Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, June 10, 1877, Page 4

- f = ez ¢ et§1.07pergallon, Lake freldhtswero leas active, . Iaws? AN over the city those laws soom to . bo violated at plensure. ‘At the sontheast * $his Commandery on Tucadry fiext, June 13, commenc. n 2B St T ey ua ek RIS : guet. Lard closed Gc per 100 Da fawer, at 1 ehoulders, O%c for do short tlbs, and 6i¢c for “ruled st 943G95. removed, Ben Burren's lotter, {horefore, an editors and tho suppression of their papers, and the issne of oiren- lars forbidding the Universities to dis- enns political subjects, and ordering the arrest of all persons circulating Ropublican documents of any description. He is, in fact, managing the political machine preciso- @he Tribae, TEBMS OF 8UBSCRIPTION. BT MALLSIN ADVA ™ —POSTAGE TREFAID AT orricK. m”f"’“p’{‘r""‘r’?fik e 2% | Iy a3 he mavnged it nnder Narorxow. Tha * Aintied to any wiivesa fon 500 | appointment of this man to the Minisiry in et . 240 | of itself" sufiiciont to show the animns of R ¥ @50 | MaoMamon's policy, It means an attempt """“l":""""l"l;l_‘;; % | o restora the Bohapnrtists to power. If C s per ,,L 1,25 | this sncceeds, it means a revolution to dis. LT 1,00 Cinbof tweniy. 2000 Fostege prepald. Bpecimen copfcs sent fres, Topreveat delny and mistakes, be sure and gtve Pote ©ff.ceaddressin fudl, Including Etate snd Connty. Remittanccs may be made either by draft, express, Powt-Oflice arder, or In registered jetters, at our risk, 7ERMS TO CITY BUBSCRIDERS. Dafly, dellvercd, Sunday excepted, 23 centa per week, Laily, deifvered, Bunday fneluded, 30 centa per week Adriress THE TRIBUNE COMPANY, + Chicago, M. MEETINGS. ns once more are increas. ing their record of victorics againat fearfnl odds. On the 31stof May they destroyed the Town of Stozer, Turkish loss 140. On the ith of Juno they won victories at Maljnt and on the River Martinitza, Turkish losses 1,600. On the 8th thoy defeated one Turk- ish column at Kristock, with a loss of 8,000 to the Iatter, drove back a second colnmn which was on the way to relieve Goransko, o omron ettt S Coneueiiin Stdwany siont | and cut third fu two, capturiog its pro. Gfi,fl:";‘,&..‘.{ g sk fon Dubiness il work. | vision.train. At this rate the Montenegring By order of M. E. . LT o b FAIMVIR® CHAPTRR, X0. 161, . A, M.—~Regular Canvocations of this Lhapter wiil Rercafier bo held the gecond And fourth Tnnrs:day ennhnnl The next Regular Convocation will oconr: Thursday Jeaing. June W. “Work un the M. E dt, egroe. Isiting companions always welcome.' _Iiy ordier of the Caspter, P DAGGT, M. E. 11, P MYRUN HARRIS, Sec. 1CAGO COUNCIL OF PRINCES OF JERUSA- LEM, A. A, Scottish Hito Marona—\Will hold & regular convention on Thuridsy avesing next. Work on the 15th and 16th Degrees. Iy order of A, RUSEKL, B.% P.*s Gu* M. ED. GOODALE, Gr. Sec, 'OLIO COMMANDERY, NO. 1. RNIONTS TEM. B e Dt ot iha Thad Crots S bt SaTer by ludw—llund. might be relied npon to wipe out the whole Tarkish force in Europe, if they had timo of exch montn. | enough given them. nia seemn to bo that of a solitary pawn on the board,driven from square to square, with no alternativo but to go down into the cor- nerand be taken, When Bajazid was cap- tured ho was compelled to withdraw from Kars to the mountain passes, When Arda- han was captured he was compolled to move beyond Olti. When the Russinn right and contre advanced towards Olti and Toprak- Knleh ho was compolled to rotroat beyond FPrzeroum; and now comea the nows not only that he is entirely cut off from Kars, but sleo from Erzeroum, by the right and centro, which is ooly walting for a junction with the left for the final attack, ——— The Grand Jury yesterday returaed a num. ber of indiotments against persona ongaged in the frauds on tho county. The cases ngninst Pentorat, Forsvrn, OAnreNTER, WALE- 1A, aud Kixneawy rolate to the transactions for which Knwraty and Pentorat were iue dicted a year ngo, but not tried. The great nnd deplorablo obstacle in the way of pun- ishing ofiicial corruption and frauds upon the public service ia the hardly-disguised torrent of perjury which ‘meeta tho investigator at evory atop. Almost every Grand Juror has been strack with the boldness, porsistency, and doflance with which witness after wite noss will for hours rapeat on oath statements and donials which are notorlously false, Al revoronco for the sanclity of an oath soems to have boon lost. Tho sontimont that there is no turpitudo in robbing ths public or in official bribery and dishonesty seens to in- clndo that perjury, to whatever extont it may e roquired to protect the guilty, Is equally freg of all criminal taint, and it {3 considered a point of moral excollonce lo swear lustily nnd long to defend one's nssociates in publio robbery, This is one of tho most painfal of all the deplorablo consequences of the de- generacy of tho timo. Socloty ia threatenod with atter demoralization whon the sanctity of the oath ceases to be rospacted, and whoa mon, high and low in the world's estimation, doiiberately mwenr falsely, and do so notori- ously, Tho provalence of corrption in pub. lic offalrs is reudered moro deplorable be- caude now supplemented by perjury; the ona crimo Is essontial to tho other, and when. ever a conviotion for either can be had the punishment should bo for both. In the struggle of tho public with tho Connty Board, the army of unblushiug porjarers aro fighting actively, and hence the peoplo of tho connty can ostimate how dlegracafully they wero betrayed by thoso who in the Leglslaturo dofentod the bill for olecting o new Boord of Commissioners, It I time for ovory honest man in the community to give bis nid to tho Coutts and to tho Public Fros. ocutor in this struggle with corruptionists and porjurers, SUNDAY LAWS, Bowoe very zealous, oarncst, and well- intentioncd persons bavo, in the interest of roligion, prepared a petition, and aro now _panvessing the city for signotnres, asking the Mayor and Common Council of this city to enact and enforco ordinanees closing all saloons on Bunday, This is by no means a new guestion in Chleago, or In tho country, It is one that haa boen discussod and ngitated in all the lnrgo citios, and evorything that can bo naid for or against what are known ns Sunday laws, has been said, time after tiino, ably and well. ‘Tho Logislaturo of Illinols Bowe yeara ago put an end to the sgitation on tho subjeot of enacting o general prohib. itory liquor law for tho State, and this wes done by authorizing each town in tho aunual election'of its officers to decldo whether tho snle of liquors sliould bo licensed thorein or not. 