work for them, by holding them down to starvation Wages and by increasing their work- ing hours, and there is no reason to hope that they will change their tac-| ties this time. On the contrary, their pronouncement of March 27, quoted above leads one to infer the very op- Dasite. Socialists For Dawes. ‘The reception of the Dawes report by the working class press is interest- ing. The “Rote Fahne,” organ of the Communist party, calls it “the war plan of German industry,” and insists that it will mean the enslavement of the working class. The “Vorwaerts,” ergan of the Socialists party, contends that the acceptance of the Dawes pro- to persecute and help destroy the ex- isting labor unions, while simultane- ously strike breakers were given po- lice protection on construction jobs. Some labor leaders in spite of his ef- fort to crush the workers are openly out boosting for Small. Others, mas- querading as progressives @re doing everything in their power to nullify the formation of a real workers move- ment. As a result of this situation the employers are in control and are using every agency of the government to enrich themselves. The old par- ties are both alike in everything but name. They are “Tea Pot Domers” both in Springfield and in Washing- ton. The gang in Springfield have stolen millions of dollars out of the state treasury. The gang in Washington have sold out to the oil crooks, air- craft company’s bootleggers and any one else who has the money. Today it is necessary to make a new deal. The issue of supreme importance is for the workers and farmers to take up an aggressive struggle against the corrupt capitalist government, not only at the polls in the coming No- vember elections, but a continuous struggle for the improvement of their conditions and for, the final doing away with exploitation and to elim- inate poverty. The Convention in Peoria on May 18th, has been called for the purpose of swinging the State of Illinois into line for the National United Farmer- Labor Campaign at the elections in November, 1924. This convention will elect representatives for the June 17 Convention at St. Paul, at which a National Platform will be adopted and Presidential Candidates named. The Peoria convention will also nominate a ticket for the coming state elec- tions and organize for a monster cam- Posals by Germany would mean the in-|Paign on a Class Farmer-Labor basis. voking the lesser of two evils, the|The Workers’ Party throughout the Digger evil-being a continuation of the| state of Illinois is lending its full Ruhr fight. While expressing the fear|strength to make the convention a that the demands upon Germany may|success. Every branch of the labor be greater than she can meet, the|movement should be urged to send “Vorwaerts” regards as hopeful the|delegates to the Peoria convention. fact that the economic unity of Ger-| Workers Party members and militant many is to be re-established, so that} Workers in general should support all of Germany, and not merely the|this convention call in their organiza- Rhbine-Ruhbr region, is to carry the|tions and see that delegates are sent, burden. no mater how much strength the re- SOVIET MAY DAY GREETINGS SENT AMALGAMATED Lauds American Union For R. A. 1. C. NEW YORK, May 4—The Amalga- mated Clothing Workers of America is praised for its services to Soviet Russia in a May Day message re- ceived from B. Bograchow, President of the All-Russian Clothing Syndicate. Bograchow was formerly a member of the union in Baltimore and has since risen to the leadership of the Russian Clothing industry. The All-Russian Clothing Syndicate is the state enter- prise in which the RAIC (Russian- American Industrial Corporation) has invested, some 5,000 American work- ers having already loaned money to Russia in this way. The RAIC paid its first dividend last December. Bograchov, in his message to the Amalgamated, reviews the events sub- sequent to the November revolution in Russia when the workers seized the factories." After sketching the work of the union and the industry during the course of the civil war he shows how with the end of the attacks from foreign powers and the inaugura- tion of ‘the NEP (New Economic Policy) the clothing industry under- took its own reconstruction on a solid economic foundation in accordance with the available technical and finan- cial resource and market conditions. Then referring directly to the assist- ance rendered by the American union, he says, U. S. Immigrants’ Work. “The influence of the Amalga- mated on the development of the clothing industry in Russia has been felt from the very moment the Rus- sian needleworkers began to organ- ize the industry. The first inspira- tion to conduct the clothing indus- try in Russia along American lines came from an immigrant group of Amalgamated members. Those comrades imbued with the spirit of the Amalgamated and trained in the Amalgamated methods of struggle, now applied their American experi- ences to the problem of building up the Russian clothing industry.” The Russian tailors, according to Bograchov, will never forget the -atd rendered them by the Amalgamated when it shipped a boatload of ma- chinery for the new clothing industry. 