Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, February 13, 1878, Page 4

L 4 THE CIIICAGO TRIBUNE: WEDNESDAY. FEBRUARY 13, 1878 geroua crisia which arose in connection with tho Electoral count. Yesterday all was pence, patriotism, and fraternity, and two eloguont men of the North and SBouth vied with each othor in tribates to the char. sctor and gorvices of Anmamanm Lixcory, the formal acceptanco of whose portrait, repro- sonting tho reading of the Emancipation tho safoty of the city and of groat loss to tho insuranco companies. An arrangement, growing out of tlie imnperions necessity, can e, and we asrume will be, made by which the insuranco compnnies, through an ad- ditionn! and special rate on all policies, may be nble, with the aid of individuals, to main. tain an efficient Firo Deparimont during tho venge for their throwing out returns, under the provisiona of the State law, that hnd been procured by intimidation and violence, it is supplied by the details of this stupon- dous farco that has been onacted in theLoui- sinoa courts, In view of theso infamous proccedings, what becomos of the declaration of the e Tribre, TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. BY MATL—IX ADVARC] Rally Fdivon, onevear aria of 8 yedr, per modth: TOSTAGE PREPAID, :Efim;éf}:%:-l‘ ive g&'} Proclamation to the Cnbinet, painted by | disability of tha city, Nicuorra Democrats that thers shall be no 1-Weekly, one year.. 3 Canrexten, and donated to Congress by Mrs. The mointonance of the bridges is es- { persecntion from any quarter of individuala PAithos & your: por o 4] ] gress by sontfal to living in the city, Thoy must bo farnished with attendants, and must bo kept TrompsoN, was the occasion of tho joint convention. Gen. GARrIELD was fairly ont- for past political condnot? Itis high timo WRRKLY EDITION, POSTPAID. for the Administration to take decided 30 Epecimin’aop i, s e done . by, Atkzannes H.. Srepnra in worda | in order. To tho lincs of two horje-raflways | grounds. It {s no longer.leld by the agree- GlveTon s Kb in Tl el Buate ot of . gooll-will, the ' Vice:President of thd Inte'| they are indispensable, na well na.to all | mont, sinco ono of thy prtiea to it has col'«':r:fiimm':m‘ny_ ther ‘b drafl, eipress, | Bonthern Cofifaderady oxpressing tho deop- | branches of trade and travel. .\ It.awill.no | openly and fingrantly viclavod it. It is time Tost-Office arder, of In reglatercd letters, at ourrisk, TRAMS TO CITY SURSCRIDERS. Datly, deltvered, funday exeepted, 25 cents per weok. Dafly, delivercd, Sundsy inctuded, 50 conta per week. Adiren THE TRIBUNE COMPARY, Carner Madison and Dearborn-sta., Chicago, Iit. Orders for the delfvery of Trs Tainuxat Evanston, Sngleweod, and Hyde Park left In the counting-room wilirecetve nromot sttention. —— e TRIBUNE DRANCH OFFICES. TAE CHICAGO TRINUNX has established branch offfces for the recetptof subscrintionsand sdvcrtisements as follows: NEW YORK—~Toom 20 7vibune Dusldlng. F. T, Mo~ Faunzx, Manager. PARIS, France—No. 10 Rue do Is Grange-Dateliere. H. Mantxr, Agent, LONDON, Fng.—American Exchange, 449 Strand. flxxny I'. GiLLia, Agent. BAN FRANCISCO, Cala-Palace Tlotel, for - tho Natiounl Govitdment to bring not only tho Louisiana bulldozera but the Missigsippl murderers also to swift and ro- tributive justico. If the White-Leaguers hnve decided to dishonor their ngreoments, and persceuta their political opponents through the medinm of packed juries, untrustworthy ovidonce, and corrupt courts, then it is time to havo n new denl. The Government hns faithfully kept its agroemont with thom, and hins ncted with n dogreo of mercy nud equity to whioli thay woro not entitled in considera- tion of their pnst offgnses. If thoy ara de- tormined to plunge Lonisiana into anarchy and disorder again, the responsibility will be upon their own hends. If thoy wanta fight, lot thom hava it THE BURCHARD SAVINGS FLAN. 1f Mr. Buncranp thinks e hind solved the problem of o national savings system by the plan which he Lns drawn up, ho ia very much mistakon. According to tho abstract of Lis project which has been sont from Washington, he has provided a ciumnbersomo and complicated contrivance which would ronder the popnlar loan inoperative ro far as furnishing the facilitiea for tho dopositing of savings with a Government guarantee, To bogin with, the limitation of interest to 2 por cont on current doposits is, of itsclt, suf- ficiont to defeat tho purpose of n national savings system. Of course it ia not intond. od that tho Governmont shall como into compotition with the private savings insti- tutions, but while such institations aro offor- ing 4, 4}, 6, 6}, and 6 per cent throughout the country, but a small proportion of the savings deposits would bo attrmcted. by the Government at the rato of 2 per cont por nnnum, Indeed, upon the rovival of good times, it is mafo to say that not ona dollar would bo deposited at that rate ; oven the nowsboys nnd DLootblacks could do botter with their money. But this is mot all. Even to obtain the 2 per cont intorest, to which all doposits under or out- sido of €50 and multiples thoreof ara limitod, it will be necessary, undor Alr. Burcrnarnp's plan, to purchase n money-order at the Poat. Office in ordor to transfor the proposed de- posit to the Treasury in Washington; if such orders must bo paid for at tho usual rates, theso chnrges would more than eat up tho in. torest of 2 per cont. Tho fact is that the intorest offored would not be worth the troublo nocessary in order to make the de- posit, under the proposed system, ovon if thoro wore no chiarge for the postal orders. A largo proportion «of thoso who furnish ‘the savings doposits of the country would not bo ablo to understand the round-about and red-tapo necessitios of tho Buzcaanp plan, It is defoctive, moreover, in requiring tho Government to maintain n 50 per cont cush resorve of all doposits in ad- dition to the bonds which it would retire with the proceeds,~—n roscrvo more than double nny nctualrequirement, and ot the same time depriving the Government of the ndvan- tages it might gain from n proper application ‘tf tha natioml eavings systoniy: w113 e .. “ithhoplatl Whibh'Wad suggestéd doide weoks ago by Congressman Prick, of Town, though open to somo nb]ouuo_gs, ia infimtely supe- rior to Mr. Dorcuanp’s project. Mr, Prnior proposed that all the Postmasters and United Htates dopositories should be provided by the Tronsury with cortificates of $10 and up- wards, drawing 3.05 per cont intoroat, which should be issued on deposits of similar