Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, July 6, 1878, Page 9

LITERATURE. A Now Statement of. “The Principles and Practice of Teaching.” Atlantio Tslands as Re- gorts of Health and Pleasure.” [} The Dr. E. H. Olarke’s Study of Pseudopia, or False Sight. Summer-Sledging in Madeira« Prince Albert's Belief in Phrenology. The Phenomenon of Vision in the Brain Solontifically Explained. LITERATURE. TR ART OF TEACHING, It s n mere question of time whether the methods of instruction in this country shall be revolutiontzed, The demonstration of the errora of the old syatem Lias been complete. It it nad not been for the deadening effect of use and tradition, no demonstrstion would hate been needed. Nothing scems clearer, - after It has been pointed out, than the fact that the chilef end of educatlon 18 to acquire knowl- edgro; and that the kuowledge to bo acquired shionid bo uscful, and that the nearest knowl- cuge i3 likely to ba the most useful. If we can accept flerbert Spencer’s statement, that the function of education is to teach us how to 1§ve, there can b no difficulty fa advanclug to the position that kuowledge of the forces and objects fn aud about us 18 the most important part of educatiou. But it does not follow that this knowledge should be acuitired in the order of its abdolute importance. The order of ease in acquiring und the order of dependence may {n sumo instances supersede tho other. Thus wo can coneelve of no knowledze more impartant than the knowledze of tho laws of the huwan mind; but the facts of con- sclousnces aroe 8o mingled with tho instru- ments used i discerning and analyzing them, that they ara tho most diflicult of comprohen- sion In the wholo range of study. They ora complex and tinal, whercas the facts of the In- organie world,aud of tha vegetable and lower animal kingdoms, are simple snd undamentsl. The genoral object of education, therefore, should ba to acquire knowlodge of tho facts around us, beginning with the simplest. This principlo will lead us from o study of form and color to examine substances, and the modiflca- tions of theso produced by iurun; then to add tho study of foreo ftscif, In all its mysterions varictfes,~motlon, light, heat, clectricity, and Jife; and, finally, to Daes to the study of intel- lectusl phenomena. The relative importance of studics baving been agreed upon, a much more Important sub- Jeet remnina to bo consldered. This in, the metliod of study. Shall tho progress be from within outward or fromn without inward? lait better to concelve {deas and verify them nfter- ‘wards, or to examine proofs first, and then ore rivo at conclusions? In practical slairs, there can be only ono answer 10 this question; and teaching {8, or ought to bs, a practical affalr. There s no more reason why it should be divorced from human experience, and eatap- lished on o supposed {ntuitional basis, than there{s why sclenco itself spould Lo turned Lack to the frultiess ways of the Aehoolmen. The methods of learning which are good for tho adult ought to bo good for the child, In both cases the best micthod s the natural one, Natural In & doubla sensc; becausa It procecds from the simple to the complex, from partlculars to gencralizations, from the coticrete 1o tho abstract, snd because it allios Itsolf Im- mediatcly and closely with Nature, belleviug no focta to be more important than thoso which sho has to rovesl, and no princlples more ever- lasting than those which sho has estabiish Undor this system detinitions “dro resnlt 4o not eay to the child, '*Defluo a leaf: "8co o leal.” But tho formula is, Bee, exam- fae, com| classify; put objects that ara aliko in one class, objects that are un- ko ' in another; group . thoso that lbave many points of rescinblance; claasify those that have fewer, but more important, things in common; cmbrace in famllics thoso that have & structural roscmblanco; fn types, thoso that bave only one great feature the sumo: in kingdoms, those that havo different kinds of existence. Then detine ond prove, Definition is to Naturc what prool {a to arith- meile. We should begin with the proccsses, sud end with the proofs of them. In the sclentific and rational system, lan. guago does not procede, but follows along with, thought. *The advanco of fdess and of lau- guage,” says Prof. Johonnat, *must on tozether. Language s uscd for the double Buruo«u of cxprossiug mnd of preserving nowlcdge. 8hould fdeas fail of finding cx- pression, they are Imperfectly preserved or cntirely lost. Bhould expression be sought In advanco of Ideas, the words utiered would bo senscless as the chatterings of a parrot. In oach step of progrose, tlic idea pre- cedes tha oxpression, but should bae fmaie- diately followed Ly the word. The two hence- forth "becomo 8o blended that they caunot be separated [ practivo, and scarcely fu thought," Forelgn languages are not @ part of the schieme of u scientific oducation, except when It becomes npecialized and vrofusaor *“The study of the vernacular leads most directly Lo tho mas- tery of language, and heues should bo mado the basis of all luguistle study. liut to mako the study of lauguage itself the basis of Inatruction 13 to violate the laws of mental growth, to Al the mind with words Instend of ideuss, and fto form habits of expending a0 much forco fu verbal criticlsm a8 to overlook thu weightler matter of tho charpctor and truth of the statemeuts which the langusus contulus,” In the true coursy of study “the niatural sclences will aervo as o basts; languago tor expressiun will accompany every step fn oe- quisition; the mothomatics will be co-ordiuated ‘Wilh tho concrety sclences, and languuge asa scienco will be relegated to tho advanced iRy f aclontitic educatt | e Syatom of sclontiic education’ s wol dosaribed 1n & now DO by Frof Johontiat, of Curull University, entitlod “The Principles and Practice ot Yeaching,” trom which vae or two quatatlons have been made sbove. It Is & corptiation of tho views of the best educators sud writets oneducatiou, such as Pesta- lozzl, Frocbel, Herbort Spencer, Aai- a5 Whily pretending to no special originality, the author deserves crodit for nclear and couclis staterunt of .tho conclustons of othiers, aud capeelally for an examinution of thy wevcholozteal principles which underlfe them, a proper understandlue of which 15 indiapensable kuuwled subjoct, Il pursucs the o 8 knowrledgu of tha miethod hie adyocatos, it 1 woll to notice, i his own case, beginuinie with funduwentals knd simple fucts, aud cloatuy with rinclples, If therd s au Objection 10 bo made L6 his bock, 1t st by to that partof It inwhich he attempts to lay down o Keneral course of atudy, and malntatus that no other cau be reasouably con- sidered. Thls, 1t strikes us, {s a re. turn to the cmplrcal method of togeh- ing, and as far removed as possible from the spisit of the humblo Inquirer afger truth, Byt the book, as & whole, 1% one to which it ts easlor to give pralse than not. In matter and suanner it {8 far above the averuge of works on education; it cxuibits sceursty and vared fn- formatjon, and o practical sequaintance with the subject whble, atter ull, fs tho basts of all sythority, for this teacher as for overy other, New York: D. Appleton & Co. Chbicago: snsen, MeClurg & Co.) In counection witl the above, wo take pleas- ure {u notlelos three othier books of inte [ teachers— Euglish Grawmay Exerclaca,’ T Year-Book of - Education,” aud ' Hooker's Nutural l‘h“mzlh%" “The Grammar Exer cises " s ong of the serins of Litcruturo Prim- era published by D. Appleton & Co. It proceeds on tbe plas recomucoded by Jobhoubat and others, with the exception that It clains a pluce 1u pnmary educativu which sdvanced teachers of the new wehool deny to grammar, On this Lead, Prof, Johovuat wrltes: *‘Through the erruncous botuu that English gramuwar teaches Low to wpeak und writs the Engiish lunguage correctly, test-books lu gramwar are put tuto the Lauds o voung children, aud thelr minds e crummed with detduitions aud rules con- cesuing the phtlusouble structure of lsnguage, aud this befure thelr wental powers wse so for develuped 83 to comprchend the princlples which sru sought to bo given. ‘Tbe watter