Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, June 12, 1881, Page 4

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For the benefit of our patrons who desire to send single coples of THE TRIBUNE through the mail, we rate of postage: Per Copy. 2 cent Hight and Twelve 1's) Sixteen Page Paper TRIBUNE BRANCIL OFFICES, {TRE CHICAGO TRIBUNE “has established branch officesgpr the receipt of subseripiuns and advertise- ments ds follows: NEW YORK—Room 23 Tritune Building. F.T. MC- FAppex, Manazer. GLASGOW, Scotlund—Allan's American News Agency, 3! Renficli-st LONDON, Enz.—American Exchanze, 419 Strand. Desny ¥F.Gi.11g, Agent. WASHINGYON. SOCIETY M ST. BERNARD COMMANDERY, NO, 3, K. T= Stated Conclave. Wedn ‘evening, June 1 at S prelock. Work on the ‘Templar Order. Visiting Sir Knights are invited. i jo 3.0, DICKH cordially invited. 3.0. DICKERSON GOLDEN RU. Special Communicn sharp. Interesting ASTILAR LODGE, meeting in vier bili, ing, June 14, forhinpurtant work, "Th cordially invited. CHL CKANE, day evel e_ fraternity Secretary. GARDED CITY 1 Stated communication will 0% 3 init. WAR ing, Sune 15, in Orient vite a GIL W. BARNARD, APOLLO COMMANDE@Y, K. ‘T.—Attention, Sir Knights! There will be 1 -pecin} meeting of the Drill Corps of Apollo Co nights Templar, on Monday even. un harp. All the mem- be presont. By urder of de: voted t rs ure expected tu MEG: day evening, dun 12 Las important” werk, welcome. ly order, 1G, BE CHARLES CATLIN, LAFAYETTE CHAPTER NO. 2 It._A. M.Stated ‘Convocation: pronder, e ‘ laa fone ate o'clock, "is! wantons welcome Y ler of eens eke EOS YT Ly Ste He 1. 2 Wa. WM, J. BRYAN, Secrata APOLLO. COMMANDERY NO. 1 KNIGHTS VEMPLAN—There will be no Conclava ‘Tuesday evening, June i. By order of the Eminent Com- mander. ILS. TIFFANY, Recorder. CHICAGO COMMANDERY, NO. 19, KNIGHTS TEMPLAIt—Special Conciave Monday evening, Juno Tatiwo'ciock. “The Urder ut the “Temple will be conferred.” Visiting Sir Knights always welcome. der of HLL POND, E.G Bra AVID GOODMAN, Recorder. CHEVALIER BAYARD COMMANDERY, K. T. Stated Conclave ‘Thursday, June 16 Sp. mi. at th asylum, 1H Twents-second-at. Visiting Knbzhts wel come. ‘Work on the Order of the Temple. By order of the Eminent Commander, RANNEY, Recorder, 9 LANDMARK LODGE, 42 A. F. & A M.— Regular Communication’June Il." Members earnest- Jy requested w be present. Visitors cordially invited. By order of the W. Mt Se te ‘MYRON HARRIS, Secretary, 1881. SUNDAY, JUNE 12, Tue French appear to have encountered a fos in Africa more dangerous and more deadly than the united force of the Kroumir. Typhoid fever is playing havoc among the garrisons at the interior posts, and several have been abandoned because of its preva- lence there. The hospitals are full, and the graves are being filled. The French authori- ties have tried to conceal the real state of affairs. The ravages have been too great, however, and the facts have been made pub- lic in spite of the efforts of the authorities. ‘Tue action of the Buck majority of the Investigating Committee at Albany in ad- journing from day to day, and-seeking every possible pretext for delay, has a suspicions Jook. The Committee must have a *tcoun- sel,” and it pleads for “time.” as if it were on trial, and not Senator Sessions. What is allthis red-tape about? Either Assembly- man Bradley was offered a bribe, or he was not. 1f he was, he should prove it, Sessions clamors for a speedy trial, while his accuser seems to be interested in staving off any further inquiry. It is not so that criminal prosecutiuns are usually conducted. Ir appears that the parties who have been urging ex-Senator Thurman as the Demo- cratic candidate for Governor.of Ohio have been acting without the knowledge or con- sentof Mr. Thurman himself, or the knowl- edge of his most intimate political friends. { Thurman, it is averred, will not, under any circumstances, permit. the use of his name asa candidate, and it is not at all certain that the Buurvon leaders in Ohio would be willing to accept him as their standard-bearer. It is further believed that the Ohio Democrats do not care much about the Governorship, and that they will direct all their energies to securing a niajority in the next Legisla- ture so as to secure the redistricting of the State in the interest of the party. The elec- don of a Demoeratie Governor, they think, would be of little advantage to them; but a gain in Congressmen and the retention or in- crease of their present representation in the Senate is something for which they will fight with all the enerzy of Ohio Democrats. itis incumbent, therefore, on the Mepublic- ans to close up their ranks and to make an active and vigorous campaign. They have excellent candidates for State oflicers. They should have equally excellent candidates for the Legislature. GeEx. Josern E. Jonxsron has been in- terviewed in reference to the strictures on him as a military man made by Jefferson Davis in his recently published work. He «aid he had not read the book, but had read the extracts published in the newspapers and Gen. Sherman’s comments thereon at Iart- ford Thursday night. 1n reference to Davis’ statement that he ought to have taken Wash- ington after the victory at Bull Run, he said it was based on the hue-and-cry raised in the South after the victory, and intimates that Davis is eithor ignorant of the true state of affairs or willfully. misrepresents the facts. To take Washington at that time he declares, ana most people will agree with him, was impossible. Other statements of Davis Johnston pronounces utterly false, particularly that about the sur- render by hffi (Johnston) of -his command to Beauregard. Other parts of the book which refer to hin he pronounces as mis- Jeading, unjust, without foundation, and without justification, except in the ignorance of the author as to matters of which. he professes knowledge. The ex-President of the ; & more definit form. Confedemey will have a very interesting time defending his book. He will not only haveto defend it against the criticisms of Gen. Sherman and other Union Generals, but against the assaults of Gen. Johnston and many who fought for the “Lost Cause.”” Jeff Davis made a mistake in not leaving the book to be published after his death. There are too many of the men whom he writes about alive. THERE was no change of consequence in the Senatorial situation at Albany yesterday. The Administration people expect that on ‘Tuesday they will be able to run up Depew’s vote to 60, and there is a strong probability that Platt may lose some votes, and that before the end of the week he will have dis- appeared asa candidate altogether. The lu- vestigating Committee held a short session yesterday, and listened ‘to’ the story of 2 legislator named