Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, November 28, 1880, Page 4

THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE oN. ta uf SUNDAY, VEMBER 28, 1880—EIGHTEEN PAGES : Che Tribune. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. E—POSTAGE PREPAID. and State, iiesuittances may be made elther bs draft, express, Port-Uilice order or in rezisiered letter, at our risk. To CITY sUBSCRIBERS! Dotty, delivered, Sunday excepted, 2 cents per week. Tully, delivered, Sunday included. 0 cents per week. Address PELE Tu Bi COMPANY, Corner Matson an¢ Dearborn-tis. Chicago, IL Entered at the Post-Ofice at Chicago, I, as Second- ¥ Class Mutter, Forthe penefit of our patrons who desire to send sincle copies of THE THIBCNE through the mail we give herewith the transient rate of postaxe: Domestic. Fight and Twelve Page Paper. Bixteen Page Paper. Per Copy. cents. cents. cents. ht aud Twels Beans repre) seat TRIBUNE BRANCH OFFICES. (rn CITCAGO ‘TRIBUNE has established branch offices for the receipt 0: subscriptions and advertiso- ments as follows: NEW YORK—Room 2 Tribune Building. F.T.Mo- FADDES, Manager. “GLASGOW, Scotland—Alln’s, American News Agency, 31 Renfeld-st. LONDON, Enz.—American Exchange, 4€ Strand. Beyuy F. Gini, Agent. WASHING?U: SOCIELY MEETINGS. Fetreet CORINTHIAN CHAPTER NO. @, R.A, M—8 Fonte Monday evening, Nov. 2) at + ets coca MU STU, inte bo ; . By order Uf panlons ure always weloume: By order Ql yop tary. ROBERT JOHN 0. DICKERS STONE LODGE, NO. 6, A. F. AND A. M— ‘Annual pip lari next Wednesday, Dec. 1. for qhe election of olticers and payment of dues. Mem- cre are ited te atend. Ir order of W. M. berate ereby notified te avend._ Bp orde M VILEY M. EGAN CHAPTRE, NO. 123, BA. Mo Annuat Coat oetion to beneld. ut Pleiades Tall £0 aud 22 South Mulsted-st, Friday evening, Dec. & af Tau u‘clucly for the election oficers und payment osued, By order it. P ore any. PE WELL. Secretary, P EB LODGE, NO. 42 A. F.& A. M.—An- nut See are ora ia beheld at Pleiades Hall, 20 gud 22 suuth disisted-st.. Thursday evening: Dec. 2 3 u'clock, for the election uf officers, snd pay eu, f forduer, Full euendapes rane ned eer FAIRVIEW CHAPTER, 10. 161, R.A, M.—Annusl Tenvouttion ‘Thursday evening, Dec Ish at [OLDEN RULE LODGE, NO, 726, F. & A. MASONS- Suh) Comaranteation. taenday evening, Nov. 3), at p.m. fur tmpertant work. Visitors alweys ‘welcome. “sy order Fou03. G. NEWMAN, W. M. D., GOODMAN, Secretary. ST. BERNARD COMMANDERY, NO. 35, K. T. annual Concave Wednesday ovening. Deo ts at 330 Feluck. 2 vdicers wn te Siguee Blecton SOUND. a. CARH, Commander, 3.0. DICKERSON, Reourder. LADY WASHINGTON CHAPTER, NO. 23, 0.E.S. Pals n ohapter Tuesday evening, Nov. W. at sere Re hiaisied-st- By order of Worthy Ma- COMMANDERY. NO. 1, KNIGHTS TEM- PE Ree Gowiilbe no Conclave ‘Tuesduy evening, oF. 3, Ia. “By order of the Eminent ‘Commander. MEF ANY, Hecorder. VAN RENSSELAER GRAND LODGE OF PERFEC- TON RESSDOrTis RiTE—Megulae Assembly ‘Thurscay evening next. By order of the ED. GOODALE, Grand Secretary. SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 27, 1890. Lonse’s Louise, it is said, has incurred tho displeasure of her Royal mother because she returned to Great Britain from Canada with- ont the permission of her Majesty.‘ The * Princess is now stayiag with jer father-in- law, the Duke of Argyll. The Queen has studiously avolded mecting her, and it is feared that even the good officesof the Prince of Wales will fail, for 2 time at least, in rec- onciling the displeased mother with her somewhat wayward daughter. —— Guy. RosEcrays, recently elected to Con gress asa Democrat from 3 California dis- trict, has written a letter, in which he makes a quasi-denial of having sald that “‘a major- ity of the people had elected a thief and per- jurer President of the United States,” but in this same letter he indulges ina mixture of whine and invective which shows him to be a disappointed and disgruntled man, verging upon dotage. He endeavors in an unpro- yoked way to reflect especially upon Gen. Grant. One reason for this may be found in Grant’s successes and Rusecrans’ failures during the War. It was Rosecrans who iin- periled the army at Chickamauga until ‘Thomas saved the day, and who was cooped |. up at Chattanooga till Grant came to his rescue; he has evidently not forgotten these things, and feels sure over them even yet. ee Tn stories of Irish outrages cabled to Aumerica should be received with some cau- tion. The cable dispatches referring to these are verbatim statements of telegrams sent from Ireland to the London Times and other landlord organs. Within the past two weeks where the Powers had no conflicting inter- ests, they have been on the verge of breaking their concert of action, and more than once their councils have been divided almost past the possibility of compromise. {low will it be, then, when they come to questions where they are directly interested and thelr rela- tions must clash? But one of the Powers— Russin—has had any heart in the Dulcigno cession. Will they be very likely to have any more In the proposed cession to Greece? It looks much more probable that the action of the Powers will cease with the exectition of the Montenegrin provision of the trehty, and that if anything further is accomplished it will have to be done elther by England or Russia stngle-handed. There is no possibili- ty that France will use any force in com- pelling the cession to Greece of the Thessa- lian and Epirian territory. Germany has no interests there to suffer. Austria is toomuch occupied with her own designs to help Greece get any territory contiguous to and almost including what she wants herself. The outlook, thetefore, seems favorable to a cessation of any further operations in that direction, and a perlod of quiet, unless Greece should take the field In her own behalf. The cession of Duleigno, to all appearances, ends the farce of diplomacy in\the East, unless the infuriated Albanians now make an effort in revenge to throw off the Turkish yoke, or the Powers allow tho Greeks to take the field. If it should so eventuate then the Turkshave won a victory even in giving up Dulcigno. eee Tar report of the United States Treasurer shows that of nenrly 7,000.00 standard silver dollars coined since 1878 only. 34 per cet has gone into circulation. Over 47,0W0,0W xre in the Treasury vaults. it’ will Be one of the tirst snd inost pressing, dities of Congress ta deul with this state of things—New York Nation (Guldite). This is terrible, and is well calculated to produce a panic in Wall street and alarm the sensitive nerves of Congress. But whit con- dition of mind would the country be in if it found out the fect that all the 100 millions of gold coined sincé 1878, and some 40 or 50 millions besides, have lodged in the Treas- ury and refuse to go into circula- tion? Where one gold- piece fs seen in circulation a dozen standard silver dollars float from pocket to pocket and cash-drawer tocash-drawer. It willbe “one of the first and most pressing duties of Congress to deal with this alarming state of things.’ Some- thing should be done at once to compel this lazy gold to travel round at least as uctitely as the silver, 34 per cent of which fs on duty, while not 5 per centof the slothful yellow dross ig even on dress-parade, but Is snoozing and loafing in Uncle Sam‘s vaults, refusing to stir, Can't the Nation devise some method to propose to Congress to make it help move the “craps”? THE POPULAR VOTE ‘OF 1880. We print this morning a table of the com- plete popular vote for President of the United States, as canvassed in all of the States. The total vote for President Is 9,192,595, which is divided as follows: Garfletd. 4,439,413 Hancock 460 014 reaver Dow ...: anny Seattering Lt woes 9,192,595 Total, Orexui Pennsyi"al Rhode I'd South €... ¢ W.Virg'ta. Wiscon'in 1 G. totals ..! agen] ss00ur4) 05: B85 Seventeen hundred und ninety-three votes are also returned as “scattering "—chietly anti-Masonic—in the states of Iilinols, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, Rove island, and Wiscensin. ‘The total vote polled for President in 1876 in the same States was 8,414,885, and the in- crease is 777,710. The vote in the two sections of the country was as follows: 5 Garfield. Hanenck. Weaver. Scat. S208 | -2,849.587 ON. 1,116. 056,549 3,586,477 105,407 C7 ‘Totals..4,439.415 4,496,014 305,729 1,793 ‘The vote for Dow was 9,387 from the North and 257 from the South. ‘The total vote was: From the North. |. From the Suuth.. ‘Tota! The vote in 1876 was as follows: From the North From tho South. the reports of four of the worst of these out- rages have been contradicted by the cable- man himself, and in another ease, which was represented to be an agrarian outrage, it turned out to have been an act of private vengeance for a gross personal wrong to the sister of the party accused of committing the crime. The Land- League leaders have all along dis- countenanced these outrages. Mr. Davitt, - the founder of the League organization, on his return to Irefind from this country week ago, took occasion to denounce all such as cowardly, injurious to the agitation, and as giving the enemies of the peasantry ‘an argument in favor of coercion. The criminal stutistics of Ireland for this year show a falling off from last year, and then lreland was far freer from criine than En- gland or Scottand.. The landiord newspapers Operate several outrage and threatening-let- ter factories for purposes of their own. AFTER two years of diplomatic negotia- tion, conferences, memoranda, codicils, moral suasion, threats, entreaties, coaxing, and naval displays, the Turks have been com- pelled to execute the least important of the unfulfilled provisions of the Berlin Treaty, and have handed over to Montenegro the territory agreed upon by the Powers. Ithas_ not been accomplished, however, without a stubborn resistanée on the part of the Alba- nians, and very sharp fighting,—so sharp, in fact, that it seems doubtful whether the Mon- tenegrins unaided could have forced their way into Dulelgno. The Porte, however, has the consolation of knowing that ithas put the Powers to great trouble and expense; that 1t has consumed two years of time on the easiest of the concessions demanded from it; and that it has not Jeft them In much of a teuiper or disposition to enter upon the set- Licinent of the other concessions. The yield- ing up of the Dulcigno territory was anu casy matter as compared with the settlement of the Greek froniler,. the regulation of the Bulgarian ditliculties, or the execution of the Armenian reforms. Ifit took two years of time to get the com paratively valueless concession to Monte- negro, how long willittake to accomplish these other trausactions, which involve great interests and an innuense outlay of money? More than once in the Dulcigno cession, ‘The total vote of the South in 1880 and in 1876 thus compares: WholJe vote in 1890. Whole vote in 137 ‘Total increase... Comparative increase twas 756,272 in the North and 21,458 in the South. The census returns show that the percentage of increase in population at the South is greater than it has been at the North. Where, then, is the missing vote? The vote in 1880, as compared with that of 1876, in the following six States, will explain where part of the non-counted vote was given: Alabama. Georgia, Lousiai Mississipp South Carolina. Virginia .. .. Totals... Missing vote... . This ts a falling off in the whole vote, but the bulk of it is in the Republican vote. ‘the vote prohibited by force and intimidation, and the vote polled and not counted and thrown out, will aggregate not less than from 220,009 to 240,000. ‘his vole was lost to the Republican candidates, and, though it was not needed to elect Garfield, and it might not have made much change in the Electoral Vote, it would have been exhibited, as it had aright to be, in the grand total of the popu- lar vote of the country. ‘ ——_———— GOOD TIMES AND THE WORKING CLASSES. There is a striking contrast between the present condition of the working classes in this city and county and that of three years ago. All people who have been reasonably prudent in their expenditures can look-for- ward to the coming winter with a sense of security against the wolf at the duor. They are comfortably housed, and have made pro- vision during a season of ample employment and good wages for their food, fuel, and clothing. There are no visible signs of want or suffering among any clays. Three years ago the opening of winter was almost appall- ing to the working classes and the poorer people. There had been four years of con- stant contraction. Work had been scant, and the pay scanter still. The manufactur- -ing and transportation interests had been barely surviving against a prolonged and terrible stralh. Diting the pi tlie discontent of the laboring-men had de- veloped into rlot and Incendiarism. lowing winter brought but little re the spirit of unrest was emphatically In the spring by a Communistic vote of 14) for Mayor In this city, which