meworized, haviug fafled 10 yeach the under- stulidlug, becomes o bluderauco ruther tuau s Lelp to education.” This s she opuiun_ ot the best educators now o Amenca sud Europe; and e dwtu not couined to one language, but to sH. Hence luve tuy various short methods of learuig forefen languug thout tacir grumuwar, which have s to remove tho ob. done so much of Iate n different nationa and rtructions rateed bt raves by phifologists. But, adnstting that thees may be a berlod when a knowlerdue of grammar 13 usefnl, it {3 highty desirable tint the tneteue. tion should then proceed on the rlwht hasis, ‘This n inaured by the exercinns befors us, shich havo heen prepared by tha iley. Richard Morris, Prestdent of tho Britiah Philological Foclety, and by il. Cqurthiorpe Howen, Head-Master of the Grocera’ Company’s Schools. They main- faln that “geammar 18 ltaclt asclence, and that “the object we shouid have in teaching aclence I8 to draw out and exercise the powers af observation,” snd toshow the child *how to maks uso of what ha observes,” “If wa e 1o find fanit with the teaching of grammar, or of languaces,”’ they say, ‘[t should rather be with tho mettiods adopted than with the thtngs themsclves. Tho teaching of forvian 1anguaco 8o [requently falls beeause the sclence which treats of the facts of the lanruage {s at- tempted before tho learncr Ia in sny way mnde lnmfimr with the facts themaclves,'” Wo agrce with this statement of the reason why the teaching of grammar {8 8o often frultless, but cannot wholly acvept the author's estfinate of tho relative importance of grammar, snd the place it should oceupy {n o schemge of eelentific education. At the rame time. ft 18 well that grammar, when taught, should betauzht in accordance with the wise and fotelligent system hore markedout; and forthis reason we heart- ly rocommend the exercises to the ettention of teacliers. They aro Intetled to_ bo used with Dr, Morris' " English Urammar Primer,” but they may be used independently, or with an other grammar. They start without deflafe tions, but with examples. The classifica- tlun of the elght narta of speech s reached ns a result of persnnal cxamination and reflection ou the part of tho student. The teacher fs ad- vised to writo o scutence on tho Llackboard, and go through it, word by word. requiring the pupll Lo atato what cach word tells.. ‘1hen the vupils are asked to classify tho words according to the different inossages which they cunvey. Aajectives will fall under threc heads at most, a8 “words which pofnt out names,'" * words which tell us what sort of thing we speak of,” and * words which tell us iow many things we speak of.! Bo with tho otlicr parta’ of specch. They may be grouped under a fow heads cach, and, the polnta which cach serles of groupn lias In common belng establishied, the definitions will ba complete, It will be possible In this man- ner to put all the words in the language under tweaty primary groups, which can then be reduced to_ tha olfim Recondary classes known aa parts: of epeech. The same system is pure sued In the analvsis of sentences. The exam- plea under cach head are many, and twell- chosen, The ecxercises and fntroduction to- ther make abook of only 108 emall pages, lie aelling. price of which 1a 45 cents. They in- cludo nearly evervthing that {s nccessary to the intelligent teaching of grammar, and are fu- tended for the guldance of teachiera, not for use a8 text-books. For salo by Jansen, McClurg & Co. 4The Year-Book of Education” for 1378 is intended to supplement the **Clyclopoedia of Education' issuan last year. A simiiaroublication will bo made enchi year until a new cdition or a reviston of the Cyclopoedis fs undertaken, The present volumo being the frat of a seres of year-books, the publishers foel ealled upon to apologize for its imperfect conditiont but an_ apology Is hardly necessary. Tho work las been well done, so far &5 & cursory examination will permit one to judye. It ls accurate and comprchensive, and” exhibits a duc_sense of proportion on the part of tha editar. Illinals ta disposed of In a pago and s half, it s true, while #ome of tho nower Btates and Territories re. ceive far moro space and attention: but it should be remembersa that these later, where the school svatem Is ss yet largcly on an experi- nentsl basls, uave more interest for the stu- dent on that account. ‘The article on Italy, contributed by Prof, Villard, of the High-8chom) of Florcuce, will bo found onc of the most iu- teresting [0 the volume, [t Is limited to n riel acronnt of facts, and of certain Important reforms Introduced by tho }mm'nt Ministry, which _camo {nto power fu March, 1870, Prof. Villarl Is himsell & member of the Bu. preme Council of Educatton of Italy, and spo- clally qualified to write of such a subijeet. The {nformation which ho givea in this article |t would be dificull_ to obtsin from any other source. {New York: E. Bteiger ndous Bampson, Low & Cou.) A new editlon of * Iooker's Natural Philoso- phy ! has been Issued by Messts. Harper Droth- ers. It {s° Intended for the use of the older scholurs In cramiar-achools. to present the facts plalily lu popular lan. guage, and with o resort to mathematical formule. It will no doubt serve its purposo well cnough, having the advantage of alow price sad o carcful avolluuce of disputed ar abstruse " Binco this book was first published, “Atkinson's Ganat’s Physles’ bos come. into use largolv In this cotntry, and it I3 80 superforto any other work of the kiud that it g driven all compatitors aut ol the wurket. v Is futended, howerer, for uuo {n colloves and high-schools, and nesd not Interfers with the uAulnl 80 olementary s work as the one under revlew, ATLANTIC 1SLANDS, ‘The Atlantlc {slands are little known, thouzh cach hos {ts circle of admirers. The devotton which every frequent visitor to a summer. vesort fecls called tpon to exhiuit toward lis favorite spot Is, after all, a species of sclf-juatf- fication. If the place fs not so delight{ul as he reprosenta it to be, what excuso hus he for visiting it! Tecan only vindicate hla reputs- tion for good taste by showing that, of all the places within the reach of bis cireumstances, the ouc he has chosen 18 the best. Ouo unfor- tunatu consequence of this new rellzion of place- worship fs the growth ol misrepresantation. ‘Ttieto ace tew who have been ovarywhere uud soen everything; of thesa not ono In a dozen Is competent to describe falthfully what ho has scen, und not one in a thousand will undertnke the task. Our knowledge of thy various sum- wmer and health resorts outside of our own country 1s thus derived largely from prejudived witnessea. We estoom it a goodsthing, there- fore, when s careful sight-sser writesw book about a eroup of pleasant places, dolng justive to cach one, and compuring thelr merits. Mr, 8, G. W, Benjamin hus done this in his bouk, “The Atluntic Islands as Bunmer-Resorts,’ which, for summer reading, lcaves little In its*) way to bo dusired, Mr. licnjamin’s experionce extends over a wide range. Mo has visited the Dalumag, tho Azores, the Cnaunet Islands, the Masdalen Inlands, Madelra, Teneriffe, Newfoundlana, the Uermudas, Bello-dslecnmer, Vrineo Edward 1slaug, the Isles of Shoals, Cape Breton Island, and tho Islo of Wight. For health o prefers Mudolrs aud Tenerlite, Theiv climats fu dsler, muore even. and bracing than that of any of the othera. Tho Bahamas have been, in his optntou, ovorrated. Ho assluns Nawan ‘s lowee placo thun cither Madeira or Teneritfo, becuuso 1t In heefliul for only & part of the year, while tha huwidity of tho cveaiows makes it huprudent for the confinued sovalid to expose himself to the ufght alr. The socll advantages aud the attractlous of the scenery also sufler decidedly by comparison with thosa offerud tn the traveatiantic fsles, Bermuda cannot be recommended to those sufferiog from bectaral or throst dlscases,—cxeept perhaps for the apring monthe. The bumidity, especially alter nfichtfall, ts the inost remarkable feature of climute, 80 cxcessive that wloy clears, und other objects lable to mildew, are kupt in alrtipght glasscasen 1 the shops, Mutches aro so damp somotimes that thev witl not funite, while clgars