Trimble, hailing from New York City, who stated that it had been intimated to him that he would receive $2,500 if he would only cast his vote for Depew, but that he refused to desert the Conkling standard at the suggestion of the tempter, a person named Edwards, a fourth- rate lobbyist, who was initiated into the mys- teries of his calling in the days of Boss Tweed. Edwards has left for parts unknown, and it is said that it will be very convenient for the Conklingites if his absence from Albany should be prolonged. The investi gating part of the business will be pushed vigorously next week, and the examination of Vice-President Arthur,“ Insurance” Smythe, andseveral machine men will add interest to the occasion. The anti-Conkling people were confident of being able to. prove that the money received by the virtuous Bradley came from one of the machine Bosses, and that the whole business wns devised to defeat Depew, and to stem the tide of change from Conkling to the Administration candidates. Tue London Times, which has announced the decadence of the Land League: at least 100 times within the last year, has come to the conelusion that the only means of secur- ing the overthrow of that organization is the adoption of vigorous measures toward those who refuse to be evicted from their holdings without ri ing, and who show contempt for English law as administered In lreland; the adoption, in short, of a sort of Croim- wellian poticy of blood and iron,—and the more blood the better, 1t urges such a policy’ onthe Government,. and bids it not to fear the storm of exceration from the friends of the Irish which will follow. The Thunderer hus.so frequently advised a Cromwellian policy, and its alvice has been sv frequently acted on, and yet the Irish continue to resist. and treat with contempt the Government which -has carried out its policy, that itis surprising it should stick so persistently to that old nostrum. The “stumping out’? poliey has nowhere been experimented on so frequently as in Ireland, and nowhere has its failure been so conspicuous.: ‘Lhe brutal advice of the Times to shoot down the poor peasants who resist expatriation, the confiscation of that which even the Government of the day has declared to be their property, who rather choose to die defending their homes than die in the workhouse or by the roadside, is not awhit less deserving the execration of in- telligent people than are the Nihilistic doc- trines of O’Dynamite Rossa and his demagog associates. ee SEcRETARY WiNnvoM, who was tendered areception by the Union League Club last night, is looked upon in Washington as one of the most promismg men in public life. There is no position that,he would not be equal to discharging with honor to‘himself and to the satisfaction of the people. In the Senate he was always a recognized force. Calm, judicial, and self-possessed in his manners, he still was capable of exhibiting much earnestness in debate. Mis style of oratory is, however, logical rather than im- passioned. It had the merit of lucidity and compactness as was becoming ina body of the high character of the Senate, which pre- sumably could not be intluenced by the ordi- nary arts of the orator. When Senator Windom became Secretary of the Treasury there were many who prophesied that he would not add to his reputation in that-oflice, but he has already shown that their fears were groundless. The refunding of the debt carried on under his direction is a finan- cial achievement which throws even those of the previous Secretary into the shade. In St. Paul there has been much talk of late of Secretary Windom. as a possible candidate for the Presidency. Stranger things have happened than that theso predictions should at some time take When he was nomi- nated at Chicago, he had no votes outside the Minnesota delegation. But he was little known at that time, and had none of the prominence which he will have after he has directed the affairs of the Treasury Depart- ment foreight years under President Gar- If the anti-monopoly agitation should develop ademand for a candidate, none could be found with a clearer record on this sub- ject than Secretary Windom. Ls report on “Transportation Routes to the Seaboard”? first guve form and color to the movement, and he is now, in many respects, the best-in- formed man in the country in'relation to all the abuses complained of and the eflicacy of the various proposed remedies. KINDERGARTEN AND MANUAL TRAIN- ING SCHOOLS, Said Presideit Garfielt in his brief address to the nayal cadets on Friday: “In peace or war the trained man makes his life tell. Without training you are left on the sea of Juck, in which thousands go down where one meets with success. Training, with brain- work, is what will bring success.” We have had occasion repeatedly to refer to the appeal of Charles Francis Adams, Jr., for a radical reform in educational meth- ods, In the April number of Serlimer, Mr. Edward Atkinson makes a power- ful plea for elementary instruction in the mechanic arts in the common schools. During the past week Miss Susan E. Blow, of St. Louis, the chief. apostle of Frovel in this country, with her able assistant, Mrs. Clara Beesen ilubbard, were employed in this city in giving advauced instruction to the teachers of private kindergarten schools. Miss Blow gave lectures on the theory of Frobel, and Mrs. Hubbard made a practical application of the theory through an exposition of the songs and gestures which constitutean important feature of the kindergarten s tem. ‘[hese meetings were largely attended, and a deep interest in thelr purpose was manifested. We present elsewhere an in- teresting communication from Prof. C. M. Woodward, Director of the Manual Training School of the Washington University, St Louis, on the subject of education in the mechanic arts.