disappear almost entirely at the Inte election. Three years of gradually-increasing pros- perity has wrought a marvelous change in the condition of the great mase of people who Work for theitliving. There have been no great or general faiiutes to throw latge numbers out of employment. The mills and furnaces that were shut dowh have been started up again. An increase of trade and improved prices have afforded better wages, cree Innoztious substances will entirely coincide. But so sure as foodtidulteration of a pro- nounctd Natmiess Kifid is permitted, the poisonous adulteratign will follow swift upon its heels. The.business of food-adul- teration is essentially s frattidalent “business, tits best it is a cheat, aud atits worst it is murter by inches. - “ é lt is said that the substance known as-anti- huff, put hitd skim:niilk cheese ta give it the appearance of crenin, cheese, will quickly eat through the Inch-thici staves of an oak barrel. And yet th poisonous stuff fs sold .as food ft for... the hu- man stomach! ‘Tie community that will not rise iu}, its might and punish the rascals who thus impose upon, & which no amount of threats gr vivlencé could secure. There have been no collapses among the savings-banks to swallow up the surplus earnings of the people. The rail- roads and ships have been running full. There has been in the growing cities an amount of building of late which was oniy paralleled during the process of rebuilding Chicago after the fire of 1871, ‘The polley of retrenchment which was forced upon munic- ipal corporations has made some rediiction in taxes, and ittdividuals have been behelfiting from the hablis of economy which the hard times had forced upon them. Every dofiar In ciréulation hos an‘equal and ‘uniform’ value, and the losses incident to former vacillations have been averted. Interest has been and still is lower than ever before, and those who are in debt have had a lighter burden in proportion than they had been ac- custumed to bear. The Bankruptcy Courts cleared up the great majority of the unsafe concerns, and employés have been paid regu- larly. The number of tramps throughout the country has been reduced to the worth- Jess vagubonds who will not work, and the expenses of public charities have been ma~ terially cut down wherever there fs an hon- est administration. ‘The peovle of large means have aguin resumed a liberal style of living, and the expenditures are disttibuted among those who are employed in the mani- fold vocations that provide the comforts and Inxuties.which money buys. The doleful as-_ pect of hard times has worn away; ¢confi- dence and hopefulness in thg future may be found in varying degrees atnong all classes of the community. ‘ The single drawback to this bright con- dition of things is that prosperity freauently betrays into extravagance and excess those who have really no right to indulge them- selves, It is proper and commendable that people with large means should spend their money freely. Their expenditures for hand- some houses and clothes, for horses and car- riages, for parties and receptions, for amuse- iment and art, and for personal adornment and gratification of all kinds help to improve the conditicn of the purveyors to these vani- ties and pleasures, and of the numerous pev- ple who are employed in the preparation thereof. But the classes who live upon day wages, plece-work, and salarles—the jout- neymen at trades, the mechanics, the book- keepers, the clerks, and the employés of all kinds who have a stated income—owe it to themselves in time of prosperity to lay up for a rainy day. They should keep in mind the possible reverses in business, loss of employment, sick- ness, increase of family, growing ex- penses, and misfortunes that cannot be averted. ‘The men and families who have anything to dread from the winter which is opening so early can trace the responsibility for their present apprehension to folly, éx- travagance, or Improvidence of some kind. 1n times like these nearly every family can save a little money, and most families are able to make arrangements for a future homestead. This canhot be done, however, and at the same time Indulge in drink, tobac- co, finery, and the unnecessary things of life upon an income in which @ surplus fs only possible to people of good habits and eco- nomical methods. The depression and dep- rivations of the period of hard times follow- ing the panic ought to be still vivid enough to restrain those who suffered then from im- Providence now which may leave them equally helpless when the next revérses shall come, ——————— DEAD AN}MAL GREASE IN BUTTER. The nefarious practice of food-adultera- tion is, beyond question, in course of rapid expansion. It isa great abuse deserving of unsparing denunciation and calling urgently for consideration at the nands of the legis- lators of every State in the Union, if not, in- deed, of the National Congress. Food-ndul- teration should be made a crime, with severe penaities attached to its commission. It is no answer to say that all adulteration is not poisonous, and hence not necessarily erim{- nal. The purchaser of an article of food has a natural right to get what he calls for, and he should have the Iegal right also. Besides, itis impossible as arule for the purchaser of adulterated food to determine for himself whether or not the article purchased contains a poisonous or an innocuous foreign substance. He should not be required to subject his pur- chase to the test of chemical analysis. Itis not denied that poisons enter largely into food adulterations, and it follows that there is uo valid defense for those who use innocuous substances in their adulterations, At best the adulterant cheats, because the foreign substance introduced is always less valuable than the articles adulterated; and it isacrime to cheat, If adulteration be al- lowed to begin there is no telling where it willend. But itis quite sure to degenerate from innocuous substances to poisonous sub- stances, and that very soon. Take, for instance, the adulteration of but- ter with lard. It is claimed by certain man- ufacturers of spurious butter that they use none but the purest leaf-lard, and it is not pro- posed to dispute the truth of this statement. But while this may be, and doubtless {s, the fact with regard to these manufacturers, it is alleged that thera is another class of butter adulterants who use a clarified and deodor- ized grease procured from rendering estab- lishments where the carcasses of dead ani- mals from the