25 Per Cent Production Gain. Bograchoy reports that the clothing industry in Russia is now making very satisfactory headway and is as- sured of a splendid future. He pointed out that the Syndicate expected to pay a higher dividend in the near future, which will, of course;"be re- flected in a payment to the share- holders of the RAIC. The Clothing Syndicate now operates some 34 fac- tories with 18,000 workers. Its total output of goods for the current year will reach over 3,000,000 pieces, an PAINTERS’ STRIKE ON SECOND MONTH IN LOS ANGELES 80 Per Cent Of Bosses Granted Demands (Special to The Daily Worker) LOS ANGELES, May 4.—The painters and paperhangers of Los Angeles are entering the second month of their strike for an increase in wages, Their only demand is $9 a day while all over the country the painters are getting $10, $11 and $12 dollars a day. About 80 per cent of the employers granted the demand. Seven hundred men are working already under the Nearly 500 are registering regularly and receive their strike benefits. Many of the strikers left for the eastern cities where wages and conditions are better and the cost of living is much lower. Many more are withdrawing their small savings and applying for clearance cards to leave the city. Too Fair To Bosses. This strike was ordered by a re- ferendum vote of the members to take place in August of last year. The em- ployers then claimed that they can- not afford to pay a higher wage as their work was figured according to the $8 wage scale. It was the desire for over zealous fairness to the em- ployers that postponed the strike until April the first. The employers were given notice nine months in advance to arrange their business affairs ac- cordingly. Playing fair with the employers is very often unfair to organized labor. The painters are now confronted with the over zealous unfairness of the same employers who pleaded their fairness. Only 80 per cent of the em- ployers granted the demand. The re- maining 20 per cent nearly all of them the big concerns, are stubborn in their insistance on non-union conditions. They are exerting their efforts to en- list the co-operation of the smaller builder and contractor for a prolonged fight against the union. Untrained Scabs Prove Costly. The stubborn employers are suffer- ing heavy losses through the!r un- skilled strike breakers. Tne real me- chanic is too independent to be a scab, The bosses have therefore to borrow help from each othér, but they can not go far with such help. It is only to frighten the strikers by mak- ing them believe that the work is go- ing on as usual. Dissatisfaction is rapidly destroying the bosses’ unity. A break in their ranks already started over the tactics and manner of handling the strike situation, Very important develop- ments are expected in the near future. Miners “Stabilize” Industry By Quitting Closed Down Camps By Barney Mass. BENTON, Ill, May 4—‘Am watch- ing the noon train,” is the remark to be heard in the mining camps here. Particularly is this the case with the young. The old home town seems de- serted and presents a different sight than the case was when the mines were working five to six days per week, Few miners left either go fish- ing and indulge in other pursuits to kill time and make their position somewhat bearable. When asked what he will do in the large city, the miner replies; “Hell, who can stand it here, Would rather be dead than trudge afong as I have been doing it for the past two months.” The miner’s home has been split up, members of the family leaving for different parts of the country, to try and secure other employment in or- der to live. Many will never come back. We find new faces appear when the whistle blows for work. On the other hand we find the mine superintendents and bosses becoming real estate dealers, or opening other kinds of business, when the whistle no longer blows. They are informed in advance and have ample time to make arrangements prior to closing of the mine. The reactionary union offi- increase of 25 per cent over last year. “Higher Learning” Of 34 Methodist Students Stopped DALLAS, Texas, May 4,— Thirty four students of the Southern Metho- dist University who figured in the “wilderness dance” at Savage Lake or|the Workers Party, 1113 W. Washing-| ing cla: helped publish “The Dinkey,” campus cials continue to wear the seats of their pants, sitting in their offices. They are helping Lewis to “stabili the industry,’ at the expense of the miner, \ Students Wanted to Learn Research Work. Students who are interested in learning research work are asked to call at the Research Department of ton Blvd. anytime after school hours, Negroes Killed in Storm. OPELIKA, Ala, May 4.