-- We group these facts for the purpose of showing (1) that there is a decided demand for reform in educational methods, and (2) that this demand is in the direction of practical instruction,—not practical as op- bosed to theoretical instruction, but practical and theoretical instruction combined. We might add that, as a rule, unfortunately, this demand does not come from professional teachers; but this fact need discourage no one, for, since the world began, re- forms have come from without, not from ‘within, the institution to be reformed, It is one of the inevitable effects of routine to produce inertia. Positive evils have to be bomoarded and battered down: negative evils have to be pulled up by the roots and castaside. ‘To the teacher in the common school, the proposition to instruct babies— chiluren from 4 to 7 years —old—ap- pears trivial; and to the college Professor the proposal to erect a machine shop under the windows of the Greelr class-roont is a monstroys inyovation.. But Mr. Atkinson weil asks: ‘What child of rich or poor parentage is the worse for the possession of some degree of manual dexterity? Who can tell when the child is 10 years gid what his position will be at 2027" Ile adds: “Elementary instruction in the intelligent use of the hand itself must precede all at- temps to apply the hand to speeilic trades.” And he thus supports: Prof. Woodward’s theory that the true sysicm is “instruction in the arts for the purpose of construction, and not construction for the purpose of instruc- tion.” In this connection it is well to note the claiin of the kindergartners, drat their sys- tem of instruction, through the gifts, songs, and gestures, cdueates the hands and the eyes atan age when the child is most quick of perception, and that henee the kinder- garten is the first step in the manual training system. The kindersartners claim much more than this for their system. Frébel’s theory is profoundly philosophical, but this is not the place to consider its higher phases. Prof. Woodward’s communication, to which we beg leave to direct special atten- tion, is replete with evidence of the urgent necessity which exists for combining manual with intellectual training in our system of education. “He alludes to the notorlous that “our best men are not cily born,” declares that the fact is not to be accounted for on the ground that itisa question of “pure air, or wholesome food, or good teachers, or evll communications so much as itfs of the proper balance of intellect and. physical training.” And then he show which is undeniable, that the country boy's time is about equally divided between school and intelligent manual labor, while the city is divided into periods ot Intellect- vining and periods of idleness. No more conclusive argument: could be adduced in support of the wisdom of establishing. munual training schools as a part of the city system of public education. Wendell Phillips says: “The diserimina- tion against those who prefer to work with. their hands is very unju: Our system of education helps the literary class to an uu- fair extent when compared with what it affords to those who choose some mechanical pursuit.” And Prof. Woodward quotes a leading practical St. Louisian as saying: “The trades are running out. Through the influence of trades-unions the number of apprentices does not make good the annual loss, and skilled mechautes are becoming less and Jess in number. Isve no way of foster- ing our manufactories and. of giving our boys a chance to acquire mechunical skill exeept through manual training schools.” Mr. Atkinson says: ‘We are training no slmerican craftsmen, and unless we devise better methods than the old and now obsolete apprentice system much of the perfection of our almost automatic mechanism will have been achieved at the cost not only of the manual, but also of the mental, development of our men, Our al- most automatic mills and machine shops will become mental stupefactories.” The system here described will inevitably lead to the creation of actass in the community deseribed by Sir John Lubboek in “Prehistoric Time”: “In fact our criminal population are mere savages, and most of their crimes are but in- judicious and desperate attempts to live as a savage in the midst and at the expense of a civilized community.” In’ these “ men- tal stupefactories” we shall not have even artisans, whereas we should seck by & combination of manual with mental training to produce artists. .As civilization advances there isa growth of esthetic taste, and as artisans are converted, by careful training, into artists, their works will find a market commensurate with their excellence, St. Louis has a manual training school, firmly established, according to Prof. Wood- ward, mainly by the munificence of threo public-spirited citizens. She has had for five years a complete system of kindergarten schools in successful operation in connection with the city public-school system. This establishment owes its existence chictly to the persistent efforts of one person,— Miss Susan E. Blow. It has grown until it numbers sixty schools and 7,000 pupils. It is no longer an experiment: it is a success. Chicago has neither a manual training school nor a public kindergarten, A score of heroic women are struggling valiantly to develop the kindergarten here through the medium of private instruction, with a view ultimately to follow the example of St. Louis inattaching the system to the public schools. But the halflozen men with the necessary public spirit and the requisit means to found a manual training school have not yet been found: Meantime St. Louis is progressing rapidly in education while Chicago is stagnating. ANOTHER TESL OF REPUBLICANISM. France is on the verge of another test of the earnestness and adhesiveness of the new republican spirit of that land. ‘The disagTee- ment of the Assembly.and the Senate—of the Exeeutive branch ot the Government and some of the popular Ieaders—would have been a sufficient provocative tor a resort to the guillotine under the First Republic in France. Now, fortunately, enough progress has been made in true republicanism to sub- nut the issue to the people, and it is to be hoped that popular sovereignty has gained so strong a hold that there will be ready sub- mission to the verdict. What is known as the serutin de liste has brought on the present menace 6f a Govern- mental ertsis.. ‘The influence of Gambetta was strong enough to carry this project through the Assembly, but the Senate, by the close vote of 14S to 14, has refused to give it the parliamentary consideration which is necessary under the Constitution t6 bring the measure to a final verdict, The present practice in France, asin this country, is to elect members of the popular branch of Parliament by districts, or arrondissements asthey are called there. Gambetta originated, and after a desperate struggle carried through the Chainber of Deputies,the scheme for electing the Deputies by departments, which is called the serutin de liste. The difference between the two methoils of elec- tion may be fairly illustrated by the Ameri- can system. ‘Ihe present method of election in Franee—the serutin @arrondissement— eorresponds to the prevailing method in the United States where the various districts elect Congressmen by separate votes. The imethod proposed by Gambetta—the serutin de liste—is the same as if the nineteen Con- gressmen of Illinois were to be clected on a general ticket by the majority vote of the State. In such case, instead of the Illinois delegation being divided between the parties according to the majority in the several dis- tricts, they would all belong to the one