Stock-Yards and from the streets of Chicago are utilized! Think of this vile compound finding its way from the manufactory of the buttermaker to the shop of the wholesaler, to the counter of the re- tailer, and at last to the breakfast and dinner table of the consumer! It is admitted by the manufacturers of “suine” or “butter- ine,” or half or two-thirds pure leaf-lard butter, that they do not brand the com- pound, but turn it over to their clients, the wholesalers and retailers, to be sed as their interest shall dictate. They are mor- ally certain, however, that when it is of- fered to consumers it is not represented as butter composed of two-thirds pure leaf-lard to one-third butter, They know that it is destined to be sold for what it is not, and that every person who huys a pound or a hundred pounds of it will be cheat, and attenipt to murder then, ought to abandon the effurt at self-overnthont. Itis said that the manufacturers who have usea “anti-huff” promise ¢ever—id, never—to do itagain, Butitisnotevem hinted that the reason of this virtyous (2) resolution is tho fact that the compaqund ts poisonous. Not atall, Thé rénson ‘4 thatthe fraud véry soon discloses itsulf, and” the villainous compound is thrown back upon;their hands. In a word, the adulteration tn thisinstance doesn’t pay. At the bottom of all food-adulteration lies the desire to make money dishonestly. Food-adulteration, Whether with innocuous or poisonous substandes, is a dishonest oc- cupativt, and should!.be discountenanced and punished by the State. It is vastly on the increase in Illinols, and it Is well that it is brought prominently to the notice of the public in the form of butter, an article in daily use on every table. It is well for every person to realize that in every pat of butter on the brealfgst-table there may be asmall particle of granse from the festering carcass 6f n dead anfiyal belled down in a | rendering-establishment, “Just over the In- ' diana line.™. Perhaps the Legislature of the great State df Illinois will make a note of this fact. : THE PORK BRANCH OF CHICAGO'S BUSI- NESS. ° The actual receipts up to date, and the In- formation of the number on the way, give promise that at the close of the month, next ‘fuesday, the total number of hogs received in this city during the thirty days of Novem- ber (four Sundays and one holiday included) will aggregate over 1,100,000. The receipts up to Saturday night amounted to 953,000, Of this grand total, not exceeding 100,000 have been shipped beyond this point, while the remainder, say in round numbers 1,000,- 000, have been or will be slaughtered and packed in this city. The highest number of hogs received in this city In any previous month was in November, 1878, when it reachetl 907,025. The highest number ever received in any one week was for the seven days ending Nov.. 20, 1890, when it was 300,488; the greatest number in any previous week was in January, 1879, when 276,200 were received. These receipts do’ not {n- clude those from theadjoining country which are brought to the city by tarmers’ wagons. The average price paid for these 1,100,000 hogs was $4.70 per 100 pounds, making an average cost of $13 per hog, or o total amount of cash pald on delivery of the swine of $13,200,000, * The one million hogs retained in the city, and slaughtered and packed, cost $12,- 000,000 at the yards; and for one month’s business in one branch of trade this is a respectable sum. Omitting Sundays and Thanksgiving, there. were only 25 ‘working days in November; the receipts therefore av- eraged 44,000 per day. Leaving out of the account the number shipped heuce, the num- ber received and bought for packing in Chi- cago—1,000,000—was at the average rate of 40,000 per day, at a cost of $480,000. This million of hegs were killed and packed as rapidly as they were received. Ench day’s receipts were necessarily handled supply was received.’ The whole immense force of operators, numbering many thou- sands of workmen, were actively employed. The product of these hogs isknown com- mercially as pork, lard, and meats, To the original cost of the animals at the yard is to be added the cost af converting them into these products, reqiiring the use of large sums of money, and the value of the finishea products representsthe aggregate value of the live materfal andof the additions thereto madein Chicago. : ‘The slaughtering of hogs was atone time confined to certain months in the year; itis carried on now throughout the whole year. Of course less is done in the sum- mer season than in the cooler portions of the year. The businessis increasing annually ih Chicago, and this year promises to far ex- ceed that of any previous year. . ANOTHER THEORY OF EVOLUTION. The Duke of Argyll, one of the stanchest of the Scotch orthcdox, has contributed a paper to the Contemporary Review, in which | he ventures some speculations upon & sub- ject not usually considered admissible from the orthodox point of view, and with results that bring him abreast of Darwin in the matter of evolution, though the doctrine, if it may be so called, is applied ina different way. In seeking to establish the ‘unity in Nature, he does nottrace the gradual devel- opment of man up from the lower forms, but arrives at the deduction, growing out of natural observation, that there is nowhere any real break in the continuity of the proc- ess by which animal instinct and sagacity are developed into human reason and will. In his own language, ‘Man is nothing but the result and index of an adjustment con- trived by and {reflecting the Mind that is supreme in Nature. Weare derived, and not original, We have been.derived, or, if any one likes the phrase better. we have been ‘evolved ’; not, however, out of nothing, nor out of confusion, nor out of lies; but out of Nature, which is but a word for the source of all existence, the source of ull order, and the very ground of alt truth,—the -fountain in which all fullness dwells.” ‘This is‘dangerous ground for the orthodox be- liever to stand upon; but the Duke gives some strong reasons,for igconclusions, de- rived from his obsefyationsof Nature, which lead him to believe that instinct in the ani- mat is the exact correlative of what is called intuition in man, with thie distinction: that the animal’s instinct is “ not unaccompanied by keen feeling and is evidently guided, If not precisely by aykeen Fellective judgment, yet by something which answers its pur- poses, while, on the other hand, “man’s in- tuition, on which he ‘rears so