are so suturated with molsture that they will not burt, The wean dew-polnt for 1975 was 4.8 degrees. The num. Ler ot duys (o which ram fell was 157, und the totul ratufall was 4460 fuctics, Of Madelea, Mr, Boujamin writes; As rogards the climate of Madeira, Where 1o Iittle t0 ba #ald that 42 uot In its favor, provided the fn. valid gocs thera §n tho eorlier wtazes of the dis- case. It 1s bonelclal to consumptives, and thoss troubled with rheuwatisn, neuralgia, and Hrly dineuse, or general oxtnustion of the wystem. “I'he objections broughs agsinet 1t have beeu largely duy toan attempt to prov Litor and lees-known rovorts &t the expenss of thovo of outablished reputstioni and also (o the grnmbiing ol two or threw individ- unly of ungoveruable Wwper, who, futling o ra- coive tho benufit which 1L was oo Jute far thom to Tecolvo muywhero, have roviled & Tesort that has 1o much good 10 athcr, “The climate o Teucriffe,” Mr. Benjamin writes, * s remariublo for two features bevond all ottier regions I the Northern Hemtsphere, —oquubliity and Irecdom from humidity. At Orotavs, ubout 30U feot sbove tho ses, fur tive weeksfu May sud Juvy | saw the mercury riio datly, {n the shado, to 73 degrues about § p. . Atuiyht it felito 63 degrees. During that period 1 notlcad no varlations trow these tieures, Tho inean temperature of Banta Cruz w January, in the shade, 14 ces by day, and 67 degrees by wighiidito for | Julsy 79 degrrecs, and 73 dogrecs, respectively,” Lo other lslands visited uy M. Beojumin® are bete ter wdapted for pluasura-soekers than for fn- vallds, though tho Ials of Wight has been strourly recommended for cousumptives, sud tho Uusunel Tutucds ure uot withous their devo- tees. Tap Iales of Bhoals Lave been better writtea of by Cella Thaxter, ‘the book is well writien, though It 1s uot ulways fres from triv- lality. 'Tuo {llustrutions, from tho penell of the ‘wuthor,—hiwscll an' urtist,—urs not the Ivmi mfidturw: d»m t:: the work. (New urk: Harper ros. Chicsa: Junsen, Clung & Co e, oty hteswos Junsen, e VISIONS, Dr. E, H. Clarks, the autbor of ** Sex fa Edy- cation,” lvft tho wanuscript of a bovk called **Vislons: A Study of Falte Sieht,” which was sutnnltted after his death to Dr. Oltver Wendell Holines, and haa sines heen published by Hongh- ton, Dsgood & Co. The circumatances under which this honk was written are describod by Dr. Holinea {n an introduction. 8ome time he- fore his death, Dr. Clarko rcad his death-sen- tenee, and knew that tha malignant discase of which he was the aubject would ne slow In it work and involve great sulfaring. fle fclt that he must haye somalhing to oceitpy his mind, and turn It away In rome meaure from dsvelling only on the tortures af tila binty, He therefore took up tne studv ol o nuestlon In which ho had lonz been fnterested and made It his fdafly occupation to write npon it. Holoug as his atrongth listed sulliciently, ho wrote with his own hand, After this, he employed another to write at hls Alctation. ‘I'ie burpose of his book ls to show that well- nuthonticated cases of falac sight have arisen; that the key to the explanation of preudopis, or Inlse “vislons, I8 to bas found by studving and comprehending orthopls, or the nrocess of nornial vislon; that sizist 18 not a function of the eyo alone, but of a complax and dellcate apparatus, of which tha grater part Iy lodgea within the cranfitm; that, in ab- normal eonditions, stimu'l nperatinz in the Drain, withiout the prescnee of an xternalob- Jact, may exeita any of thecentres of the visual Apparatus, and set tho proceas of vision woing from that point; that every object making ni ymipreasion on the brain, or visual anparatus, loaves an organie Arace there whlkh inay be roproduced nt aa Indeflnite period afterwarls by cerehral actton; that the Dratn celis, actlng under subdj-clive stimali, may arrange themsclves In such s way as to 1epresent & vislon,—that is, sight,—when no ex- ternal object corrnspunding fo it exists; and 1hat varfous fnflucnces, as huhit, axsociation, tentlon, emotlon, disease, biood-chimnges, volition, may put the visual apparatu: otlon anid_produce vislons, The exsmples adduced by Dr. Clarke are all authentie, Manv of them oceurred in hisown practice ar that of his friends, others are recorded by Dr, Carpenter, Baln, aud obscrvera of aqual eredit, Thavistons of fenorant peoplenre discarded beeause thoy are apttoconfuse tucts with desires or feara. Nocrod. 1t Ismiven to glioats, Mirs:les ara not touched upon. Materlelism s neither hetd not rejected, @ discusrton of that nature not beeing deemad cessontial to the main inquirys But the exeur- sion is, of course, on dangerons, if inviting land, —n reglon {n which none of the known coudi- tlons ot lile hold xood. Dr. Clarxe has akiil- fully avolded forbilden toples. His ttontisa Is still fncomplete, but, ns Dr. ITolmes says, ont; a fow pages would be nceded to finish it ani these reader moy be pornitted to furnish ‘l‘/" )hhmcll, (Boston: Iloughton, Osgood & o, EPOCIIS OF ENULISIT IIISTORY. ‘The scventh historicol haud-bouk roprinted by the Messrs, Harpers In thelr Halt-Hour Berles troats of England during tho Amerlean and European Wars, from 1705 to 1820. The work s excooiinzly well done. It divides tha period Iuto elx parts, cach forming @ natural division of timoand subject, as (1) The War with the American Colonfes, 17651733 (2) The Englist ln Indfa, 1777-1823; @) The Mtnistry of Pitt, 1783-1801; (1) Irciand, 1705-1400; _ (5) ‘fhe European War, ~ 1803-181 ) T reaults of the War, was not to b expac that a hand-hook of this dusu taln tnuch now matter cven lor the carcless reader of hMstory, The benefit ts moro from the managument ol tha 1dess, and the new light and shadows thrown upon thew, than from ouychauze of thought ur substance. All that Iaiold about Hnstings, for lnstance, may hc found {n the himpeactiment. treial, or in Macaulay's essays, but nowhere clse can it bo found so con- csely’ und plalaly put. Tho Jrish struggle for - indepenidence has hecn described and cnlarged upon n tho more am- Ditious bistorics many times, but in uone of them {s {ts cause so clearly described as in this, ‘Tho temporary suceess of thoe Irish was Jue, wo all kuow now, to the prostration of England rosulting from the Auerlean War and the carly success of the French after thelr Revolution; and the act of unjon wes only made possible by the revorses ol thio Fronen, So stranzely hava the fortuncs of Frante and Ircland™ been buked togcther, wmot only on this oceasion, but on many others! Americans may miss In this cposh, perhaps, the War of 1813, which was a biz event for Ameriea, thouch comparatively unlnportunt for Buziand; but wo can bardly find faule, with the bistoriun who has the magnanlmity to overlook thut humiliat- ing eplsoder ELLA'S MUSICAL SKETCOES, Collectiona of musieal sketches and anecdotos arc vary numerous, aud, as a rule, very bad. They are usually inade upon the scrap-book priuciple, without referenco to syatemn or cor- rectuess. ‘Tho works of Tytler, Crowest, Phipsou, and cven Busby, are full of errora aud absurdities, growing out of the practico of pleklug up all sorta of foollsh and prevosterous stories footine about as to tusicians and thelr hablts, necept- lye thea as true, acd printing thum, On this acvount fv Is refreshing to run neross o work like ¥ Musieal Bketenes Abrood and st Home," by Prof, J. Ella, the well-known Euglish musf- vian and scholar. It is an entertaining work fron heginning to end, and fs {llustrated quite profuscly with citations from scores. ‘Tha brief aketehna nve dorlved matnly from Incldents com- g within hts own knowledge, and frum vxpe- riencos In musleal teaching wud aequalutance which cover & long period of time ‘Fiero s very Mttle that conea second- hand, but that Nitle is clearly established os authentle. Nearly all the skotches aro poluted Wwith shrewd cominent, and tho book i3 filfed with suggestions of great practicul value to am- ateurs ond students. 