Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, August 27, 1876, Page 4

THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, AUGUST 1876—SIX" 'HEN PAGEN, diamet: this egz matter? Iholdit to be 80, D8, in one of the old English comedies, whey The Tribwe, TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. PAYABLE IN ADVANCE—POSTAGE FREPAID AT TAIS OFFICE. Dll)y:;dmnn, ngx'u]b?!“ fl:lhg Parts of s year, permonth.... X Ticd Lo ony sdiress four wesks Tor 100 Sundsy EA) Lit 0 si Tri-Weeki; Parts of & year, per MOGLH. WBEELY EDITION, POSTPAID. Specimen coples sent free. To prevent delsy and mistakes, be sureand give Post- Oftce address in full, incloding State and County. ‘Remittances may be made elther by draft, expresy, Post-Office order, or {n registered letters, at our risk- YERMS TO CITY SUBSCRIBERS. Daly, delirered, Sunday excepted, 25 centa per week. delfvered, Sunday Included, 0 cents per week Datty, A.fl’l‘h_ THE TRIBUNE COMPAXY, Catner Madison snd Dearborn-sts-. Chicago, m. TILDEN’S RECOED. A GREAT CAMPAIGN DOCUMENT. cord conclustvely proves that Le wha— ’lr.hinsm?zssm_\'ur. AND OPPOSED 10 THE WAR FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THE UNION. 2. A BOSOM FRIEND OF **BO3S TWEED™ AND A MEMBER OF THE TAMMANY GANG. s. A BOGUS REFORMER WHO REDUCED NO £AXES. REFORMED NO CANALCORRUPTION, AND MADE NOTHING BETTER THAN HE FOUND IT. 4. A CORRUPTER OF THE BALLOT-BOX, AND A LEADER IN FRAUDULENT ELECTIONS, AS CHARGED UPOXN HIM BY HORACE GREELEY. s. AN ISSUER OF SHINPLABTERS TO LABOR- NG MEN IN THE IROX REGIONS OF MICHIGAN. 6. A MONSTROUS RAILEOAD SHARK, WHO AMASSED MILLION BY DEVOURING WESTERN ‘BAILROADS I¥ FINANCIAL TROUBLE. This great Campalgn Document fills four pages of TrisTyE aize. A copy thereof ahould be placed in the bands of every voter in the West. Hayes and Wheeler Clubs everywhyre sbould order +*Tilden's Becord™ for distributton. COST OF THE RECORD. Tt wilt be sent by matl or express, with charges paid, «on the following terms: be charged. Seod orders immedtately for ** Tiiden's Record.™ ‘TRIBUNE CO., Chicago. ——— SOCIETY MEETINGS. RILWINNING LODGE, 31l A F. & A, M._—A Renar T manlCation 11y bé 1 3t Cortatbian Hall FEast Kinsi ‘Thursdsy evenfng, Aug. Sl. bepresent o bust; . degree., order of J. P. MOBHE, W. M. L.'s. CAARLETTE, Sec’y. CHICAGO COMMANDERY, No. 19, K. T.—Atten- tion, Sir Knights.—Special Conclave Monday evening, Aug. 28, &17:30, ’m’:‘xflfio‘n lahib ll%ycérgg%r{'tn‘;‘%uz: 41 Jurteou: vited. . C. S 3. TROWBRIDGE, Recorder. LAFAYETTE CHAPTER. NO. 2, R. A. M.—Tall 72 Munroe-st.—Stated convocation Monday gvenln& Aug. R llsufl'dwrgq Xn{ :i:llflnb:)lnd workon the M. 3. Dege. Byorderof e ¢ N. TUCKER, Sec. ST. BERNARD COMMANDERY. No. 35 K. T.— Attention, Eir Knighits,— Spectal Conclave Wednesday Toe Aug. 30, 818 0'clock, Work on the order of g e R Boihts courtaousty nvlied. By SR E. G 350 DICRENSOY, Recorder. LINCOLN PARK CHAPTER, U. D., R. A M.— Soecisl Gonvocation Tuesday elening, Auk. 3. for work on I, A. Compantonsof other Chanters Trater- Dally invited. L. A, BEEKE, H. P. SUNDAY, AUGUST 27, 1876. 2 At the New York Gold Exchange on Satur- dsy greenbacks ruled at 90} cents on the dollar. Yesterday was filled with excitement for lovers of aguatic sports. The yacht Frolic best the Jna in one of the most interesting races ever known on Lake Michigan, and on Geneva Lake the Genera captured the Parm Smenmpax prize after a lively struggle with four active competitors, The Hon. Eruiorr ANTHONY's explanation of the manner in which the Chicago & North- western, under Mr. TiLpeN's management, swallowed up the Galena & Chicsgo Union Road, will be of interest at this stage of the political game. It whs done on the old- fashioned broad-gange plan, and waseminent- Iy worthy of Sasuxy and ** reform.” ‘We now have another phase of the suit of MourTox va. Beecrer for alleged malicious prosecution. Counsel for the latter gentle- man have applied for a change of venue on the ground that in the present conflicting state of public opinion in Brooklyn as to the merits of 'the controversy between these gentlemen.it will be impossible to obtain an impartial jury. The physical condition of the Sultan of Turkey is daily growing worse, snd his Min- isters are slready considering the question of the succession. Ampun Hawm, his eventual successor, is endeavoring to make a favor- able impression on the minds of the Euro- pean potentates, having entered into com- munication with the several Courts with & view to reaching an understanding on the ‘momentous questions now pending. The fact that some 75,000 people were in attendance at the Centennial Exposition yes- terday, which was the second cheap day (the admisgion being just one-half the usual price), ought to teach the managers that, in times like these, they can make more money from low prices than from high prices. ‘Without any data at hsnd from which to speak authoritatively, we presume the aggre- gste receipts of yesterday, at 25 cents, ex- ceeded the average reccipts at 50 cents. If the Exposition mansagers would avail them- selves of this experience, and throw open the Exposition on Sunday~—the great popu- lar holiday—at the popular price, there is yet time to make the enterprise self-snstain. ing, or nearly so. ——— The statement is now made that the prop- osition for peace between Turkey ard Ser- vis, to be submitted by the Great Powers that ‘were parties to the Tresty of Paris, will be that Prince Mrrax shall remain on the throne, thst Servia shall pay a war indemnity, and thét Turkey shall have the right to place a garrison in & Servian fortress on the Turkish frontier, If this isall there is to it, the Turkish provinces in Europe will have suf- fered much and gained little or nothing from the insurrection and the fierce and bloody contest that has been waged. Montenegro will have been left out altogether, to be dealt with as severely as Turkey, in her re- venge, may choose, and Servia will be as badly off as before, if not, indeed, ins worse condition. 