amonnts, Theso certificatos wero to bo con- vortible into 4 per cent bonds, in sums of £50 and multiples thoreof, and tho highorrate of intorest on tho bonds, it was presumed, would encourage such con- version, In order to guard against the dan. ger of dofalcntions, Mr. Price's schemo pro- vided that the Postmasters and depositories shiould be required to make a full return every ninoty days, sending back eithor the certificates or tho money for which they had boen fssued. Tho defect of AMr, Paior’s plan waa that tho cortificates wero mado redoem- nble only in 4 por cent bonds, which would make the deposit rathar a permanent invest- mont than subjoct to withdrawal on domand, It was supposed that the certifloates would sorve na a circulating medium as occasion might domand, and pass from hand to hand at their face value, To farthor this, Mr, Pnicx's proposition provided that the No- tional Banks should be required to recolve the cortificates in payment of dobts up to a cortain amount, nnd that tho cortificates should bo held by them as a part of thoir ro- serve, It is oasy to imagine, howevor, that the ocrtificates might be taken out to an ex- tont that the National Danks would no longor bo roquired to roceive them, and then thoy would be subject to the brokers, By so amending Mr, Paicz's proposition es to make all the cortificates under tho aggrogate amount of 500 redeemabla in lawful oney, and all over that nmount redoomable in 4 por cent bonds alone, his plan will probably answer all the necossities of the caso, and afford the Governmont the opportunity for rapidiy oxchanging & 5 and G por cont indobtednoss for deposit-cortifi- cates drawing 8.65 per cent interest ond popular bonds drawiug 4 per cent intorest. Mr. Buncuaep, as & mowmber of tho Ways and Means Committee, will do woll to study Mr, Puiox’s suggeations bofore maturing or presenting his own bill. cst nitacliment for the martyred Lincoty o8 woll ng tho most cordial concurrence in tho rosults of tho War, doubt be no matter of difenlty to find means to keop them in operation, Wo see no remedy for the extingnishment of the stroot-lamps other than private arrange- ments hetweon property-holders and the Gns Companies, whereby for an agreed componsn- tion each neighborhood may have its strect- lamps highted, There may bieless Inmpalighted undor this arrangement ; but wo see noother alternativo than to leave it to privato em-. ployment. The Bridewcll is largely self- supporting, and with the nid of fines and ponaltios may bo wnintained. Tho cost of tho IHealth Department is comparatively light, and tho onforcoment of sanitary regu- Intions eannot bo dropped without oxposing the city to pestilonco. Thia must algo de- pend for maintonance on private contribn- tion, Tho iaterest on the public debt, indepondont of tho wator dobt, amounts to abont £600,000 o year, Tho Constitution’ requires that this intercst shall Le paid, and, according to tho decision of the Snpreme Court, tho Constitution prohibits tho only menns wheroby the city can payit. The susponsion of all works of improvoment, ex- copt thoso mada by private control and at private expenso, will compel ench neighbor- liood to have its own stroota cloaned and ro- paired, aud, whilo all thoso things will draw largely upon the private moans of citizons, it is moro than likely that it will appenr how much better and how much chesper all this sorvico can bo obtained whon pald for by privato contract than whon pald for by the City Governmont, In brief, the peoplo of Chicago will have at their porsonal cost tommntain all branches of tho public sorvice for tho year 1878, dur- ing which timo the City Government, de- prived of all revenue, must nbandon all at- tompt to maintain tho public service, Wo are thus practically brought to faca this condition of affairs, This city s in ar. rear, and must remain so, from tho 1lal of 1nst January. It cannot pay what it owes to its employes, and honco tho sooner it renlizes the necessity that is on it, tho better it will be. 'Wo submit that tho timo Las come for sction by tho people, who have practically no longer a Oity Government. Thoy mtwst meot and organizo for some voluntary action to meot the pressing necesaity. An important incident in tho Congrossion- al records from day to day is the presenta- tion of silver petitions in both Iousca of Congress which come from all parts of the country, Mr. Coxxriva has beon embar. rassed with some of theso potitions, and one of them presented by him waa from a busi- ness distriet of New York OCity and em- braced the names of throe-fourths of all the persons doing business within the territory covered. 'This is about the only moans that the silver men of tho East bave for express- ing their sentimonta, shut out as they aro by thoir Senators and Representatives, and by tho newspapers which are in tho pay or nn. der tho control of the gold olique. Tho nowerful inflitenco of monoy haa nover been 80 foreibly illustrated as in this very silver controversy. With a preponderance of pop. ular sentimont against the gold clique which i nlmost unparalleled in any issuo that hns ovor arison, the money-lenders havo nover- theless Leon able to cmbarrass and retard tho movement for remonotization at overy step. DBut the right of petition still remning to the people, and they should oxercise it lo tho fullost extent, AMUSEMENTS, NeVicker's Thentre. Madison strcet, hetween Dearharn and State, * Paul Pry* and ** Kkomeo JaMer Jenking." Hooley’s Thentre. Randoiph street, between Clark and LaSalle. Engagement of the Strakosch Opera Troupe. ‘' lon Glovanal." New Chlcago Theatre, Clark street, opposite Bherman Iomse. Engago- ment of Nick oberts' Pantumime Troupe. *'Humpty: Jumpty,” Afternoon and eventng, Tinverly’s Theatre, Monroe street, cornet of Dearhorn, Engagemeht ot McKee Itankin and Kitty Dlanchand,” **The Danltes." Afternoon snd cvenlng. Not long ngo the House passed & rosolu- tion committing itsolf against subsidies of any and all kinds, It was a very proper policy to sdopt, and one which the country had somo right to expect would be carried out. Butitis likely to prove one of thoso Now Year's resolutions so enmly formod and more easily broken, Already the Houso Post-Offico Committeo has agreed to report favorably n bill to subsidize two steamship lines to Brazil—ono from New York and tho other from New Orleans—in spito of the ndmission of the projector that ko is nlrendy under contract with the Emperor of Brazil to furnish tho steamers whother ho gets n subsidy from the United Stntes or not. It