great a structure of ‘scfentifie principle, is’ usually far short of anything on!ivhich he can im- mediately act. It must be combined,” says the Duke of Argyll, “,with a great many les- sons of experience, ngstbe expanded into a vast number ot subordinate inferences, be- fore it can be made the Vasis of that sure sort of action which, in tha ¢ase of the lower ani- nals’ instinct, appeats'to elicit at once from cheated. But this is not the worst of it.:| the pressure of the occasion.” The most How do they know that side by side with their “pure leaf-lard butter” the vile prod: uct of the rendering-establishinents will not also be exposed for sale at one ortwo 4 :species, not tard: cents a pound less? Of course the dead ani- mat product fs a nasty, polsonous*com- {pursuing it. “Whil it. to | them by swimmigg and ‘diving, and finally the public as an article of do un- der the name of butter, or bu! any other name, deserves to be sent to the; Penitentiary. And in this opinion the adul- terants who are careful to use none bol pound, and the man who ip prominent illustratfoil ‘used by the Duke to exforce his arguments the Merganser dack,. ond the maneuxges.gfa young bird of that Javeeks -old, to ‘escape from isimself and a patty of sportsmen who were l@In'the water it escaped ran upon shore on-a narrow margin of flat ine, or { stones, where iftusfaitly disappeared. The | whole party keptiithelr eyes upon the spot and landed. Geisg directly to it to pick up the bird. it could not be found. though a and put out of the way before the next day’s_ thorough search was mate, Pnssing beyond it at some distance, they turned In tine to see {t rise from the very spot over which thoy had trainped in search of it and make for the Water, where It escaped. Corfinénting upon this, the Duke says: The patonlae mancuvre resorted to by the young bird which battled our pursuit was a ma- neuvre fn which it could have bad to instruction from example,—the maneuvre, namely, which consists in biding not under any cover, but by remnining perfectly motionlesson the ground. ‘This is a method of escape which cannot be rée- sorted to successfully except by birds whose coloring ig adapted to the purpose ‘by # closo ns- aitotlation with the coloring of surrounding ob- jeots. The old bird would not hive been con- cealed on the sane ground, and would never it- self resort to the same method of escape. The younw, therefore, cannot have been jnstructed in it by the method of example. Bunt the saiall size of the chitk, together with its ob- scure and curiously-motiled coloring, are specinily adapted to this mode of conczalment. The young of all birds which breed upon the ground ure provided with a garment ih such pettect, harmony with surrounding effects of ‘light as to render this tanieuvre easy. It de- pons, however, wholly for its success upon ab- solute stillness. Tne slightest motion at once attracts tho eye of nny enemy which is search- ing forthe young. And this absolute stiliness must be preserved amidst all the emotions of fenr and terror-woieh the close spprozch of the object of alarm must, and obviously does, in- spire. Whence comes this splendid, even if ft he unconscious, faith ia the sulficlency of a do- fense which {t must requiro such nerve and strength of will to practice? No movement, not evéti the slightest, though the enemy should sgem about to trample on it: such Is the-terrlalé requiroment of Nuturo~and by the child of Nat- ure implicitly obeyed! Starting from this point, and comparing the bird’s maneuvres with the processes of man in learning to defend a camp against an enemy, the Duke finds that in the one Instance the action is ready-made and in the othershought out, but that there is no difference in the essence of the processes, The Duke of Argyll, as we have stated, has placed him- self upon o dangerous ground, ahd one which will be speedily antagonized. - He ts coming dangerously neat to Darwinism, and the joint positions occupied by these two great thinkers surgest still further possibilities. If Mr, Datwin can. sucéessfully maintain his favorit theory of the physical evolution of man from the lower forms of creation, and the Duke of Argyll can successfully main- tain his theory of theevolution of mind, and establish the fact that animal Instinct rises without a break into. human reason and will, how long will it be before the thin partition between the mental and spiritual will be en- tirely broken away, and some bold thinker will establish the startling theory that ant- mals have souls, only hh smaller degree, and that the spiritual nature of man has been evolved from the spiritual nature of the ani- mal? If there be complete physical and in- tellectual unity in Nature, It certainly ts not along step to the deduction that there is spirit ual unity also. OLD AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS. ‘The occasion of the complimentary recep- tion to Thurlow Weed in New York seems a fitting one tu take x glance at the past news+ paper ilfe of this country. At the breaking out of the Revolutionary War there were thirty-seven newspapers in the American colonies,—New Hampshire hay- ing one, Massachusetts seven, Rhode Island two, Connecticut four, New York four, Penn- sylvania nine, Maryland two, Virginia two, North Carolina two, South Carolina three, and Georgia one, ‘Of these, five are still in existence—to wit: The New Humpshire Ga- zette, founded at Portsmouth by Daniel Fowle in 1760, and still issued in that city on every Thursday by the Chronicle and Guzette Publishing Company; the Massachusetts Spy, started In Boston by Isaiah Thomas, and by him afterwards removed to Worcester, where he built up a large book-publishing business and wrote his well-known “History of Print- ing”; the Newport Mercury, in Rhode island, from whose office the “Newport Guide,” so familiar to summer visitors, is issued annually; the Connecticut Courant, now edited by Gen. Joseph R. Hawley; and the Maryland Gazette, at Annapolls, wiiich was established in 1746, and is the oldest living American newspaper. The old Venetian name Gazette was a very popular one for newspapers in those days, and was, indeed, used in the same broad sense that the word Journal now Is, to indicate simply a newspaper, Benjamin Franklin says in the first number of his Pennsylvania Gazette, issued in 1729, “The author of ‘a gazette (in the opinion of the learned) ought to be qualified with an extensive acquaintance with the languages,” ete. ‘Of the papers pub- lished. in 1775, seventeen, or