5t 18 tssuvd b{ Behuberth & Co., Now York, snd muay bo obtained (n - this ity of the Chicago Music Cowpany. TIT DEATINY OF RUSSIA. A prophet lins urlsen amony us. His misston 1 to forawarn the poonle that Russia ta suun to apread over o largo part ‘of Europo; that Tur- key—tho traditiona) Jalusel—Is to b carved In pleces: that the Jows are to be restored wa a uu. on and establisied fu Palestine; snd that those who tdream of an futervening il lennfum before tho coming of Christ to judyo tho carth * will ba sxdly disappolnted. ‘I'ie authority 10r all thts ts found ks ths thirty- elghth aud thirtv-ninth chavters of Baeklel, In which imuch {s asld of a certaintiog, the Peince of Roah. In the authorized verslon, Ezckiel fs di- rectod 1o sut his fuce azainst » Goz, the land of Maugous, " the chif” Princa of Muyech and Tubal, and prophesy waainst bin.” But vur suthor days thie Jfebrew words thus trausiated cannot beur the meanl aflixed to them. ‘The true veadine f5 * Pruce of Hos" tnatead uf “thy chict Prince.” Ros te not an uppelative, but s prover uwoun, meauing Russla. I this bo teue, wo du not sec how wur author—or Ezeglel, for the matter of thut—has wade out a cuse, or ¥ propheated agatnst * Ruassia. The s:}mphnuy sceins to be ruther 1 favor of that uiplre, for 1t I8 shown {n the map pretixed to thua vatumo that Hussis ts ultimately Lo possess ol ot ‘Turkastan, Persta, Purkey - Asla, Tur- key In Europe, Ethiopla, Libyd, Denmark, anid —moat wonderful of ati—Uermany. Kogland 1a to retain hur present possessions, the Mediterraucan slands, Egypt, Shova, Dedan, und Tudin. Friewds of Kussis may wetl suy, i Yiew of this rotiisey *+Call you this cursing of your oncinles!" (Chicaio: Thomas Wilsun, No. 133 Mourou streot.) LLECEN'Y NOVELS. Mrs. Edwards' books ura alwsys wetcoms by 8 certuin class of uovel-readers,—a dscriininat- ing, and, In o degrae, axucting class, wo resd to be smuscd, and must bs lutercated, * Jot ¥ posscascs all the requisitus ol an entertaining stury. The nerolue, who gives ber namo to the Bouky=a pame, by the wey, which wa are sured s very common lu Boston, but which fs associated fn the Weat with the canloe rather than the humay spucles,—issa young and en- thustustic girl, with a healthy, lupby uatur . Kesa cnjoyment ot iife, au & capability of suffering which ever accompanics srdent tetperumcnts, When that sufleriug cowes, 84 1t docs, fu tho shape of u worthless lover, 1t Is 80 antcuse that thy brightucss seems cruelivd oub of lier Wiy forcver. The tust to which her ,‘ah!lmnhv Is put s cruclal, but, though the final dasue of the atrugels is not told us, we feel sure sha did wul)luur, und that peacs snd happincss followe:s [he bouk contalns suine ood portraits of Continental English, sud uscurate views of Coutinentsl life. (Now York: E.Li‘\p,nlamn & Co. Chlcago: Junsou, McClurg c Lo, ** Hunmervmith—His Harvard Days” Is one of many attempts that have been made to write » Seollege nover ;s aud, (o spite of soveru! fu- conststenclea in the action of the ry, it L without question the wost suvccsstul of its kiud that nus spooarcd ou this side of thy wa- ter. Itisa closs approach to tho Amrican Tendeouis, which collegiane bave bect waltlng for. Hammerswith {s o Guy Liviugstons 1o many respects. 'The secne ol bis exploits 13 per- baps a fruitful soll for such characters, Tue author succecds In looklug e his story With w youthful eye, und the book {s tiuged wity 8 pleasant collegfate entbusiasg. The viylo i3 whooth snd well adaptud to the subject. “flam- aieratulth gocs through the eapericies uliuited tu taust college youthia, with the stugle excdo- oo that bo 1> uok suttsted with @ almply o THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SATURDAY, JULY 6, 1878—~TWELVE' PAGES. eagement, but actitally margles one of the imakleng of the old University town. 11is elass- mates seem to hare heen afected] in the samo manner, and & most serlous break w; . the ranks of the Cambridge young lwiies on the aralnation of Hammorsmith’a class, Thia hook may revive some vleasant memories for cullege men, and possitly it inay be of Intorest o others. {Boston: Houghton. Osgood & Co. Chicago: Jansen, MeClurk & Co.) W\ald Ellica® 'In not the fssst promistnz number of the Letsarc-Hour Sorfes. It is a story of much vivacity and grace, somewhat darkly stained in placos, but abounding in_ms- terfal for the exarcise of the imagination, Filica is properly mot the herolne of tho story. Tnat distinctfon, {f distinction it be, belongs to - Margaret, her coustn, a hemlsirong younz woman who has an tdeal lover fn her mind, and, ln the opening of thy atory, no sequaintance at all aporoaching herideal. She mests svnn afterwanls with a young artlst who vromises to fuldll ail ler expectatious. I8 I8 dark, handsome, bold, and ininuating, She falis desperatuly (n love, carrfea on @ clandestive corresvoudence, and finally elopes with him. When she fiuds that he dued ot {ntend to marry, she Jesves lim, aud, after a perfod_of exile dn London, returns to her howme. There s, of course, fo this & reminiscence of “Adam Bode™ and * David Coppertleld,” but thy effect Is more pleasing than in oither of those novels, because the cutastrophe Is mot so overwhelming. (Now York: lenry Holt & Co. Chicago: Jansen, McClure & Ca.) Amung recent novels reecived are the follow- ne: “A Struggls,”” By Burnet Phillips. Apple- ton’ Handy-Volume Serles. “Gabrielle.”” Translated from the French of Nenry Grevllle, Philadelplla: T. B. Petorson & Bro. "Unt Kate! By Christian Refd. New York: D. Appleton & Co. # Mirlam's Jleritage.” Ry Aimer Cadder. “Mag: A Btory of To-Dag.""" Harper's Library of American Fiction. “The Lost WiL" By Mrs. 'Hlml‘z ‘Wood. Philadelphia: T. B. Peterson & Bro, *Orville College,” By the same author snd pahlishers. “Curlstine” Brownlec's Ordeal.” "By Mar t),’-lrlck‘ana. ilarper's Frauklin Square Lf- rary. g LITERARY NOTES. Callaghan & Co.," of Chicago, have In press Roscher's * Political Economy * fa two volumes, “The Canoe and the Fiylng Proa ' {s a timely book by W. L. Alden, published in Harper's Holf-lour Berles. Bret Harte's new book (In Houghton & Os- mond’s pross) Is entitled “Drift from Two 8hores,” and contalns fourtecn papers of va- rled length, among them *Tha Hoodlum Band,” a condenscd novel. Mr. Brassoy, whose voyags a the yacht Sun- beam has boen made the subfoct of & book, Is one of twosons of the late ‘Thomas Brassey, raiflroad contractor of England, who, dyiug in 1870, left a fortune of $50;200,000. Itis o striking proof of the world-wide in- terest felt In Mr., Stanloy's discoverfoa that the English editlon ot his * Through the Dark Con- tinent ' appoars simultaneously in the United Btotes, Conade, Frauce, Germany, Norway, Ltaly, Deumark, and othier countries. The Atheneum says: “A report, whether true or 1ot wo cannut aay, comes from Canada to the effect that Lord "Dufferin has mads nu- merons notes (u the course of his travels In the Domiulon ond in the States, and thas a work Luscd on these will appear rotura to England." Mra, Francis Hodgson Burnott hia written Lancashiro story called ** Haworth's," which fa safd by thosu who have aeci the matuscript to be as good as *‘That Lass o' Lowrle’s.” 1t 1 to be the Jonding serlal tn Seribuer's tor 1673.170, tho opening chapters appearing 1o the Novem- ber number. The last number of the Saturday Review, In & notice_of Mr. Bryaut's lile und works, says: ¢ Mr. Bryant was & singular example of a poct nnd a student versed in nany literatures who did not nold aloof from politics and the atress and turmoll of democracy, It is acarcely posw slble, we think, to call him a grest poet, aven among American poots.’ i A correspondent of the Bpringfleld Kepub- lican at Willlamstown \rrites: ** Prof. A, L. Perry completes is twenty-ilith year of scrvics hero this year. Ooly threo men In the history ol the collean have Jabored louger as. Professor— Profs, Kellogk, Hopkinw, aud Tetlock. Prol. Perry §a to issuc In Auzust a ncw und thor- oughly revised edition of s popular book ou pulitical cconomy, bringing it down o date. In it b wil fotluw Gen, Walker in dijoping the term ‘eurrency,’ aod will invite the New Haven Professur to make a similar concesslon o omit- ting the unmanageable term * wealth! ! Cassall, Petter & Galpin have (ssued a atato- ment to thu persona etmployed i tholr immense establishment, In La Belle Sauviro Yard, tothe eflect that & Dxed proportiou of the profits of the business {s to bo set astde each year to form & tund for their beneflt. Tue schéwe provides ’l) fur the payment of a suwm, gradunted accord. g to Junith ot service, to thy famntily orgledal represvitative of apy persou dymg in the em- ploy of tho house, o (2) In leu of thls o shmitar payment to o living omploye, who, having servul at lenst soven years, and Teschod 8 apo- citle uge, may bo luvalidated, or,hoforo reaching such sgecllle age, may have becomed erippled or !n:mmuunny dlseu; It 1s cstimated that licse paytmints will rance from £25 to £100, ac- cording to grade and lenzth of service. ART NOTES. Mr. M, . 