'This adjourncd the question to tho Judgment of each munlclpality, each soting foritsolt, and in no wise Interfering with it neighbors, Though the present question is in one senso confined to the point of vonding and buying liquor on Bunday, it has, uecossarily, o much larger ecope. It Includes the ques. tion of tho general mornlity of the eale and wmenufacture of jutoxicating beverages, aud it includes also the question of the powers oand duties of the Government o establish legal obligations in tho observance of Sun. day, Tho memorinl asking for o law to pro. Libit tho sale of liquor on Sunday - assumes (1) that the sale of liquor is immoral; (2) that tho Governmont has the power, aud i3 in duty bound, to compel the observance of Bunday ; (8) that, tho sale of liquor bLeing immoral, it iu the duty of the Government to probibit the practico of such tmmorality on the * Babluth.” Unfortunataly for the memorialists, theso assumptions are all de. nled, and tho denfal is mude by suoh ma- Jorities of the porsons residing in the large cities that all attompts to cusct and enforce such Iaws Lave proved to be not ouly lawient. able failures, but haveresulted in aggravating all the real ovils sought to be romedled. We havg had a rocent and o costly oxperience of thia kind {n Chicsgo, In 18723 there was sn ordinanco of tho oty requiring saloons to Lo closed on SBundsy, ‘This ordinance Lad been o dead letter for many * yeors, but thero was a demand by thoso who undertook to ropressnt the couse of religion and morality, and ta represent the religious and wmoral par. tions of the community, that this ordinance should be enforced. It was enforced for a tine, and enforced as. well as any law op. posed to public opinion could be enforced, ‘There was an organization of the clorgy— or professivg to Lo of the clergy—of tho city, hoving for its purpose tho msuagement of the City Goverument, and especially the compulsory euforcoment of the Sunday laws. ‘Whet was the result? The public wind re- volted against uny dictation or interferenco of the winisters of churches with political affuirs, and ageinst any legal rogula. tions for the obscrvance of Sunday. Thero 213 o'clock In Lie afterncon. Sir Knlghts of sister come. ” By onler of the Btranger Sir Knights anderles are always DUNLUP, Recorder, o S 1.0. 0. F.—A spectsl meeting of Chicago Encampe ment, No. 10, 1. 0. 0, F., wiil b held at chetr iall on {o:morta¥e exehlag. Jund 11 tor the purpora of can- ferring the firat. second. and third degrees. Visitors are respectfully (nvited to attend, E.D, SKULLY, Beribe, NOTICR.~All the memhers Denevolent Painters’ linlon pectal ineeting at Maskell 1 jesdsy avening, June 12, at: T.W.DOYNTE, C, P ahar, £ BMTil, Treasurer, T, NERNARD COMMANDERY, NO. 35, K. T.~Drill : e N UkmANE, B C J. 0. DICKRREON, Recorder, ' CORINTHIAN CHAPTER, NO, R, A. M,=Tej olar Unnvocllllun Monday bvngnlnl. .me nAmn'cluE: ‘Work oo the P, and M. E. M, Deq-reu fla order Ju Al RD, H. P, WE J. 0. DICKEREON, Sec. - BUNDAY, JUNE 10, 1877, * CHICAGO MARKET SUMMARY, The Chicacy produco markets were moderately active Satnrday, ond bresdstoffs were frmer. Meex pork cloted 100 per brl lower, at $12,7244 @276 for July and S)28512,874 for Aue $8.8214@8, , for July and $8,0244@8.95 for August, - M wera flrmer, at 4%c for looso do short clears. Highwines were wnchanged, at2¢ for corn to luffalo. Flonr waa quietand un- changod, Wheatclosed 24:@3c higher, at §1.89 for cash or June and $1.503%4 neller July, Corn closed $c highor, at 454c cash and 46%¢ for Juno, Oats cloned 1;@3ic Ulzher, st 37%c cash and 30%5c for Julr. Nye win dull at GRc. Darley was nominal, at G0@A0e, Jlugs wereactive and firmer nt $4,502 5.00. Cattlo“were active and higher, with sales at £4,00@0.05. Sheep were ateady, ‘ot 33, 00@5,00, One hundred dollars In gold would buy $105,25 i greenbacks ot tho close. In New YL;!);_; VBIN;J-; greonbacka e e — * Gormany has recognized D‘x_; as the Con- stitutional Prosident of tho Mezican Repub- lic. The order for a levy of 218,000 moro men for the Russian army Is confirmed. Ap- parently tho Czar moves to. populate rather than dopopulate by his nrmies. . —— 1 Marehal Prsxiy, of Louisiona, has beon killed moro at, tho breech than at tho muzzlo, Prroov should not have corresponded ‘with the enomy. T t—— " Teit not time that eomo person in authori- tyin tho City Govornmont should tako action in proventing tho violntions of the Bnildi ng corner of LaSallo and Loke ntreots hag ro. cently beon creeted n building which can bardly have escaped the attention of the Building Superintondent. If that building ba a legal one, then the Building law is o sham and s fraud, — Politicinus are ridiouling the idea that the politica of this country can be mansged by others than officcholders. They do not ses ordo not want to understand that politics must be purified so that cltizens of good re- puts can manage them, The Presidont fs right in demolishing s vagary of offico- holders and establishing a respousibility for the poople in suggesting that change'in the dutles of the former which leaves them froe to attend to business. Secretary Buemsaw has successfully dis. posed of the first £30,000,000 of the 4 per cent bonds authorized by Congress, $5,000,« 000 of which will be applied to resumption purposes, and the remainder for the redemp-. tionof ¢ por cent bonds. The bonds are placed at par In coin. The contract with the Byndicate is for six months, and tho terms of subscription are very liberal. The Becrotary has withdrawn from the market $100,000,000 of the 4} per cont bouds, and the old Byndlcato hns subscribed for $25,000,- 000 of the latter issuo, Leing the balance of tha-$200,000,000 suthorized, One Lonma Prcxening, an editor and pro. prietor of the Ban Franclsco Morning Call and tho Evening Bulletin, baving exhausted bimselt in tryiug to get up an interesting yoge of matter, has inaugurated an inven. tion whieroby whole issues of more enter prising shoots may ba tranemitted to him by telegraph. 