is protended that unless tho subsidy is granted ho will refuse to carry the United States mails, but, on the other hand, it ia claimed that ho has no oplion in the matter, but wonld bo compelled to trans. port tho mails, There need bo no fear, however, that freight so -profitable as the mails would bo doclined, the ocean nnd inland postago amounting to a vory hondsome compensation. It happens curiously that out of the seven Dom. ocrats on tho Committee six aro from the South, and, of course, favorably disposed to subsidics in general. Mr. Oanwow, of Illi. nols, one of the four Republican members, will propore a minority report, and the Houso will bo afforded an early opportunity to show whother tho rocont anti-subsidy rosolution was anything moro than shallow buncombe. THE COLLAPSE OF THE CITY OOVERN- MENT, Tho City of Chicago lhas now been brought, through legal complications, to that point whoro many of tho dutios of the Goy- cernmont must bo adeinistored at private and voluntary cost. 'Tho principal branches of tho public servico of the City Government nro the wator servico, the schools, the police aud the firomen, the bridges, thecleaning and repair of stroots, lighting tho streots, main. taining the Bridowell, interest on the publio debt, the Health Doportment, and cloaning and repairing tho sewors. . The City Gouncil has no money, and can havo none applicable to any of these pur. posos for tho year 1878, All tho rovenue, excopt that collectod from liconses and fines, amounting to loss than §400,000, which may be colleated during 1878, will bo from taxes lavied for the support of the Governmont in 1877, and will be duo and applicablo to un- paid appropristions of that yoar exclusively, From Jan, 1, 1878, to Doo. 81, 1878, the wholo revenuo of tho city spplicable to ex- ponses of this year will be the proceeds of lcenses and fines, amounting, as wo havo sald, to less than $400,000, This may boe in- cronsed by incressing tho rates of llcense, Lut of course to a limited oxtent. ‘Tho lowest nppropriation made for the ox- penditures of tho City Government for many years has boen about 34,000,000, The actual availablo revenue for the yoar boing less than $400,000, the necessity of suspendiug ex- penditure becomes apparent, From this situation thoro ia no visiblo cscapo. Tho wa- tor servico is o self-supporting inatitution. 1t pays its own expenses, pays tho interest on its own portion of the debt, extenda the system, and hos a surplus, That branch, theroforo, of tho public service will xemain undisturbed. The schools nre now supported by a sum derived from the Btato, amounting to abont #100,. 000; nbout tho samo smn from the Hehool Fund ; nnd tho rest, varying from #$450,000 to $600,000, from city tax. The last ftem of rovenuo being lost for tho year, thero will ‘o about $200,000 to run tho whole School Dopartment, Unlews there be veluntary contributions, wo sco no cscape from the necessity of closing the schools to tho extont of bringing them within the sum that is availablo by the sohool authoritics. Anaver- sge voluntory paymont of . $1 por school mouth for each pupil would maintain tho whole Bchool Departmont for the year, and, ‘unless some such weans be provided, the schools must close, Tho Yolico Departmont must in like man. ner disband. 'T'he men cannot be expeoted to serve twonty-two months without pay. ‘Phero tnust bo polico, and, if the city cannot pay for the polico forve, then citizons must unite by uneighborhoods and omploy their own police. ‘This {s now largely done. In- stond of having one policoman on duty at night, the noighborbood districts can bo on- larged and a doy a8 well us night force em- ployed, the coat to each houscholder and owuer being comparatively light. Arrange-’ nonts might be made for putting all theso wmon under’ some genoral organization for co-operation in case of nooessity, At all events, tho Goverument being powerless, the citizens must take proceodings to protect themselves. In liko manper tho firemen cannot be expectod to sorve the city for & yoar aud a half without oy pay, and that Department must be maintained, it ot all, by private contributions. The disbandment of the Firo Department will of course lead to the withdrawal of all jnsurance,—a condition of affairs wenacing Coliseum Novelty Theatre, Clark strect, opposite Court-louss, Varicty ver: formance. WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 13, 1878, CHICAGO MARKET BUMMARY, The produce markete were oxcited and lrregular yesterdny, ranging blghor on breadstuffs aud lower on provislons, Mess pork clored 17%c per brl Jower, at $10.2214@10.25 for March and $10.97% 610,40 for April. Lard closed 7i4c per 100 Ba low- er, ot $7.27%G7.70 for March and $7.37%@ 7.40 for April. Moeats swere easier, nt $3.02% per 100 1ba for buxed shoalders and 85.40 for do short £ive, Whisky was beld higher, nt $1,04 per gallon, Flour was in fair demand, Wheat closed ¥c high- cr, at $1.04%@1.04% for February and $1.05% @1.054 for March, Corn closed %@Xa higher, ot 403c for February snd 42%c for May. Onta cloned Jc higher, At 233c epot and 27c for May, TRye wans %c¢ higher, at 614c. Barloy closed 1c higher. at 47c spot and 47%c for March, Hops ‘were falrly actlve, at 6@10c decline, closlng firm ot $3.70@3.05. Cattle were dull and 10@15¢ lowor, with sales at $2.50@4.05. Bheep were firm, ot $2.7624.60, The pork products instore ju this aro eatimated at 240,000 brle pork, 68,7560 tes ,000,000 lbs hams, and 60,000,000 lbs sides and shoulders. 1In storo 1n thie city last Sat- urday, 1,505, 880 bn wheat, 508, 321 bu corn, 248, « 200 bu oats, 180,204 bu rye, 717,402 bu bar ley. Aleo, aflost in tho harbor, 450,741 ‘bu wheat, 125,807 ba corn, and 153,042 bu oats. In Milwaukee, 770, 707 bu wheat, 471,800 ba bar- ley, and 105,816 bu rye. Inspected Into store in tuls city yesterdsy morning: 30 cars whoat, 113 cura corn, 23 cars oats, 3 car rye, 10 cars barley, Total, 210 cars, or 83,000 bu. One hundred doliars in gold would Luy $102.00 In greenbacks at thy close. Dritish consols wero quoted at 03 3-10 and steriing exchange at $4. 