8o long as Turkey has a foot- hold for ber army on Servian territory, the Prince Mrax will only be King in name and & servile dependent in fact. The Chicago produce markets were mod- erately active Saturdsy, and generally firm except corn and lard. Mess pork closed 10c per brl higher, at $16.40 cash or seller Sep- temver or October, and $14.92} seller the year. Lard closed 10c per 100 fbs lower, st £10.10@10.12} cash, and $9.923@9.95 for October. Meats were firmer, at 63¢ for bozxed shoulders, 8}c for do short ribs, and 8)c for do short clears. Lake freights were active, 8t 2@2}c for com to Buffalo. Rail freights were unchanged. Highwines were steady, at $1.03 per gallon. Flour was quiet and firm. Wheat closed 3@4c higher, at91jc for Angust and 924c for September. Corn closed ic lower, at 433c cash and 43c for September. Oats closed firmer, at 32¢ cash and 81jc for September. Rye was stronger, at 554@56c. Barley advanced 23@4c, closing ehsy at 78c ssked for Scptember. Hogs were in good demand and were firmer, sell- ing at $5.70@6.40 for common to chaice. Cattle were fairly active and firm at Friday's quotations. Sheep were quiet and steady. One hundred dollars in gold would buy 8111 in greenbacks at the close. Dectat Democrats declare that if TrLoEN cargot clear up thosc charges against him of switdling the Government and lying about it under oath, he will have to step down and ont, s they will bolt him en masse if fe stays on the track. The Brooklyn Eagle, s rabid TmoEx organ, says in regard to the terrible expose of Tooex’s fraudulent and illegal practices in connection with the income-tax, thatitisa private matter and nobody’s busivess but his own! This excuse won't do. Itisa public matter. Mr. TitpEx is a public character. He is a candidate for the highest office in the gift of the people. The people have a right to scan lis private character and his busi- ness practices, They have a right to know how he made his millions of money, and especially they have a right to know whether this candidate for President swindled the Government in the paymeunt of his taxes during the War, or since then. If he has committed fraud and perjury, the people have a right to koow it; and the sooner he gets off the track tho better it will be both for Sham TrLoEN and Siiam Democracy. Thera are one or two pertinent inquiries to be made touching, the County Ring and the stone steal. Why is it that the Chicago Times, which started ont by & couple of ed- jtorial articles indicating how the Board should proceed in the interest of WaLzER, and evidently leading the Ring to believe that it wonld have the support of the Zimes, has had so little to say in approval of the steal as it has been finully perpetrated? In- deed, » paragraph in that paper of yesterday —the only one that has appeared against the Ring—would seem to imply that somebody about tha estsblishment was disgnsted be- cause the original job, with $155,000 added to the present contract figure, was not car- ried through. Another pertinent inguiry is, whether arrangements are making to push the indicted County Com- missioners to trial Four of these fellows—McCAFFREY, CARROLL, JOHNSON, and HoroEx—are under indictment for conspira- cy against the county in conmection with PrrioraT, and yet these same indicted men are regularly at their post to vote through the Warxee-McNzIL stone steal, engineered by this same Prarorar. Though the indict- ed Commissioners have secured a change of venue by swearing to a prejudice which does not exist sgeinst them smong the Cook County Judges, the circumstances of the case demand that the State’s Attorney for Cook County should give the cases his prompt personal attention, and press them to trial as quickly ss possible. The tax-payers of this county are mainly interested in punishing them and depriving them of all further opportunity for plunder- ing the public, and their trisls should not be postponed one moment longer than can be helped. PUBLIC RETRENCHMERT. There is nothing more difficult than to re- trench in personal expenditures.” The man who lives upon a stated salary or wages will, unless he have more than ordinary for- titude, allow his expenditures to absorb all his income ; he and his family ““live up ” to their receipts. Hence, when a reduction of expenditures becomes necessary because of a reduction of wages or income, it is felt se- verely. Habits of living are difficult to change, and the man whose salary has been cut down 20 to 30 per cent feels the dep- rivation far more severely than he would bad his salary always been at the reduced rate. The reduction of salaries snd of the number of persons employed is of rare oc- currence in public affairs. Banks, mer- chants, manufacturers, and all others en- gaged in business, have to regulate their wagestist from time to time, according to the smount or the profit of the business. However reluctantly it is done, nevertheless no prudent business-man will hesitate to reduce the wages or the number of his employes when their services no long- er justify the expenditure. But this is not, and never hasbeen, the practice in the public service. There is 0o just reason why any of- ficer should be retained in the public service at the cost of the public when there are no duties for him to perform ; but the abolition of an office to which a compensation is sat- tached is asking too much of the moral and intellectual courage of the average American politician. This is due to the