almost one-half, bore the name of Gazette. The Journal ap- peared as a title for six of them, the Post for two, the Post-Boy for two, and the Mercury for four. The other names used were News- Letter, Packet, and Ledger. The original Boston News-Letter, started in 1704, was the first American newspaper, except the Publick Occurrences, which was smoth- ered at its birth in 169. The first Boston Gazette, which was the second American newspaper, was founded in 1719, in Court street, where the Advertiser building now stands, and where in 1721 James Franklin printed the New England Courant, with his brother Benjamin as ar apprentice. Another Boston Gazette, found- ed in 1753, of which Benjamin Edes was editor, became a pillar of strength to the patriot cause in the struggle of the Revolu- tion, but took the losing side-in the subse- quent contest over the Constitution, and its old conductor spent his last days in friendless poverty. Thethird American newspaper, the aimerican Weekly Mfercury, which was established at Philadelphia in 1719, had a successor in the Revolutionary epoch called the Philadelphia Mercury; but the New England Courant, which was the fourth, had they not even a name left, This paper was chiefly remarkable for being the first one in this country that was subjected to a legislative Investigation, For some offensive political article James Franklin was brought before the Assembly and censured, and im- prisoned for a month by the Speaker’s order because he would not tell who wrote the article, and when he was let out the House gave an order—‘a very odd one,” as Benja- min says in his autoblography—that “James Franklin should no longer print the paper called the New Englund Courant.” To avoid this order, James and his apprentice concocted “a flimsy scheme” by which the name of Benjamin’ Franklin appeared as publisher for several months. It died in 1727 Franklin’s Pennsylvania .Gazelte was, in 1775, published by Hall & Sellers, the senior member of whieb firm had pelonged to the famous book-publish- ing concern of “B. Franklin and D. Hall.” ‘The Cohunbian Centtnel, the chief Federal organ of New England, was founded by Benjamin Russell in 1764, and on the 4th of March, 1801, it clothed itself in sable and printed a stately epitaph on the death of the Federal Administration. In 1880 it absorbed the New England Palladium, and in 1936 Russell’s Gazette, but In 1840 itsown Identity was lost in the Daily sidvertiser. ‘The Es- -sex Guzelte, published at Salem, gave its réaders an account of the battle of Bunker Hill but its namesake, the presont Salem Guzette, was not established until 1787, Its founder was Thomas C. Cushing, who for the first three years called it the Mercury, changing its name at the expiration of that | time. In 1796 it- began to appear twice a week, and John Pickering, uncle of Timothy, who six years later received its vigorous sup- port in nis famouscontest with Jacob Crown- inshleld for a seat in Congress, declared that “it was nonsense to disturb the people’s minds by’sending newspapers among them twice a week to take their attention from the duties they hnd to perform!” Of the New York papers of 1775—the Post- Boy, of Albany, and the Mercury, and Jour- nal, and James Rivington’s Guzettcer; of New York City—none survive, even in name. The last-named took the Tory side and changed its name to the Royal Gazette, and in it was published ‘ André’s Cow Chace: an Heroick Poem, in Thtee Cantos,” of which the last canto appeared on the very day of his capture, Sept. 28, 1780. Of the papers es- tablished in New York in the post-Revolu- tionary period, the, oldest survivors are the Commervial Advertiser and the Evening Post, which, in its éarly days, was easily recognized by a “Galen’s Head,” whose oftice it was to directthe attention-of patients to the fountain of health presided over by Dr. Horn. The New York Columbian wis printed on paper as blue as indigo, while the Orange County Patriot, like the well-known “ butter bills” of the Orange County Bank, witch appeared long afterwards, came out om paper as yellow as Mfre. Skewton’s cur- tains. The Albany Reglster was the nearest approach to an Illustrated peper which the country could boast, for it had a full-length Indian, with a headdress of feathers, a gun, and o muskrat, wlio informed the public that “Elisha Dorr paid eash, and the highest price, for furs, at his store in Court street.” Most of the city pa- pers reminded the people that the God- dess of Fortune was ready and waiting at the office of Messrs. Waite in New York, and of Messrs, Allen in Albany, to shower gold upon her favorits, through the Oswego Bridge Lottery, or the Union Lottery, whose drawings would take place under the direc- tion of Simeon De Witt and other officials of the State. . ‘ The Poughkeepsie Journal was, as early as 1808 and for almost ‘thirty years after- wards, presided over by 'Paraclete Potter, a brother of the Episcopal Bishops of New York and Pennsylvania, who afterwards re- moved to Milwaukee, where he died some years ago. Perhaps the Albany Evening Journal hardly deserves to be classed among the early American newspapers, but: it was foutided by Mr, Weed n$ long ago as 1880, and he, at least, comes down to us froma former generation. He withdrew from: the active editorship of the Journal in 1869, but in March last he returned to his old chalr for asingle day “for the purpose of greeting his old friends and their descendants” on the fiftieth anniversary of the paper. With the single exception of Horace Greeley, he has gained greater distinction as a political editor than any other American, and even now the party leaders seek his invalid’s chamber in New York, where, like “Nestor, the sweet- tongued orator of the Pylians, who had lived through three generations of articulate- speaking men,’ he gives wise counsel on the management of a campaign. Astronomical. Chicago (TrrauNe office), north latitade, 41 dog. 62m. 5is.; west longitude 42m. 18, from Washington, and 5h. 50m. 30s. from Greenwich, ‘The subjoined table shows the time of rising or setting of the moon's lower limb,and the official time for lightingthe first street-lamp in eact cit- cuitin this city, during the coming week, unless ordered sooner on account of bad weather. Also the following times for extinguishing the Light. Extinguish. Sp. m. 6:40 a. m. pom, 5:40 a. m. # D. ‘The moon will be new at 9:06 p. m. to-morrow; and in perigee Tuesday evening. This new moon will eclipse the sun} but the phenomenon will only be visibio