68, e Greenbacka at the New York Btock Ex- shange yestorday closod at 98, e ——— THE LOUISIANA CONSPIRACY. When the present Administration was in- nugurated and expressod n desire to concili- ato and harmonize matters in Lonisiana, the Nicuorts Governmont et tho Administra. tion half way and pledged its honor to cortain conditions, one of which was that tho Stato Government shonld protect evory. citizen in tho Btato, white or black. Another condition was oxpressed in the following resolution, which was passed by the Nicmorrs Demo. crata: Doslrons of healing tho dissenalons swhich have disturbed the State for ycars pasi, anxious that citieens of all political partles may bo freo from the feverish anxictica of wolltical strife, and join Linds i bonently rostoring the prosperity of Lou- Isiuns, the NicuoLrs Government will discounte- nance any attempt nt_peraecution, from an! ter, of Indlviduals for past political conduc Upon this pledge the Nicioris Govern- mont was recognized, the United States troops wero withdrawn, aud the State Gov. crnment was loft 68 froo in tho oxorciso of ita functions ns the Governmont of Ilinois, The Administration has kept its faith; the Nionorrs Governmont has not, In the face of its solemn promises, it has procoeded in the courts agninat tho lato members of the Ttoturning Board, and has prosecuted one of thom to a conviction, Tho modus operandi against AxprmsoN shows how the Nicrorrs Government koops its plighted faith, Every atep {a tho trial of ANDkRsON, from his arrcat to his conviction, wns not only a violation of an agreemont but it was an outrage upon all forms of law and a mockery of justice. AxpERsoN was arrested not upon an indict- ment, but upon an information,—a process which it is claimed is prohibited by the Constitution of the United Btates, and, wo bellove, by the Constitution of Loulslana, in cases of felony. The information was brought ond signed by ono of the officors of the White League who had boen identified with some of the worst outrages of that infamous organization, Tho defendant was hurried off, to prison, and, failing to give the cxcessive amount of bail, was dentod all postponoment and forced to trial, The jury was packed against him, One member of it was a minor, aud there- foro inoligible. The examination of the jurors showod the strongest projudices against tho dofondants, and, although chal- lenged, thoy wero sworn in. The trial then commenced beforo a Judge who Is a defaulter to the United Btates, thero belng o shortage of about $600,000 during his administeation ns Asafstant United Btates Trensurer in Now Orleans durlug the War, o was triod upon a protonso, and tho pretense wna that he had participated in the forgery' or, altoration of the Vernon Iarish returns, which changed lesa than 200 votes aud only affected the eloction of somo local oficors, Thore was not a scintilla ot ovidedoo to support the charge, sud yot he was con. vioted upom {t. It was shown that the Vornon returns wera opencd by the TReturning Doard before witnesses, aud that they were preclscly as reported in the daily papers, It was well enough known that the subscquent altoration of one copy of the re- turne was mado by LitTierierp, one of tho clerks, and that ho exculpated Axpemsox from any kunowledge 6f the alteration. It ‘waa well cnough known (hat the alteration waa either a job sot up for a purposc on’ the Returning Board, or else that it wos w pri- vato venture of his own in the interest of somo local candidates. It was well cunough known that thore was not the shadow of a motive for AxpzrsoN to make the alteration ; that it did not in aoy way affcct the goneral result ; that it would elect no one and defeat 0 one; that no one who was not & hopeless idiot would commit such & manifest, trans- parent forgery that was cortain to bo do- tectod on tho fustant and .on jta face; that no one would be so foolhardy, evenif he were malicious enough, to alter one certifi. cato with two genuino coples of the original to discloso and condemn it, Aud yot upon this absurd charge, unsupported by auy ovidence, Awprsso's comviction was pro- cured by & packed jury. If any evidonce wero wanting to confinu tho impres- sion that has Lerotofore cxisted, that the Louisiana bulldozers maliciously st up this job upon the Returning Board in re. Foult has been found by the Now York papers that the allegations of Collector Burrm, of Chieago, regarding frauds and ir- regularitios in the New York Custom-Ilonso, Incked dofiniteness. There will be less occa- gion for complaint on that score when the interview with Mr, Burru which we print this morning ruaches theeyes of our Gotham contomporaries. e — Tho dotails of an experiment, the rosnlt of which, yet to bo detormined, will be of great intorest to authors and ownors of suc- cossful plays throughout tho country, are given in another column. It s proposed to meke o test whother tho thioves ond pirates who prey upon the products of brains and ingenuity by stealing plays which Lave boen duly copyrighted canmot bo reachod through o criminal prosecution, which, i foasible, would be vastly more officaclous than the tedious and expensive remedy of injunction procecdings. quags, The Lonisiana question was tho subjoct of carnest discussion {n the Cabinot yester. day, and thero [s sald to bo no dissont from tho conviction that a gross outrage upon justico and fofrness has beon perpetrated by the Bourbon maliguauts who have organized and carried forward the Returning.loard prosccutions, I'he Cabinet is a unit on this quostion, and tho Presidont s easpecially indiguant at this violation of the pledges of tho Loulslana Consorva- tives. It may bo eot down nu cortain that tho Administration will be heard from qu this subject In nmanner that will convinco the Louisiana White-Looguers that tha policy of reconciliation and harmony has its lwitationw. Gov. Nicnovrs claims to bo powerloss to provent the persccation of the members of the Returning Board; it will undoubtedly be demonstrated that the Prosi- dent has both the will aud power to put a stop to the malevolont spite-work carrled on under the pretense of legal proceedings. From the reports of the situstion in Europe given in tho cable dispatches this morniug it would seem that the momentous question, peace or war? as between Englaud sud Hussin, must be doclded within a very few days, ‘Thero Is scarcoly a doubt that Turkey has rofused permission for the passage of tho British fleot up the Dardanellos, or that an attempt will be mado to forco tho passage. 