general cor- ruption of the civil-service,—national, State, city, county, town, village, and all other pub- lic employments. Politics have become n trade, and the trade consists of trafiic in the profits of holding public office. Jomt wants a certain office; he promises Tox, Dick, and Brx that if they will help him and pack a caucus, and have him nominated and elected, he will have them appointed to offices. with nominal duties and liberal pay. Elect- ed, he fills all the places at his command with men who will work for him; if there be not enough places, he will have some additional ones created; and the whole public service has been in this way converted into sn asylum for the support of the personal ad- herents of other public officers. In fact, the public service is, except in name, in no sense a ‘‘ public” service. The public pay the bills, but the * service " rendered s an equivalent is largely imaginary. The rule in all Governments is to add to the number of employed, and never reduce; and in this way the pay-rolls always increase, and never diminish, Of course, the same political power that can create an office to give a place to one person can be as successfully exer- cised to have the salary of another person incrensed. The City Government of Chicago is an illustration of this practice. Many years sgo the local politicians used to make pilgrimages to Spriagfield during the sessions of the Legislsture. After the adjonrnment of that body, it would appear that they had used the forms of legislation to ‘“‘amend the City Charter" by creating s number of new offices, and by providing that the Common Council, in fixing the salaries of certain places, should not fix them at less than a certain number of thou- sands a year each. Under this kind of gov- emment, conducted on the principle that Governments are created to make places with salaries attached for men,—generally the most incompetent and unfit for even the nominal duties,—it is no wonder that the pay-rolls of the city grew to a most ex- travagant length. Tkree years ago it be- came obvious to every man of intelligence that the city would hsve {o abandon its special system of tax collection and resort to the machinery of ‘he State law. But there were then -in office a Tax Commis- sioner, an Assessor, and a Tax Collector, with essistants; these three offices made places for some forty or fifty subordinates, with salaries and expenses aggregating over $100,000 a yeor. To resort to the State law for the collection of taxes would have rendered thesse offices wunnecessary; and, soomer than put these persons out and save the $100,000 & year, the Council refused to change the mode of collecting taxes, and, as a result, the city Tost $1,300,000 of its revenne for 1878 and 1874, Notwithstanding the city in 1875 did resort to the State law, the Common Council even then refused to abolish the office of Tax Commissioner and Assessor, and during 1876 sctually made appropristions for these officers. To keep these men in office, after they had censed to bave any duties, has cost the City of Chicago over & million and 8 holf of dollars. That is the penalty the public pays for a civil-service founded on the principle of creating offices for men. Last winter, shortly after Congress met, it was discovered that the printing, stamping, counting, and assorting of fractional cur- rency cost mors to produce it than the pur- chase of silver and coining it in fractional parts of the dollar. The change in the law recalling the fractional currency and provid- ing for the issue of small silver rendered useless the services of nearly 1,000 persons employed in the Printing and other Treasury Bureans at Washington. Various were the efforts made to ““save” these persons, and their discharge was chargcterized as despotic and cruel. The ground was boldly taken that it was the duty of the Government to take caro of these persons by providing. them with places at the public oxpense. At this time there is another body of 800 or 900 persons em- ployed at Washington who have been legis- lated out of office. They were to be allowed to resign on the 13th of August with two months’ pay, or be dismissed finally on the 13th of October. Not one has resigned. Each and every one expects to be retained. They refuse to understand by what right the Government discharges from its services men because it has no use for them; they insist it is the duty of the Government to provide use for them. The Government of the United States actually found out since last January that it had 1,400 to 1,500 persons employed in the departments at Washington alone for whom it hasd no possible wuse, and, with a courage and & perseverance wholly unpre- cedented, Congress legislated them out of office and saved the amount of their annual compensation. The work of reduction hes been resisted by all the heads of divisions, and ominous predictions have been made s to the result; but there is hardly a doubt that the reduc- tion might have been earried further, and not only at Washington, but in the civil-service in all 1ts branches all over the country. A year ago the proposition to reduce the number and the salaries of the employes of the City of Chicago was rejected not only as su outrage upon the persons in office, but a8 calculated to paralyze the Government. But perseverance, aided by actual poverty, has, after a long and determined struggle, shown that it was possible to reduce the force and to reduce the salaries of all branches of the city service, without any detriment to the public interast, and with a great saving to a depleted treasury. The threat that if salaries were reduced every faithfal officer would resign, has not been carried out. No one has voluntarily