Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, June 2, 1877, Page 9

THIE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SATURDAY, JUNE 2, 1877—TWXLYY, PAGES, - 9 [ LITERATURE. Froude’s * Short Studies on Creat Subjects.” fatin Orthography---A. Fominine Question--The @lobe Encyclopedin. Znight's Bhakspeare—Rugsian His- tory—The Tegetthoff ., Expedition, .ArteMatters==«A Sketch of Walt Whitman=-=Women in Industry. .Flors Round About Chicago: The Orchis Family. pigeon-Hawks---Coffee as an Invigo- rator--Bun-Spots and Rainfall— African Explorations, LITERATURE. FROUDR’'S ¢ GREAT SUBJECTS.” SUORT S8TUDIES ON GREAT SUIMECTS. By Jaxes AnTioNY Frovur, M. A., late Fellow of Lxeter College, Oxford. Taled Scries. Now York: Scrlbnor, Armstrong & Co. Chicago: Hadiey Bros. & Co, 12mo,, pp. 400, Tho tirat of the * Great Bubjects® which en- mge Mr, Froude's attention In tho present yolumo Is the ** Annals of an English Abbey," ~tho abboy of Bt. Albans, which was founded ntho town of tho samc name, twenty milcs from London on the great North Road, fn the year 703, and was. suppressed with the other conventunl houses in Great Britaln, by Henry the Elghth, The history of the monastery {8 given with much detall, and occuples nearly 100 peges. It is uollinching in its exposure of the corruptions which prevalled during the Iater * yesrsof the fostitution, aud closcs with the pungent remark that— There I8 & talk now of rostoring Bt. Albans, We are aflecting venitonce for the vandalism of our Puritan forefathers, and are anxions to atone for b ! Cursed 1s hio that rabuildeth Joricho, Never ware sny Institutions brought to & more deserved judg- ment than the monastio orders of England; and & deeper {rroverence than the Paritan ltes in the spurions d"mu?un".m of anAgo which has lost 1t faithy, and with its faith hos lost the power to recognizo tho visiblo workings of the “inoffable Belng by whose breath we aro sliowed to exist. The sccond toplc discussed Is tho *Revival of Romanlsmi" aftor which come *Sea- Studies ** oftho dramas of Eurlpides; essays on “Lucian,” ¢ Divus Cwsar,” *“Soclety in the Last Daysof the Roman Republic,” * On the Uses of sLanded Gontry,” and %Party-Politics.” The whole concludes with “Leaves from o Bouth-African Journal” Io the summer of 1574 Mr. Froudo mode & visit to South Afriea for the purpose of studying tho working of an English colony, e spont a fow days at Capo Town; traversed Natol from Durban, the chlef seaprt, by way of Marltzburg, tha Capital, to the Draclienberg Mountalns, on the fruntler, and thonce through the Orangoe Free State to tho Diamond-Flelds, Mr, Froudo regards tho seizure of the lattor torritory by the British Goyernment as & measurs ol gront injustice, and frecly cxpresscs his condomnation of it. He left Natal with uuhopeful feclings, be- causo of the utter want of unity of futerest be- iween the native and immigrant populations. The country Is & desert from lack of frrigatlon; yet, where it 18 under cultivation, there scems poend to iis capaclty for production. A single Instance cited by Mr. Froudo shows the won- deeful fertility of tho soll and the favorabls nature of tho cllmate, The cstate described In- tluded forty-five acres, which, six years Leforo Mr. Froude™ vielted It, was a wild, opsu moor. The apot selected by the owner waswoll situated, and sheltored by a mountalin, down which fnlls a stream of water, ilo fenced hhsmuml In, and round the bordors he sowed the wedi of & varloty of conifers and Australian on- caiyptus. In thinshort inforval these neuds have shot up Into trees forty or fifty feut high. Pass- Ingthrough them you iind yonrsolf among ’i’u“' oforanges, and lomons, and citrone, and lmes, igs, peachea, apricots, snd almonds. On a favor. able slopo are m few acres of coffes-trces loaded with fruit. . You lcava the coflce, and you aro smong flowering trees and shrabs. ' In 8 Hollow fa anheot of water, frinwed with rases, azalens, and raninnie. Thore Is so much shado that you nover eel tho host oppressivo, 1f you roquird refresh- ment. you can atroll among the strawbcrry-beds, ot, If you preferit, smong ping-apples and molons, Whatover of rare or beautiful, either of the Old World or tho N Huru&mn African, or Ameri- «an, that will flourlsn in thls climate and soil, the Judgo has hero cultlvatod; and 8o admirablo are both that sach plant contends with ite noighbor lch slall spring the sooucat 1o tho higuoat por- . Lady Barker often speaks, in her account of Mo it Natal, of the torrific thunder-storms which dafly deluge the country during the rainy scason and Mr. Froude makes frequent allusfons to the samo phcnomenn. On ane oc- casion he was teaveling in a mall-cart, whun tho uusl aiternoon-clouds ,.uexl up above tho mtmn blacker than ho over seen them re, Uetwoen 4 and & a'clack {he writes] the storm n; and, botween tho darkneas and the blinding electa of the Ilghlnlnf. in the fntcryala of the fsshes we could nearcely seo ton yards from us, Lren in Sonth Africa I nover eaw such n dl-mn{ of Zlestinl firoworke. Tho lightning was rosc-color, deepentng st timoato crimwon, Hach iinah x;lwnrm ke cross, —a vertical lino scoming to strike tho earth, @ second line :m-nn}f‘u horleontally, The 4t wan & blaze of firc, Tho rain foll {n sucha delogo that the plain {n & fow minntes waa likea lake. Of coursc worould not move. The horses stood shivering up to their fetlocke In water. At one lime thero was no interval between tha light- wving and the report, so that wo wers in the very cenire of tha storm. Tho sense of utter helplosee sess proventod me from belng ncrvons; L aat atill 0 looked nt it in mere amazement, In \wo houra IBwanover, Tho sky cleared almout suddenly, sod, withy the dripping landscape shining fu tho ‘rlx(v“ of & aummer-sunset, wa splashed on to the er, Mr, Froude's vigorous thought and graphic l'}'y.lg ;c‘:mrgttll.ml-ugcll'lny: Jcryugrm‘unbilo Yn {:I:scn cro thel subject doca not atrongly ap- peal to the lmuvldutJ taste. Sy + LATIN ORTIHOGRAPIIY. 4103 To LATIN ORTIHOGRAPIY, Dy Wite ki Bnamnacy. Translated from the Uerman, Nith the Author's Banction, b{ W, Gonnox Mo. Canx, AM., Muster of the University Bchaal, Feteraburg,'Va. ~ Now Yorks Uarper & Urow, Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co. Sm. 16mo., 0. 03, " ¥rica, $1.65, Prof, McCabu I8 entitled to tho thanka of ev- &1 classical scholar for bis translation of Bram- buck's ¢ Halfsbuchloln fur Laternlscho Reeht- ®brelbung. The standard of Latin scholar- 4bip In this country {s not remarkably high, and thofew who wish todo something mare thanroad usual course of classlcs are obliged to avafl themaelves of works fn forelyn langusges, Tho Present publication is & short, but very compact, treatisa‘on tho orthography of the Latin lan- fuge, The Bilver Age, or tho first cen. | ;fl-v alter _ Christ, is taken #s & standard Y which to decide @laputed polnts in spelling, Aad tha rules are given tn tho briefest form. The principal past of the work is Alted with an phical (ndex, as ft fs callod, which %4 thg correct apelling of & largo number of doubtul words, and also affords tllustrations of rules. The book docs mot profess to be an elementary treatlse, but it con- ;eu. r{uul;; {,’:', elul'iv‘n‘l 11.