— Four Negroes were Killed in a storm which swept the century hill section of the city early today. More than a dozen homes were wrecked. The fiimsy character of the buts in which these poverty-stricken _ eolored workers lived caused them to @allapse readily. 4 PNT RIO ATEN 8S RO TEEN RLY STUNT actionary elements may have. The milifants are the only elements fighting for a real united farmer-labor movement and they are also the ones who can put it across, How many of your shop-mates read THE DAILY WORKER. Get one of them to subscribe today. Every new subscriber inore: the influence of the DAILY WORKER, scandal sheet, were dismissed today | You will be helping yourself and the by the faculty. Research Department. Nine of the students including four Mourns the Hand That Fed Him. editors of “The Dinkey,” were ex- WASHINGTON, May 4,— When pelled, 25 others who contributed to the outlaw publication or participated | Boss Murphy of Tammany Hall died, in the drunken lake revel were in-| Senator Copeland of New York arose definitely suspended. in the senate and announcad the fact, In addition the faculty discipline | describing the boss as a man of high committee placed 22 students on pro-| character, generous and fine impulses, bation for the remainder of their] and his passing loss to his city, scholastic careers. the state and the nation. ‘ Iron Workers Demand Increase of Wages; Strike Authorized (By The Federated Press) NEW YORK, May 4.—A May Day strike continued until the employers meet their demands has been author- ized by an almost unanimous vote of the International Association of Bridge Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers, local No. 40, New York. The union, with about 2500 workers affected, has requested the Iron league of New York, and the Build- ing Trades Employers’ Association, to grant a raise from $10.50 a day to $12. Helpers getting $7 are asking $8. The union demands have been ignored. A union shop agreement is desired qby the men. They are satisfied to work the present eight hours a day. Union officials claim practically a 100 per cent organization in New York. ILLINOIS CENTRAL WORKERS FIRED TO “Y. M.” MUSIC Entertainments Hand In Hand With Layoffs By D. K. Mintilogli. Not long ago I was employed in a railroad shop of the Illinois Central R. R. Co. There we had two Y. M. C. A. secretaries who gave us all kinds of entertainments every noon hour. One day they had on the pro- gram, lessons on the Bible; then music, volleyball, and so on—all these to make the boys forget their miser- ies, they said. One Monday I remember the Y. M C. A. secretary came around a little sooner than usual, announcing to us that he would have some nice music for the noon of that day and wishing that we all participate. Music First. Too bright looking Italian girls came, one with a violin and the other with an accordion and started to play. All of a sudden the poisonoed air of the shop was filled with the sweet melody of the music. The poor, un- conscious workers who had formed a circle around the musicians were over- enthusiastic; one could see them smil- ing and keeping time. Others hailed, others handclapped and others danced. But the time came that they had to {go to work again. The music stopped, and a tall gray-headed man jumped on a carpenter’s bench—he was the pres- ident of the scab union. “Boys,” he said “give me your at- tention one minute, I have something to announce to you.” All kept quiet. Then Lay Offs. a “On account of it being necessary,” he continued, “for the company to re- trench expenses, there will be a 30 percent reduction of the present op- erating forces, and those who shall re- main will have to work five days a week in order to avoid further lay- offs.” The workers’ happy and smiling faces turned so pale that you thought they had escaped from some cemetery. Only a few class-conscious workers, who were there, becamé happier than before. One pale worker of the mass asked them: “You see we'll be laid off and its terrible. I am in debt, and I don’t know if I can get a job.” “Let it come,” one of our group an- [Swered, smiling. “You don’t care eh! happy!” “I certainly am!” “why?” Makes Them Wake Up. “Because conditions like these will make you wake up and see the injus- tice that’s done to you by the em- ploying class. Yeu never will wake up by our agitation, but you will wake up when these rich beggars force you.” In a few seconds the whistle blew and all of us resumed our work, wait- ing with agony for the hour when we would be thrown out on the streets, Thanks to our modern society, which offers to us everything (including mu- sic free), except bread, homes, and clothing. Says Working Class Quit Church Because Of Wealthy Trustees NEW YORK, May 4.