re- signed. The reduction of the force has not impaired its efficiency, because the force was entirely too large for the business it had to perform. The reduction hos enabled the city to get rid of a number of psnsioners ‘who readered no service. We have no ques- tion that, if the city was a private concern, managed by its own proprietors in a busi- ness way, the force and expenditure for salaries conld be reduced, and would be re- duced, another 30 per cent, with a great im- provement in the efficiency of every depart- ment. The rednction of expenditares, public and private, is a duty which each man owes to himself and to the community. In the eleven years which have followed the War wo have done little, voluntarily, to correct and reduce the extravagant habits and ex- penditures resulting from the unnatural con- dition of war. What we have failed to do voluntarily is now an unavoidable necessity, and Governments and individuals who do not yield to that necessity can hope for no result but the inevitable one—baukruptey. CHEAP BEER. The Cincinnati Commercial has once more set in motion the ball of beer-reform, and other papers ars urging it on. It may beas- sumed at the outset, the opinions or preju- dices of the Prohibitionists to the contrary notwithstanding, that beeris a great public necessity. It is a drink that cheers but does not inebriate. It quenches the thirst without leaving bad effects. If any one is bound to tipple, beer is the best drink to practice on. 1t is begutiful to the eye, mollifying to the temper, dclightful to the taste. It is social, philosophical, and kindly. The working- man draws nourishment from it, the intel- lectual man gets inspiration fromit. Itisa favorite with the fastidious ; itis anecessity with the masses. Beinga drink of univer- sal use and necessity, the beer-drinkers are rapidly coming to the conclusion that, like other articles of universal use and necessity, it ought to be cheaper. Almost everything else has fallen in price. Beer alone re- mains at its old figures. The Cincinnati Germans have taken the initiative in the re- form movement. As they drink the most beer and the best beer, they are the proper ones to do it. In the true German spirit, they have been getting at the rationale of the matter, and place their reform on a scientific and statistical basis. As the result of their investigation, they have discovered that labor has become cheaper, that hops and bar- ley are just as chesp as they wera before the Wer, that the process of making beer hes been cheapened, and that the consumption of it has largely increased ; and yet they say “The price of & keg of beer before the War was $1.50, and now it is §2.50,—an increase which the 25-cent stamp does not sccount for,—while the cost of making n keg of eight gallons is estimated at 90 cents to $1." Starting on these figures, the Germans say, aceording to the®Commercial : In answer to the question, ** How many ordinary glasses are there 10 2 kegi'—come two replies. One is: ** That depends on how the beer e drawn. If you draw slow, you get 100 glasses; but, if the beer be fresh and in fast demand, you can gat 150,™ The other is: **If 501 give people a fair, ordinary glass of fresh beer,—an honest glass, in fact,—you cannot draw more than 96 glasses to the keg.™ The cifference between these two estimates fs 54 glasses, which, =¢ 5 cents a glass, amounts to 32.70 per keg. Here is the baztle-ground between the drinkers and the sellers. If a keg of beer re- tails for 87.50, there i# a proft to the retailer. after deducting the wholesale price, of $6—which is too muoch; if it retails for only $4.80, the proit is $3.30, which is not g0 exorbitant. The Germans are right in their demand, and the American beer-drinkers will reinforce them in urging on their great reform move- ment. They should make their demand in & positive manner, and insist either that the saloons shall farnish & good, honest, flat-bot- tomed, old-fashioned mug of beer for & cents, or else two of the present curving- sided, upward-bottomed glasses, which hold more froth than beer, for the same price. There must either be a reduction in the price of beer or an improvement in the capacity of glasses, Beer-drinkers everywhere will watch the crusade of the Cincinnati Ger- mans with intense interest, for, if they can succeed where beer is drank more freely than water, there will certamly be good grounds for hope of reform in other cities. ‘We have no doubt that the temperance re- formers themselves will wish the Germsns suceess, since whatever tends to cheapen beer strikes a hard blow at whisky. NEVER OPER DOURBT. When Kissow, of Iowa, was arraigning Tsuoex in the House for his unpatriotic rec- ord during the War, and making terrible points on him, the New York Democratic members held a hurried consultation as to their line of defense. Something must be done, and that quickly, to break the force of the indictment for disloyalty that KassoN was riveting upon him. Not one of them could recall a single patriotic utterance of Tiioen's during the whole War, nor a patri- aotic act. They could remember no Union speech he had made, nor an instance ‘where he ever contributed a dollar for the support of the War, or even for sanitary relief work. His whole record, so far as they could recol- Ject it, was that of a malevolent Copperhead. In this extremity, Hewrrr, Chai.man of the Democratic National Committee, telegraphed to TrLpEN, who was visiting his brother at New Lebanon, where their quack-medicine factory is located, to furnish him with some materiais for a reply to Kassox’s accusations. Next day, when he rose to reply to Kassox, he presented the following telegraphic dis- patch from MagsLE in evidenco of TILDENS patriotism : i New Lepaxoy, N. Y., Aug. 15.