{%:“?' l& port 1o ho! and It wi loun '&fllfl suificlunt to dunp{lxu enthustusm of any by t who expects to master it at a reading, e, Andupuon of the orthography of the Bl bosake ua the standard seors at frst blush to “rl:.lll:whu llable to objection, but words are o ’Oho consiglored a8 subsldlary to thoex- 4lon of thought. Litorary creation slways Fivie Uterary criticism, ~ Two conturie Lo ed Dante and tho Academia della m“u{ Molicre and_Cornelle | 150 tenr®,the uge of the Encyclopedlal W'l"‘-l great-grandehildren would scarcely @ beon thia cantemporarics of Bamuel Juha- “’hl reasons which {nduced Brambach to g('? hlu;‘ ‘gowAuzunun ora are, as he states n his Introduction, wortby of quotation’ e o, 3be orthography which obtaluod fn the fdly Age, when at fts mlllh“‘ form of devel- reg 1::1“ {romn Nero to } mu{: way be justly “mc 28 the best model, both for modern ty sad for grammatical purposcs. For, i it place, our Latin forms bave been, in i l‘?l fact, based upon tuis orthography’ by by er Rrammarians, The Jater grammarl- 90, 1u part unconsclously, have nearly all taken this stago of the development of the lan- gunge a8 Ltheir starting-point. . To think of act- ting up now any other perlod as tho stand- ard, would lo & uscless experiment, andl, In compariaon writh the instnificance of the chject, ane involving far too much trouble. In the aecond place. we know of no earlier perfod of the Latin tongne sa preefsc in _the matter of forma na that which begins with Nero, while it evldently would not be advisable to seiect for our}mrw 18 any later time. In the thitd place, the form uf the language from Nero to Hadrian really exhibita its fullest phonetlc development. A FEMININE QUESTION, TIE QUESTION OF REST FOR WOMEN DUR. ING~ MENBTRUATION. Many Puraax Jacont, M. 1., Profersor of Materin-Medica in iho Woman's Medlcal College, New York, The Doylston Prize of Iiarvard University for 1870, INluatea ow York: Q. P Putnam's Sons, Chicay nien, McCiurg & Co, bp. 232, Price, $3.50. Dr. Clarke'’s little work upon **Bex fn Edu- catfon,"” which appeared about four years ago, has Incited very goneral Investigations into the valldity of tno author’s srgumecnt, and hos called ont a considersbla literature, chicily written by women, and controverting the prop- ositions advanced in the sgaressive treatlse. However opposcd to tho rea) natnro and bearing. of tho facts discusscd, and however Injurious to the highest intereats of women, the lino of rea- soning oadopted by Dr. Clarke may be constd- cred by the sox whom it malnly concerns, it must be granted that his book hasscrved s ood purpose in causing a momentous gnestlon, aflesting the wellare, not of women alone, but of the race, to bo sifted to the bottom. Ot the many volumes which have been con- tributed to the debate,~the majority of them by women of high culture and liberal jude- ment,—the one before us is the ablest aud most conclusive, It s the work of ona who has unlified herself, by study at home nnd abrond, ?ur an honurable place In tho medical profes- sfon, and who has, by her very thorougrh attaln. mcnts, acquircd the respect and confldence of an ever-widening circle. 1u the preparation of this essay she hae held to the scientllic methods of fnquiry practived In the Lest mudern scliools, and ventures no theorles or opinions which have not a basls tested cl:{ wly and cautlously, belng bullt up with materials gatned from an exam(pation of ‘a long list of cstablisted au- thoritics, and from a protracted serios of origi- nal Investigotions, It reads as though it wers the construction of a veteran in science, who haslong beon used to the abnegation of person- al feellng in looking for the evidunees of the soat of truth. The treatise 18 couched in techrfeal phraseolo- fi" and will rmfllrc close reading tu be compre- cnded; yet it 1s of such profound fnterest to the female sex that it should be mastered by every Intelligont woman. 1t1s notenoughto have an inward conviction of a truth; there ahould lso ba 80 complete un understanding of it thut & satistactory reason for Its existedce can be fur- nislied whenever demanded. 1t is Important that on this particular question women should kuow, a8 far as can be ascertained in ths prescat advance of scienee, just wlhere thio teuth lles, aud be able to state it on physiological grounds. 1t [s impossible to reproduce the argument of the suthor In the space st our command, nor is this the appropriate placo for its full cx‘lull- tion. It wlfi suilico to say that It strengthens the Rusll(on ‘Which the previous women-writors on the subject have assumed: thall In a normal condittonof health, perlodical rest oladay or doye Is nefther required nor desired by tho female scx. Wumnu's constltution {8 such that work which dowands tixed attentlon fora term of hours 18 cspecially futigulng; she breaks down under it far soonor than does man;j benco lier work should be varied {n cnaracter, and adapted to frequent lutcevals of rest, [t 1 becauss do- mestic work meets these conditions that It proyes peculfarly healtiful to the sex. ‘The nspect of the subjcet which relates to the cducation of women le not eapeclally consldered by the author, Ilcrchial attention is bestowed apon the naturc of the acxual function umler conslderation, and upon its nflucnce In rezard to the mental and physleal capacitics of women, There can bo no doutbit that the author has per- formed o very grateful seryice to medical sel. ence, and to her own sex, In the productlon of this fearned and tnstructlve disscriation. 8ro., ulcurc Ing experimenta, KNIGIIT’S SIIAKSPEARE, THE WORKS OF SHAKSPEARE. Edited by With Tllustrations by Corr, M, Wano, W. P, Fuiti, , Manxs, and others, Noew York: Virtuo gn;zlr(‘:rllun. Chicage: Movoney, McGrath & Kulght's edition of Bhakspeare, which has beon {ssuing fu parts, s now completod, and tho thirty-seven installmouts have been deliv- ercd to subscribers nceording to vromise. This sccms a Atting occaslon to repeat what was sald fn Tnu TrisuNE’some montha ngo aa to the merits of the work, Knight s cssentlully o tpopular? editor; sud -tha vprlous works which he has published under this designation, although maoking small clatin to original re search br profound scholarship, have descrved the name. His * Popular History of England " hos found its way Into thousands of familics, and has spread more solld Information, sluce Its publication, in rogard tu tho whole rango of Euzlllh history, than perbaps any other single work. A similar fate Is very likoly reserved for his Popular Editlon of Bhakspeare, which lncludes tho notes of sll the beat annotators, beskdus the historical data, the introductions to the sevoral plavs.and tho vxpo- sitlon rathor than tho aunotation of the toxt, which aro 80 usctul to the unlcarned ruader. ‘Tho prosent edition s noteworthy also for the many beautiful {llustratious= it contains by art- I8ts Whoso naumes long simce beeano futous in Europo and Amcrlea,” The paper Is of fino qual- i1y, ana the tylxc hx\ large ond clear, The notes Y P are convenlen nced at the Lottom of each poge, Tho new editfon cau b obtalned of Rionoy, Mectrath & Bmart, No. 143 South Clarks street, Chicago, ——— RUSSIAN HISTORY. A BRIEF HISTORY OF RUHSIA. Ty Frawcis A, Buaw, With Maps. Doston: James L Os- kood & Co, Chicago: Hadloy Bros, & Co. 18mo., b 123, Price, b0 conts, - With the expenditure of an hour and » half, and of 50 cents, one can obtain a fatr general Idea of the hlatory of Russia, through the belp of this comprossed abstract, It is woll made,— the maln incldonts In the succosslye relgos of *the Russlan monarchs, from the ninth century to the present time, being lnked together in & narrative that, to usc i trito phirase, is as cap- tivating as a romance, It 18 a book just fitted to the hour, and to the demands of a hurried people. It can be tucked in the pocket and dis. patched in two or threo rides In the strect-car toand from business, From so brief u com- poud, huwever, one must not feel competent to judge of the natlonal policy of Russia, or of thoe inutives which have led to the war with Turkey, After rending Wallace's ** Russiu * and Schuy- Jer's * Turkestan," to mention no further si- thorltios, the wsscriion with which Mr. Bhaw clodes his record, that the Imperial Government has aasalled Turlm{v for_the sole purposs of atning command of the Bosphorus, will be un- csltatingly rejected. THE TEGETTHOYF EXPEDITION. NEW LANDS WITHIN THE ARCTIC CIRCLE: NATBATIVE OF THE DISCOVENIES OF TUE AUS- aaiax Suir M Trantriors,” v Tus Veana 10721874, By Jurive Pavex, Ono of the Com- manders of the Expedition, W merous lustrations frow Drawlngy by (ho Author, Translated (rom the German, with ihe Authior's Approbatlon, New York; D. A{wlclon & Co. C“:;uuu: Jansen, McClurg & Co, 8vo., pp. 0, - Price, $.60 The