1lis scheme provides for the aps Plication of electricity to a stereotyped page, 8o that the supplement of Satnrday's 'Tuin. uNe will become frosh news in San Francisco Bundsy suorning. The juventor is to be congratulated as much upen his interest in the welfare of his fellow oitizens as ou his inventivn, which s o tardy admission that Bau Francisco papors must ba struck by lightuing to amount to anything, ‘Tho new French Minister of the Interior, 3. Dz Foumrov, is the man, who, at the proclamation of the French Republio, was characterized as *‘the unhapplest man in Frouce” by the Parls Charivarf Hawas the man who manipulated the French people for Navorzox 1IL and employed every cor- Fupt device known to political machinery to cary out his master’s schemes. When Navorzow fell, he went into obscarity and romained there uutil he wus dragged out of it by BMuoMinoy to manipulate the forth- coming elections in behalf of the Bonapart- ists. His work has commenced in earnest already by the discharge of Republican Pre- fects ol over France, the closing of Repub- Ucan Clubg, the amests of Regpublio- was B general disintegrntion of partics, re- enlting in the political victory of what was known as the * People’s party.” That waa four yenrs ago, and sinco that time the City of Chicngo has been struggling under the most unprecedented embarrassmonts to re- cover from the results of that election. The attempt to close the saloons and * to restore to Chicngo the penca and decornm of the Babbath ” gave tha city Couvin, and Corvin's Common Council, and Cotvin's Adminisira. tion, and the majorily of the present County Commissioners ; it resnlted in the subseqnent corruption and domoralization of loenl pol. ftics; it reponled the then existing Bunday Inws, and fastened upon the city and county govornmental dishonesty and frand ; nnd the present Grand Jury and saveral of its prede. cessors have dovoted wecka to the unravel ing of tho crookedness which grew ont of the attompt to eatablish by law a genoral relig- ions Sabbath in Chiengo. ‘Wa do not beliove that the peopls of this city desiro to have that question renewed 1n any form. We belisve that a very large majority of those persons who thomselves reverenco Sunday, and religiously obsorve it, do not desire to have that matter made o question of politics, and who, while conscien. tious observers of Suuday, will vote ngainst any compulsory laws on the subject. ‘Wo suggest, then, to those who have un- derinken to revive this subject and force it upon the City Council, whether they are not likely to do more harm than good, and whother their efforts will not tend to embar. rasa the City Government in its various efforts at reform, by creating a diversion to this topio of new Sunday laws, and therehy giving the whola bummer population now life as an olement in loeal polilics, No posai. ble good, but great publio evil, will follow any renowed ngitation of this subject. Weo abstain now from any discussion of the moral and political questions involved, and we do so hoping and expecting that such discussion will be ronderod useless by the genoral refusal of the publio tolend their names to any renowed agitation of the en- actment of Sunday laws, The good sense of the friends of general law “and order will, Wa ars sure, oppose the further presentation of this matter to tho City Council. THE APOLLO CLUB FESTIVAL, The recent festival of the Apollo Club has heon remarkable in two ways: first, musical- Iy, and second, financially. The first ole- ment of tho musical success lies in tho ox- cellent manner in which really important works wero done with n comparatively short timo for their preparation. Loaving ont tho minor numbers given by tha Club proper, which needed little work, as they had been produced before, thero still romained the se- lections from Waoxze's * Lohengrin” and Gruck's * Orpheus,” Gounop's cantats, * By Babylon's Wave,” SutLivan’s cantata, “On Sea nnd Shore,” Mxyprwssonn's ‘8t Panl,” and Haxorx's “Israel in Egypt,” which wers produced by a chorus fally ono-lhalf of which was now, Mr. Toutrxs hod, as a ‘nuclous of ¢ this organization, abont 150 *voicos which were nccustomed to sing to- gether, and had beon drilled and disciplined Ly his peculiar methods.” To this number ‘wero added 150 now voicos, which had to be brought as nearly as possible to tho standard of thoseasoned voicesin avery short timo. To accomplish this necessitated abzolutely hereu- lean work and infinite patience, moro partic. ulnrly as much of the music, especinlly in ¢t 8t. Paul" and * Tsrael in Egypt,” WAS very cxacting as woll as involved. That Mr, Tox- 11xa succeeded g0 well in welding the whole mass together spoaks volumes for hia skill 08 o choral director, and it must be a mattor of pride to him that his skill was acknowl- edged by Mr. Tuouas himself, not only by surrendering tho leadership of tho choral works to him, but also by personal expres- slons of satisfaction. In still another WhY, thero is nn opportunity for congratulntion. ‘This festival was in the natureof an experi- ment, instituted with the idea of ascertain. ing tho fensibility of producing important worka of n featival character in tho future, moro particularly oratorios. The resnlt hns shown, beyond all question, that there i Just 88 good 'ond just s amplo choral material in’ this city as in DBoston, New York, or Cincinnati; in poiut of fact, more, einco in all tho festivals in theso three cities thoy Liave had to drawa lorge proportion of singers from suburban towys, It bas shown that wo hava a leador capdble of organlziug, drilling, and lending this, 1na- torial, It theroforo demonstrates tho posai- Lility of festival occasions of this character in tho future, and will open up a healthy competition with Cincinuati in this regard. That theso possibilities will - be ‘improved doos mot now admit of question, and an annnal, or at least bicunial, festival may bLore. after be looked for, ‘The financinl success of the festlval has been quite as romarkable ag the musical, per. Laps more so. As a rale, fostivals of this kind in other cities have resulted in locs, Tho managors of the Club, in viow of this {act, certainly displayed a very Liopoful conr- ago in meeting their tromendous expensios without a subscription list or a guarsnteo fund, which iy tho usual basis of festivals in other citics, They relied solely upon thejr musical attractions for their audiences, a not in vain. The nggregate attendance durlng the threo days probably reached 25,000, which o larger than tho averago at- tondunco at any festivals of this kind in onr recollection, with the exception of the two Boston Jubilces; which by an elaborato ex- cursion systom drew upon the whole of New England, Such a result a8 this shows that Clicago nover doea anything by halves, It bas always been clinrnoteristio of Lor musical poople that they either go