party which. should be able to control a majority of all the votes in the State. It can readily be understoad that a ,proposition in this country to elect Congressmen by States, and not by - districts, would create great commotion It is true that the dis- trict plan is not so firmly planted in Fragce as in the United States, but it hasa HE :<CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, JUNE aS & 188I—TWENTY : PAGES. historical precedence contemporaneous with the present Republic, and commands respect and adherence in that proportion. ‘The Chamber of Deputies assented to the pro- posed change; but, now the Senate has re- jected it, the scrutin de Uste will be the jssue In. the approaching election, and Gam- betta’s opponents will have the advantage of taking the vote thereon by separate arron-. digsements ‘or districts, and not by depart- ments or States, ‘The fairest estimate of Gambetta’s motives in urging the serwlin de liste is that which accredits to hin the purpose of undermining the Clericals and the Bonapartists, who are anti-republican at heart, The French aAs- s¢mbly is a very numerous body. "There is one Representative to avout 50,000 inhabit- ants. Each constituency, being of con- tracted numbers, is peculiarly subject to local influences. Wherever the Seeond Em- pire had made adirm lodgment among the people, or wherever the Chureh re! ins and ercisesa powerful influence, there is pr tty stire to be returned a Deputy who has noactive or earnest sympathy with the Republic. It is equally true for the same reason that the individual leaders of one faction or the other exercise greater control oyer the voters by reason of personal wenlth or prestige than is always well fora Re; In other words, men have more influence than principles. The result is, that what is known as the “Right” in the French Parliament—made up of Royalists, Bonapartists, Churchmen, and the other factions which would willingly abandon the Republic—is more numerous and powerful than it would be if the local suffragists were emancipated from their present subjection to local dignita the same. time the Republican Brance has been divided upon’ Gambetta’s project. It iseasy to understand why, Some of the Republicans oppose the scheme on the ground that it is a ardous innovation, Others believe that its success may lead toa dangerous Increase of Gambetta’s powers as a leader, Still others may be governed by selfish motives, because they are abie to con- trol their own districts for themselves and fear they might be dropped out of a general ticket for the department in which their district located. ‘There are numerous Democratic members of Congress in this country who are convineed that there is no hope for their party to obtain control of the National Government, but they nevertheless olution or reorganization, because onably sure of carrying thelr own districts. Some of the Republicans in France ay oppose Gambetta’s scheme for a similar reason. ‘The struggle over this issue before the peo- ple will be hotly contested. Gambetta has great ‘power, but he will be opposed by combination of other Republican leade such as Grévy, Waddington, aid Jules Simon, as well as the Couservatives or anti- Republicans, and it is doubtful whether he ean carry his point. But, whatever the re- suit of the contest may be, it will subject re- publicanism in France toa new ordeal; and if the young Republic shail come out of it without confusion or impairment of its es- sential institutions it will be strenghthened in its hold upon the people and in the esti- mation of other European Governments. _—_——_— CRUELTIES TO DUMB BEASTS. Mr. Edwin Lee Brown, the President of the American Humane Society, delivered a lecture in this city Wednesday last which ought to open the eyes of the people to the scandalous abuses which are practiced in the transportation of live-stock. Mr. Brown has studied the subject for many years. Le is an expert in all that. relates to the suffering of the beast-creation, and the means of pre- venting or ameliorating it. Me is, moreover, an entirely credible witness, {not given to ex- aggeration or overstatement; and what he says may be taken as.a literal statement of the facts—no more and no less, It ts fortu- nate that the charges are preferred by a per- son of his character, for if they depended on the testimony of an unknown witness the community might be disposed to give them little or no credence, and to put them down asthe wild and exaggerated statements of an enthusiast, or atanatic, ora man with a hobby. It will be impossible, however, to dispose in this easy manner of the calm and judicious presentation of the facts which Mr. Brown has made. It haslong veen notorious that the cars in which live-stock is sent to market are shame- fully overcrowded; that facilities for feeding and watering stock, if they exist at all, are ridiculously meggre and inadequate; and that every variety of cruelty is practiced in the stock-yards, Mr. Brown adduces specifi- cations which make each of these abuses ap- pear more real and greater in extent than they did before; he also cites facts within his own knowledge that prove the existonce of other and greater wrongs of which the coin- munity was ignorant. One of the agents of the Society has traveled over all: the routes by which cattle are shipped, and here are some of. the scandalous cruclties inflicted upon the defenseless animals which came under his observation It is no uncommon thing to see from eighteen to twenty hend of large, fat cattle In a car of ht feet long and elght feet wide; and thirty-six to forty-vight cattle, 1 and 2 yeat Also 120 stock hogs In ench deck je-decked car, and from eighty to rge, fat hogs in single-deek cars, where not seem to be stauding-room for ve seen 100 Inrge, fat sheep forced of a double-decked ear in ex- eather. Ihave seen lurge, fat cattle, young calves, and hogs overcrowded in the same car, some of the calves lying down, and hogs eating them while yet _utive! “Lhave seen hundreds of cars with cattle so overloaded that there was hardly standing-room. 1 have: seen ten or twelve trucks and drays from carly jorning until noon hauling away the dead and ippled animals at one stock-yard [the Union Stock-Yards at Chicago} in 1879, and most of them were eaten by the pepple here. 1 buve seen more than 7,00) dead hogs taken from a ule train; dead because of overloading and nfincment day after day in the cars in tho hot weatber, and bundreds more nearly liteless en unloaded! ~The treatment of cattle in is more easily seen than that of hogs; this ses more vomtnent by observers: but f he- lieve thut tho cruelty to hogs generally exceeds that of cattle. ‘This cruelty was attributed by Mr. Brown to greed or the loss