—70 the Hon. A. 8. Heuwitt, House of Representatives, Washing- fon: Your telegram received and shown me. Al- though Mr. TILDEN was for the ten years previous to the War and during the War in private life, his position in respect to the War was never open to the slightest doabt, etc. MANTON MARBLE. Now scan this answer of TiLbex's bottle- holder. He says, * TrLpEN'S position in ve- spect to the War was never open to the slightest doubt,” which corroborates just what KassoN had affirmed. Notice that Mansre is careful not to say that Truoen was a Union man during the War. He makes nosuch assertion, but adroitly turns the point 50 as to mislead and deceive the reader, and leave the inference on his mind that Tmpex was an ardent patriot during the Rebellion. This is & very mean and dishonest fraud, and deserves to be soverely denounced. ManToN Mimsre well knows that Sam TrpeN was a rank, relent- less, and incorrigible Copperhead from 1859 to 1869. He indorsed BuomANAN's position be- fors the War, Jerr Davie’ position during the War, and ANy Jomnsox’s after the War. Magore well kmows that thronghout the whole frightfal contest for five years, with the existencs of the nation hanging in the ‘balance, TrupEN’s record is utterly barren of patriotic words or deeds. Perhaps he in. tended his remark as ironical, that TrLoEN's ¢ position in respect to the War was never open to the slightest doubt.” It certainly vwas not. From first to last it was consist- ently, bitterly, venomously Copperhead. ARt St £ THE COURT-HOUSE STEAL: HOW T0 STOP IT So far as the County Board is concerned, we fear the McNem-Wirxer-PertoLar and County Ring stone steal has been definitely perpetrated. We have little hope thet it will be reconsidered. The men who voted for it in the face of full exposure and great public indignation will scarcely hesitate to vote against a reconsideration. The man Tisor is mainly responsible for the final award of the contract to MoNem. The vote was as follows : Yeas—Carroll, Cleary, Conly, Holden, McCaf- frey, Mulloy, Tabor, Johnson—8. Nays—Ayars, Burdick, Busse, Guenther, Her- ting, Lonergan, Schmidt—7. ‘There was & majority, it will be seen, of just one. Mr. LoNERGAN, Who, on several pre- vious oceasions, much to the surprise of his friendsand the public, had enabled the Ring to secure a majority by lending it his vote, hes evidently had his eyes opened, and in this stone job has persistently voted against the Ring. The Ring wonld have failed of a majority, then, if it had not secured Tanor’s vote. He was elected as an anti-Ring mem- ber of the Board last year, and has disap- pointed, if not betrayed, his constituents. Such punishment as can be visited upon him through the contempt of former friends ought not to be stinted. The case stands thus : First thers was an effort to award the contract to WALKER under his own name at a bid which was $155,000 in excess of the present contract price. In- deed, the Ring in caucus and committes had resolved to put it through, but at last got scared at the enormity of their steal and backed ont from fear that they would over- reach themselves, Then WirLzre came for- ward under McNEw's bid, and offered his stone and a mortgage of his quarry for $540,000. This was $5,000 in excess of another bid for limestone, but it was taken up. Worse than this, it was from $40,000 to $100,000 in excess of bids for furnishing sandstone, which is much more desirable, The anti-Ring Commissioners insisted upon this ; the Aldermen appointed to consult on behalf of the city insisted upon it ; the public insisted uponit ; yet the Ringwould concede nothing further, but, by securing Tazom, rushed through their job. Now, as WALKER originally wanted $155,000 more for the same stone and work which he now under- takes to furnish for $540,000, there is no doubt that, in addition to the margin over sandstone of from $40,000 to $100,000, it is fully understood by the Ring that the extras shall bring the contract up to the original figurs, Besides, it will compel the city to take WALKER's stope at his own price to build the other half of the building. The question now is, how to defent the Ring, and render their thieving contract in- operative, It can only be done by prohibit- ing the issue of bonds for the pay- ment of the steal. The law under which the Ring claim the right to issue the bonds for building the Couri-House was approved Feb. 23, 1872. It was special in its nature, inasmuch as it was suggested by the Chicago fire, and limited to counties containing over 100,000 inhabitants. Even under this law it requires a vote of fwo-thirds of the Board to suthorize the issue of bonds for building the Court-House ; so the anti- Ring members, if steadfast to their princi- ples, can prevent the consummation of the steal by refusing to authorize the issue of bonds, since the bare Ring majority of one vote is not enough for that purpose, But the fact is that this special law was repealed by a general law forthe government of counties, and defining the duties of Conn- ty Boards, which was approved March 31, 1874, nearly two years later. Relativeto the issue of bonds this law provides : ‘When the County Board of any county shall deem it necessary to issue connty bonds to enable them to perform any of the dntles imposed on them by law, they may, by sn order entered of record, specifying the smount of bonds required and the abject for which they are fasued, submit (o the legal coters of their county, at any general election, the question of issuing such county bonds. The amount of bonds g0 lasned shall not exceed, including te then existing indebtedness of the county, 5 per centum on the value of such taxable property of such county