to an cntertain- ment en masse, or fet it comparatively alone, It sy be set down, thorefore, as an asces. tained fact that, given the chorus, solofsts, orchestra, and programmes of n first-class {festival, the audfences will not bo wauting, In this there is a cheering oullook for musical progress, It demonstrates that iho ground which waa lost at the time of the fire has beon recovered, and that in the {future Obicago will hiold her old place as the most fwportant musical city west of New Yok, *The musical progress of the future will hereaftor be dated from the Festival of 1877, e —— Tho musical poople of Cincinnati, asusual, aro taking time by the forelock. They are olready in tho feld with thelr prospectus for the May Festival of 1878, upon which oc- casion thoy will not only dedicate their now Music Hall, but & new organ, which will be tho largest in this country, not cxcopting the ona in the Boston Musio Hall. . The socicties composlng the chorus will be the Hurmonlo Soclety,” Maennerchor Society, and Welsh Choral 8ocioty of Cincionati, the Dayton Philharmonic Bocloty, Hamilton Hsrmonio Bociety, and Urbana Choral Bociety, and the Tuoxas Orchiestra will furnish the pccom. panimonts. The sololsts have not yet been solected. The leadiug works to be pere forned oro 8 Bacu suite for orcheatra, scenes from Gruox's “ Alceste,” Third and Ninth S8ymphonies, Hanprr's ** Messinh,” Scnupear's * Unfinished 8ym- Lisz's Grand Mass,” scones from Wia- SER's *'Gotterdremerung,” and a Dodication Cantata, the words by Jony Jases Prarr and the music by Orro Binozs, the leader of the chorus who presided with such efficioncy two yonrs ngo, THE RING INVESTIGATION, The prosent Grand Jury, like two or three predecessors that wore organized ontaide of the Connty Board and engaged ininvestigat- ing the Ring rascalities, hava encountered the most serious ombarrassments from the deliberate, systematic, and bare-faced per- jury of many of the wilnesses they have snmmoned. Men have gone Dbeforo thiy Grand Jury, sa before others, and have told long strings of lies with the conaciousness that the jurors knew they wero lying. 'Por- jury bas come to bs looked npon with as much tolerance as its sister crimo of robbing the publie, It is understood to be a part of the buainess of public plunder. The whisky men who withhold the taxes on their high~ winos never hesitated ai falsifying under onth tho returns they mado the Govern- ment officers, The morat restraint which once provented men from sweariug toa lie nsmuch as from picking a pocket scoms to have worn naway. Tho fear of conviction and punishmont, thongh tho crimo of perjury is clearly defined, scems to have subsided entiroly, probably from the fact that thero aro fower arraignments and searcoly any convictions for this offense, An onth s regarded nowadays ns a mere matter of form, which is only binding upon the taker whon it doos not interfere with his in- terost to tell tho trath, Tosave himself, or his friends, or criminal associntes, the,public plundoror will swear to lies as rapidly as the questions can bo propounded to him, and with an alertnoss and sang froid that wonld mako ANANIAS blush with envy. The num. ber of lies that biave been told and sworn to beforo the Grand Jurles that havo had the Ting mattors under consideration could be counted by the hundreds, and the number of porjurers, including those who aro guilty of suppressing tho wholo truth, is considerably largor than the number of persons who con. stituto what is known as the County Ring. Fortunately, the repeated investigations of Ring affaira have afforded opportunities for tho perjurers to contradict and oxposo thomselves; and it is probablo that, it the present Grand Jnry does not return truo spiracy in robbing tho public, it will find indictmonts ngainst a number of men for porjury, based upon ecmough ovidence to warrant A conviction, Besides tho natural inncouraoy of liars who are called upon to tall their storica tnore than onco, tho honest Grand Juriea that have been convened at intorvals of soveral months havo found dif- forent witnosses roady to Lol things at one time which they are not willing to impart at another. When two of tho thieves fall out, for instance, each is williug to tell enough ont of epite to implicate tho other, if ho can resorvo onough to aave himself and his as- sociate thieves with whom ho is still on good terms. 8o, too, a differont sat of questions, based upon advancod informa- tion, somotimes betrayed a porjurcd witness into an admission of what he had proviously denled, or a donial of what ho had proviously admitted, It will not be strange, therofore, i, after having theso follows thres timos on the rack, the' present Grand Jury shall be ablo to return indictments for perjury, with abeolute proof of guilt, 1t these Indiotmonts for porjury shall be mnde, and tho proof skall bo ne strong as it promisos to be, then it will be timo to aban- don the provalent tendoney not to convict on n charge of perjury. These cases will-ba different from any charges of perjnry made in cases that hiave grown ont of business complications, It muat be romembered that thoy involve tho guilt and escapo of the CountyRing, It must be taken into account that it i bocanso men havo been willing to swear falsely, month aftor month, that the Ring has been epabled to retaln its organization and continue its eystem of plunder. It must oper. ate in favor of the strictest construction of thoso perjury cases that it is only by con- viction and punishment of false swearing that the Ring membors, and their partners and assoclates, can bo renched, and that it is only by making perjury a notoriously porilons practico that this common protec- tion for publio thioves can Le abolished, DBa- sidos, publio morality, tho safoty of proper- ty, the punishmont of all clnsses of crimi- naly, and the preservation of confidence in business honesty, depend upon an abandon. ment of the leniency with which falso awoar- ing ia regarded. If a precedent can bo cs- tablished for the full punishment of porjurars in tho cases growing out of the Connty Ring inveatigation, the facility of false-swearing will be considerably woakoned for the future. Contractora and business men may still take the risk of swindling the publio with the counivance aud nssiutance of offiseholders, but they will ceaso to perjure thewselves in order to save the official scoundrels when an exposure is made, RERFDOI{ IN RUBSIA. . By the Emancipation act of 1861 upward