English edition of this lmportant work was roviewod at length fn our columns some months agu. The varrative of the slogular hard- ships borue by the bravemen of the ship Tegeti- nofl, In their exploration of upknown regionsin the Novaya-Zemlya scas,is of thrilling (nter- est. It {s related In an unpretending manner by Licut. Payer, s miember of thot noble band, comprisiug men of every natfonulity, who think 14 no cause for soif-gloriticativn that they have fluluuy sud unflinchlugly performed an arduous uty under circumsianves of axtremno perll and sufferiug. The book not only couveys use- ful {nformation regarding vew lands in the Arctic Circle, but It gives an impresalve illustra- tlon of the sublime courage and furtitude of wl:jl.cll;]humln nature fo its cxultcd mouds Is capable. THE EASTERN WAR. THE RORTIUERN AND ASIATIO DEFENSES OF TURKEY: Wirht aN AccounT oF Tun Muitany Foncxs AXD TUE AWMAMENT OF tulnnnflg‘l‘lfl soi of ! Paper. The slx papers contained {n this brochure give scomprehensive (dea of thegeographical position of the dominlons of Turkey which le In tho way of fuvasion by the Russlan army,and of the uatoral and artlfical defenses which are thelr safeguard, The titles of the papcrs oro as fol- lowa: Tho Northern Defenscs of Turkey; The Defensca of Coustantivoplo; The Aslatic De- fouses of Turkey; Transvortation of Troops; Probably Burategy o8 19 Ariaice; aud Military carries thework well to theend of the E's, Allthe th Maps and Nu.. Resources of the Combatants. The lmportance of thess papers at the present timo is such that they descrve to ba put luto 8 _more substantial hindiog. A couple of colored maps of Turkey in Europs and Asfa pccompany them. GLOnE E‘NCYC!.OPI";DH\. THR OGLONE RNCYCLOPADIA OF UNIVERSAL KNOWLEINI Nifustrated, Vol L—Caxx 1o FEzz. Noston: Esles & Lanelat. Thesccond volume of the Olohe Encyclopredis merits that weze cansplcuous In the first volume appear also in the second. In completencss, excellence of arrangument, price, printing, and binding, the (lobe oBmpares Invorably withany of its competitors, The'publishers claim that Vol, 1, contains 1,800 articles omitted from Ap- lcton's, 1,305 omitted from Zell’s, 2,355 omitted rom _ the' Encyclopxdia Dritannica, and 759 omitted from Chamber's, Tho sccond volume has several notabio articles, including those on Chemistry, the Chincsc Emnpire, Ianish Lan- gnage nnd Literature, Denmark, Earthquakes, cltpsce, Egypt, Electrivity, England, and the Eye. In the departiment of blography the In- cylopxedia Is full and accurate. Tho_completed work. from present appearances, will be au_sd- dition to nn{ library. M. T. Lane & Co., Nos. 167 and 160 Washington strcet, Chicago, ara the Western agents. ESSAYS BY CONWAY, IDOLS AND IDRALS: Witu ax TANITY. Dy Moxcuns Danist, Coxway, M Anthor of *¢ The 8acred Anthology, ™ stc, York: lenry llolt & Co, Chicago: Janaen, MecClarg & Co, 12mo., pp. 137, Drico, $1.560. The title and the namo of the author of this book snnounce that It 1s & product of the Jib- eral school of metaphysical and religlous thought, The sharter casays, of which thereare cleven, deal with attractive themes, such as Footprints of the Ureat; Flower and Thornj Reat and Ideal; and Faith, Fact, and Fairy Tale. ‘The longest piece inthecollecticnisthe ont treat- ing of Chrlstlanity, and hayving tho signifie.nt sub-hcads: I1ts Dawn, Ita Day, [ts Decliue, Its Afterglow, The Morrow., Mr. Conway {s an aygrecable writer, a man of culture, and an In- dependent thinker; and nis writings must en- tertaln and edify o large concourse of readers, VEST-POCKET SLERIES. GREATNESS, IMMORTALITY. Ry VaLpo Exrisox, BUOKS, AT, ELO- K. By Rarnt Watoo Exensox. -Tos- : Janics R, Orzoud & Co. Chicago: fiadiey Bros . Price, 50 conta per volume. Messrs, Osgood & Co. contemplate the exten- sion of the popular Vest-Pocket Scrica by a number of cholce volumes, to be issucd In rapld successton. Tho Iatest additions, pamed above, embrace selectlons (rom the casays of Emerson. Inoneare placed threo papers taken trom his “lotters and Soctal Alma;” and in tho other an equal ,number froin his collaction entitled “Roclety and Solltude,” The tasteful Hette volumes Keep a firm hold upon the affections of the public. 2 BOOKS RECEIVED. BYRIAN SUNSBIINE. Dy T. G, Arreerox, Livaion: Roberts Bros. Uhlcago: Jansen, Mc- Clurg & Co, lUmo., pp. 308, Price, 81, THE FLIRT: on, Tne Lire or A Youso Lany or Fasue By Mrs, Ginrx, Anthor af **The Gam- bler's W Puiladelpnin: T, B, Peter. sun & Bros, Chicago: ladley Biros, & Co. #vo., 210, Price, ?l. 5, STATE CITARITIES AID ASSOCIATION. <BooK roit Ho<ritaL-Visrrons. — Now @, P, Putnam's Sons. Chicaxo: Janscn, rg & Co. 12mo. ’i’l.lfil. Yrice, 50 cent, BCLENCE-LECTURES A'T" BOUTIL KENSING- TON, Tecyyicat Cugsiarny, Dy Prof, F. I, 8. With Hlustrations, Now York: Mace Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co, Price, 20 conte, MANCIHESTER SCIENCE-LECTURES FOR THE YEOPLE, Elghth feries. 1876-'7, Wuy tux Eanti’s CneanisTnr 1s As Ir In. Three Loctures by J. Non¥aX Lockyza, F, R, 8. With Nlus. tiotions, Tim BucorsaioN oF Lirk ox T Eanrit, Three Lectnrea by Frof, W. C, Wik 1AMn0N, , With Dlustrations, New York: 3 miilan & Co. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & C T'rico, 25 conta, T ee: 0ACON, A MARUAL OF ENGLISH WISTORY: Fon e’ Usk or Baitoots, ";{ Enwand M. LANcAsTER, Prineipal of the Ktoughton Bchool. Hioston, Masr. New York and Chicago: ~ A, 8, i 12ma,, op. $20. Price, $1.40. DOT AND DIME! Two Cnianacrens 1x Enoxy, Ty One Who Known All About Thern, Hoston: Laring. Chicago: dansen, McClurg & Co. er, CK{SE‘B TIBLE-ATLAB: To JLLUFTRATE Tun Onn AND NEw TEatAMENTs, Deslimed to Ald Sunday-nchool Teachcra and Bcholare In tho ho Internatlonal Serles of Runday- Chicage: A. H, Andraws & Co. Price, AFTER MANY DAYS, A Novm., By Cuniariax Itein, Author of ** A Question of Hunor," ete. New York: D. Apploion & Co. Chlengo: Jane wen, McClnrg & Co, 1% feo, $1. HOLY FATHER, Drawn from the 1y the ev, Ricite arnes & Co. Pa- # OUl NINTH, Most Rellable Authoritles, anv Husxxan* A, M., Pastor of Ttodo'n Church, Now York, New York: lenziger Urothers, 12mo., pp. 280, . - —— FAMILIAR TALK. WOMEN IN INDUSTRY. Beveral of tho most Intcresting pages m tne work of Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobl, seviewed in annthicr colump, are devoted to statlstics of the employment of women, at varlous crus and In dliferent countrics, in Industrial pursuits. Le- roy Beaulicu afiinns with gbod proof, io his prize-cssay on Woman's Work in the Nfucteenth Century, that domestle occupations have never absorbied the existence of women in tho work- Ing¢ clusses, ““Tho workshop,” ho nsscrts, ‘existed in Europo long before the tenth century, under tho name of gynocee,—sotnetincs attached to the house of the lord of the manor, and under tho direetion of his wifo; sometlmes belonglng to abbeys, and controlled by 8 superintendent. In convents the nuos manufactured everything needed for thelr own use, then for eale in the worlil. 