of gain on the part, first, of the drover or shipper of the cattle. Rail- roads charge by the car-lond and not by the pound, and hence the idea that the greater number of animals crowded intoacar the greater will be the profit of the shipper. The nextagentsin this work of cruelty are the owners of the “feed-yards,” or what are known as stock-yards, Owners of livestock arecompelled to pay excessive prices for feed, and large prices for the use of the yard; hence, it becomes the interest of the owner of the stock to purchase ag little feel as possible; and they often do not unload the cars, or give the animals the needed rest. Another form of -cruelty is the depriving cattle of water for some. time before reaching the market, and then, just. before sell- ing them, allowing thein to drink all they will, for the purpose of increasing their weight. Theinstruments used as goads are described as infamous in their character and effect. Mr. Brown thus particularized some of these devilish practices. Ie said: But cruel, inbuman, and uncbristian as are many of the practices very common in connec- tion with cattle, they do not even approach in utter devilisb cruelty a practice to increase the thirst of the poor creatures which hus been brought to my notice recently, and which was kept irom the knowledge of our agent. At three or four of the lurge feed-yards between 200 and 30 miles west of Chicayo cuttle are frequently “salted "—i. &., given ail the sult they will eat— by their inhuman masters, and then, without a drop of water, are reshipped for a twelve or twenty-four hours’ run to Chicago. Words of mine are utterly powerless to describe the hor- ag bed,. A Fete ort er of thsusanas of mes ench day in this nineteenth century of our Lord, in tna “civilized,” “Christian,” land! How long shall these things be? ey Among the remedies suggested to prevent these cruelties, Mr, Brown insisted that the railroads should take an active part in the suppression of these practices. The com- mon excuse given by the roads is that If a rond tries to stop the cruelty, und its agents see that the animals have proper rest, food, and water, shippers will abandon that road and ship by some other. ‘The power and in- fluence of the railroads, however, are auch that they can unitedly obtain all the legisla- tion needed to enable them to compel the trafic in cattle to be conducted free of this cruelty. Ifo advocated, also, a Nationat law on the subject. ‘The cattle traflic is National in its character, and 2 proper subject for the interposition of the Government to protect the dumb animals from the brutality of their human owners, ‘There is now no reason why the railroads and shippers should not unite to relieve the country of the disgrace and the shippers of their losses, It is estimated that the value of the cattle lost by the practices of overload- ing the cars, and by denying the animuls proper rest and food, counts up largely among the millions. [1 fact, the shippers lose heavily by their avarice in the destruction of the eattle and in the depreciation of the value of those not killed. . There have been ¢: patente! and now in use which will admit the transportation of animals without involv- ing the loss of either rest, food, or water, and that, too, without seriously reducing the number of cxttle transported in each car. ‘The loss by the mortality which now attends the transportation of live stock would in a véry bried time amount to the cost of supply- ing all the railways with Clark’s patent cars, or the cars of any of the various other pat- ents. Ly the use of these ears the quality of the livestouk would not be lessened or depre- ciated by the travel, no matter what the dis tance; better priees would be obtained by the shippers, and the American people gen- erally would have meat of a quality greatly superior to that with which they are now supplied. —————— THE MEMORY OF A GREAT MAN. In the long list of centennial anniversaries of the events which have taken place during the great century which was inaugarated by the American Revolution, time has brought the one hundredth recurrence of the 9th day of June, on which day in 1781 was born George Stephenson, the father of steam railway transportation. It isa credit to the civiliza- | tin of theage that the busy world has found. time amid the celebration of historical battles by sea and by land, and. the commemoration of heroes and warriors, and explorers and entists, to recall the memory of one of the great men of the century, great because of the services he rendered In the cause of peaceful. labor, production, and commierce. The life of Stephenson is a history of the tritinph of inind,—of « struggle between the intellect and the pride of ighorance and prejudice, ‘This man, whose discoveries and inventions have revolutionized the civiliza- tion of the world, was the son of very poor and humble parents, living in the town of Wylam, near Neweastle, England, in the great colliery district. Ilis father was the foreman of 2 pumping-engine at the colliery, There were six children, and the weekly income of the family was so small that it was literally struggle to find the means to support the family. When old enough he was employed in taking his father’s dinner to the pump. fis next occu- pation was herding cattle, and it was part of his work to close the gates of the trainway over which the coal-wagons were hauled and keep the cattle from the track, At 14 he was made assistant to his father, receiving one shilling a day. Ile made a miniature copy ot the engine at which he worked, and while so engaged discovered the great want to him of even the knowledge how to read or write. t this time he received some instruction at night, and progressed sufliciently to read and master simple arithmetic, Ue worked at yarious collieries as fireman, and in 1799 had the advantage of better instruction, especially in arithmetic. In order to increase his earn- ings, he learned to make and mend shoes and to mend clocks. At21 years of age he was made brakeman of a colliery engine. In 1804 he had charge of an engine in a spiu- ning establishment, and spent.several years employed at various places as fireman or en- gineer, and so unpromising were his pros- peets that his wish to emigrate to America was only defeated by his want of means to doso, A writer thus states his first marked success Long before Stephenson gave anything liko evidence of future greatness Se scored many local trlumphs in the way of mechanical skill and invention, notably in curing an utmos- pheric, or Newcuren, engine at Killingworth Colliery, whieh bad been unable to keep the water in the pit down, working duy and night, for twelve months. When every othor engincer in the North of England