—“The work- have been lost by the churches,” Dr, William N. Guthrie, Episcopalian, admitted in a sermon in New York. “Bourgeois trustees” he @ as the cause. ger is that the “intellectual classes” will also desert the church, he says. You seem so Labor News - - Political and Industrial _ Activities of Workers and Farmers Threatened May Day Rent Strike Suffers Delay The threatened May Day “rent strike” against the greedy northwest side landlords has been delayed until the new leases are exhibited. The pro- posed mass meeting of tenants has al- so been deferred until next week, when the loose organization of groups interested will make up their plan. Some action against the rent-rob- bers’ is essential. Because they are spared disturbance of their happy-hog- heaven for the day, does not mean they should not be attacked. They have feasted on the tenant's lack of organization too long. Renting Workers Always Hit. Most of the families affected by rent-raises are workers’ families. They have no alternative but acceptance of the landlords’ ultimatum; pay the in- crease, or get out; and if they move, it can only be to a less desirable flat or to an equally expensive one. Lessees of rooming-houses are shift- ing about more than ever at this time of the year, with disastrous results to their roomers. One landlady gave her roomers only a day’s notice to move and ‘when one of them could not respond at once because of his work, he returned to find all hs be- longings gone with the rest of the household furnishings. The case of the room-renter is even more desperate than that of the flat- renter, tho it is the worker in both instances who is abused by the pig- gish profit-seekers who own the dwel- lings. Miners Protest The Passage of Johnson Strikebreaking Bill MINERSVILLE, Pa., May 4.—Sever- al hundred miners of this city and vi- cinity gathered together in the Min- er’s hall to wage a protest against the Johnson bill recently passed by con- gress and senate. Comrade A. Jakira, District Organ- izer Workers’ Party, addressed the gathering in English and Russian. Comrade Bimbo, of the Laizve, spoke at length in Lithuanian. He pointed out the significance of the Johnson bill to the American Labor movement and urged that the miners register their protest against the pas- sage of such strike-breaking laws. He concluded his speech by point- ing out the role the DAILY WORK- ER is playing in the class struggle of this country and urged the miners to subscribe to it and to support it in every way possible. Nine new subs were secured. The meeting adopted a strong reso- lution against the Johnson bill and pledged itself to do everything pos- sible to have the bifi annulled. Scab Coal Mine Will Only Hire Submissive Slaves FAIRMONT, W. Va. May 4— Miners seeking work at the plant of the Consolidation Coal Co., the larg- est operator in Northern West Vir- ginia, report that 27 mines of this company have been shut down and will remain idle from three to five years. While the company says they will place all the “good” men in the mines which operate, the particular miners making this report, militants who formerly worked for another company, were unable to get employ- ment. These 27 mines probably em- ployed at the least 5000 men so that the probability of replacing them in other mines is rather slim. The mines in the vicinity of Clarksburg are said to be practically all shut down inde- finitely, the companies claiming the high freight rates make it impossible for them to operate on the union scale. High Rural Death Rate In U. S. Due To Farm Bankruptcy ed Press) new York, May tee ith con- ditions are worse, especially among children, in the country districts of America than in the cities, according to the annual report of scientists of the Rockefeller Foundation. “While the general death rate in the United States has steadily fallen, the decline has been relatively greater for urban than for rural populations,” the report states. “Maternity care and in- fant hygiene are sadly neglected. Hookworm disease, and to a consider- able extent malaria and typhoid fever, are rural problems,... Typhoid is often spread by flies, polluted wells, insanitary dairies and undiscovered The present dan-|carriers. Other communicable dis- eases are disseminated thru the schools, The sanitation of farm- Guthrie proposes religious dances as|houses and premises is defective.” a feature to hold the interest of con- T. Manning for holding such dances in his church, St. Mark’s-in-the-Bou- That the nation-wide bankruptcy gregations. He is in the midst of a/among farmers and the rapid increase bitter controversy with Bishop Wm.