1t is said hat orders to this effect have already boen fssued by the Adiniralty, and that tho floct is now on jts way to uiake the trial. Whether such s movement would bo considered an act of war by Eugland ngainst Turkey, and whother 8 hostile demonstration by En. glaud ogaiust Russia’s now ally would Lo considered & casus belli by the Itus. sisn Government must be determined very shortly, It s absolutely certain that if the floet succeeds in forcing its way to Constuntinoplo it will find that city occupied by Kusslan troops, twelve battal lons of the Graud Duke's forces having been ordered to procecd thithor to<day. Another day msy bring news of actual conflict, r——— The scena in the jolnt convention of the Hous# and Bonute yestordsy presonted a re- woarkable contrast to that which was wit- ucksed on the occasion of the last concurrent scsaion of the two branches of Congress. Then tho air was filled with forebodings of the direst anarchy and civil war, and the world wutched for the outcowo of the dan- Doctor MxpiLL, once Hn{or of Chicago, and found- er of the practico of lllegal borrawing, says that the credit, "—Tyines. g % It Prof, Brorex will take the troublle to look back to 1871.'72, ha will have the pleas- uro of discovering that the form of the cer- tificato of indebtednoss then used was an oxact copy of that issucd by the preceding Admimstration. Instead of being the ‘founder of the practice,” bls Administration found the practice in oporation, and contin. ued it under the logal advice of the same city law officers who had advized it during the proceding Administration, Nobody had thon raised the quostion as to thoe legality of theso certificates; they were uachallenged, snd were purchased under tho beat legal advice by all tho bauks and capitalists who desired to ioveat in wsuch securities. Judge NomroN, a very able lawyer, who became Corporation Counsel in 1878-'T4, after Ar, Turzr retired, never thought of pro- nouncing the certificates of indobtedness illegal which the CoLvix Administration were issuing. Judgo Nomrox was followed by Judge Dicxgy, now of the Bupremo Coust, ns Corporation Cannsel, Ha maintained the legnlity of theso certificates. Thus tho Cor- poration Counsels during Misox’s, MenrLr's, and Corvin's Administrations all uplield the Iaw{nl charactor of that kind of paper fsviod in anticipation of taxes. It was not nntil aftor the now chnartor was adopted that the legality of the cortificates bognn to be qnes- tioned. It was observed that they continuod to rend on their face: ‘This loan having been anthorired by Sec. 20 of amendments to tho City Chatter, approved Feb, 16, 1805, and by Bee, 7 of act of General Assem- biy of the Stato of Illinols amenaing the City Charter, avptoved “April '10, 1880. In testimony whereaf the Mayor and Comptrollor of sald clty havo eigaed, ote,, % ' Thesa citationd warte to provisions of the old charter, which was no longer In force. ‘Tho old chartor had beon ballot-box-stuffed to death, and n now charter had beon ballot- box-atnffed into oxistence, and this new chnrtor contained no provisions authorizing tho issue or salo of cortificates of indobted- noss for tho payment of temporary oblige. tions or in anticipation of annualtaxes, The tax-fighting lawors woro not slow in detect. ing the omission and differsnce in the two charters. The illogality of the praotice of {usuing certifientes undor the now charter, by virtuo of tho nuthority contained in the old defunct one, was quickly percoived, and tha point waa at onco made by, the tas-fighters. The subsequoent history isso fresh nnd recent that it needs no rocapitulation. Bat one thing is certain, that tho Inte opinion of a nanjority of the Bupreme Court gocs toan oxtent littlo dreamt of whon the question was first raised as to the logality of such papor, SILVER IN NEW YORK. The two Senators from Now York, who are both opposod to silver, have been called on daily for wocks to p‘ssunt potitions from porsons residing in all paets of that Btate,— from the big citics, the towns, and rural dis- tricts,~nll domanding tho romonetization of silver. Thoro can be no doubt thatif by any accidont or interferonco tho Silver bill shnll bo dofoated nt the prosent sossion of Congross thore will bo n large silver parly organized in the, Btates of Now York and Now Jorsoy, and in all the New England Btates, which party will davote iticlf to two purposes: (1) Tho defeat of thoso members of Congress who have voted against the re. monetization of silver, and (2) tho election of succossors who will voto for that mensure, This will transfor to thoso Statos and to the constituoncies of tho anti-silver mom- bers tho discussion of {his subject, and as all theso constituoncles aro suffering under all the financial embarrass. ments resulting from o doprecintion of the values of all forms of proporty, thero can bo hardly a doubt that there will be many of the present anti-silver mon dofoated at tho November eclection. Already this discussion has begun. The Republican and Domacratic papers published at Utics, the home of Ben- ators Kenyax and Coxgrixe and of Ionatto Bevyoun, have renounced the bondage of the gold faction, and havo given expression to tho genoral public focling in that part of the ftate, Mr. Tuuntow Weep embodied ono of theso articles in his rocont lotter to the Now York Z'ribune, but that paper rejocted it for want of roow. IHore is what the Utica Observer hos to say on tho silver quostion: SILvEN AT [oMn AXD Annoan.—Tle ultra advo. cates of a gold standard porsisteutly seek to con. vey the impreesion that silver s an nbandonod metal In the coinage aystems of the civilized world, and that its remonetization by tho United States wonld beanactof bad falth toward our forelgn creditors. ‘They Insist that tho fricnds of allver aro marked supportors of repudiation, nnd that theirsncceas would dishonor our natlonal fama in the oyes of mankind. If what the gold advocates say wore truc, it would ba well for the cuuntry to pause, and turn back from a policy threatening such dlre resuits, Liut ts it true? Lot us examino the question, unmoyed by prejudice, with o view to ascertalning the facts, England domonstized silver arly as 1817, Sho was not paying cither sil or gold at that time, The Bankof England susponded spocie pay- ments In 1707, and did not rosume till tho 1st of lay, 1821, England’s object In putting herself on a goid ‘was not to beneft her creditors, but to benefit hersell,—which in the code of national ulhice s not 8 criine, but & viriue, The Dritisl Uovernment, by buying sllver at the market rutcs and coining It futo a vubsidlary or token currenc: of lews Intrinsic voluo than its face represented, succeeded in keaplng its ailver athome, England's course was not taken with a view to discrediting sllver, Lut with su fdea of -ncurlnfl the cheaper metal of the two for a sinzle staudard, Now it s 8 fact that, aftor an experlence with gold which covers a perlod of sixty years, very many uf tho soundeat and mnost conservutive financiors of