had failed ut the work, George, as a mere matter of curiosity, examined the engine, and, when usked his opinion, said if he had his own way he would pump the pit dry ina week and guarantee thet the inen should be at work in that time. Notwithstanding some opposition snecrs, the proprietors intrusted him with the job, and be accomplished it exactly as he said be would. For many years the theory of a locomotive had been discussed, and several machines were constructed and tried, but these inven- tions were all designed to run on common roads, and not upon tracks, In this Stephen- son always differed from the others, he hold- ing that the locomotive and the railway were inseparable. As early as 1815 he had in- vented his first railway machine, and his first works are thus mentioned: It was on Nov, 16, 1822, that George Stephen- son first reaily demonstrated the feasibility of railways. He constructed with the authority of the proprictors of the Hetton Colliery Com-~ pany, a short railway, upon which his first loco- motive made speed of four tmilesan hour, drawing behind ft a weight of sixty-four tons, Many spectators assembled to witness the won- derful sight, and Mr. Edward Peuse, a famous Quaker, was so sntistied with the result that he projected a new lite 2 faw miles above Darling- ton to Stockton-on-Tees, and set about getting the authority of an act of Parliament. to work it, The story of the Stockton & Darlington Ratlway bill is nota greater satire upon the In- telligence of the British Parliament than are the huter historical accounts of the miflway bills in the Ilouse of Commons. Voth Lords and Commoners opposed the idea of railways with mightand main. The enginoers and survey- ors, us they went about their work, were molested by mobs. George Stephenson was ridi- culed and denounced as a maniue, and all those who supported him ns lunatics and fools. ‘The Stockton & Darlington Railway, however, con- structed only for the purpose of bauling’conls, got throngh utter some years with less trouble and expense than the lines which followed... ‘The railway was opened for tratie on the 27th of September, 1825, and George Stephenson had in- duced the’ owners to fet him open it with the locomotive. He drove the engine hiinself and carried ninety tons of nierchandise and 430 pas- sengers, who Intrusted their lives behind his iron horse. It was essentially 2 coal line, and it was estimated that 10,00) tons a year would be hauled upon it to the loont ships as ballast. Very shortly, however, tho statistics showed 50,000 tons n yeur, and what was regarded as 1 mere fuolish whim graduully developed {nto a, greut and profitable institution. Parliament threw out a bill authorizing a railway from Liverpool to Manchester. ‘The whole country protested against it, and the curious objections urged are thusstated: ‘The entire country seems tohave risen against the project, and in Parliamont soine of the great- est lawyers und scientists of the time scoffed at the scheme and snecred at the engineer. George Stephenson, although bantered and worried on all Sides, stood steudfastly by hia project in spite of the declarations that the smoke from the engine would killthe birds and destroy the cattle along the route; that the fields would be ruined; that, even if be was successful, horse- flesh would go out of fashion; people be driven mad by volse and excitement, and, indeed, the active Imaginations of the entire nation seemed to be at work to invent possible horrors that would mark the course of the railway train. After years ot struggle the road was au- thorized, and his biographer states: Jocomo report singly prof ional man ef eminence,” says Smiles, “could be found to coincide with bim in his preference for locamative over tixed engine power, He bud scarcely a stypporter, and the locomotive system seemed on the eve of bping nbandoned, * Nevertheless, Stepbenson perse yered, and finally, under nis persistent asa ances that the locomotive would do gil and more than they could possibly require, they {the Directors) determined to offer & prize of ‘£500 for the best lucomotive engine that on a certain day should fulfill curtain specified cans ditions in the most satisfactory manner, all they usked for ia the way of speed being ten miles an hour sbould be maintuned. It will be remembered that several enxines were entered fur the competition, Braithwaite and Ericsson's Novelty, Mr, ‘Timothy Hark: wvorth’s Sunspareil, George Stephenson & Co.'s itocket, und Mr. Burstall’s: severance. It is too familiar a story. the trial of these engines, It will be. sutlicicnt to but the Tockot broke borge Stephenson's engine belny of theiy primitive ctforts as a utterly, G far in advance sa, down 2 first-class Pennsylvania or Erie locomotive 18 t0- day ahead-of the Rocket. Mr. Stephenson startled the great vrawd prosont to sce the com petition and set tho work! agog with wonder by running his engine easily with heavy loads be- hind at tho rate of thirty-six miles ah bour, aud from that day dates the modern erg of railways. ‘Thus was established, after many years of perseverancs, backed by inteligence and labored study, the great invention which has revolutionized the commerce, if not the social and political history, of the world. The progress of that invention in all’parts of the earth has been astounding. It has been ex~ tended to all parts of the globe, including lands not known at the time when Stephen- son aceomplished his great vietory, and yet there are millions of men now living who were born before that victory took piace, The extent. to which the world has profited by. this invention of George Stephenson may be sven by the following ‘statement of the r: roads in operation throughout the world on the Ist of January, L830: including $6197 miles in the United States, ust in Canada, and 673 in Mex!- co, total mites, Wt; Central America, Inulud- Ing Honduras, Costa Rica, Cuba nama, 1. South America, fi rope, LU mile: including Turke: India, Ceylon, Java, Philippines, and Japan. 