1. De [1aas i3 at work on @ moon- light mariue,—a ship under full safl, just luav- Ing @ lighthouss on its starboard. Ho will be on the const of Maluo aud Massachusotts after the widdie of July. ‘The cecentrie and talented Whistler hanga bis pleturos when floished (0 hls gurden, t the mercy of sunshine, wind, aud rain, e says, *Jt takea the gloss off thom, that objectionable gloss which puts onv In mind of s palufully new hat. The artiet painis the buckgrounds of his figures n tirst and then bullds the latter, work- Lugg from tho feot upsyard. ‘I'be jury of this year's Salon have awarded the chief prizew ns fullows: The prix du Balon to M. Nectar Lemaire, tor bls “Bamson trahf var Dalfla;” and the medalles d’bonneur to M. Bursias, for * Les Premicres Funerallles! und M. Doluntunche, for *La Vierve au Lya. It s unoteworthy that tho three chief prizo-winuers aru seulptors.—deademy. Julian lnwthorau criticlses, {n n letter to the New York L'ribune, Burne Jones! lust utrocity ot wivancod art now uxhibited st thoGrosvonor Gnliery tn Loudon: { cannot coticetve of a umay ownlng auy appeliutiou fess oscentrio Shau Mr. unea’ painting such & work as that called “P'epacus and the Grale,* Wo have heard of spples of gold tn victures of sitver, aud perhaps guvculsted ua to how they Jooked thore; but when wo behatd & man fu » brass closk and thrce ladies in tin gowns, wu shall be ready bumbi: to aceopt anytning, Whether the metal fs lal un the pieture, or wheth eI able, tho pletro 1a sugraved snd palnted un the metal, L kuow nobueitiier do Leare; but the uileet i Mtele less thuu petrifying. The'threo Grate, besetu of shelr siijrts sye, e groblug grisyous- 1y about in thetr tho drapery: while the Lrszun ronber 8 slyly makiuy Lis escapo out of the oidst of “themn, with the] vye (which, ac- wording to Mr, Hurne Jones, 13 nothiug more thuu u round brass buttus, brightly potished by ust) grasped firauly between bia tolanlous thumb and fivger. Unleas tho Urala were deaf as well a8 Llind, Perseus must have found intinite dif- deulty In subduinz the rattle of his metallle drapery sutllclently to conceal his whereabouls, Let (¢ be disuuctly understood that thts tin aud bruss 8 by no means mers stivering ‘wnd gild- 10g. it 18 solld, wasaive wetal, 1ald ou o thick plates, wud violontly carved mto folds; agninat h gariuents tho bullots of su ordiosry army vevolver would tatten hanmtessly. Now s slu- filn vlcture such as this wheht, oue would think, u allowed to stand aloue, 8 smonumentun are xerenniua of the gentus and uncouventionality of the accomplished srtist. But Mr. Burne Joucs? gentus would wpposr to be yulto insatisble. ol *Purseus and the Uraly,” we aro rutb! ly lu- furwed by thy cutalogue, fs the first of & serics futended to illustrate thustory of Perseus. How well the hesd of Medusa will look, with her auaky locks treatad fu pure brass, ullo relievo! Sbe will be & Gorgon, fude: o stiaty PERIODICALS RECEIVED, Princerod Revisw—July (New York). Cootonte: **Expluraiion e Verifywg Revuistion, y Frof. J. L. Portar, Awscuibly‘s Collese, Bel + God's Indlacriusiuaty Propossls of Nurc) Preaidont Robort L. Dabuer, Hsmuden-Syd: Theological Somivary ; **Claasica ud College: by Feol, B ¢ Joane Hopin uivosalty; Prof, dum\l 8. Bedu, Londou; *‘Tbe Bon of Man, J. J. Van_Oostorzes, Univereity of “*Kecent Chanwes tu Jurlsprudeuce snd A polo i by Fraucts Whartow, L! , Lome Mothods ot Howe Evsugschzation, " by Prot. Willlaw 0, Blaikie, Froe Church CJl- togeo, Rdinburgh; **Keol sud iils Fortunes tu Eugland,™ by Prof. J. P. N Col- lege, Dubliu ¢+ Chelstl towan Ewire, " by Prof. of Lewpztv: **The winry. Axu avtusni--Jaly (McCalla S Stavely, Polladelplaa). Lirenany Wontp—fuly (B. mea & Co,, Tos- ton). : Citieann Cosuprotirax—July (C. A. Vosbureh & '0. l,,‘@n";'u JovrmaL—Jane (P. Teypoldt, New ork). Carcaad Mapicas Jovnsat Axn Examixen—Jdnly (t:nlcazo Medical Press Aenoclation). Lirrect’s Livixs Aog—Current numbers (Littelt & Uay, Doston) FAMILIAR TALK. SUMMER COASTING-SLEDGES, The coastinz-sledze ot Funchal (Madeira) mast clalm pre-eminence over all known forms of locomotion, except salling. I know of no other place in the world whers business-men slide down-hill to their counting-rooms. In summer many gentlemen reside In viilas, which are a con- tinuation of Funelal, reaching a8 high up as the Churel of Nostra Senhora do Monte,—2.000 feet ahove the sen. I rode up one morning to hreakfast at the villa of the Austrian Consul, Biguor Rlarchi, situated on & levet @ith the Mount Courch, The ride was up & very precio- ltous tneline: but the horses wera on tfislr met- tle, and went up the unbroken sscent at full trot, the mulctecrs moving close behind. Thuy rested but once, aud uelther horses nor men ehowed shortness of wina. Bobiud us, &t the end of ntecp atrcots, stretchod thy ocean, whosc dim Lorizon-line grew rapidly inore distant and faint as we rose. " On efther hand the roud was shut {a by high walls, overhung with a profasion of purpto sod searlet flowers, which Josded the moist morning alr with perfume. ‘The tercaces above were datk- ened by the Ince-work of waverine light and shade cast by trellises supporting vines welzht- ed with clustesaof Muncate) grapes. Having Karlnken the zonfal hospitality of our host and ostess, wo walked acruss the hicad of s ravine 0 & sladge **stand " by the Mount Church, and 2eated ourselves In a vehiclo of basket-work fxed on wooden runners, with u cuslioned seat for three, and a brace fur the fect. The attend- ant, seizing a leather wuldlug thoug. lea on the rcar end nf the runners with one foot, gave the eleage s start, and we were oft. We dashed down the narrow way at s apecd almost frightful, but rlorlously exciting, guing around abrupt turns with a slide 10 teeward, which unly the sstonishing dextenty of the guldes prevented from hecoming a hazard. ous cansize. ~Soon the increasing number of people in the street obliged us to slacken our vace: but towards the ond we overtock sanother sledge, mnd ordering our engincer to put on atesn, away we went azain ata pradigious rate, graduatly overhaullng the chnse, dutil we suil- denly turned Into adark lane. The sled stop- ped and, presto! tho excitement was over; but Bot the meinory thereof, We made sumething over two milesln eleht winutes aud a hall. Tue distance has been done Iu five minutes when, carlier in the day, there was a cledr road. An- other time I made the descent at 10 o'clock at oight, when all was darkouss sliead, intensified 1f possible by thelantorn wo carzied at vur fect. —" The Atlantic Jslands.” § ALDERNEY COWS. Aldernoy s koown for the brecd of cows whick bears Its name. ‘These arc so called, probably, becsuse the first ones exparted were from that laland, although mow’ very few thut are sold as Alderney cowa are directly from there. Those of that breed actus)ffexported from these lslnnds are generally from Jersey, where the cattle sre much the same as those of Alderney, small, with tapering heads, und of & Golcata’ fawn-color, The (iucrnsey cow is ea- teonred by some cven more hignly than the Alderuoy; it 18 rather larzer, sud more of a red, brindied in color, The cows are milked three thues daily, and the milk {s churned with- out skimming, "Ove pound of butter s day Is by uo means an uncommon yield for a good cow, The cow-cabbage 18 made to reach size 80 largs that tho leaves arc used to wrap the butter fo for market, while the stalks are varnfshed sud armed with ferrules, and exten- nlvely used at 8t. Heller's for enncs. The cows are v«r‘y carefully coddled. The grass they feed on 19 bighly enrithed by the vrote, o spocies of sea-weed gathered from tho reefs at low-tide, ‘Thore are two vrale harvests appolited by the Government,—one in the spring and the other in August,—although it i gathered at other thines tn sumll quantitles, Al bands turs out in the scason with bos and carts, frequently at night, sud 1t {a & very lively, Xh.