from the South Altantio and the Antaretic regions. . Atthe next full muon the moon will be eclipsed, and at the next new moon, which occurs Dec. 31, the sun will be eclipsed. We shall thus have the unusual phenomenon of three eclipses in one month; but only one of them will be visible from the United States. The moon will be near Venus Saturday evening. ‘The sun's upper Mmb will rise on Monday at 7:07 a. tn., south at 12h, 48m, 45.76. a. m., aud set at 4:30 p.m. ‘The sun's upper limb rises Friday noxt at 7:10%" 8. m., souths at 11h, 60m. 18.78, a. m., and sets at 4:20 p. mm. ‘The sidcreal time Tharsday mean noon will be 16h. 47m. 46.65, Mercury is now west of the sun, but near him. He will rise Thursday at 5:40 a. m..and south at 10:42a.m. fe can be readily seen beforo sun- rise, when the horizon is clear, a little tothe south of east. He can best be seen in the fatter mornings of this week. Venus will south Thursday at 2:26 p. m., aud sot nt 6:53 p. m., or Sh. Zim. after sunset, She is now a rather bright evening star, about three- quarters of her illuminated side bomg turned towards us. Mars will rise Thursday at 6:1 a. m., andsouth stll a.m, His angular distance from the sun is increasing very slowly. He is 24; degroes south from Merours to-day. Heisarather faint ob- Ject shortly before sunrise. Jupiter will south Thursday at 7:48 p. m., and set Friday ut 20. m. He will be stationary among the stars next Saturday, as seen from the earth, and will then turn slowly to a direct mo- tion in the heavens. His present position is 4 degrees south from the line of three stirs which mark the western band of the Fishes. The stars are lottered us Deita, Epsilon, and Zeta. His ap- paront equatorial diametor is now 43 seoonds of arc: : Saturn will south Thursday at 8:38 p. m., and set Friday at 3:14 a. m., being nalf an hour earlier than a week previous. His angular dis-: tauceeast from Jupiter is 12% degrees. The greatest apparent diameter of his ring system is, 434 seconds of are, and lenstdo. a little teas than 10 seconds. Uranus will south Thursday at 6:14 2. m. He riseaabout a quarter of an hour before mid- night, and sets a quarter of an hour past noon, His right ascension is now 11h. Oim.; and decli- mutton 7 degrees 8 minutes north. i Neptune will south Thursday at 9:52 p. m. Right ascension “hb. 41m.; and declination 18 degrees 45 minutes north. be $a Mr. Howse, the well-known telegraph-in- yentor, is said to huve deviseda new instrument for transmitting, receiving, and récording,which works automatically, and by which measages may be transmitted at the rate of from 250 to 300 words per minute. Such nn instrument, if prac- tical, must work quite a revolution in telegraphy, ug by the best instruments now in use forty words per miaute is considered quite rapid work. Iv is nigo claimed that messages can be sent by this new instrument for one-tenth the cost-in- volved In the use of the instruments now em- ployed. As it works automatically, a large por- uon of the force now required in large ottices can be dispensed with. All of which is highly important, if true; but is It true? Sceing ts be- lieving. We shall wait until the machine does the work claimed forit before buying any of the stock. ——————— To the Editor of The Chicago Tribune, Cricaco, Nov. 2i—Will you please answer . the following questions: (1) Who were the tound- ers of the epublican party? it iuto existence? (3) 1s there any General in the army besides Gen. Sherman who holds a life- long position? (4) How long is it sinee Jetferson Davis returned trom Europe? A Supscriper. (1) The so-called “ Seward Whigs,” the Free- Soilers, and the Anti-Sluvery Democrats, rep- resented by such men as Lincoln, Lovejoy, and Palmer. (2) Resistunce to the aggressive de- mands of the slaveholders. (@) All the Generals in the regular army hold office by the same tenure asGen. Sherman. (4) We have no recol- tection about it, and tt isof noconsequence any way. @) What brought. ooo AN officer of the British army, in the jast number of Macmilian'’s Magazine, gives a de- tailed description of a novel projectile which he has devised to meet the peculiar conditions in- volved for penctrating the monitor type of war vessels as now constructed, upon which solid shot can produce but little effect. The newpro- Jectile hus a disk-Hxe form and rapid vertical rotation. Thervtationisimparted by a “catch” near the muzzleof the gun, which gives to the projectile o twirl as itleaves the barrel, This catch may be applied to any ordina bore. ‘Tho projectile simply rolls out of thee, with great initial velocity, unretarded by rifling or a column of packed alr before it, as Is the ease with ordinary missiles. Such a projectile will maintain its line of motion like thatof aon ad- vaneing velocipede wheel, and when it strikes - the sloping side of an urmored ship, from which asolid shot would glance. doing little or no in- jury, the whole momentum of this shot would be brought ta bear Ike d circular saw, ext: its way through any armor which a ship could carry. z . Usber the heading “A New Mechanteat Motion” an exchange printa the following: The invention of “a new mechanie: ” fs reported, designed tor working Wet sony or stone into irregular forms and surfaces; which huve heretofore been reached“only by hand- labor and the graver’s tool. The agent is de- scribed a8 bemg applicable to x perpenticular, reciprocafing rotary, or spiral motion. Tso tools, which are of various shapes, according to the nature of the work requlred, are caused to strike very rapid blows,—from 6,000 to 8,00 a minute,—and are said to produce certain now and useful results heretofore impossible to ba etfected by any known machloery. | It is claimed that many classes of useful and ornamental work, hitherto dune by hand at great expense, may be wrought out by this new device with great rapidity beauty, and accuracy, eyen with the unskilled labor of boys and gir je ma- chines ro applicable alike to the fuest work in gold and silver, or to liirge tinsses of iron, woud, nnd stone, over which lutter the cutting-head moves with the majestic and irresistible power which belongs to tho most ponderous class of mactinery In modern muchine-shops. ———— Brit BickoAs, John Sherman’s pet organ- grinder, undertakes to contradict the statement of the Cincinnati Commercial about Gov. Foster paying Sherman's hotel-bills at the Chicago Uon- vention: to save the credit of the State. Bays. Bill: . ‘Tom Nicholls, of hard-won hold his tongue. He shouldn't fame, had better 1 a heard of during the next Administration. Tho bills were all paid promptly, and honorably pald, but not in the ‘way reported in yesterday's Commercial. Halstead, congumed by a burning desire to penetrate to the bottom facts, observes: . Very well, State the case as it was. That which is needed now fs exactness. We want ull the items. Let us know what it was that was covered by the bills so magnificently paid by Obio's Governor. “Tom Nicholls, of bard-money fame.” perbups knows ail about bis own tongue, and can restrain it or otherwise ut pleasure. In. fact, be is a lecturer. He may whallia_ Dayton. SreakrNe of the darky with a four-gal- lon jug of fine whisky who searched for the “Sherman headqusfters at the Chicagu Conven- tion, the Cinclunati Commercial remarks: The first room at which he knocked for ad- migsiun was that of Senntor Logan. 