8pinning and dying of wool oceu- pled a lnrgo rnrt of thelr days. Inthercgisters of trades and merchandiscs of Depping ia proof that tho trades-corporations, contrary to a prove slent o&:lulun. worw arranged to Inclido woin Wo find mentioned, workwomen in sl elotty silk-spinners, weavers of kerchicts, embrolder- 8, coinbers of wool, silk hatters, and many other trades wlicre the woien were not only sdmitted as alds, but mizht have become mls- tresses, or even be cligiblo for tho dizaities of thie corporution. Tho history of female labor in epochs nearer to us would be the history of ln- dustryltsetl, The more elvilizatlon 1s developed sud retined the more women participate in pro- duction; and this participation, “constantly greater and moro actlye, is regarded by womei thcuselves as an advantuge.” Although, In the old regime, women had a largo share In the work of the vutslde world, It was still Insutilclout for thelr necessitics, and In 1750 thoy appealed to the King for a_coutrol of the trades for sewlng, spinning, and kuitting, In 1851 the City of Parls coutalued 112,188 work- ingwomen, uul,m)u of whom were engogred In needlework, In 1578 tbiere were ubout 100,000 or 450,000 women empiof'ud in the vot- ton, _wool, lunen, and” sllk manutactorles of * France. o 184 there were 7, 281 women engaged In the Industrial establismnents of Great Britaln. In 1603, Lord Brougharm stated before thoSoclal Befenco Assu- clation that “threo<qusrters of adult unmarricd woinen, two-thirds of Lho widows, and ageventh of marrled wamen, ro oceupled in Great Britglu ju judependent or {sulated labors, without counting the multitude of wives, doughiters, aad sisters, who sharo ju the work of their rula- llwsln, ’lhu counter, o the dalry, or by the ueedlu,! In Ucrmany women are employed {na great varicty of trades and inanufactures. Iu the United Statcs, according to the ceusus ot 1870, out of 9,730,000 women, 1,0H,783 women un irls above the nalu of 10, or on an aversge of oue luevery stx of the wholo female popula- tlun, are m&rw:nwd [ tablea of occupa- tion. Leayl f out of the account §73,- 832 who, In the number stated, are registered as cultural lsborers, and aro mainly colored, there are still left 1,221,451 white women eng/ged fn the Industries of the wuut:&]‘m theee, 22,651 are fsrmers aud plant- cra; 453,050 are engeged fn manuflactures; 18,008 In trade and coniinerce; 84,047 in teach- ing; 7,000 In keeping boarding-houses; 867,354 in domestle rorvice; 1,170 are “barbers and halr- dressers; 1,180 are mh'lwlvcl; sod from 500 to 600 are phfi“cmu. On the Contluent of Europe marrlage inter- rupts tho fndustsial employmunt of woinen far Jusa thun o Great Britaln, and far less than o America. “It {s unfortunately vvident," says M. ¥imoo in L'Ourricre, “*that, If the averay wages ul 8 workman are two francs s dsy, and tbat the sum needed for tho support of his faily fs threo francs, the best adylco that can o given Lo the wotlicr 18 10 learn a trade and carn the requisite twenty sous. This con- clusion [s Incxorable, and thero 18 neither theory, nor eloqueace, nor seothnent which can reslst” a dewonstration of this kind. —The u-prior] character of the lnul‘!(y-un;unmuon, a8 derlved from the upequal dlatribution ol strength between the men and the women, Is far from bejug realized tnactual dife.t? ART-NOTES. The salo of the Albert Grunt collection of plesures, recently held jn Loodon, brought only two-thirds ofthe amowns which jts late posscssar had given for it. _Tho sale realized €300,007, wherean tho original cost to the collector hail been 8750,000. The lusa was owing to a decline in the popularity of the atyle of art which was In fashlon twenty-ive years agn. Pictures by Btanfield, Frith, Maclise, Herbort, W, Hunt, and Cattermole, fell In’ some Instan-es cone sldcrably below the prices pald for them, Bir ¥.. Chantrey,tho English portrait-sculptor, wha died childless In 1841, bequeathed, after rrn,lolnz for his widow, the larye fortune he (f accumulated by his pruhu’«‘m to artistic purposes. By the recent death of Lady Chan- trey, the Royal Academy of Art comies into vaneenlon of a fund yleiding from 815,000 to 20,000 snnunlly, which sum s to-he expended fn ‘the purchase of ‘“works of art” to form the nucleus of a pnblle coliection representing the English school. The works' chosen are to beol the higheat merlt, and executed In Great Britain, y native or foreign artists. The firat work purchased ll’ the Councll of the Academy s the statuo of “An Athlste Wrestling with a Python,” recently mmplclcdnlz Mr._Leizhton, nnd placed In the present Acabemy Exhibition. The cholce of the Coundll 1a generally com- mended, s the statue has been pronounced b the critics & work of great merit, The sum of £10,000 was pald for it. @. P, Putnam’s Bons, New York, have {ntro- duced a novel feature ih thelr catatozue of the pirtures In the present exhibitlon of the Natfon- ol Academy of Design. Thoe pamphiet 1s en- titled “Academy-Sketehes, ad compriscs * ro- productlons In 1ac-slmile, from drawings by the artists, of 110 of the pictures in the Annual Ex- hibition for 1877 of the Natiunal Academy of Design, with descriptive notes by *Nemo! Although ft is Impossible that theat miniature copies of drawings should do justice to the finfahicd worka which they represent. they are welecome for thobints and tokens of the oriz- nala, whicl tioy convey with much greater eat- Isfaction than worda alone sre capable of dolng, The steel plates in the June Art Journal ro- produce the nnlnuug, Ly G. D. Leslie, of $News from thie War M the pajnting, by Rosa Bonheur, of * The 8hcphend 75 and “the ¢ro in marble, by J. Adams Acton, of *“The Wid- ow's Cruse.” The Hlustrated ‘articles comprise a long and |nun-uun'%lla§ viz.: The works of Francis John Wyburd; Scenery of the Pacliic Rallway; Unglazed Pottery; Anclent Irish At Norwsvi American Furniture; At the Foun- tain; and The Use of Anitoal Forms fn Orna- montal Art. Othor papers in the number treat respectively of The Schools of Houlland and Flanders; Gerome's Sword-Donce: Nccent Church-Reatoratlons I Italy; Art-Notes from Parls; Bpring Exhibition_at the Philadelphia Academy of Arts; and Notes Iroin Amerleun Citles. “The number is rich 1n Its literary and pletorfal contents. Tho leading article {n the May number of the Lortiolidia the continuation uf Prof. Colvin's essuy upan Albert Durer. The relation be- tween the Gerinan master and the celcbrated engraver, Saudro Botticelll, {s carefully lnveatl- stated n tio present papers and aiso Ls author- ship of the famous sct_ of 1taliay fifteenth-cen. tury engravings called the Playing Cards of Mantegan, 1 Tarochl 4l Mautegna.!! Bketehes of Clarkson Stanfleld, the English landscaplst, and of Jules Dalom, the French sculptor, andareview of Mrs, fleaton’s* Venice,? With art-notes, x-.omrlumtha Hterary contonts of fthenumber. The llustrationkcompriv an etch- Ing, by R Kent Thomas, after Stanfield’s “Entrance to the Zuyder Zes 5 a portralt of Julea Dalon, stehed by Leaross an engraving of the Primam Mobile, by Arnand Durand: and a scries of caples of drawings Ly Durer, and of suenca and objects of intercst In Venlée, The publlcation of an Amerlcan edition of the German periodical entitied Art- Workmanship has been undertaken by E. Btelger, New York, The work s edited by Br, Bucher and A. Gnauth, snd I8 an outgrowth of the ular movement in Europe which s creating Behiools and Muscums of Industrial Art. Itanim lsto produce, fur the beneflt of tho artisan, copies of ticasures .in public and private collections which exhibit the application of artlstic dealien to objucts of every<lay use. The first number contalvs elght plates, glving examples of gold- smith's work, furniture, sculpture, locksmith's work, and texture patterns. Tho sumnc louse aleo {ssue the VWorkshop a Goermanmonthly devoted toart-industry, aud the clevation aud progress of tastes in manutacture, construction, aud decoration, It gives descrip- tions and_deslgns af beautiful examples of workmanship In all the trades involviog the cle- ments of esthutlea, SKETCI OF WALT WIIITMAN. Thoss who have known Walt Whitman per- sotially testlfy to the slugularly gencrous na- ture of the man; to his unalfeeted kindilnces, which extends without rescrva to all bumanity. Iy simple, genuluo warmelcartedness, Jolned to a vigorous, healthful physieal and mental constitution, gives him o atrong magnctls quality which attracts sll minds to him, Mr. Jolin Burroughs, tho essaylst, who enjoyod an Intimato scqualntance with tho poet, bas intro- duced an ougaging sketeh of him n = long und very Intercatin, Included among tl "B{rdunnutl'ocfa.'