-mrznqun oi- cupation, though often attended with rlsk aua Toss of life froin the overloading of bus the suddeu rising of the tide. The cuw siwaya tethered when feediug; llm{ eat less in this way, really glving moro milk than i glut- ted with food; and, whilc they are cropplug the grase ou one sidu of a ield, 1t bus thie 1o soring up on the other side. When they have dove eating, they are ut ouce removed to the ehale. The breed ia preserved hom n- termixture with other breeds by strony and arbitrary laws very carcfully enforced. No cate tlo aru ullowed to enter the tslands (exseept for sinughter within a vertain number of Quys), with the exception of oxen for drauzht.—* 4tlantic Lilands. GrORGE COMDYE, T'HE DPHRIENOL- OGIST, From the Pall Ml Gazelts's review of a new 1lfo of George Combe by «harles Glbbou we wake the followlug quotatlons: “Charc (s uo denyiog that, wpite of many mis- | takes, Gcarge Comos was 'woudertully succosaful ¢ a phrooaloging, and contrived (o make pooply thoroagaly interoated In e stngies, L5 Richard ('ohden wrote lo him, **1 wan minch ark whan vou mappeil my haad elevon years ago: * Why, If you had becn Sorn 1 the Middle Ages you wodld nave madv s 200d tnonk, you have #0 much yeneration.' Tuat waa o telumph fur phrenolugy, fur you could have farmod o such notlon_from' auything you scen of heard of me.” Thin wus a0 example of & way It which phrenology mado Pricnas eveu When it tnado blundurs, raspod at tho idea thut bey among the foremost of {iadical reformers, was stheart & monk, yud that within Liuisolf ho cain- Dined such opposiics. Archbishop \Whwteloy waa futtered in wnuch the samo fashiun. that bo hiad the sulmal vropensitios very strung: o fo thing 10 esy when It was 1nstantly adaed that vor nad tho ascondency, for *“thero wasatail ‘vigoraus mouftur within wwho nover viept.'s .. . Woare slittle startled to ind that be had A nnmiber of +vs And u waud deal of corra- epundenco with Prince Aluert and Warop Stochmar w8 to the education of the Prince of Wales. In 1830 he was preswnied b0 the Queen, and explaiu- ed 10 her s theoties of education ** unsd ui the liysiologteat duvalopauat uf the Koy cildren. gl anr Tespect fur bee Majesty to loarn tht she waw teas incllned towards his theorlcs than tue Frince andthe Baron. . . . Inbis portraiture of Lord Johw Russell’ theré 14 not a word muld ol that babdiicss and self-eufichoncy which Sidnuy Stith sueuind 1o thivk thy mosl re- markable Lrat in Lord Lussoll'n charactor, which i3 deacribed 1 suue choics phira Hikoly to bo forkotten. As fur the breadia of Husscll's forelivad 1 whiclk Cambe refrn, wo are reminded Uit the phrunologists attecn extraondis naty_fwportauce 0 breadth of forshicad, antyct thai Bic Waltor 5cott's hat was_the smailost in {he hetier's shop. Li his case, however, the nelght of :,h‘ ‘:lnbd wau suppored Lo maxe up for the wunt of readth. RISMARCK’S LOVE OF TOBACCO, Prince Blamurck transucts most of his offivial bustuess with a cigar In bis moutti; and fu the wemolss of Heer Maurice Busch, his 1ate Bocrv- tary, may be found » characteristic anealote of Low this Pruselsn statesmsu clalmed snd en- foreed his privilege of smokiow ut the alttings of the Mititary Commnssion of the Diet at Frauh- forl. The slory is glven jn the Chavcellor's words: ** While Rochow represcnted Prussls ut the Dict, Count Rochverg, the Presfdent, who represented Austria, was the ouly wamber who swoked at thu board. Rochuw, who was u grest ainoker, Lad often longed o Yighit u cigar ut did uot dure. Whew 1 wsrived, however, § asked mysel? why Prussia should uot doas Ats- tria did. at the frat slitttui I drew out a cigar and asked Hechheng for w dght, which be wave e, stupetied atmy coolness. Theothor del- cuates Wero ot less amuzed, sud wrote to thelr reapective (overnents for inatructious; but the subjcet was & scrluue one, requiring re- flection, w0 slx- montha clapsed without their obtafulug sy wnswer. Sleanwhile Hottuor, th 1auoverlan, who was a erest fricud of beri, tuok the Jiberty of Hehtiug up, o be with mo; seeluy which the Baxon, Noalits, pio- duced o ciar to stand equal with hims. Thers renained now enly the defegates ot Wurtembery and Darmstadt; Dut thess two wers not sinok- crs. What was to be donet Could they ot thelr colleagues blow clouds fn their fames without blowiug backt The Wurtembender was the first to decide that the bunurof lus couptry was involvud, and ho brought vut svizss wbis tusu. 1 think Foan seo it now—-an undolinable cigar, ule yellow, thin, taperivg, and cuormuusly ang.” 1le stmoked It bravely, With 8l iis wight, aud olmouet to tho stuwp, thus @viuz e wog- nidcent examplo of devotion w bis couutry." PATAGONIAN SCENES, In Mr. Brassev's Look—*'Around the World 10 & Yacbt ¥—ihe tollowivg passage, descriptive of & vialt from natives ot Patagouls, aecurs: Soou aftur passing Port Famiue wo saw the bold outitue of Capy Howard, the suutberumost polut of Bouth Anwslca, strciching inlo the Blraita. . . Iothe aftirpcou, whon i Euglish Huuch, Whire mauy veascls bave been loal, sreal excito- ment wes causod vu buard by thy appearance of & €06 UK WUF pUst buw. Sk W steshing vut from the Barlaza Chuuuol, aud, 84 sbe 1pposted to bo makloz dicect for us, Tou urderud the eagines to Ly sluwed. ler occupants thureapon redouviud tielf eltorty aud cumo paddling Lywards us, stiout- {hg wod meking tho s stestle gusticalations, vue wan waving a ekin round his dead with an wmonut of cusrgy that threatencd to upsct the cutiuw. Tl Lza1l craft, Wpua Ledres dnspection, Condon 1lo wus told fron the sum.. roved to be mada only of ronh planks, radel; 1A Togothne with tho Finaws of RN ir oek, one of the party had to tals constantly in order to keep her afloat. Wo flung them A rope, and tha) came_ alongnidn, shoutinz '* Tobaced, Gailata & (blscuit), 8 supply of which wo theew nen to {hem in exchanuo for the Akins they ind been wav- ing: wheeeupon the two men stripoed thomacives of tna skin mantlea they were wearing, madn of eight or ten oftar aking sewad together with finee at, and hamied rinewa than those used for the them up, clamnring for more to RAYS thean, fogathor with soma beails and knives. {Note, ~Thesn skins proved to bo tho ver] quality ever plucked, and were valaed in England at from £4 to £5.) Finally, the woman, influenced by this exsmple, patted wifh her ol garment 1o rewarn for a littic more tobcco and beads, and #oma looking-gia which [ threwintothe canoe. Tho perty consiated of & man, & waman, and A 1ad; and I think I nover saw delight depicted mars stronely than it swas on the faces of the 1wo latter swhen they handlud, for the first 1ime in their liven probahly, some sicings of blus, red, and green 183 b i\oh. made of ! 