of 40,000,000 scrfs were sct free in European Rus- sla. We shall appreciate the extent of this number when we roflect that it equals that of tho entiro population of the United States. For more than two centurics and abalf thisvast mass of the juhabitants of Russin had been held in o conditlon of practical bondsge. ‘Thu name of slave applicd to ono of thelr white bondmen was offeusive to the scnsltlvo Russfans, who de- clarn that, slavery has never exlsted fu the Enis pire, Jinco term of ‘“*soul® or ‘“*souls’ has been used when designating in precise formula this portion of theclattels of the Janded pro- prictors, . Tbo lnstitution of slavery Insn unmitizated form did, howover, exist In tho country at'n very early perlud of Its history, When Yarosuar the legislator, 1n 1028 gavo its first codo of Jaws to the natloy, the condition of the slaves was distinctly defined in several of fts enactuents, For the murder of a free Russian It was decreed that a ting of forty arionas, or the value of twen- ty pounds of siiver, should be paldintothe State Treasury. For the murder of 6 freo womauhalf that amount was estecmed & just equivalent to be made to the Btate, For the murderof s slavo uothing was to bo pald futo the Treasury, but the owuer was to receive tho market price of the human chattel, unless-tho latter bad atooed witls bls 1ifo for fusulting o freeman, The value of a slave in the tims of Yauostar varled from six pounds of silver totwoand s half or three pounds. Ons who scrved as au ortlsan, a schoolmaster, & nurse, or the Superla- tendent of a village or commune, was rated at thy highcst prico mentloued. Duriug the reign of ouo vl the succesaful warrior-Princes of Rus- aia slaves had become o plentiful tbat the prics of an able-bodied man fell to a few coppers. The clasa of slaves doomed to perpetual bond- age comprised fu the begioning prisoners of ‘war aud persons bought from forelzuers. Those condemned ouly to a Umlited period of servitude cwbraced wen who Bbsd sold themselves, chil- dren who bad peon sold by-their fatliess, fusol- THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, JUNE 10, 1877—SIXTEEN PAGES. BerTrovER's phony,” Somumaxn's * New-Year's Hymn,” bills against the Ring membors for their con.’ and maintaln their freedom, of tho enslaved full, and somctimes to crowd them #o a8 to render the number of servauta and the free. vided Into three classcs, the lowest of which cultura] laborers, who sought ecmployment wherever it sulted them, and were Innll respects freemen; and the peasantty, who were united in communes and posacssed amall farms or plotsof 1and in fee simplo or In usufruct. The commune, of which little Is known out- side of Russla, 13 an anclent institution, appar- ently dating Its origin as far back ns the foun- datlon of the nation ftself, It would sccm to be akin In its character to the auls or villages of the wandering tribes of the steppes, andvery likely is a relic of the days when the Russlans were themsclves o nomadic race.. It consists of an nssociation of peasant houscholders into n communlty, under a governmont somewhat simitar tothat which prevails In the family, On one portion of the land, in most Inatances pos- sessed by the commune in usufruct, the village 18 built, in which each household has n dwelling and a garden-patch., The romainder of ‘the communal land is divided {n as falr proportion as may be for tillage by the different house- bolders. The allotment s subject to revision every few years, in order to fnsure its adapta- tion to the changes which timo may produce in the number and needs of the soveral families, The government of the commune is vested in an Asscmbly composed of the heads of tho thouscholds, ‘and presided over by a Village Elder. All matters ln any way affecting the well-belne of the community are discussed and decided at the open-air meetings of this Asscin- bly, and the members of the organization, tralned to habits of patience and resignatlon, never appeal against ita decrees, however much thefr personal interests may be made to suf- fer, 'The good of the community Is unanimous- 1y held to be above that of the houschold or of the judividual, As has been stated by a recent authority, the Assembly * fixcstho time for mak- {og the hay and tho day for commencing tho plowing the fallow-field: It decrees what meas- ures shall be employed against those who do not punctually pay their taxes; it decides ‘whether a new member shall bo admitted into tho commune, and whether an old member zhall be allowed to change his domictle; it gives or withholds permlssion to crect new bulldings on the communa! land; it preares and signs all contracts which the commune makes with ono of Its own members or with o stranger; it Intgr- feres, whonever it thinks neceasary, in the do- mestic affalrs of [ts members; it clects the Elder,—na well ns tho Communal Tax-Collector ond Watchmen, whers auch offices exlat,—and the communal herd-boy; above ail, it divides and allots the commuaoal land among tho mem- Lers as it thinks fit," The indlviduals of & peasant family mbmis- slvcly obey tho rule of the head of the house, and the head of the house as submissively gbides by tho decisions of the Assembly. The commune occasfonally owns the Jand which it oceuples, but menerally §t {s scttled upon catates belouging to tho Crown or tolanded proprictors, for which it pays a stipulated rent, 1t1s cati- mated that ot the present time one-half of the torritory of Russia s thus occupied by com- munes, and that these emigaco five-sixths of the entire population of the State, " An the head,of tho huuschold retains his au- thority over its mewmbers whilo he lives, so the communo muakes surc of Its hold upon each *soul” belonging to it through hialifetime, unless, 08 In rure cases, tho connoction s dis- solved by mutual arraugcnient. ‘The pcasant can nover lenva his communo to reside clse- where for ever £o short o tima without a spe- clnl permit from the Asscrubly, and this may bo revoked ot any time, and his immedinte return be commanded. The reazon of this arbitrary control {s, that the commune Is responsible for tue rent of tho land {t occnptes, and for the taxcs of each male in the fraternity; therefore, for its sclf-preservation It muat sco to it that no ono Is permitted by unauthorized nbsence to throw tho burden of his obligations back upon the rest. - Still fe has been the habit with those peasants who could not find room for the use of thele encrgles within tho restricted