as ascertained by the asssessment for the State and county tax for the preceding year. Sald vote aball be by ballot. or: which shall be writ- ten or printed, **For connty bonds, " or ** Against county bonds,™ and if a majority of the votes at such election on that question shall be **For coun- ty bonds, " said County Board shall be authorized to issue such bonds of mot less than 100, mor more than $1,000 each, payable respectively in not less than one year nor more than twenty years, with Interest payable annuslly atthe rateof mot ‘more than 10 per cent per annum. The only authority, therefore, which the County Board possesses to raise the money to carry out the stone steal is to submit the proposed issue of bonds to a vote of the peo- ple. The Supreme Court, in the late tax cases, decided very emphatically that when- ever there are both a general and a special Iaw on s given subject in this State, the gen- eral law is the only one that is valid. It has also decided there cannot be two general Inws on the same subject. In the present case this position is fortified by the fact that the general law relative to the issue of coun- ty bonds was passed subsequently to the special law, and repealed the latter. The proper way to proteed, therefore, is to enjoin the County Board from voting an issue of bonds for the building of the Court- House until they have submitted the ques- tion to the people and it has been approved by a popular vote. This step should be taken at once, and we presume the Citizens’ Association will charge itself with the responsibility. This will be a much easier method than to undertake the ripping up of the contract by showing fraud, which is a difficult matter in connection with & Ring 50 solidly united, and each member of which has evidently so much at stake. Still, there is little question but the prima jacis evidence of fraud will be an additional in- centive to the courts to enforce the law for submitting the issue of bonds to & popular vote. There can be lLittle doubt of the re- sult of such a.vote. The people will not deliberately vote away hundreds of thousands of dollars into the hands of a Ring. Indeed, we helieve that nine out of every ten tax- payers would vote for the indefinite post- ponement of building the Court-Houss if the question could be submitted to them in that way. By refusing, however, to suthorize the issue of the bonds to carry out the present contract, the people may secure such & postponemnent as will enable them to elect five honest, anti-Ring members next fall, who, in connection with the present honest members who will be left in the Board, may break the Ring power. We shall expect to hear to-morrow that the Citizens’ Association has determined upon & course to enforce the law relative to the issue of the bonds, ——e PROF. TYNDALL ON MATERIALISHL, The introduction to Prof. Tryparl's ¢ Fragments of Science,” which had previ- ously appeared as a contribution tothe Fors- nightly Review, contains some general ideas of bhis upon the question of Materialjsm which are extremely interesting. The paper itself was written in the form of an answer to James MARTINEAU'S criticism of the Pro- fessor's famous * Belfast Address,” and,as 1t contains numerous notes and references to previous essays and addresses, it is extremely difficult to reproduca the substance of it in an intelligent manner ; but we may at lesst gather sufficient from it to arrive at Prof. Trxparr’s general idea of the force of mat- ter, the part it playsin the creation of ovgan- isms from the lowest forms up to man, and its relations to the principle called Life. The broad basis apon which he builds his doctrine comprehends the existence of a certain force pervading the illimitable universe, known in its most familiar form by the name of Life, which may be regarded as theyultimate es- senca of matter. The illustrations which Prof. Trnparr draws of the operations of this force are so exquisitely beautiful that we ars tempted to reproduce them. The first appertains to the action of this power in or- ganic matter, which is illustrated in the formation of the snow-crystals : Let us then travel in company to the Caribbean Sea, and halt upon the heated water. What is that sea, and what is the sun which heats it? An- swering formyself, T say that they are both malfer. 1filla glass with the sea-water and expose it o the deck of the vessel; after some time the llqnlg has alt disappeared. und left a solid residue of salts in the glaes behind. We have mobility, in- visibility—apparent annibilation. In virtue of The plad and secret ald The sun unto the ocean pald, the water has taken to itself wings and flown off as vapor. From the whole surface of the Caribbean Sea such voapor {s rising: and now we must follow it—not upon our legs, however, norina ship, nor even in & balloon, but by the mind's eye—in other words, by that power of Vorstellung which Mr. ManTINEAU knows so well, and which he so justly scorns when it indulges in loose practices. Compounding, then, the northward motion of the vapor with the earth’s axial rotation, we track our fugitive through the higher atmospheric regions, obliquely across the Atlantic Occan to Western Europe, and op to our familiar Alps. Here another wonderful metamorphosis occurs. Floating on the cold, calm alr, and in presence of the cold firmament, the vapor condenses, not only to particles of water, but to particles of crystalline water. These coalesce to stars of snow, which fall upon the mountains in forms 80 exquisite that, when first seen, they never fall to excite rapture. As to ‘beauty, indeed, they put the work of the lapidary to shame, while as to accuracy thes render con- crete the abstructions of the geometer. Are theee