Kn- gland advocate 8 restoration of the double atand- anl. 1n £urope, wherover silver is used,—and it 1s usod much more generally than gold Is, —tns ratlo ostablished by Prarce, Belziui, and other coun- tried ontering into the Latin Unlon, s vressrved. ‘That rutlo 4s 105 to1, Thoe ratlu establisnea in the United Htates 1610 to 1. In other words, if silver wero remonetized our (Jovernment could pay at its option to the holder of & $100 note or bond 2,680 grains ul‘fnld or 41, 250 grainsof wilver, Lug France can, au dnonb%y at Its option to the same closa of creditore, 2, ealns of wold or 40, YOO graine of silver, 1t whil bescen that the creditor of the American Governiaent would gt threo dol- lars morc in sliver un the one hundred than the creditor of the French Government. lint we have yet to hear the charge of ropudiation brought ngalnet France, 1Inno quarter is it hinted xnnl-‘\u dishonored her eredit by valalug wtlver 3 per cent Ligher than the United States evor vajued i1, The slwiple fact {s that nowhoro elss tu the world 1 silver, awmoney, vatued vo low as it 1 in this cuuntry, 1t follows, thersfure, that the romone- zation of tha dullar of 4124 grains, av the equive alent of 2.8 gralns of gold, would excite no sur- wrise, no fear of repudiation, no substantial u%pn- sltion among those Kuropean nations which hold thut 300 gralus of silver ara the cquivalent of 25,8 grains of gold, ‘The ratlu of 15% to 1 was not fAxed with a view to defraudingt the creditors of the Latin Unlon, It was, according to { i economists, the true ratio, We ai 1d, attbe ratio has changed, llut what has chauged it Over-produce , for the world bas produced,dusing the -thirty ycars, more than twice us much d s stiver, And tho United States have pro- ucod five timue as much guld as silver, Over- roductlon, thorefore, ia s Luot thal Gts the other ey, ut we aretold thatibe demand forsllver has fallen off. Letus ace. The world produced, {from 1852 to 1875, in round nuwmbers, twolvo Lun- dred millions In sliver. Of this aun), Ane thousand nilllons were exported to India, leaving for the reat uf the world less than was needed for tho urts, liow happens it, then, that silveris » ¢iot inthe markot, snd that its price, a moerchandles, has fallen off 10 per cent In London? That Is & ques- tlou which canuot bo caslly answerod, = Tha law regulating prices batles all atudents of fnsuce, We can only suggest soma causes which have con. tributed to & rary devrecistion of sllver, pos any Luws Austri tal a4 ot Btens ™ nare bach' 1or oy eral years on B pap This has ef diwiplished the demand for sllver ney. Butit would be poor atatesmanship which bascd a per- manent fnancial volicy on the rnuhu inabillty of three or four nations to meet thelrdebts, Th complicated quarsel Letween Gormany and Fran has also had ‘ils effect, Germeny, folluwlng markets with & shrowd sye, secka i Fraoca with silver and to drsla 1t of without the rewotest idea of sbandoning the doublv standard, ¥inally the dovelopment of the nes lu the United States, with the osten- how of wealth made by Buasox, Froup, snd the rest, has led the world to exag- uerate the quantity whicn it lu lkely to receive from this country durlng the nextten years, apd has exerted s dipressing {nQuence on ‘the price, Bot the statistice show that there is no ovver- production of stiver; that if the ratlo of 153 to 1 was sver s just ratio it is not unjust riow; sndthat the ratio of 10 to 1, adopted by tho Unlted States, 1s not only just but gencrous o our Greditors, members of the County Board with yielding to the influonce of Tuz TarsuNz editorials in changing thelr opinions and votes on'the fraudulent O'DowsziyL meat contract, If Ozast was right in this assumption, he paid theso gentlemen & greater cownpliment than haa ever before bosn given to any County Commissioner sssociated with the Ring. It there sro suy of these Ring members who are subject to the influence of public opinion, then they aro not entirely lost (as Orxamy inferentially claims to be) to every consider- ation of sclf-respect. Nobody doubts that Tux TuisoNs's comments and sdvice will be stoadily in the interest of the public welfars, and it will continus its eSoks to put a stop to tho squandering and plundering of the public rovenne. Weo fancy, howoever, that Tue Tamenx's pointed roferance to n proso- cution for malfensanco in office In the case of a contrnct fraudalently allowed helped to open the oyos of some of the loss rookless of tho Commissionors. FREE UANALS IN NEW YORK. Tho New York MHerald is at last compolled to admit that the nltimate policy of the Btate munt bo frea canals, but it is not yet pre- paved to say that the time has come for put- ting this policy in force, It ndvueates moro oxperiments, moro cheesc-paring ecouomy, more éxpenditures in lntoral branghéd 16 be paid for out of the ravenues of the Erie Ca- nal, mors taxation of tho farmers of tho West to provide for the Oann! Sinking Fund and interost on thobondod dobt. We liave nlrendy shown that it is a mattor of comparative in- differonco to tho Wost what policy i3 ndoptad by Now York in the managemont of the ca- nals, The tima has passed when all ronds lod through that State, and whon the most important of themall was the Erle Canal. The Woatorn merchants and farmers now hava the option of using any one of n half. dozen routes to tha seaboard, Thoro nre two gront railroads, ono of them with four tracks, through tho State of Now York itaclf, in direet competition with tho Erio Cannl. Besidos, tho Wastern shippers mny avoid New York altogether and send to Bal. timoro, Boston, or Montronl, if tho rates to thosa points nre moro favorablo than thoso to Now York. Thero is still another route, the fmportance of which Lias boon constantiy incrensing of lato” yoars, but which is only just obtaining the recognition it deserves. This ia tho route by way of tho Mississippi River and New Orloans. "Tho Eans jottics havo boon so far successful that tho dis. patches have lately chronicled the clenr- ing of vessols drawing over twenty. three foot without lot or hindranco. The consequenco of the romoval of obstruc- tions at the mouth of the river will bonn immenso fucrease in tho shipmonts of grain to Enropo by woy of Now Orleans. An arti- clo printed iu Tae ‘Cribuse shows that those shipmenta have already began to increase, In 187G the corn in bulk shipped from tho port of New Orlonus was 1,600,803 bushels ; in 1877 tho shipments were 3,866,455 bush- els. Tho shipments of wheat in 1876 wero 142,371 bushels, and in 1877 218,848 