0 501d, after which they’ reluctantiy departed. quite nakod, hut very iuppy. shouting and Jabuering awar in th most tnartlcalate langusge pawitle, [t waa with greal dificulty that we could make them Jet 7o Lhu rope, when e went ahead, snd I wen quite nfrald they would bo npset. They weto all fat and loalthy- looking, and, thongh not nandsome, tbalr appear- ance war by no means repulsive; ths countanance of the woman, cspecially, wore' qitil f n when Hehted lp;vl miles -1 with beanc! which the aahes of a recent fire were disitngn! e, eir paddies were of the very ronghcet de- seription, consistivg alianly of epift branches of 1recs, with wider pleces tied on st one end with the ainews of birds and beaste. ———e SPARKS OF SCIENCE. THE PHENOMENON OF VISION. ‘When waves of light from s visibls ubject fm- pinge on the rotins, there Is no perception of, the fact; the cercbrum s a0t consclous of the phenomenon. When thoy reach tho tabereuls fuadrigeming, perception is aroused; consclous- unsg recognizes the opproach of the visual vibra- tians by which the machinery of the tubercles Is sct In motion; but there is no perception of the detalls of visusl phenomens. When they reach the angular gyrl, a still higher grade of percep- tion §a attained; the detalis of the visual tefe- gram are perecived ; complote viston {s accom- bllshed, with a correspouding perception of its completegess. When tho - completed vision bunctrates into the cells of “the (frontal lobes, and transformed into and connectod with fdeas, both Lhe transformation and emutional sctivity to which transformation aives rise. Perceotion in the frontal lobes, thereforo, 18 something more than perception }n ‘Ju angulsr gyrly 1t 15 sunation and intel- ection. What perception la fn its assence we do nnt know, and from the nature of things it 18 not vrobable that the Luman miud ever will know. 1t i o vital product, but the mechaniam of ita Eronluuiouh amystery; 0o moreof o myatery, uwuver, than many other vital products, Our ignorance of lts uature does uot yre- vent our recognizing Its existence, eatl- its ~ value, determining ita limitatlons. In the hemisphetes, and cspeclally In the frontal lobes of the brafn, it sttafus ita higheat davelupment, and cnfoys i largest range. There it hemn:'c. w&:‘c‘ l.el‘?n(‘l.a calls apperceptiony or Derception reflects u s o Toetiot f the tronta) lobes.” When light.waves {rom en uplifted dagger fall on the rotina. the eye records the Iact of culor, size, pusition, motion, ¢tc., oud trausmite an account of them to the tubcreulo quadel gemina. Tlls centce carefully udjuste the mechapism of the uye—the iris, Icuses,uiuscular spparatus, and tle like—to the demands of caruful alscevation, co-ordinates the general muscular systein for auy movciment tho suergency nakes its visual angular gyrus. The latter coutre receives the report, pereeives ull the dotalls of the dagyer, the baud grasping it, the face sud action of the owner, whatover coustitutes an cxact picture of the scene,; sud transiits a corresponding pletorial ruport to the frontal lobes.” Upon recelving thia re)mrl ~—this pictorlal representation,~tho lobes look ot it, ascertaln Its sigafticance, do- termine whetaar the uplifted dageer W4 ralsed for fnspection marcly, or for a threatencd or real pluuge, or for other purposcs, communl- cata with tue nstingts aud eaatlous, aud de- cido the will to set. It is cvident frum the foregolng statemcats, uot anly that sight ts (aterosl, or rater intro- cranial, befug o function of the Lraln. wot of the eve, but that tuteroal sceing fa of two kindas uhe sensury, the other igeals one evolved and couditfuned by the cells of the angular gyr, the othuer by those of whe frontal lpbe; one lel vzruohing extorusl objects without refiect. by upon thein, the other rocelvinyg the photo- graphie fimpression and reflecting upon (4] one norinslly preceding the other, but with the pos- ibility of & reveraed onler; one being the men. tat vigon of cis and srtists reproduced poreeption recogmizea and the intellectual from the substrata of meutal experi- ence, the otber, the assured vislon of scers and disordered bralus, reproduced tfrom Anlccedent sonsory aubstrata; one recog- nized by the subjects of It os objective, the otlicr by the subjects of it as objective; one known to bo unreal, the other believed 1o be real; cach Influencing the other, and both dependent upon difled by cerebral and uutritive con- o Vislons: A Study of Faise Sight." THE LANGUAGE OF ANIMALS. That the differcnt orders of the lower aul- mals have sowe wode or mudes of cowmuul- vating nows, or {umprossiona, to those of their owu species, (8 s fact so well attosted by obscr- vation that few (ntellizent vooplo’ doubt it. The birds and beasts, and even the countless tribes of tha fusect world, do convey to thelr fellows, 1o somo way, information whick causes them to act otherwise than they wauld du fu the alsence of such communtcution, How this 18 accompllahied 1s 8 mystery which no one hua yet ponetrated. Some bave guesscd that tho aubinals have & language of their own,—we wuight rather to say lsuguages,—for if amoog Gieu thers by su many differcut comnblnatious of sound cmployed to express the sutne idea, thete ust be un oven wors widoly varled rauge of expression in the almost intinlto diversity of \‘th‘"fl presented by the whole antmul king. o, ‘Thie questiou arises, May not the problem be sulved by the phunogravhil “That fustrument records with precialon the watertal lmpres. produced by the souud waves duo to the vocul utierspces of a human belug, aud renders It possible to compure, at lelsure, the results graven fu tiufoll for s many lauguazes &y the Investlator may havo st “commund. e tnuy note the differcnccs of form which mark tho utterance of the several vocobles, aud, by cowparing thess with thoso giver. by wers taue varicty, arrive st o systenutic knowleds of the signs which distingulsh urticulativn (rom the noo-artleuiste swismions of souud.. This belog dons §t would uot bo @ very fong step furiber Lo wscertain f the sounds cuitted by the lower anlinula bave thedistinetive character of spouch utterance—tuade viaible to the eve though not revounizable by the car, b wight even Lo fouud thut sutge of thess cxpressious ure duo to movewoits which le outslde the ninc-oclave runge that conatitutes vur wusical Tadder, hut wiich certainby has s vast posslble runge of expicssion sbove It, und perbups be- low it. For aught that we koow there tuay be muvuuunnnli” L;‘mml ou {n the fnsect douiuln in 7 s Kkey'that to us they are silews, LUt only uesd A trunsformation to make then appreciablo —usthe pleture whith tho suu statups ot & photogray lute tuat be duvelubod by treatinent with chem- Fiala befare It u visible to our oy, e ermploymeut of tho phonogeaph fu this investigation might be expected 10 leud up to very hopurtant rusults. Eves if it should give us ‘rouson Lo bellcye that the uttcrances of sounds are valy efuculstory, it would euuble us 10 rewson 1mory preciscly thun now with regand to thu dearees of intellfzence posecssud by the luwer snlinals ss compared with wan. Dut it it should be fuund that they have the power 1o cuinaunicste precise lumformation by varytng al will tha claracter of souuds cuiltted, what 2 ficll fur Investixation will be ovencd upt Not wors ditleult than o dedplicring of the Assyrisn bricks, or the Egvptiau pupyri, would be the studylug out of the lsagusge of birds, beasts, und losccts; and we migut even vt ol of thew to ive us brief discourse of thelr blatury aud foclings, sud Lhelr ldeas of the uutverse, includiog oursclycs. What un sddi- tion fo our knowledze, » 2 (uour mudes thought, would follow such rovelstions! Wo izt tuko pleasure fu the huie of the nios- quito, love to hieas the rut tell bty opiulon about tho relative usofuluces of wan, atber valuable fdeas Truos the woll wbout the futurs course of the alicap warket, get svwu futelligent dentzen of the poultry-yard to golve the long-voxud ucation, * Walch wis crusted fret: thy hew or the ceg ™ and coax & whale into eaviug the coat sud risk of anuther Howgate expedition by tell- fnzz us g1l about the North Pole. We way then #0 to the owl aud the ant lur wisdom, &8 they lu days of yore. A NEW MOON-CRATER. Nuture states that De. Hermaua J. Klele, of Koo, with bis 53§-luch diulyte by Ploa, dis- covered sorio thine uzo on the moou’s surfucy a preat black crater on the Maro Vaporum, and & littlo to the northwest of the well-kuowy crater Lyglous. He describes the crater ws belug nearly as largn as Hyginug, or sbout threo miles in diameter, boing deep and fall of shadow, and ss forming a consplenons object on the dark gray Mare Vaporum. [llaving frequently - abaerved thia reglon duriug the last twolve sears, Dr. Kietn felt certain that no such crater exlsted In this reglon at the time of bl provious - observations. Dr. Kleln com- Tunicated his obscrvations to Dr. Schmidt, of Athens. the veteran seclenographer, Who assured him that thls crater wss nt from all his numerous drawings of this part of the lunar surfnce, neither is 12 shown by Bchro~ ter, Lohrnann, nor Madler, swho carcfully drew this reclon with the fine refractor orpat. On one or_two subsequent occasions Dr. Klein obtained further observations of this new crater. He found it to be either withoat & wall or with & very low one, but to be a deep, conleal deproralon in