limits of tho village to pursue thelr vocatlons clsewhere, returnlng when convonlent to thelr homes, and always faithlfully remitting their duesto the Assembly. Thelr wives and children do uot accompany them In thele wanderings, hut, ad- hering to tho villaze of their fatlicrs, serve as n bond between It ond tho absent ones. The claborate system of polico which guaerds the In- tercats of tho Empire renders it easy for tho communo to sccuro kuowledgo of the where- nbouts of its wandering wembers, and to com- pel thelr return when It Is desirable, Mauy of tho peasants ncquire property, fortunes evean, In the enterprises they conductin other plarca, but, the lofluenco of custom Is so strong, fow scver thelr connection with the commune. Al- though their lives may be spent among widely ditforent scones and assoclations, they choose to go back to'the spot cadeared by the memorics of childhood when old age and death come creeping on. It s sald that thero ure about amilliou and a quarter of these abscutoes who habltually dwell lu the towns, and yei their true homo {3 In some rural commune, Durlng tho six ceuturies followiug "the publl- cation of the codo of YAROSLAY, tho three divis- fons of tho rural population were gradually merged into one, and the termis sluve, Inborer, and peasant wera exchanged for that of serf, Bo late ra the sixteenth century, at the beginnlug of which Ivan 111, was still o the throne, the laborers had the right of chunging thelr resi- dence, but only Intha cizht days betore aud alfter 8t. Georgo's Day, which falls, sccording to Russian reckoning, on the 234 of April, Boms Gonunoy abolished this privilege by edicts passed In 1593 or 1303, and 101597, aud theres fore to him lins been aseribed the establishmene of scrfdom in Russla, Nevertheless, the ays- tem existed beforo bis thine, 1is espeetal part in the matter was to define the conditlous of serlage, and mako ¢ an acknowledged fack. It was his desiro to render tho proprictors re- sponsible for the peasants on their estates, and only by bindlog the iatter to tho soll could this beelectually done. Until the landuwners could count upon ths permaucut possession of tho “souls™ which they clulined os Lhe most yalu- able part of thelr property, the right swount of taxatlon for (hem to bear could not be reason- ably wdjusted. Iu lces thau a century after ghe peasantry had become absolutely attached to the soil, the proprictors were allowed the privilege of eelllug them at wilt, The edicts granting this power were lssucd In 1035 aud {n 1082, Fiflally, the nceessity for extended means to exccuto his enormous and costly schemes hinpelled TrrER Tuy GREAT to lmposo taxatlon upon the hum- blest aud poorest subjocts fu his Ewmplre. To accomplish this purpose, thoss hitherto exempt ~the slaves, the domestic servants, aud the free agricuitural laborers—were ranked fu ono category with tho peasants under the nawe of scrfs, and each nale wus sasessed a certaln amount, in the form of a poll-tax; To socurs tho full returny called for by the reglstered lists, the vroprictors were made responsible for the tax imposed on their serls, and the laborers wery forbidden uuder beavy peualtics tocon- tiouy thelr migrations. Until the closs of the elghbteenth century the condition of the serfs remalued without ame- horstiou. At that time the Emperor Pauvn Issued & decres to the. offect that they should work for thelr masters dnly three days fo the week. The otber threo days they were at liber- ty to work for themaclves. The subject of cmancipation was eutertained by ALEXANDRB 1. and by Nicuovas, but neltber Ewperor felt blmself strong cuough to accomplish the fu- menso undertaking. Many abuses o the fnatl- tutlon of secfage were, Boweyer, corrected by vent debtors, freemen who had unconditionally married elavo women, ecrvants out of employ- ment, and all others so unfortunate or in- efficient as not to be ablo to earn a subalstenco In a bar. barous age, when disorders of every sort pro- vailed, and might was the enly recognized lay of right, 1t was nn easy matter tokeep the ranks and dependents an actual burden to the atrong At the time of the promulgation of the code of YAROSLAY, the populace of Russia was di- wera the slavea; the next atove, tho agrie them, and the powers of the proprietors were In some respects curtalled. ALexaNpen I, pro- hibited public mdvertisement of the sale of seris, yet the transfer of families and of fndi- viduals from one proprictor to another was commonly practiced, until the frecdom of the entirs class was finally schlaved. In 1861, alter somo years of cautlous prepara- tion, Alexander 1L proclatmed the emancipa- tion of tho scrfs,.and with one blow the fotters were stricken from 40,000,000 of human belnes, Of this number, n littlo over 20,000,000 were at- tached to the eatatea,of private propriclors, 1,467,000 wero dnmnst’e servants, and tho re- malinder belonged to the State demesnes, which cover about one-halfl the nrea of Russta. The peasant serfs were immediately {nvested with the civil rights before enjoyed by the free rurat classes, and the commuues were allowed to re- taintha lands which they alroady oceupted, pag- ing for the nse of them certain yearly duce, with the liberty of purchasing them within thirty- nine years, “The domestic serfs were compelled to serve Lhelr masters for n tecm of two years aftor the emancipation, and were thercafter freo, but had no share In tho communal lands. The ‘peasant serfs, comprising, as has been sald, five- sixths of the whole population, are still govern- ed by the communes; but how much longer these organizations aro destined to survive, it fa fmpossible to predict. ‘Tho conditfon of tho serfs hias not materiaily improved sinco the emancipation. It conld not be expeeted that thelr advancement wonld be rapld. They form a colossal body for the Gov- crument to provide for and bring up to a point where they will beable to make the moat of thelr opportunities, A few of them—two or three perhape—in a commune can read and write; the remainder aro flliterate. ‘They arcno longer subject to tho rute of a private master, thoy havs no moro fear of the knout, or of ban- ishment to Biberls, or of enrollment in the army at tho caprico of a brutal owner; but, on the other hand, they can no longer turn for lielp and protection to apraprictor whola responsible for thelr welfare and in o majority of cases sliows himself humane {n conduct toward them, Thelr casc1s quite almilar to that of the freed- men of