9, miles; Africa, including Egypt, Tunis, Alge Cape Colony, Natal, Sinaritius, 2,873 miles; tralia, Queensiund, Vietoria, Tasmuniit, und New Zealand, 4,338 mites. ‘Yhe whole making 3 grand total of -215,S6t miles, Next to the United States, B est number of miles of railway 21,087 mil Great Britain and Ireland, 17,696 iniles; France, 5; Russia, 13,571 miles; and Austria-Hungary, ILavb imiles, ‘These are the only countries having as many ns 10,000 miles of railway. ‘The centennial anniversary of Stephen- son’s birthday was duly celebrated in En- gland, especially in the towns and districts where he lived, and which were the scenes of his trials and of his great triumphs. He lived to see his discovery and inventions rec- ognized and accepted by all nationsand coun- tries, and his name recorded among those of the great benefactors of the human family. CHOOSING A CAREER. The New York Times thinks it pertinent just at this season of college commencements to direct the attention of the gradutes to the recent death of E. J. M. Male, of Haverhill, Mass., whose estate is estimated all the way | from $5,000,000 to $8,000,000. **The bearing of this remark depends upon the application on it,” as Mr. Bunsby would have said. The late Mr. Hale was not only a multiplied milifonaire but wasa graduate of Dartmouth College. Instead of entering one of the pro- fessions he weut into a manufacturing busi- ness soon after leaving college, ultimately became proprietor of extensive woolen-iills in New Hampshire, then branched out into yarious enterprises, and died possessed of great wealth. The lesson which the Tiines i seeks to draw from this exceptional case is | that more of our college graduates should go into business after receiving a polite education and fewer of them into the law, medicine, chureh, and journalism. ‘The writer pursues his homily in the following strain: No sensible man, no matter what nas been the nature of his training, looks upon uo business cnreeras beneath bim. It will not do for any young mun who must make his own way in lite to flatter himself that it is nobler to eurn $2,000 uyear in the Jaw than to make two or three times as mucb in trade. If college graduates + could get rid of such foolish notions, and were able to tukea juster view of the relative proba- Dilities of substantial success in the various oc- cupations that are open to them, we should hear Jess about the overcrowding of the professions. ‘The lack of capital ought not to deter the ambi- thous young Bachelor of Arts frum entering business. Sfost of the world’s rich men have started in life with no other cupital than their brains, The main thing is to yet to work at something, ana to grow. A college education ought to be quite ay serviceable xn equipment forn business career as tor the practice of a profession, and its possessor should be just as confident of rising in one asin the other. If there were more college men like Mr. Flule the endowments and benefuctions upon which our colleges subsist might be more generally than now the gift of their graduates. ‘This view of the relative merits of business and a profession as an attractive career for a college graduate is only partly correct. So far as it was intended to impress upon young men just entering upon practical life that there is nothing in business pursuits unwor- thy of the best educated, the purpose was a good one. But the same lesson might be more fairly iltustrated by the life of any hon- orable, cultivated, and well-poised business- inan who had not accumulated millions, but had enjoyed a happy and useful life. To hold out the example ofa man dying worth several mulions of dollars and connecting therewith the mere accident of a college edu- cation, is calculated. to mislead. Great wealth is exceptional’ in every business ca- reer, and perhaps more exceptional in the case of college graduates who go into busi- ness than in the case of young men who are reared in trade after receiving a common- school edueation. It is a palpable mistake to maintain that “a college education ought to be quite as serviceable an equipment for a business career as for the practice of a profession.’ This has not been the usual experience of men. The devotion of several years to the study of the dead Janguages and higher mathematics is nutso good a preparation for success in manufacturing or merchandising as actual contact with business methods. ‘T’he story of the late Mr. Ilale’s life Is not totd with sufficient circumstantiality to serye the average college graduate as a guide. ‘To make his suecess a safe example for others, it should be known what his own tastes and inclinations were; under what etreumstances he went into business; whether inherited eapital or special opportunity did not con- tribute to his rapld advancement to great wealth; and, equally, whether his own life was a happy one, and whether he employed his large tortune to make others happy. ‘The record of great wealth alone is not suflicient basis for Indicating a certain direction as the proper course for the ayerage college gradu- ate to pursue, The intelligent choosing of a career is necessarily governed by individual circum- stances, It is well enough to say Ina gen- eral way that the professions are over- crowded, and it is undoubtedly true that the college curriculum prepares many persons for law, Mterature, the church, the news- paper office, and the practice of medicine who would much better go Into business. But if it is a mistake (which many young men are apt to make) to imagine that trade is beneath their attainments and aspirations, it Is equally true that many other young men. start out with another fallacious and mis- leading notion that wealth Is. the great re- ward of human struggle, and that con- tentment, power, and honor Hie in the path of money-getting. Many a lawyer, doctor, or writer is happier on a moderate income than theman who amasses great sures success, or even competer ‘he re- verses in trade are more serious and more harrassing than the annoyances of . limited resources. There is no royal r gc to suceesg in business any more than in the learned pursults, There is no more signifieance in the mere fact that one college graduate who entered business died possessed of $8,000,000 than there is in the occasional occurrence of acolleze graduate who attained great dis? tinetion in one of the professions. The choice of a career is almost always attended by embarrassments and uncertainties. If should be determined largely by iyelination and circumstance; but when it is possible de early in life, the conditions should nly be very favorable to warragt the policy of giving a young mana collegiate edneation as a preparation for a future busi- ness career,—the exceptional success of the late Mr. Hale to the contrary notwithstand ing. Tue New York Journct of Commerce,a moss-grown Democratic institution which can have no prejudices ns botween two Republicans, declines utterly to recognize the late Senator Conkling in the rdle of an anti-monopolist, There is.no reason that it is aware of to prefer him to Depew “as a defender of the people against railroad usury jon at Washipgtoa? During bis lone Congressional career “te bus done nothing to identify himgelf with “the just and popular side of therallroad question"; and, not being for it, he must be counted azainst it, ‘The Nation ulso indulesin certain licent{ous re+ flections on the same head, It observes that he is now in New York City