?.w b J give loro (he writes] a s‘:lmp Washington, in a Navy-Yard hora the close of the ne rutnmor T'ha car Is crowded and suffocatingly hot, with nany pastcngers on tho rear platform, and Kmons then @ bearded, flord:-faced man, oldurly but ugile, resting apainst the dash, by the alde of the Jousy conductor, and evidently Lia intimate fricad, The man wears & broad-brim white hat, Among the Jam inaide the daor, s young Englimh i, of thig working clars, with twi childsan: haa hind trouble all tho way with the youngest, s streny, Iat, fretful, bright babe of 14 or 15 months, who Didn falf to'woery the mother completoly ouf, bo - aldes bacoming a howling nulsance to everybody, As tho car tugs sround Capliol 15111, the young une i8 wmure demoniac then ever, ond the flushod and pereplring mother s Just ready to burst 1nto tears witlh weariness and vexation. ‘The ear s at the top of tha kil to let off mnoat of &ho rear-platform pusrengery, e ibo white-hatted man roaches fn- slde, and, gently but firmly disengnging the babe frou its stidlug place In the mother's wrus, takes it in lne own, and ouc In the alr, 'Tho nretonished chilld, partly'in fear, partly in catisfaction nt the changa, stops its screaming, and gsthe man ad- tmll 1t mure accurely to his breast, planta ita chub- )y hands against himi, and, pulhhlxw off o8 faraa it can, gives & good ong lool uarely fa nte facos fuol me if eatisded, snugwice down with Its head on his neck, and In less than o minute ls sound and peacefully sslecp, without muother whimper, utterly fagued out. A square or ¥o more, and the conductor, who has had an unustually hard and unlaterruoted day's work, getsoff for hils first meal and rellef since morning. And nuw the white-batted man, holding tho slumbering babe also, acta a4 conductor the rest of the distance, koeplng his oye un the pussengers fde, who buve by this time thinned outfin: I'v, nakea 8 very good conductor, too, pulling the boll to stop or g0 un &s neoded, and svoms to enjoy the nctll\mllun. babe ncanwhilo rewts ite fut chooks cluso on hfs neck and gray beard,—oue vf biv vigitantly surroundins it, whito the othor 701 Hhind to time, with the »mr; und by mother invide bhas half-hour to nd cool, and re s 8 ver bursoll, SEVRES. A studio for mosafc-workers has been estab- llabed In the now Sevres manufactory ut Puris. The construction of mosaics has never befors been attempted In France, put the Government hias now mado provislon for the support of this expenslye ort, and workmen have been limported from Florence to carry It on. The Arst plece they have undertaken ueoratlye fricze for the facads of the manulactory, 'hie rich collcctions of the” Ceramle Muscum have, In the malo bullding of the manufsctory, of which they occupy the whole of the first story, an ample opportunity fur the display of their treasurcs. The foundation of the muse- um begau with some antique vasea prescnied to the manufactory by Louls X1V. ‘Bronginart, who was Director of the lostitution from 10 to 187, pcmlvlu& the valus of a ceramie collection, was chicfly lustrumcntal Iu giving the muscum its present importance. Blveroux also devoted himself to lts Intereste; and the present Director of the Departinent, M. Champfleury, the novelist and critlc, has done wuch to ¢nhauce {ts usefulness, The new Director of the Workshopa, M. Carricr Belleuse, Is & skitlful sculptor, and bas uuder hitn & num- ber ol clever artists. For the present thy old process of painting and enameling, snd tho use of soft paste, have been dlscarded for the pates dures rapportces. Thls latter method Is the one employed at Minton's porcolain factory, where Sotou-Miles, a former artlat at Sevres, bolds the Directorship. — COEDUCATION. We lately noted the fact that the Univeraity of Londun had opened its doors to women, anl biat the Facultles of AMedicine and of Law bad decided tosdmit women to thelr degrees. The medlcal graduates of the University are oppos- ed to the entrauce of womvn into thelr profes- sion, sud & mnemorial, sigued by 250 ol thelr nuwber, praying that the resolutlon of the Ben- 6 may be revoked, has been _propared for pre- :r'uuuon to the governiog budy of the Univer Yo — THE 4 INN-ALBUM,» Mrs. Browning’s * Inn-Atbum * will s0on sp- pear tn & Qerwan translation. * ——— SPARKS OF SCIEXCE, FLORA ROUND ABOUT CHICAGO, Tus Ogcms FaMiLy.~The order of the high- est aristocracy (o the wholo vegetablo kingdowm ts tilled by the Orchidace, There Is a dalnty grace, a patrician slegance, an Indefinable air of noble birth about every member of the family, which distingulsh It at a glance from the com- mon maases, Une inatinctively recognizes, in pereelving fta delicate textures and cxquisite colors, its often dellcious odors and always curk s organization, that an Orchid Is & represent- ativeof & tribe clevated Above thelr fellows by reason of their inherent and anomalous beauty. A superior position s universally accorded to the order by botanista, who have found a most Interesting study In the mbnormal forma and uniqae structure of thele floral organs. Kor many years the strange conformation of the stamens and stood, Bauer published, between 1703 and 1897, the sesnlts of his patlent investigations, that the truth regarding the chgbacter and nosition of these orzans was rovealed. In 1810 Dr. Brown elaborated the subject In his Z'rodromus; and later Dr. Lindley produced 8 complete treatise platils “was it "was not untll misunder- and Francls on the organlzation of the Orchlds, entitlcd “Jllustrations of the Orchidaceous Plants.' Early it his researcly into the wonders of the natural world, Darwingave espeal attentlon to this remarkable order. and produced a work de- voted to a conshicration of the singular meth- oils by which the different species securo the benelits of cross-fertilization. His book has lately been revised, snd is now, under the name of *Fertillzation of Orchids,” accessible to the Amerlean reader. . The family are widely distributed over the globe, rangiug from the Tropics tu the bordera of the Arctic Zofies. 1n Eurupe, Asls, and North America, they fulablt {ndiilerent]y the woods, the ineadows, and the maratics, In Alrica they are rarely or never found lndrf situations; but, at the Cape, they flourlsh as in all arts of the continents just _mentioned. ‘ct 1t Is In the molst alr of ‘the Torrid Zone that they abound in the greatest profusion and varlety.” Inthe East and West Indies, in Mad- aguscar and adjacent Islands, and In Mexicn, Ceuntral America, and Hrazil they add a smost striking feature tu the novel and lovely forms ol Troplesl vegetation, The speles ara elther herbs or shrubs. In warn climates, a great nttmber are vines, or llaues as they are called, which, creeping to the top of the loftiest fur- eat-tr there outspread thelr carpet of foltaie, and embroider it with clerant fluwers that are visible only to the Ingects and birds which wing thelr fiight through the sunshine mildway between the tlouds and the carth. Many of the specles sunslst wholly upon the alr,~attaching themselves 1o the bark of trees, and, throwing vut clusters of leaves, and stems of “showy blossoms, repay the simple aift of & puint of suppurt with u wealth of beautiful omamentation. A single one of theseepiphytes is 8 native of the United*States, but it does not vunture north of the latitude of South Car- olina. Suspended by o string from the celling of a rootn, these air-plants will turive for months together, and blossom luxuriantly. In Chiva sud Japan, where ditferent specles abound, they are favorite orbaments of the huuses. Bome iare speclinens of the eplphytic Orchids may be seen {n the hot-beuse of Mr. A, Blunenschelu, on Cottage Grove avenue, The several specles are tied to separate blocks of wood, around which they twine their roots, and belng (n mid-air, derlve all their fluurlsnmen‘ from the constituents of the atmosphere. Year alter year they live In this manacr, and annually send out rich’clusters of exqulisite blussoms, UOne of the marked characteristics ol the Or. chids Is the cocentricity of thelr shapes. As it reyellng n the cheats of a masquerade, they {hulate the forms of aninals of varfous orders, The Bee-Orchis, the Fiy-Orchls, the Lizard- Orchls, and others, are 3o named from their really notable resemblance to {nsect or ml» thle, * The rusty flowurs of tho Epieulrea cillata ook venly 1ke Jong-leggel spiders resting on o green