the South, and time and lberal ald from tho Govermmnent must bo lowed to cnable them to gain an equality with the ranks who have not been degraded and’ imbrated by een. tarles of servitude and oppression. e —— Tn the trisl of Dr. Avavstos Brauverr for heresy by tha General Bynod of the Reformed Duten Church, opo Dr. Cotm sald that Dr, BLAuvsLT was “tho representative of o great class, and It the Bynod gave way one inchn howl of joy would go up from the camp of Satan, thohaven of the ‘ndvanced thinkers.!" The refusal of the accused to bo restricted in Lis {deas by the Confcaston of Falth s what led to his trial and to Dr. CoLn's Intimldatory re- mark. If It be true that the “camp of Satanis tho haven of tho ‘advanced thinkers,’ " Boston must bo very ncar headquarters; and every man who leans over the fenco of orthodoxy in his effort, to sce his surroundlugs, s taking n dan- gerous slank. Thess continual wrangles over restive diviues, and the cxpurgations which fol- low, lenve relizious doubters and progressive religionists fn o very bad conditlon, If Dr. Coux does not.like “advanced thinkers” we presume his falth to bo that of the primitive Christians, Bince Connt KzexANOVITCH'S recall tho effete dynasties of Europe have breathied frecly for the first time for weeks, Stocks, consols, and renfes have jumped up as if they had sat down upon pins. Count ANDRASSY, in conversation with tho British Mlalster to Austria, sald that the ‘war was now robbed of ono of its greatest hor- rora for noti-combatants, and ho felt littlo doubt that it would now bo possiblo to locallzo the conflict, Epmem Pasus remarked that now the Turkish fortifications were safa from cap- ture until the Russlans took them, and the Czar telegraphed to the Grand Duko Nqomoras that this was the most important event of the war, 8 henceforth tho command of the Russlan army and plan of the campalgn devolved upon the Russian anthorities ouly. The Grand Duko Miontarr, urdercd tho whole Caucasus to bo filuminated, burned alive 100 Abchosians as a thank-olfering, and ratsed overy soldler of tho ermy of fuvaslon to the rank of Colonel. e —— A New York paper deacribes the seventeon- year locusts as from timo to time utteringa hoarse, strident cry, something ke * Far-oo." This 1s ovldently a.surviving tradition of the vlague of locusts In Egypt in the time of Puanaom—tho locusts having changed the epclling somewhnt. The plagne took placo B. C. 1401; add A. D. 1877, and there is a total of 8,808, 1ivido Ly scventcon, and it fs seen that thero I8 o remainder over of only two years, Tho year A, D.-B.C. 0 counts for one, and when the two inooths edded by Casan to the year, the changes made by the Pope, tho differ- ence bLetween old and new stylo, the precession of the cquinoxes, and tho differcnca In timo {wlth comnpound Interest) butween Egypt and Long Island avo all allowed for, 1t {s easy to seo that thess are Uneul descendants uf the samo locusts, — On dit, that the aprightly littlo Posthas recent- 1y made an addition to its stafl in the person of agectlcman promiuently connected with the Tublic Library, who will hiereafter bo known os tho astronomical editor, Like most other Lands new to the busiucss, hie Is a little wide on facts and shaky In logie fn his carly attempts, but will undoubtedly hmprove In both these respects with practice. When he bas obtalued sufticlent wisaum, by experlence, ho will probably be rawarded with the position of dictator to the Astronomical Soclety. e —— ‘Tha Connectlent Catholle argues and advises thut Romun Catholics should form an {ude- pendent party in order to obtaln oftices on the basts af thelr religion rather than un were partl- sanship. Huchan attempt as that would con- solidato Protestantisa at the polls in an over- whelmiog mojority, The Church must not wmeddle with temporal matters it it wishes to retatn spiritual power. ——— In 8uaxsrEAUE'S thoe they used ta prononnice Rome—Room, and, it usturally tollows, Doom— Dome. This sccounts for Macbeth’s remark about the ue of is enemy's (Manquo) lasus atretching out untll % the erack of dome,” for lie kuew that if once o got them under the dumne, and it cracked, the whole bouse of Huue quo would go uto Hunguo-ruptey, et Spaln I3 likely to get a protest from the State Depurtment agoinst Lhe latu act of one of ber nen-of-war in overhauling un Amerlcan whallng vessel, Bpain will plgeon-hole it, as Judge McAvLLsTER put uway that Board of Trade po, titlon, She wever did cure much for protests unless emavating from Madrid, et—— The Pope advised the Polish pligrims to over- cowe persecution by prayer. If that were etli caclous Russin and ‘lurkey would bave been cbliterated a century ago at least. A good deal of gunpowder aud many large canuon will Lelp the Pope's prescription wonderlully, a3 we shall see fu the present war, | e —t ‘The new Greek Miulstry has been formed. The names of the members of the Cabinct are 80 kuobby that to pronounce them s ke send- ing an empty vuil-kew dowu five tighta of stairs. Nevussanly Cabinet crises will be rare where dorsicks wro neccssal remove the uames, - ——— Ex-Gov, Hexpnicks witl sal for Europe the 13th lust,, aud o Lanquet is proposed by the Manhattan Club. Mr. Us¥puicks takes his loss much more to Leart than Mr. TriLpzw, A chauge of count'y and scenes may have a beae- ticlal effect upon the bereaved candidate. ——e—— — Majah-General AcuMET vON DB O'KEENAN- OF¥sK1 is avout this tinie on the yasty deep, and reflecting, vetween votilts— Since mie 80 s000 thoy did recsll Why did they scud e out at all? ———— " A poor Brooklyn lawyer was s few days sgo appoluted trusteu of bls widowed sister-in-law’s estate. He at onco went home and told his wifo aud asughter that they could spend the summer in Europe, aud that when they caus back they would find a new brown-stone house, proper; furnlshed, walting for them, Ho saye. thar it 1y A little awkward and uncomfortable standing up to make confossion of your sins before a chirch congregation, but as long as it tan't & criminal court, lie docsn’t mind {t 80 tnuch, ——— The President I8 rocognlzing tho colored ele- ment in the distribution of offices. It will be well for thio coloved element to prepare them. acives for belng recognized. Color withont merit I8 entitled to nothing. ———— We were not aware that the 1ate historlan MoTLEY was 00 years of age, or that ho as oneof twins. We Infer it, however, from the announcement that he has a brother alive In Matne who {s 90 to: ———— The Mextean Minister nt ‘Wasliington protests against the oriler to cross the Ito Girande In pursult of marauders on the ground that it may disturb tho penco of tho Republle, Peace in Mexicol Tho gentleman Is humurous in dealing with flctfon, At an autograph sale fn New York Tinpuw's signature brought 81, Doca ho ever mnuso on the fact that If he had been mado President his autograph would have been' worth-less for its commonness! ——— Tho publishers stil anuounce DAvID DupLay F12L0's pamphict on that Electoral Commise slon vote, and exasperatingly call It 8vo., omite ting all relercace to the noted 7o, Doesn't F1zp got weary of that figurs of apccch? f Gov. Youna, of Ohlo, says that he cannot lve a8 Governoron a salary of $4,000. What 1 he cannot? Ile ought not ta say 80, and thus dis- courago his successors I thelr intentions to b houeat. ——— Somebody writes for an Eastern paper a nocm entitled * Alone with My Consclence.”” That fa a solitary assoclation wiilch many mon dread. Thoy do not like to be left alone with strangers. They are getting over-religious fn Canada, and propose Lo proaccute s poor lockmaster on’ the Willlamshurg Canal for locking a vessel on Sunday. Ho must unlock them after this. ——— Go for the tramp! ofsculate the Irate farmers. ‘Would it not be just as well to let the tramp go fot himself? It would certainl, ly bo pleasanter for bim aud csster for the honest people, f Thero s o gemernl expression that Minister PrerREPONT should be removed. Wo ' bope he will be retained asa Christian Instrument of penance, as hokeops down our pride. 4 When a First Citizon Is enraged with » Sec-, ond Citlzen, und deaires to scare him out of o year's growth by a threat of physleal Injury, he saya: “I'll put a dome on you.” } Ex-Gov. HexDricks atill thinks ho was elected Vieo-Prosident. Ho sald so at indian- apolis Friday night. After all, perhaps Europe is better than any other asylum, 4 It 1s authoritatively denfed by tha New York Herald that BoucicAuLr's daughter s to be married to s London comedian, This will give other fellows a chance to obtain tho dramatiat's best work, Thero will be dry hale in Afrles for the next fitty years, tho King of Dahomoy having pald ,England that 500 panchcons of ofl for indem~ } aity. How can RicuARD GraNT WiuTe declde falr. 1y on Now York Custom-House removals when Llio 18 80 partial to the English? 4 # Glve s man a public office and you will soon find out how bad he 1s. The yearners for his olaca will tell you, Tho Hon, Paren Cooren wants fractfonal cur rency roviyed. o ls willlng to take his green- backs in lcces. Tarkish jouroals call their Mintster of War “The Great Bllent Man.” He s Imitating ConkLmig. f 4 | Nowadays, w'hen @ prominent milllonalre dtes, the flx'n; question is, “Did he leave any fam- PICTER The Bridgeport, Conn, horror may be told in iyo words: Had architecturs. Fire. Elcven dead. i L # BuN Buriews silent eys Is what finlahes most of his ndversarics, Thoy can't eateh ft. f Jmm Buaing's reflcctlon cvery day of hll‘lllfl is, **What 1s home without a alster-in-lawi? | ‘Tho succeas of the rubber trade sales at Bos- ton shows great elaaticity in that material. | The Montenegrins would make good country editors, They kuow how todefend thelr passcs. PERSONAL. . Mr. Blaino has beon accorded the honor of an Introduction to Adelaldo Nellson, the actress, At Gilmore's Garden, nNew York. Tho Springfield Repubdlican apeaka of But- lar's last reply to Wayno MaoVesgh as *¢atull columa of fecbld and fabby Liackgusrd." The Indisnapolis Journal printa a satis- factory editorial entitlod ** Progress of the War® in ona line, thue: **'The war hus not made any progress, ' Mr, Mullett's Poat-Ofico at Hariford has cost already $445,000, and will probably require $260, 000 toreto fiulsh, The balidingof the Harge ford Fire-losurauce Company uear by, which ls larger than the Post-Oftice xnd made uf better wae teriu), cost but $175, 000, The London Academy pays s high tribute to the Davenport Academy of clencos, and the first volume of Its procecdings, Intely published, comes in fora large share of praies, Jo addition 1o ita other morits tho London editor notices with pleasure that it admlits ladles as members, The Home Journal printe this curious ftem: **‘Three laughtors of Mr, William Schans, art dealer, of this city, marred Prusslan ofticers, all members of the waine regiment, and the three daughicrs of Me, Richund Storrs Willis, of New York (brothor to the poet N, ¥ married Uni Htates naval oficers, all having served ss Licuten- ants of thy Unitod States frigate Frankitn," Quoen Victoria iy about to purchase from Col. ¥arquhsr's sun, Invercauld, the forest of Wallochfine, which adjolux the estats of Balmoral, 'Thy forest camurises within its bounds the largest ares of natural-grown Are In Scotland, and Is une equaled for tha slze, bosaty, aad symnmetry of s treen. 1t hus been held by the Queen on louse for anumber of years at an snnoal reat of £1,500 sterliog, - Miss Phabe Conzing has heen spoaking out in meeling., She member In good siandlog of the Sccond Baptlst Church in 8t. Lo when & new pastor came (o that soclety st cently expresscd the hope that women would in the prayer-meetings, she saw her opportuunity. She gave au uent statomcnt of the place of woman in the Church, and the rejoinder of tho pase tos was feeble lu comparivwn, A man made a distarbence in » London court, snd sssaulted violontly the officer who ate tempted to rgiove hic. The Jndge sald the con- duct of the rioler was indefensible, and sent him 10 Jai} for soven days. The e of the prisoner subsequently came into cou d asked for a mitl- Jation of the sentonce on the sluguisr ground that hls vop had been u long time In Americs, sud had fmbibed Amorican idexs, which he bad jmported with him, Tbe Julge was overpowered by this ment, and consentqd 0 the release of (he prisoner, A correspondent asks'the Boston Com- marcial Bullelin ta explaiu the mesnlug of Moors's +10f¢ L the 8tilly Night," sepeclally of- the versa ‘which refers Lo the bunquetlng-hatl. Suspectings Qquiz, $he editor was kind encugh fo explain tust ‘Thomas Intended In the verse mestloned to syl **When mualng I tho eoiltude of the night, I ro- member the wany cowpanions who have dropped away from my slde, a4 the foliage drups from the treos after the bling frosts, leaving me baro aud alone, I feol like one who bas outstald his com- pantons at & fesst and looks around Lo fud the acata vacant, the lizhts oat, the Aowers faded, aad tbe place deserted nnd desolate." f Y