cryetals ‘‘matter”? Without presuming to dog- matize, I answer for myself in the afiirmative. Still, a formative power has obviously here come into play which did not manifest itself in cither the liguid or the vapor. The question now is, Was not the power ** potential” in both of them, re- quiring only the proper condizions of temperature 10 bring it'into action? Again I answer for myself in the aflirmative. From these lower forms of organic matter he passes to the vegetative principle of life, and draws his illustration from the oak : A Sunday or two agol stood under an oak planted by Sir Joux Moonk, the hero of Cornnna. On the ground near the tree little oaklets were succces- fally fighting for life with the sarrounding vege- tation. The acorns had dropped into the friendly £0il, and this was the result of their interaction. ‘What is the acorn? what the earth? and what the sun, withont whose heat and light the tree counld not become a tree, however rich the «oil, and how- ever healthy the seed? Ianswer for myselfzas before—all ‘‘matter,” and the heat and light which here ploy so potent a part are acknowledged tobe motions of matter. By takinr something 'much lower down in the vegetable kingdom than the oak, we might approach much more nearly to the casc of crystallization slready discaased, but this is not now necessary. If the power to build a tree be conceded to pure matter, what an amaz- ing expansion of our notions of the **potency of matter” is fmplied in the concession! Think of the acorn, of the earth, sud of the solar light and heat—was ever such necromancy dreamt of as the production of thet massive trunk, those sway- ing boughs and whispering leaves, from the inter-. sction of these three factors? In this interaction, moreover, consists what we call life., 5 The culmination of the power of matter is in the prodaction of Man. Prof. Trxpaiz applies his theory as follows: Physiologists eay that every human being comes from an €gg, not more than 1-120th of an inch in s much as the seed of & fern or of an oak. Nine ‘months go ta the making of It into s man. Are the additions made during this period of gestation drawn from matter? 1 think so, undoubtedly. ~ 1t there be anything besde matter in the gz, or in the infant subsequently slumbering in the womb, what is it? The questions already asked with reference to the stars of snow may be here re- peated. Mr. MARTINEAU will complam that I am disenchanting the babe of its wonder; but is this the case? I figure it growing in the womb, woven by & something nat iteelf, withoat conscious par- ticipation on the part of either father or mother, and appearing in due time, a living miracle, with all its organs and all their implications. Consider the worlk accomplished during these nine months in forming the eye alone—with its lens, and its humors, and ita miraculous retina behind. Con- siderthe eur with its tympanum, cochles, and Corti's organ—~an instrument of three thousand strings. built adjacent to the brain, aud employed by it to sift, separate, and interpret, antecedent to all conscionsness, the sonorous tremors of the ex- ternal world. Al this has been accomplished, not only without men's contrivance, bat withont his knowledge, the secret of his own organization having been withheld from him since his birth in the immeasursble past, until the other day. Matter 1 define as that myeterious thing by which all this 1a accompliched. Summing up, however, Prof. TyNDALL'S argament, it appears that the most he has done is to nssert the sufficiency of matter as the creative principle. As against this comes the assertion of the Christian that God, con- trolling matter in all its operations, is the creative principle. Prof. TYNDALL arrives at his conclusion by pure reason, the Chris- tian by resson and faith combined. There is, however, & wide difference between Prof. TyNpALL, the Materialist, and Mr. MARTINEAT, the Christian. We select Mr. MARTINEAT because he is not purely a theologisn, but is liberal enough to accept many of the revela- tions of Science, even when they conflict with Theology. When Prof. TYNpALL ven- tures beyond the limits of assertion, he is in the dark. He says himself, “how matter came to have this power is a question on which Inever ventured an opinion.” ¢ The- ories of evolution go but a short way towards the explanation of this mystery.” He can- not even give this Power any form or name. Ho says: *“When I sttempt to give the Power which I see manifested in the universe an objective form, personsl or otherwise, it slips away from me, declining all intellectnal manipulation. I dare not, save ‘poetically, ‘uge the pronoun ‘ He’ regardingit; I dare not call it a ¢Mind ;’ I refuse to call if even a ‘Cause.’ Its mystery overshadows me; but it remains a mystery, while the objective frames which my neighbors try to mske it £it simply distort and desecrate it.” How the physical processes are connected with the facts of consciousness he can never golve. Hesays it is unthinkable. The chasm be~ tween the two classes of phenomena is in- tellectually impasssble.” The Christisn gives another nsme fo this Power. He recognizes it, feels it, believes it, knows it to be Divine. After he has named his Power, Prof. TyNpArL gropes in darkness. It is only an assertion. The Christian walks in light. By the use of the organs of Divine apprehension, the Christian recognizes a cause which is all-sufficient, which explaing every mysiery, which has pame and form, which is rational in its operations, which explains every phenomenon, which gives harmony to the whole system of humanity and con- sistency to the whole physical creation. It is certainly rational. It isintelligent. More than all this, it brings peace,and joy, and