stem. The singic flower of the Drakiea lastica, polsed on fthe end of a seapo from twelvotu elzhteen inches long, and mov~ {ng with the breeze, decelves a keen eye intothe bellef that it is an insect, with wings expaude, fiying above some [ragrant plant. One od:\ specles “reminds the obaerver of a grinning monkey; whilat another resembles nn opera- dancer suspenided by the head.) Every con- celyable variety of form s taken by the towers of this fantastic order, but the strangest of all s the Flower of the lloly Ghost (Periatena clata), which nas In its ceutro the pericet figure of a stainicss dove, ‘Welavd Inour flora scveral specles which rodues curlous, pocket-like Howers, called the ady’s 8lipper, or the Moceason-Flawer. The mnall white Lady's Siipper (Cypripediun candl- dum) ts now in blossum, Tt thrives fu dam, places, such a8 oceur south of ilyde Farl and at Roschill, Tho Smaller Yellow Lady- Blipper (C. parviflorum) may Le found at thls time at poluts nlnuf( the Mlinots Central and the Michigan Centeal” Railroads, near Uibson's Statlon snd South-Park Ststion. The Larger Yellow Lady-Slipper (C. pubescens) is abundant 8t Gilencos"and the splendid purple-and-white Lady-Slipper (C. spectablic) {8 common fn July at the suine and other localltles mentloned on the roads cited above. The Twayblade (Liparis Lwsclll) {s rare here- abouts, but hns been Jound at Mbler's Statlou and south of Michizan City, Its scason ls June. The pretty Colupogon (Caloporzon 'smlclu\lll-) rows abundantly along tho raliroad at llran Park and southward, The Pogonla ophioglas- suldes—a neat, litle plang, oppreased with o colossnl nome—is common al” Gibson's. and Miller's Statlons, Two specles of Spiranthes, or Logy's Treases, are found south of Jl‘ydu Purk,—the 8. cernua and 8. gracilis. “Thesa plants are not showy, but thelr sinall, white flowers, under the masnllying glass, are marvels of beauty, The Rattleanake-Plantaln glg:‘wl')l*em ubescens) occurs at Michigan City. s, In midsummer, The zenus Habenaria has s number of repre- scntatives in our flora, and all blossoin in June or July, I tridentata has been pathered at Calumet aud Lake; 1. virescens, north of River- sido: ILviridis, var, bracteata, at Glencoe, River- siite, and Hinsdale: 1, hyperbores, at Piny Sta- tlon; 1L Hookert, at Glencoe nnd Michigan City; the splendld Yollow-Fringed Orehis (1. clifaris), at Gibson's and Mitler's; the I1. len- copliea, on molst pralries; the Rageed-Fringed ()n-hlu&fl. lucora), at Columet; and the Purple- l-‘rlmtf Orchils (. prycodas), south of Michl- gun City. K The B{mwy Orchils (Orchis spectabilis)—a reeal flower in numrlumu robies of white and purple —Is oceasionally found at Glencos and lyde Park. It was safd fn the beginnlug that the Orchida. cem are o family of aristocrats, and this state- ment Is aupnoried by the tact that thelr oflice lulmpl{ one of ornamentation, Tha aln of their existenco 18 ended (o attsiutng the charm of beauty. Of tho more than 3,000 nymu in- eluded In the order, only one is of capecial valua In tho commercial world. The delightful aromatic, vanlila, Is the product of an Urehld, 8 ving native to the West Tndics. Yet tho {m- portance of this product hus bedn lately de- creased by the mianufacture of artilclal sub- stances which afford an vxact counterpart of its pecullar tlavor, ‘The tubers of certaln species of Orchids growing in Turkey snd Persta vield 8 substance known as basso A sort ol 'saco aor arrow-root, called salep, s prepared from these tubers, which s in tho highest degree nutritive. It s sald that one ounce of salen, with an equal quantity of portablo soup, bolle fn a couple of quarts of water, will suilice for the daily nourishment of an able-bodied msn. Some of the Bouth-American specics contain & vlacid julee which, being thickened by boiling, forms a glue which s much used In Brazil, Be- yond these trifling practical services, the Orchida winister to mankind chiefly by gratifylug the esthetic sense, TIIE PIGEON-HAWK, An exchango prints the following evidence, contributed by a correspondent, of the dariug nature of the pigeon-hawk: W Running, some ‘C‘ifi R0, near Principle's Furuace, Cecil County, citer-dog came to & point in some bushes near s pioe thicket, was stunding on the railroad embaukment, ten of twelve fect above him, at the ime, and called op the Flrly ‘who was shooting with e, Heforo we could get to the dog, a bawk darted ont of the plues and teok une bird out of the covey, not three feat from the dog's nose. The look ‘of astonishment that poor Dash gave ss he turned bis head to e, when the coveyruse from (right, was »o comica that 1 could “not shoot either al thu cavey or bawk for lsughing. Again, three years ago, walle in Tuckshoe Neck, Talbot County, Maryland, foar of us in 8 party, with four & ‘Wwere beating a large deld near a magoolia- . One poiuter came o8 off, snd the other dogs drew u While we were sdvaacinz, & ho swamp and took a bird vut of mfl!ck for tum, sud stuu) 10 arop it. ' Tha No. 1 ehot | bud io was not suticieat to kitl st the distance. The quall was not much burt, aa it got out of the way quick enough. In neither of thesa cases hiad & gun been Ared until afer ¢ho attack been made. : ——— COFFEE A8 AN INVIGORATOR, Testlnony n favor of the use of coflee as an fuvigorator 13 given by a correspondeat of the Loudon Lancet, who writes: 1am froquently compelled, at this scason of the car, to have wen working |a the water, even In roaly weather. 1 find tho followl: flves groat atisfaction to tho wen, vo & caso o cold or lojuey to thein fu any way: Keltlo of coffce made with balf sweet-mitk, walur, three or four egow 'h:‘p%wunnudlnwn e hlm, bawk flew from 1g allowance ud we never when off the boll; hot Loaste with plenty of batter of fluest nuuu“ Sorve up ibis every two and 8 Lalf bours. The expsnie is wuch lsss K thie two preceding apecles, Ia fn bloom* half thon tho usnal allowance of whisky, and the men work far_better, and, If care In taken ta have the collee, miik (cronm fa atlll hetter), bread, and hnt- ter. and eapccially the butter, of the ncat quality. tho men are delighted with(t. 1 am_persuaded ft would be worth While 10 try ihis allowance Inaterd of o Fuenialing extra groz gives tho men & notlon that it 1+ zoord for them. and porpetustes the belief {n stimnlants smong workmen. SUN-RPOTS AND RAINFALL, Tn a recent paper an * The Cycle of Drought and Famine in Bouthern fndia,” by Dr, W, W, Hunter, Director-General of Btatistics to the Government of Indls, the relation of theannual rainfall at Madras to the number of spots on the sun s discussed at length. The data on which the calculations are based were gathered from obscrvatlons extending from 1813 to 1870, The results of the inquiry show that the mint- mum perfod In the cycle of sun-spots corre- sponds with 8 rcmllnrlg-xecurnnz period of marked drought Io Bouthern Indla. The raln- rezisters at Madras reveal the fact that a period of deficient rainfall recurs In cycles of eleven years, the minimum rainfall occurring in the sccond and eleventh years of cach cyele, After the drouzht {n the sccond year the rainfall riscs to a maximum In the fifth "year, and agaln dé¢- clines to the minimum o “the elcventh year, ‘The minlmAim and maximum of the sun-spota recur io the same years, ! AFRICAN EXILORATIONS, Dr. Edwin Von Bary, who fs traveling In the Central Bahara, under the auspices of the Ber- 1in Geograpleal Soticty, bas returned to Rhat from a perilous yet successful journey to the Valley of Mihero and the ot wellaof Sebar- barch, inthe Tuareg country. He has made large collections in geology and botany, The extension of the Egyptian dominlon to the Tan- gauyika i bolng advocated at Khartum, A’ Natlonal Committee for the Exploration and Civilization of Africa was formed at Parls In April. 