as the attorney of the Man- hattan Elevated Railrord Company, which is the. xreatest monopolist of them ull, “No railroad has over before taken or damaged s0 much pri- yute property without compensation, and it has wallowed in every other form of monopolist vice, including construction companies, stock. watering, and uniform charges. It levies ‘through rates’ on every man, woman, and child who enters its cars, even if they only travel a mile, and now sends the Anti-Monopolist champion into court to aek for a reduction of its taxes, although it is paying or trying to pay 10 per cent dividends on its mucb-watered stue! or —_—§_ in his recent interview in St. Paut, Secre- - tary Windom explained very frankly the opera- tions connected with refunding: He puts the saving at $14,393,000 anmually, and the total coss. at $3,000, a brilliant showing on the right side. He does not incline to tnink that any refunding net will be passed by Congress, but that tha ‘Treasury witl he authorized to pay off the bonds whivh can now be culled at the discretion of the Government. ‘This be indicates can be done in, ten years. * The total amount of 63 and 59 was, nt the opening of the new Administration, $635,000,000 in round numbers. . Of these $25,000,- 0 bave been, and $75,000,000 wilt be, paid before October, leaving 000,000 to be provided for. 'fo pay these in ten years would require an an- nual surplus of 353,500,000, on woich the Secre- tary of the Treasury uppcars to count with cone fidence. —————_—$_ the New York Nation: 8. We wist some wine-denler would come out with a frank explanation of the failure of Freneb wines torise in price since 183, and of the continued fullness of the supply. In t8v5 France produced. 78,2U5,0W0 hectolitres of wine. The decline then set in until, in 1579, she only produced 25,808,000, and in [S8v only 22,600,000, —that is, cansiderably. Jess than om fof the maximum. We know, 100, that the supply of the ordinary clarets bus during these yenrs fallen far short of meeting the home demand, und that she has imported heavily from Hungary and Ltaly, and even fram, the United States. How is it that under these circumstances the price of French wines in this 3 remuined perfectly steady, and that ly cun bave 23 much Bordeaux ashe for just or very nearly what be paid in 157 We have no doubt that any wine-mercbant possessed of the literary faculty might convert the answer to this question into a very enter- taining muguzine article. a Roserr Con.yen had to give the Ancient ana Hunorable Artillery of Boston same * tatty, being culled ou to preach the annual sermog be+ fore it; and he responded with the following sentiment: e © mighty New Enzland! mother, and cradle, and home of tree men, will any sun Of thine ever forget thy magnificent traditions? Better would, it be tbat his right hund forget its cunning, thas his eyebull should turn a dead blank to the sun, { and that bis ear shoul never more be open to the music of buman speech—better .all unis sbould befall himif in bis beart he cup stilt nourish the white Name for freedom and for every humun right, than that with his whole man- hood be should ever consent to crawl at the feet of any power which seeks to quench the bely ame aud to bind men in bondage. For thi freedom also you stand, gentlemen of the Ane cient and Honorabie Artillery, and for this, while the world stands, 1 trust you will always de ready to live and di ————— : Tue Bucks will have it that the President has “a wicked partner.” This is a pretty and ingenious device as it stands. It doesn’t throw the Buck who indulzes in it out of the right ta apply for fuvors, while it-uffords a vent for all the spicen that any discontented one muy have on hand. ———=—__— Mr. ConxutnGis still very much concerned About tho * monopoly” record of some of his op- ponents in New York; but be is not at all avene to maintaining close political relutions with cer- tain of Mr. Jay Gould's partners, agents, and a3 sociates in business. a Arcnnisnor Croker is the Daniel O’Con- nell and Patrick Henry of the Irish Land-Re- form movement. Le is the first great orator: that the agitation has developed on exther side. ee PERSONALS. Pt “I believe Daniel Webster’s last words were, ‘I still live.’ I uppreciate Dan's feel- i The Czar. Tilden reeently purchased another lot As a short-horn statesman ing Mr. of Jersey cattle. Simuel J. is a success. In view of the fact thata great many peo ple will pray to-day, it may not be amiss to men- tion that ucouple of American horses start in the French Derby, to be run at Paris this after- noon, Mr. Storey naturally takes a great deal of pride in having at one time paid cush for some- thing, and keeps his precious receipted tele- gruph’bill standing ut the head of the editorial columns. With Rarus retired to private life, Maud S. Jame, and Mr. Hayes too busy building chickeo- coops to stop for anything, the outlook tor county fairs in the West next fall is certainly & gloomy one. In his speech before the Ohio Convention John Sherman said that “officeseeking is the proper pursuit of good citizens.” It is very ev- ident that the Sherman family is composed ex- clusively of good citizens. ‘The Cornell College boat crew has reached England. ‘fhe buys are determined to show the haughty aristocracy of proud Albion that aa Americsn education is the best, if they have to row all summer to do it. The Whittaker case has already cost the Government ¥$13,00), and it is ugz yet decided whether or not Mr. Whittnker brutally bit his own ear off. “There is no doubt about a repub> lican form of government being the best. Jlickory, dickory, dock, Conkling has struck u big rock. If he doesn’t get through, Along with “me too,” ~ He will scurcely get over the shock. Special Dispatch from G. W. Childs. ‘The cause of Goy. Foster’s walk-over In the Uhio Republican Convention last Wednes- day Is now explained, On the fateful moraing the Cleveland Leader came out with the follow ing stirring stan; ‘hen take the tleld exultingly, Fling wide your bunners to the gales With Chariey Foster at the head, "There's no such word as fail.’ It would be queer if man didn’t win with # Cleveland editor's dome of thought issuing such reverberating poctry as the above. Atchurch {sat within her pew, O Pew! But there I heard No plous word— Isaw alone ber eyes of blue! T could not hear the Gospel law— O Law! . My future bride Was vy my side— Witbout a single fault or tlaw. We strayed Seyond ine: tide-mill’s dam— jam! She jilted me Ani now I see ‘That woman's love is all a sham —Disappointed Connecticut Lover. rible torments which these. poor beasts. suer, ~ Even alter the road was, made. the, Directors | wealth as a merchantor manufacturer. Nor ‘ that the pursuit of business ag- |