3tre. Loran came to the di Is this Maagn Sherman's headquarters?” “No, air, I sould think not!” answered Mra. Loman, taking in the situation, bastily closing the door. ‘This hardly seems credible. John Logan is not the man we tak hin for if he woutd’ deliberately turn a colored? friend with four galluns bf whisky in bis band from nis door. If the Commercial man will look again, he wilt perceive that it was not Jobn, but Madam, who ‘closed the dove.” So tho credibility of the © story ig nut shaken in the least. : tt A Wastixeton correspondent, withoit the fear of tho yoldites vefore bis eyes, says: ‘Thereis now in circulation a totul of 25.20.64 standard silver dollars, or just abunt one dollar to ‘y two peuple, according to the last cen= sus. No such quantity of silver dollars was ever betore in circulation at one time in this country, As to how mugh the country cun “take up,” - absorb. and circulate without indigestion, i3 9 * question that Is now discugsed by Treasury olf- cinis., They do not ugren Aeautinic the dollar circulates and gives sutisfuction. en a man has one he knows it, and his pockets canhot be : picked without his knowledce. There is nothing like that sum of gold In tim culation among the peuple. If everybody has = longing for gold and a hatred of silvor, why.does the latter circulate more freely than the former? - Tne Treasury Department’s estimates of , the cust of cumpleting the Interior of the Cnica- gone Custom-House are $20,000; Rock Island Arsenal, $523,000; Chicago outer bredkwater, $900,000; Illinois’ River improvement, $500,000; Calumet Harbor, $5,000; Waukegan Harbor, £50,000; Galena River and Harbot, $50,000; Rock Isiand Harbor, $20,000. ———— Tue Hon. Thomas F, Mitchell, of Bloom- fngton, is a candidate for Speaker of the Hilncis House of Represeatatives. Mr. Mitchell bas Just been elected for a third term in the House, and his legislative experience and parliamentary abilities make him a very formidable candidate for the honor, ——— Tue arrivals ot hogs in Chicago during the month of November largely exceed one million; but outsiders must not suppose that this In crease is due in any way to the migration hither of people from St. Louis, who, taking advantage of the railroad war, are changing their resi- dences. . ee Wiscoxstn piled it ub pretty heavily on Hancock. The tigures read thu: Garfield. 144,400 Hancock... sosetene rere cL ‘The Fiat vote ran down to a mere handf <5 PERSONALS, The baby elephant at Bridgeport, Conn,, is to have n playmate soon, and Mrs, Langtry is n0- longer thought of in Connecticut. A correspondent wants to know why “ Chi- cago is down on St. Louis.” It is not. Chicago is way above St. Louis, and always will be. f Mr. A. Bronson Alcott has begun a series ; of weekly “talks” in Boston. At last accounts the pools were selling $10 to $3 on Alcott against Time, aged Mrs. Hicks-Lord is the guest of Lady Dud- ; ley, in the} latter's English home. She has dis- . carded mourning and blossomed out in stunolng - costumes, The Boston’ papers are telling how each member of the Adams faully voted at the re- cent election. This is gratifying. Heretofore the Boston papers have been telling how every- body voted for some member of the Adams faun- ily at every election, The New York World of Friday has’ a lovely article on “The November Frosts.” - Th® November troets occurred about three weeks ago, and even then there was nothing for them to injure; but littic trifies lixe this never keep & New York man from writing an editorial when © he is puid for it. A brakeman on a belated Baltimore & Ohio © Railroad train was sent buck to slygual an ap- Proaching locomotive. The wuather was very could, and, sitting down on the track by a fire to warm himself, he soon fell aslecp. The locomo- tive came without warning, and there was a col- | liston, in which the slumberer wus killed. It is believed that be is warm enough now, Dr. J.C. Thompson first saw Miss Collet when she acted as a bridesmaid at ‘bls weading. atSedalia, Mo. He could not fallto note that she was far prettier than the bride, and within & short time ho informed her that he regretted she, was not his wife. She suggested that the mis- take might bo rectitied by etopement, and they disappeared together. Missouri has always given a large Democratic majority. Birdie, get my flannels ready, For the autumn winds are dying: And in dells by birds deserted Polar blasts are shrilly sighing; All the little flowers are faded And the woods are dark and sere- Ab, my soul Is chilled and jaded— Bring my flannels, birdie dear. #4 Unpublished Works of John Kelly. He held one side and she the other; What did he wish? I coutd not tell; : He pulled, she pulted, and then her mother , Came in; perchance ’twas just as well. , For after it was passed he told me His wish, a wish should not name, g "Twas for a kiss; a bird sang near me sf And told me hers; it was the sume. —Vohn Calvin. ST EEEEEEEGSHemeeEED CURRENT NOTES. The ancient Town of St. Albans, in En-" gland has two possessions—an abbey built itt | the time of Henry VI.,and an arvhitect of mact more recent creation who wants a Governaient ° Job. Repairing the abbey and keeping it as it hasbeen for several hundred yeare last post would not cost much; but that plan would o00° sult Sle Edward Becket, who proposes to tear down the entire west end of tho church because itis ugly,” and rebutid it after designs of bis own, at an expense of $150,000 or more. Worst of all, the “people who live under the shadow. of the old church,” so tho Society for the Pro- teation of Ancient Buildings say, bave approv' the jobbery. There ought to be an ante-mortue ary punishment provided for thoss who teu!