8imilar Committees, the result of the Brussels Conference, hiave now been estab- lished in Belgium, Germany, Austris, Hollund, Spain, Italy, and France. Fie Belglan Com- mittee bas'an annual income of 124,000 francs. It propuses to organize two simultancous expe- ditluns, each to comprise 1,5 men, lnc|udln§ native porters, one to starl from Loanda an the other from Zauzibar, and, proceeding in- llll"d' ‘t'n!e'. somewbere In the centre of the con- nen| TIIE RED-HEADED WOODPECKER, The fact is noted in the Naturatiet that the red-beaded woodpecker will braln young birds when s tempting opportunity offers. The case observed was a5 follows: During the summer of 1870, a gentleman “ rafsed a large namber of black Cnynim ducke. [t was noticed that, while the hirds were still very youne, many of them disappeared, one aiter the other, and the bodies of several were found with the brains plcked out, On watcling carefully to ascertain the cause,a red-headed woodpecker (Molaneopes erythrocephlads) was caught in the act. He Klled the tender duckling with a singlo blow {n :‘he[hea't,l, ond then perked out aud ste the rains, COATING FOR SHIPS3* BOTTOMS, Capt. F, Warren, of England, has Invented a new coating for the bottows of lron shipe. It Is composed of a preparation of papier- mache, put on with an adhesive cement, which hardens under water, I8 unaifected by a com- I)nrn(lve)y high temperature, and Is of great coacity.” It s sald that wceds and barnacles will not attach themselvos to {mpcr. A metal l.lntu, protected on one side with the prepura- ion, alter an Immersion In the sea for six months, was found to be perfectly clear an the papered side, but covered with rust and shell-flsh on the other. — THE COLORS OF DRIED PLANTS, A Gennon pharmaceutical journal publishes the following directions for preserving the colors of specimens intended-for the herbarium: Dissolve one part of salicylic acid in 40U parts of alcohol, et the solution 10 bolling in an evaporat. ing-dinh. and draw the whole plant elowly through It.—profonged cxposura_discolors viole flowers; shake off any excass of linuid, dry between blot- ting-paper, and preas in the unual manner, Fro. aucm rencwal of dry blutting-pads, particniarly at rat, is desirable. 'Thua treated, piants aro anid to drfllnpidlly. fornisbing beautiful apecimens, which retainthefrnaturn! colors {n greater perfection than by any other process. BRIEF NOTES, A canary-bird in Port Jervis, Canada, has batched four birds {rom three vzgs. The twins are suller then the others of tho breod, but aro equally lively snd bealthy, Tho Zoologieal Soclcty of London celebrated its forty-clghth auniversary the: lsst day of April. The members of the Soclety numbered 8.811 at the close of the ycar 1870. The total number of animals in the Zoologleal Gardens ‘was at that dato 2,205, and the nuinber of visit- ors admitted durlug the year was 915,704 Prof, Edward 8, Morse, the well-known nat~ uralist and lecturer, pussed through Chicago on the 20th Inst., on his way to Jupan, where le futends to spend several months. “The uh{ucl of bis tour is to study the Brachiopodn whivh are peculinr to the waters of Jupan, and to col- Ject materials for o lecturg, with biackboard fl- Iustrutions, upon thy history and habits of the Japauese, The Ruselan naturalist, M. Prshevalsky, who s engaced fu an exploration of tho mountain- ranges in Russian Turkestan, had ched Lake Lot=Nor in February. The valleys of the vuter spursof tho Altyn-Tach ranga reach about 12,000 feet above the sea. Thut of the Lower Tarin 1 mure thun 12,000 feet bigh, and {ts fauna and flura are poor, In these valleys the wild camel is stlll found, M. Prsherulsky will roturn to Kuldja carly In July. The Imperlal Academy of Sclences at Vienna 1s moking an extenslve scries of excavations in the bed of the Danube, for the purposo of cx- amining the deposits ‘L‘m‘ under the aliuviuin, In the diluvial epoch this river formed an tuland #ta in the Vienna basin, covering tho tertiary formatiou with a coating of locss. By removing this lnmr there s found 8 wide-soread dmmh of tho bones of the bear, bhorse, mummoth, ox, relndeer, rhinoceros, and wolf, with quantities of charcoal and artiticially-prepared flints, show. ing the exfstenco of moukind o the diluvlal period. ‘The Council of the Roysl Goographical Bo- cloty at Loudon have awarded the Ruyal medal to Capt. 8ir (ivorge 8. Nares, H. N,, the com- manider of the Arctic Expedition of 18750 and to Pundit Nain Bingh, the explorer of - Tibot, ‘This last named truveler has, f' his jourueyas and surveys in Tibet, rendered It for the firet timo podsible to construct an accurate mnr of lhllhllnrru-unkuuwn reggton. Thu Council of the Socfety also awarded a zold waleh to Cupt. Al- bert Murkbamw, the cotumander ol a sledge- party connected with the late Arctic Expedition who planted the Unlon Jack fn 83 degrecs, ) minutes, 2 seconds north,— a higher lutitude than had ever beforo been reached by any expedition. BONAPARTIST ' BALLOT - BOXING” IN FRANCE . 70 the Editor af TAs Tribuns, Cu10a60, May 0, —Tho remuval by Marshal MacMabion of all the Republican Prefects and local otlicials lu France, and the appolntiient of men {n their places avowedly hostile to the Re. public, are facts which, viewed in the light of past history, must be regarded as the first step toward another indefinite postponotuent of rop- resentative government in that unhappy couutry, The power of these Prefocts, Bub-Frefects, Mayors, Inspectors, ctc., at elections, is coore mous. Assisted by the army and military police, the whole machinery of the popular vots is In thelr bauds. M. Gambetta asserted 8 great truth, » few days ago, when be salds L' ennemt, o't b clerlcalisme” ; be might have added another word with ss much truth, {f {ndeed the French Iauguage contatns & word to dcnote that wholu- sale falsification pf votes and treacherous pres- tidigitation of ballots by wbhich the will of Frauce Las 80 often been defeated. ' Batlot- boxing " at the hands of corrupt Prefects, Moy- ors, aud Inspoctors onolmed fur that very pur~ e, has been one of the worst enemies of uce, and threatens the life of her Republic- an Uoverninent even now. A brief geview of past cvents in Frauce throws much light on what wiil surely best- tempted agatu iu the near future. On the 15th Brumaire, 170, Napolson Bona- rte overthrew the Riepublic, and drew up & Sonstitution to sult himsclf. * By this Consti- gutiou ho mml{ resorved to himself the ap- polotment of al Irumlu oficers, the right ol proposing sll public measurcs, s0d the eutire oontrol of the Adininistration; and thus repre- sentative governinsut waa postponed for & geu- eration. The right of sl 0 was, however, firml! ostablished by the French Revolution, an Napoleou found §t neccssary to bave his ation “x:&nu‘dt Ey fl:‘i people.” 1}!:» LEUPETOR ut-to-be propared for this omcergency by filling all offlces counected with the machinesy of elue- tous and bus crestures, aud Ww giypeadous farce wea then solemnly enncted. The right of suflraze was just born of the blood snd flame of the Revolution, and it was in a #olemn and sacreil spirit that the people of Franco ns- sembled at the election-urns. Inthe lght of recent revelatlons, there are agrave reasons to beileve that France even then voted agafnat the Empire of the Bonapartes; certain it fs that the most sutrageous falsification of votes oceurred, apectors accomplished boxing ™ the First Emuiro In only too well,—n ® t, b usurpation of Napoleon was *indorsed 1 Agalnsf thelr own Qn{men; woakness. chicated into lmxcx:lual v-feeble minority. Ing and dismal fallures. In 1843 the Republic ;ernsfiur(exl itself, sinid the joyful acclamations al Sority 0f 5,500,000 yotes. France and the world, unable to | tect and defend the Republic, destrovea it with- ‘the tralned Prefects, Bub-Prefocts, and In- if thelr task of “ballot. cles of jugglery by which, In” March, 1304, ¥ 3,000, votes, with only between 3,00 and ¥ X 4,000 againat bim. The oo peaple wha hai voted 1n gond fath iy hia assumption of power war_i_:bwhul at ey Wwer he belief that they weryn In : ter Napoleon's exile, there were futile at- temnpts made to galvanize a Bourbon and Orlean- 18t monarchy,~~attempts resulting