the surface. Shortly after sun- Tiso tho crater takes the appearance of n dark gray Apot with an ili-defined edge. 8o far, the English obscrvations of the new crater have heen perfectly In accord with those of Dr. Kicio, nod, If'the existence of this new crater be confirmed, 1t will forn the strongest posible tvldencu of a real chaogo ou the surfaco of the movn, & change, moreoter, of a volcasiu natare, BCIENUE NOTES, According to Dr. Klelo, one of the most re- Hiable metoorological authorlties In Europe, the dally reports of the weather westward of & glv~ con station are, alike In Europe and Americs, of the greatest lmportance, twhile those from ata- tlons to the east are, on tho averaze, of minor consoquence In maklng westher prodlotions, ne- cording to the method now in voguo for tha publlc service. We understand that Commander V. L. Cam- eron, .o C. B., of African fame, {8 contem- piating an Eastorn expedition, Bhould he carry out his present pian, ho will probabiy make hia sturt from Iskendoruu, at tho northeast corner of the Mediterrsnean, and cross Northern Byria to Kurdistun, wheuce he will make his way through Mesopotamis, Persla, snd Beloochlstan to Jusrachee, but wu belfove his lius of route is notyct detinitely Sxed.—Academy. John Browning writes to Nature: * Having seen a parugraph In Nature communleated by Mr. 8cvern, of Newcastle, New Houth Wales, describing & method of ustng a telephone o en- uble deaf persons to hear, Thave tried tho ex- rinent in the manner Mr. Severn descrifles— y fasteninga string tothe parchmont diaphragm of asimple telephone made of wood, and car- rying this string round the forchcad of the deat person; who clasps the string with _both hands and presses thom over his eurs. The experi- nent io this way was partially successful; tho sound of the vuice was always heard, and soma ordswere distinguished. Afterwards I fastened 1zle string to the tolophone and gut the deal rson to hold the string between his tecth. {e then heard every word distinctly, even when apoken fo 8 low ione of voice at the whale length of the ruom.” e ——— LIVING WITHOUT AN INCOME. To ths Lditar of e Trilume. Caicago, July 3.—A fcw wecks agzo 1 read the following paragraph in 1us TRinuNs: “A buuk has recently been published, * ow to Live Within Your Income.' The advice is good; tell people how to live without it, e would cuue fer @ boon on thousands,” ° "T'hls nrpcal:d tothe doopest feelings of my pnture, for, a8 Jack saya, ] umn & “born Reform- er, with a capital L' and am slwaya willinz to fmprove everything avd everybody. Iime medlately suhounced my Intestion of being 8l20 a **henefactor of hiskind " by tinding out acomfortatle way af living without an fncome. *You need uot taks that trouble,” sald Jack, sarcastically, © Thousands have afready con- ferced thint baon upon thesnselves, simply by Hying vo other people's Income.” B 1 hoard, but iceded not: for I wanted to tako that troubls. Slowly, but surely, I went to work, gathering suggestive facts for my new aystem of soclal economy. But the more facts I guthered, the wmore I recognized the truth uf Jaci’s remark: that besutltul aystem bad been already discovered. and thousands wero fmucmz ecouomy by liviog on other people's ucume, As I couid not very well improve upon the good old rulo— ’fhat thoy shonid take who hava the power, And they should keup who can, 1 guve up the hove of becoming a benefactor. But perhaps sowe of tho “statistics’’ written 1o my little note-book may prove justructive, el not fnteresting. 1 flud that, fn one boarding-house, as nany as tHseen Huuests™ have been entertalued during the yeur ut the. expense of the Immiludy. 1% they hiad told me they could not pav, Ik wonld have made a ditference,” she safl, “ but somo of thuse people drusscd Ju shiks and velvets, and ave jue more frouble than all the othiers put togather s nothing was good enough for thein; they complained of evervihing." 10 othor places [ heand the same storles, with thrilling variations of wioving Inctdents and nidnfzht escapes, *But what canwe do!? asked ona of the victins{ “we have gut to truss peanle.” Dressmokers wnd militners by the dozen; the Lutcher, the baker, the candlestick-maker, and @ small army of tired washcrwomen,—all bad tho same. story to tell: they had trusted and | "l;kud quvj:‘-‘lu. et et 3 ne would naturally supposs that the peoplo for whow they work would be. ly kindnese. DBut those who live un other people's lucoines too often seen to belfere that thov vonfer a faver upon thelr supporters, und do not ulways confer that favor graclousty. Especiatly do they fecl egirrieved and disgnat- od when the paticat and vertupa peedy victim bas *the iusoleuce t hriny In that bill,” as ouo “lady " exprossed I, while, with her own fair nands, she oxiled a littlu vcamstress from her hospitablo mansion. The littly seamstress had five children to support, oud sho tad walted six munthas tor her money, ‘The conscquence of this state of affairs is that the seatustrens cannot pay the buker, who cane not pay tha butcler, who cannot pav the shoo- wmsker. Yet pooply must be clothed and fed; humoy nature sng clvilizstion tmperatively de- waud foud und ralwent. 111Y alghed a good woman, **it T coutd onl: nd the tirst wan who owes the first bill, L wouls wuke bl pay 1. Thew all tha other bills could be paid, uud everybody would feel like honest poopie igaln, It 43 uot « bud (dew, but where cay thas “first wman " be found “ 11t tell you how to find every man who can pay, sid won't do it,” safd Juck, warming up his wratn, “Let thew be obliged by law to form tnto s mlcl{ known as the ‘Soclety of Begwurs on Horsoback,! then—" Y, lot thew. But T would like to BupZest & butter Vaucloly,” that o thu hulghts ol the (fuldeu Rule, with the motto: **Owe uoms’ anytling, Lut to love oae another.” JACK AND Ol LIEBESLIED. i [70 BoNxtE. | teco of masic 1n & minor ke: {urata torths o dvop, sich mal Lifting tho soul 0 bighur ccata ¥illing the besrt too deap for Such is iy love for theo, Bords, i worda: As glorious sunsat melts to twitight Fll 3 Dissulving then to doupor, purpier nighi Silvered wl) 0’er wilh moonbea Flooding the carth with quivos Huch fa my Juve for thee. wagio ray, o ghts fi: [lu\‘r)l bellotrope. fu pore devoteduoss, oks (0 the sun with worship sl divine,, ling tbo alr with perft swoct aud unbtle, ''bo uwuetuess woets the stronglli—the two coms biuu: Bu lose L my Ute In thew, Uxxuva Lakk, July 1, Lrxxw, Gas-Cloth, Dr. Hirzel, ot Leipsic, has patented a fabrio clatwed to be fmpermesdle to water and gas, which Lo calls gustuch, or gus-cloth. It is made by placiug a lerge smouth pieca of so-catled gutta-percha paper between two pleces of soe uut oo coarse and donse wmaterlsl,—such 83 un- dresaed shirting,—uud then passing thu srrange- meut betweou heated rullers, The outer pleces of shirting combine futimutely with the nclosed gutta-percs to for & material which Ls impon- strable by gus and water, It may be made still denser and wmore resistant by belug cogted on bath aldes with cupal lac. Thy substance i3 cons veuleutly foxible, aud, it is safd, will rcuain prou ajrainst varlble intluences of weather sud vxternal tewperature. I8 can be spplied to all thase puruoses for which water-prool mate- rlal 43 used, and it s well adapted to form gas- tight mewmbranes for regulators of pressure of compreseed wus, buge, or sacks for dry gas- wuters, oa also drv g e Buoccusstul Sugur-Culturo tu Florida. Piatka (Ha.y Merald. Without sttewpting to excits speculation in thls watter, wWo Inuy say tho yicid of awrar under falr cultivation 13 voosmous. No exertlou of lubor Las pald so well sluce the placer-diz- iiug of Caliturulu. No crov is sore free from, fuscct cuemivs, wud from the leugih to the burcadth of Florida it is free from sny fojurious futluvucy of its great cuvwy o Louluabe and ‘Fexssaslt Lo tu Cuba or Maucitlus, {t grows 1003t luxrisutly fu the rich bumwock lands. sud will wrow adinicably In sl goud piue bsuds throughoul the Stute, It ls umxg’uhln u patches of bulf ag wre, wose 40 fu Belds of e to tou acres, sud would bo fucnscly so L plustds Hous of ULy (0 100 wcrcs. but it some benefactor of his kind would kindly |, grateful for thele -