bushols, The ratio of incronso was more than main. tained during the first month of the current year, in one wock of which theexport of grain | in bulk from New Orloaus amounted to 227, 144 bushels. Of this grand total, 137,828 hushels weant to England, 25,452 to Bromen, 20,006 to Ronen, and 43,858 to Antworp. Theso figures ought to teach tho poople of New York the importance of making tho lowest possiblo rates botween that elty and tho West. It is not, perhaps, n matter of much moment to tho Westorn peoplo whethor thoir grain goea to Europe by ono route or anothor, -or whothor tho goods thoy buy abroad aro roturned to thom by way of tho Esvs jotties, tho Hoosac Tunnel, or thé 8t. Lawronce River. But 1t i8 o question of vital importance to New York whether tho Wostern trado passes through that city or some other, In a spirit of friendly interest, therefore, we ndviso the Now York Logislo- turo to oncourago commerco by every means in ita power, and to begin by removing the shacklos that havo been placed upon it by corrupt nnd avariolous public servants, Tho canal dobt which was piled up by the old Ring is o burden upon commorce which ought not to be imposed and will not be borno much longer. The Western people are in no way bound to assist in romoving this monument of local corruption, and rother than be taxed for such a purposa they will go clsowhero than to the Erio Canal with their grain and provisions. Bpeaking of the schieme to ize the flood- water of the Nile, the Scient{fle Monthly thus represents it: Another ntlc engincering project has beon wueiaiod, asmoly uflumnn'-plu!mon of the flood-water of the Nile into tho deserts of Nubla, Libya, and 8ood; As la woll known, the msin atroam of tho Nllg is fed by tho great equatorial lakes of Africa, and Its aunual {oundations are canaed by tho in-rush of torront-water, laden with soll from tho fertile sloes of the Abysatnisn plateau, Thisullt isnow for tho miost part de- rollwd in tho bed of the Muditerrancan, where it ¢ gradually ferining & now delta, Nir Bauves Bagk, 40 8 letter to the London Zmes, ofter ro- hearslug those facts, proposus a plan by which not only the water of thu Nile, but the mud which it now depualts wastofully, may Lo utilized os a meana of fe: g the descris south of Xgypt. Hu proposes, by sultable onglneering works, te divert a portlon of tho Nilo fluod-water into thewo Queerty, where it can deposit its rich sedlment in the sandy, and also irrigate them 5o os to trans- farm them {nto ** cottun.folds that would render England fndopendent of America.’ lle would couatruct sluicos and dams at aliferent polnts of tho Nilej st tho cataracts, for inetance. Theso dams and slulces, by enabling craft to paus the caturacts, would slso’ rendor the Nie navigubic from tue Maditorrunean to Uondukaro, e ——a———— Oue of the goldite papers, auys the Clncinnati Commercial, 18 forever barplug oo the Govern. ment's option to pay its bouds In eftber guld or sliver, The Commarcial repliess But why te the Z’ress forover talking as it thero was nothing to think about but bonds; as if thers wero no dobts bat thuse for which the Goy- ernment hans [ssucd [ta bonds? Wo estimate tho natlonal bondud fndeblodness at about onc-fifth the debta utfected by the changoe of our staudard of value, The operations of the gold bugw toushed not only the Guvernment bouds, but the railrods, municlpal, Stata and turnpike bouds, and private ingobteducss, —overy contract in the country in which a dollar i¢ naied or tmplicd! Wiy du the golditea persist In dolittling thle great question of ihe wouey standard by talking eounstantly about bonds? 1t fs smaziug that thore 14 s0 much lnca- pacity to sou that the bonds arv not the great In- orced In this my To the Editor of The Tribune, Cricaco, ¥ob, 12.—Your unawer in this morn- ing's Issue to my query uf (he Uth is not sufiicient ly uelinite to satisfy the person whotn I wish to convinco, You say greenbacke wers recelved in payment for bonds. What I want to arrive at s, dia they recoive themaé par? In other words, did $100 in greenbacks buy s 8100 bund, or was the equivalent of $100 in yold required? Exrnzss. The bouds were sold for greenbacks at par, ‘The Uoverawment never got gold for Its bonds until the lssue of bonds gnder the Fundiug act of 1§70, —— ‘This brie? telegram shows tho resoluto de- termivation of the Domocratic managers to suppress * fraud" fu Urcgon, which appeared betweon tho lnst Presldentlal eluction and the insugurations . YourLaxy, Dec, 1, 1876.—To W, 7, Peton, 15 Uramercy Park, New York: Not tiuis to con« vope Legislature. Can wansge with 000 st rosent, Must bave 1t Monday, certaln. lave ‘usnLEs Dinuxp, 115 Liberty street, telograph iy o Busy, bankes, Falem. This will secuze s Dome aeratic vots, All sre Gt work here. Can't fail. Can do more. Bsil In the mnqflnf.‘ Answer (No slgnatare. ) Kerwy in clpber. ———— Horrible storfes urc told by the correspona- ents {a the Russlau camps converning the mor- tality of sick sud wounded prisoners. At Fro- test! o correspondent came upon a party of Husalan soldiers digging huge graves, and near them were four ghastly pites of dead Ijiog In heaps of four or five feet in thickneas, with thelr ragged aod balf<lad forms cotangled fn horrl- ble confusion as they bad been emptled out from the dead-carts. ———— Thbere scems to bo soms difficulty smong the Democrats of New York. Here s the Rocheater Undon, odited by Mr. WitLidy Pus- CELL, the Democratic mausger during the last Btate campalgn, pltching luto Mr. BeLsosz for trylng to musr¢prosent Mr, Hexpricks, sod chuckling sudibly awsy up to the elbow of its slecve at Mr. HEXDRICKS' triumphant snswer. Tuis weaus that Jous KELry s mot withuut bope tbgt the ticket Tus TRisuxa lald out last last summor, vir.: For President, TmoMas A, Hexpuicgs, of Indfanni for Vice-President, Luctus Roninsoy, may bo nominated fn 1830; also that the New York Democracy Is not s fiereely opposed to the remonetization of sllver aa It is supposed to be. We feel sorry for Mr, Hexpnicks, howover, no mattor what balsam Mr. PURCELL may cesay to pour into his wounds. His receot letter has succecided in allenating the East without pleasing the West, and {s an awlul warning to statesmen who arg not iimber In the jolata that only the Vores family can undertake gigantic straddles wiy impunity. Wo observe that the Clncinnay ZEnquirer has burled the Western half of M, 1Inxpricks: tho New York Worid had alroady interred his Eastarzileoction{ ! iWo,lqur Shat Mr, Hruypnicks will not be the. ca in 1850, PRS- ‘The Courler-Journa! becomes melatcholy over the fact that 300,000,000 are cxpended every year In New York fdr whisky, whilo but §5,000,. 