in humiliat- France, Louls Napoleon, hv the ald of crafty and zealous associates, and studying well his tncle’s methods, continued to get control of this same election-machinery of Perfects, Mayors, Inspect- ors, ete.; and tha second grand * ballot-box- Ing " scheme of the Bonapartes was planned. Since the fall of the Sceond Empirc, the shameful history of thess nnm;- has been ex- posed, and the *‘plebiscites” of Louls Na- polcon are sliown to have been accompllshed by wholesale frauds, only excceded by those en- acted al the clection of the uncle In 1804 The prestidizitatorsof Freach batlots returned “the ncphew of Lis uncle” oy the trifling ma- nvestizate the fraud. acq! ulesced for the time; and the perjured Louls, sworn to pro- ina year by the infamous coup d'ctat of the 2a of Decemder, 1851, Moure hallot-boxing was necessary to “ratify this midaight deed. A public sppeal to the people, and private Instructions to the Prefects, were fssucd at the same time. The great Re- publican minjority of ¥rance, Jepublican then az nute, arsetabled ot the polls. ho job was not quite as tough as the last one, and the oxperts neatly counted In thelr man by 7,000,000 ballota. An‘urmy tralned to exact obedience suppress- ed fiercely all murmurs of doubt ; publicopinion was nbsulutely volceless; and so the country settled Inco stolid acnulcacence, trying to mako tho best of things. The Republfc was again vostpaned tor another generation, Atd nuw occurred the humiliating condact of many Americaus sbroad, which ~ astonlshed Europe, and (fllcd thousands at home with feel- Ings of deep shame. A fawning affection for, and an eager crowding around, the tineel ang trapnings of the Becond Empire, tnarked the conduct'ol many citizens of this country in France, and, loud i their pralscaof things as - they appearad to them, American vitizens asserted openly thelr darling wish to sce something like an Iraperial Government {naugurated at home. Men of Charles Sumncr's noble nature, the tesmen of France, devoted in silence fo the erand fdeas of the Revolutlon, looked upon this behavior of Americans with dismay. Poor, radical Louls Blane was laurhed at and dorided, In London, by Americana, n 18s,whes Lie uttered this sublime prophicey, since faldtled; 1 saw," sald hie, speaking of 1813, *‘the Re publle restored by_the volce of France,—a volca which went ug to Heaven with such power that the ravens of the alr fell dead Into the court yards of Kinge. I cannot but Lelieve in the resurrection of that Republie, for the time is not far distant when, the play belag over, the actors, stripped of &hulr gilt Iripporics and no Jonger painted, will appear to all what they resily are, - and Frange aleo will appear what shc mnlf; is." Sincs Thblers, Jules Simon, Gambetta. and otber Jmmone Frenchmen have succeeded fn testoring representative government nnd the Conservative Republic to France (as different from the radical Communiatic notion of govern- ment as light from darkness), the * edlt fripper- lea ™ have tndecd been torn away, the miserabile frauds and bailot-boxing explolts of ths Dona. partes uxymd, and “France appears what she really ls. And now. the obstinate soldfer, MacMahon, with a pricst ot one clbow, a Bourbonac the other. and a Bonaparte in the background ready to snatch the prize, prepares France for events fullof tragedy and humillation. Tho Prefects, Sub-Profccts, and Inspectors arc now holng ap- poluted to orgnnizo the machinery of yct an- other grand *ballot-hoxing ! enterprise, whose {nspiration Is drawn from " Les [dees Nanolem- lewnen,” A magnificent army, rendered eflivient by the lessons of 1570, is to bo made the tool of usurpation, 1 poasihle,—an army drilled aud schooled into Implicts obediccs to the Execu- tiye of France, The curss of Imperlal centralization In the past. by which local sclf-gavernment waa oblite crated, and all powers of State centered at thy eapital, renders tho success of theso plots possi- bie. Paris once manacled, all France becomes - enslavedy ‘lhfl Eu,mfrvntl\;e llclyuhllch}leuomu onee moroindefinitely postponed, and Monarch, or finperfaliam will b’o'r‘:hnr;:lll-l ud. d By means of theac frouds, the voice and will of two-thirds of the French people will ba sup- presscd,—apeoplewho Invented the very phrases ofour own Declaration of Independince, and who rirst declared to the world the grand axiom that # Al (fovernments derive thelr fust powers from the consent of the governed.” France deserves {n these hours the activa ald and lvaMhfi’ of all lavers of Ireo government, The leading Republicans of that country—men ke the veteran Thiors, bis pupil Julea Simon, snd Gambetta—represent In no sense Com- tmunism, Socialism, or other political junncles; but they ropresent true Republicaniam in tho Ameriean scnae,—representative guvernment, freedom of religion and of opinlon,—fdeas which are 6o comnion AMong us that we treat them as mattera of course. ; Wo cau only indulge the hope, rash thoash perhaps it be, that the knowledgo of tho past shams and frauds of the Empire will arouss Freneh people to the dangers of the comine election, and that the efforta of men In puhlic life, now addressing the people throughoug France upon theae things, will not be In valn; for success now mieans the overthrow of Bonne- partist ‘*ballot-boxing™ for all tine to rome, the establishment of reasounble falincss at clections, aud, as a_result, the permancnt on- durance of the Conservative *Republique Fraucalse,'” WILLIAM B. BuACKRTT. — WAR IN THE NAME OF GOD! “'War! war! in the name of Qod 1" Tho Russlan despot cricas 4 Wart war} {n the name of Qod i The tyrant Turk replies, Elk 211'd with high roligious falth ad worship of tho Lord 'To grasp thu gun and sword; Ta lead their helpleas thonsands on “Through rain of whot and shell, To pouple bloody flelds of deatn And wwell the ranka of lell. They stay thelr hands ‘"“"14".‘"" braye Ah! wonld they meet as man to msn, ‘The Sultan and the Czar, Aud fight the question out alune, i *I'would be & glarious wae, And sil the world woald fest detight, AR S R When e wee Kille, Ana wrlh that it wers buth, But from a thousand battle-felds ‘The shouta of siaugnter sound; ‘The widow's curse, tho orphan's cry, Hiog all the Eaxs World ruoud, Aud, If thereali s Qod tn Heaven, . Lefors whom all lies bare, The din of doom snd death will drown . The bloady rulers’ prayer, Awakel O peopls of the Enst! . Why fght ye, dumb snd blind?. Awskel awaks! atreich n'lmh Jyour hands, sy VTR i g e s Your sfaviah bouds aablnd. 5 b 33 Btreich forth and seize yon b ‘iase roud with nmrui'- L And seize the race of Othman, lau, k Worn weak with seasual ust, o] Dulld up » gallows huge and b Holid up 8 Eullowrs hago gad bigh, And do it in'the name of 3 Aud pray, **Leot peacs abide!® Joux 1. Wrsow, Dylog of Hunger In Ohlaa, A very dark pleture {s drawn by a correspond~ eut of nuxf- Temps of the distress ,:m bas been Pnulent in China for the last few months, il says that In the Chlilt and Shag- tug districts the distrcas has reached sucha bielght that a part of the fnhabitants of theso large Eprovlncum literally dying of lLungez, ‘Two Europcans who had the courage to carry some provisious 20 a small village fu Bhantunyg returned horeor-struck with what they had seen. ‘Tba lubabltauts were puttior sn end to their suflerings by sucide, “and in one family thu father snd mother, ta avold witnesslog the death agony of thelr starviug children, had burled thewm aifve. The famiue has becn causcd by the fallure of the harvest for two ycars ruoe n{ux in districts which are gencrally very fertile, Neither grain uor fruita arste bohadat an rice, and the laud scems to have beea scorchie By & burulog wind. Tho grase by the roadside bLas been devoured toils very roots :v‘y the famishing people, who bave stripped afl tho trecs of thelr bark and follage. As the winter Las beeu uxmfidumfly severe, mauy of tus sulferers bave died frowm cold ‘ws well as froin luoger. and the sppuwraucs of ke survivors by must ghastly. AR 5 e T