|of tenantry prevents the rural popu- lation from improving rural sanitation, the report does not state. Ignorance it puts forward as the chief cause, em ait BUFFALO LABOR JOINS MOVEMENT FOR MASS PARTY Central Body Aiding In State Convention NEW YORK, May 4.—Reports are coming in daily to the office of the Federated Farmer-Labor Party to the effect that the up state cities of New York are active on behalf of the Farmer-Labor Party. The entire union list has been circularized and a large delegation representing local unions, fraternal organizations and farmer granges is expected. The. latest re- port from Buffalo states that the Buf- falo Central Labor Council decided to send a delegate to the state con- vention for the formation of a Labor Party in New York, which is to be held at Schenectady on Sunday, May 18th. All unions in New York City have received credentials and letters and.are ungently requested to take this matter up at their next meeting and see to it that their local elects a delegate immediately. Money is needed to carry on the campaign and to organize the work in order that the state convention may be a success. All organizations are requested to immediately make dona- tions and send same to the Executive Secretary of the Federated Farmer- Labor Party, W. J. Kelly, at 81 East Tenth Street. Craft Policy Aids Scab Publishers In Smashing Printers SPRINGFIELD, 0., May 4— The failure of the crafts’ policy of Gom- pers’ unionism is clearly shown in the case of the printing trades employed by the Crowell Publishing Company. This is the concern that publishes the “Women’s Home Companion,” the “American Magazine,” and “Farm and Fireside.” It is second only to the Cur- tis Publishing Company of “Saturday Evening Post” notoriety in the class of magazine publishers. The pressmen of the company struck a couple of years ago, demand- ing decent wages. Printers and elect- rotypers did not join them, and the strike was lost. Six month ago the printers were practically locked out and at present 40 men are doing the work formerly done by the 22 printers. In spite of the extra expense the company con- tinues to employ scabs in its effort to destroy all unionism in the shop. Electrotypers Get Agreement Just a few months ago the electro- typers also felt their grievances se- verely enough to threaten a strike, but because of previous trouble the com- pany signed a 2-year agreement. “The former union pressmen are scattered; but after six months of strike, with no hope of settlement, the locked-out printers are beginning to realize that Gompers has been leading them up a blind alley to the slaughter pen,” our correspondent writes. “Springfield is largely industrial, and should be a strong union town. The printing trade should have a powerful union, but now it amounts to nothing. Machinists, molders, and the building trades should be well organ- ized. But the rule of action is each for himself and the devil take the hindmost; and Sammy is helping the devil all he can.” Reports like this only emphasize the points the Workers: Party is try- ing to drive into the minds of the workers who have so long followed the benighted Sammy: amalgamate crafts unions into industrial groups and unite for political action in a class Farmer-Labor Party. Starving German Workers With $50 At their last mieeting, the Chicago coppersmiths of local 51, showed their, solidarity with the starving workers of Germany, by donating $50 to help open soup kitchens in Germany. About a month ago the local elected, and sent two delegates to the Con- ference of the Friends of Workers’ Germany. At the last meeting these delegates made their report, and gave a true picture of the conditions under which the German workers exist at the present time, and into which they had been brought by their own money lords and diplomats, as well as by international diplomats and bankers. They pointed out that the tion in Germany is not due to natural causes, as the Russian famine was, for instance, but diplomatic and po+ litical, which is shown by the fact that only one class of people, the works ing class, is affected by the German famine. ‘Therefore, by aiding the starving German workers we are helping our own brothers. The pledge list was passed around and in no time about $25 was cok lected, altho there were hardly twene ty-five members present. A motion was then unanimously carried that additional $26 be donated from the local’s treasury, for the same purpose, aaa he ‘ .