000 aro contributed to the causo of religlon, ‘The Courier Journal seems to forget that salys. tlon is freo, while cven an fuferfor articlo of whisky costs ten cents » glass, —— v the Editor of The Tribune. Citicaao, Feb, 12,—Pleass inform us throngh ’"‘"IPIK" tho oxact date when MAxiMiLiax shot In Mexico, L. B. Bnas, Maxnuuiay L, Archduke of Austria nnd Emperor of Mexico, vorn In Vienna July g, 1833, was shot In Querctaro, Mexico, Juue 19, 1867, e t—— To the Edifor of The Tridune. Kxoxvitrg, 1ll., Feb, 11.—1e the Mexican or Spanish miil doltar, or French flve-franc plece, legal-tender under our silver law for any amaun ] No forelgn sllver coln {s 8 legal-tender f:\r l.l'ly amount 1n this country. | The present attitude of Russia unquestion. ably imperils Dritlsh interests in tho East, [t is apparent that it fe the lntention of this Power to acquire India, England’s Indfaa possvssions, therelore, inay be shortly limited to 8iTTING ButL. | The Gourp-bug organ fu New York thinks Ithat the Braxp bill will get a black eye. A genttemnn, thus injured, once observed, “If you think I'n: hurt, you ouglht to sce the other tellow.” Theold friendship of England and Turkey has not, it seems, been entirely shattered. The Turks provented tho Britlsh flect from getting within reach of the hands of the Russians, } f Becretary Titoxpson's new Iecture Is entitled “ Bygones.” It might be supposed to refer to the Amerfcan navy weee It not for the sad fact that America never bad o navy. e — . The Olilo Democrata growl at Senator Tnun- MAN Lecauso he does not favor ualimited green- backs, *“Is this,” they ask, *backing—green- backing—your, fricndsi® ———— WarLT Wirtuax s gofug to California to lect- urg, and California, unfortunately, is so sliuated that sho can't get out of tho way. e — Britannia and her lion benra striking Hkeness to TrTaNiA and the amiable long-eared anfmal with which Trraxia fell fa love. —— Bzx Butien recelved afeoof $3 tho other day. This fee 18 80 small that wo may almost belicve that ho carned it. + England bas come to the conclusion that s soft nuswer turnoth away wrath, but faileth in the casc of Russians. | Gov. NicitorLs appears to hiove put too much water In his dose of Bouthern policy, e must tako it *‘straght.” Brama's silver dollar 1s bigger than BLAND's, but it lncks sclence, and tho latter, therofors, * will win the tight. f | About 00,000 Russfaus nre {uthe enjoyment ot peace. They aro, however, dead. Killed in the Iate war. f Dame Europa's school contalns so many bad ‘boys that It scoms likely to break up in a row. e — ‘The British lou's tceth might bo repaired, but unfortunately ho has none. —— PERSONAL., ‘There is n prospect of comprom jso in the Lord-1licks controversy, 'The Lotos Club of Now York gave a ban- quet to John McCullough, the actur, Saturday night. Gen. and Mrs, Noyes wero gunests at the banquet given to Btanloy by Monler, tho milllons aire chocolato manufacturer, Theodore Thomas has run foul of Mr, Hassard, the critic, who docs not agroo with bls Inoterpretation of Doothoven. ‘The doath of Dr. Doran, author of * Her Majesty's Servants,” etc., deprives the world of tho most intelligent and learned dramatic critic England has produced, The London Spectator notioos that, for the 1ast 200 year, It has been & way of tho Bpanlsh Bourbone, ** Insplle of thelr prodigacy, to bain love with tholr wives. Olivo Logan defonds Mrs, Hicks-Lord on the ground that sho gavo **such nice partics™ mn London, A borrowed $000,000 will go s long way towards paying for nice parties, In 1808 no wan in England wsa so pope ularas Gladetono. 1In 1878 the windows of his house wero smsslied by s angry mob, Such sre the changes uf public sentiment, ovea in atolid England, Inten years. i’ Clarence Cook s ngain wrillng the arb criticlame for tho New York Zvibune, Thase aril cles aro all written over hie initials, tho Triduns not having tho backbone to hold ftself respunsible for hiu decided and often dogmatic opiniona, Thirty-odd years ago a obild was born in 8 ‘Waelsh poor-houss, A fow days ago the charity- boy, siuco the heroof many straugo adventures aud viclssitades, dined with the Peincs of Walea and received su ovation from the Itoyal Geograph~ {cal Boclety. \Wasthere ever any wilder romance than tho life of Stanley? ‘Tho Blireveport T'imes prints this fmpor- tant and fasnionable intelligence: *‘The young men of 8hreveport, though excoptionally galisst, are, 8¢ a rule, in moderuts’ cireumstances; only baviag thelt wages f0 live upon, Theatre tickels and the hiro of carrlages make a elight chasm o tholr tinances, and so, unless the weather s (00 unfavorable for walking, it would be tho paet of nd discrolfon for ladios to fnalst upon Whon informod of tho death of Vietor Emmanuel, the Pope shook Lie head and eald mus- tuglys ** At heart Villorio was not bsd; he had good principles and preverved many of the best traditions of the House of Bavoy. Lut ho wes & Kinga la mode, and his surroundings were oot good. Therofore he will fo the other wurld gets good bath;—~yes, yos, a goud bath.” Andabout this time the Xecoer of the natatorinm Is instruct- ing anothes dlistinguished pupll in the ar of taking **headers." An Tmpoverished Wolt, who had vecently bad Two Palr beaten, aud was waiking to s Nelehe boring Town tu chisnge bis Luck (the roads Leing Hettled), meta Uorilla disgylved in Liquor. fl: Gorilia accoated him with, ** What do you Sosy? *+ Qently, geutly, my Dlstinguished Priend, wsld the Impecunlous Wolf, **and I'll read You anew Posm, whict I have just Prepared.” Thoroupod, withoutfurther words, the Aboriginal Gosilla struck Mr. Lupus on the Head with a Club, klliug bim Almost Instautly. rowing him 1n & Pence-Core ner, ho remarked: ** io wasn't Sound on the S+ ver Questivn, anyhow,"— Waskiagton Post. The Bringfield Kepudlican of F' the followla luteresting snnouncement tereat of Mr, Bawuel Bowles in tho establlshmenty with bls other propesty, was left by his wil n the handy of two trustees, —biason, Samuel Bowles, fof some thine business manager of the paper, snd ¥n Cbarles Allon, of Bosion,—to be mansged at thels dlacretion forthe beusst of the beirs. ‘The per- wounel of the caitorial department will continu® unchauyed, &s Mr. Bowles long since organized 1t for bls occasious) protracted sbeences and with oepecial viaw (o the coniingency of his death. The frionds of the paper will La glad to learu that the outlook for Its future is most eacouragiog.”