comfort to the one who believes it, and sup-~ plies an all-pervading need. Assuming Prof. Trxpary’s doctrine to be correct, man per- ishes with the making. His wonderful fab- ric, his consciousness, thonght, feeling, emo- tion do not elevate him above the snow-crys- tal, the oak, or the fern. He is only a ‘brother to the clods of the valley which cover him when he is gone. Even if Prof. T¥v- paLy, could make his doctrine absolutely con- vincing, the intuitions of the human soul would spurn it. They would still cling to that religion which, as MarTrNeav beauti- fully says, ‘“is ever ready to work with the will, to unbind and sweeten the affections, and bathe the life with reverence, bat refus- ing to be seen, or to pass from a divine hue of thinking into a human pattern of thought.” Joux Russry, who has almost forsaken his noble work of art-criticism and devoted him- self of late to the criticiam of human society, is, to say the least, not very polite in bis assertions. In a recent number of his Fors Clavigera he writes that all civilized nations are rotten and villainous. * They consist,” says he, ““of (a)amass of half-taught, dis- contented persons calling themselves the people; of (b)s thing calling itself a Govern- ment, meaning an apparatus for collecting and spending money; and of (¢)a small number of capitalists, many of them rogues, and most of them stupid persons who have no idea of any object of human existence other than money-making, gambling, and champagne-bibbing. Then there is a certain quantity of literary men, saying anything they can get paid to say; of clergymen, say- ing anything they have been taught to say; and (in England) of nobility, say- ing nothing at all.” Mr. Castyz put the matter much more tersely in his declara- tion that ‘‘the population of the world is several millions, mostly fools.” One of Mr. RuskIy's frienda recently wrote him a pri- vate letter of expostulation, in which he said: “If you believe (1) that ¢ the entire system of modern life is corrupted with the ghastliest forms of injustice and untrath,’ Iwonder that you believe in God, or any {fature, in effort at all, orin anything bat des- pair. . . . Xshould like toknow onwhat grounds you think yourself entitled to call Mr. HerBerT SPENCER and Mr. Jomy StusRT Mmr—geese (2).” To which Mr, Ruskzy bluntly replied : *‘I do not believe, I know. that the entire system of modern life is thus corrupted; and Iknow a goose when I see one.” It is evident from this that expostuls- tion js wasted on Mr. Rusgr, but it is none the less a pity to hear the *sweet bells jangled, out of tune.” PEDIGREE OF THE OYSTEB, Yet a few more days, and the atmosphere in the vicinity of the corner of Clark and Madi- son strects will become redolent with the eavory lamellibranchiate. Since the earliest times tradition hes assigned the 1st day of September us the opening of the vyster sesson. Just why, in these days of scientific progress, thé rule should remain in force is not quite ap- parent. Inthe Dark Ages, before the fnven- tion of the railroad and refrigerator cars, and when the delicate mollusk would paturally lose much of its virgin flavor in transporta- tion, there was, no doubt, wisdom ir refralning from the oster during the summer months, and even in prohibiting the disturbance of its beds by the fishers, thus giving it an opportunity to generate and increase. But nowadays, by theaid of modern appiiances, the oyster may be landed in Chicago during the month of July in all its native Innocence and freshness. Scientists have declared repcat- ediy that, in so far as the spawning of the oyster is concerned, it is quite as good eating then as at any other time of year. Such was, doubtless, the opinion of Sir QuiNTus STOPZN- he sald: Faith, an T bad yon tub t' the brim TFilled wi’ oyaters, I'd swallow “em. Mistress Merry—\What! i’ midsummer? But Sir QuINTUS, like many another ostrean. thropist, was far in advance of his sge, Even st a much later date there were very strip, gent laws in England governing the oyster. fishery. Bishop SeRaT, in his very interest psper on “The History of the Generation and Ordering of Green Oysters,Commonly Calleq the Colchester Oysters,” refers to these regula. tions as follows: ‘:After the month of May it is felony to carry away the cultch, and panish. able to take away any of the oysters, unless j be those of size (that is to say) about the bignes, of a half-crown plece, or when, the two shell being shut, a fair shilling will rattle betweey them.” The oyster i8 by no means a8 modern Imrury, People sitting downto one of the marble-toy tables in a Madison street oyster-house befopg a steaming bowl of the concoction popalarly known as “stew;' or, perhaps, before aplate containing on its surface the rows of dam shells with their pearly interior thrown gpey and exposing the obese and tender mollusk; o, better yet, before the Voluptuous sea-prodnct incased in a delicate and warm-tinted coating of crumbs,—these people, we repeat, do not often pause ana reflect that what they are now feast. ing upon at a moderate cost is the same kind of dainty which once adorned the banquet-tables of the Roman Emnerors. JOVENAL, inhis Fousth Satire, declarcs that the Roman gourmands were frequently at the great expense of bring. ing oysters from the coast of Britainto their feasts. 8o highly were oysters esteemed by them that some enterprising caterers weat into the scheme of transplanting them from the Northern seas to the Mediterrancan, We haye g0 high an authority as PLINY for the statement that SERGIUS OVATA established artificial ogster. beds at Baiae. It is equally certain that simf lar beds were started in Lake Fusars, thy Acheron of VIRGIL. Inour generation, the oyster flourishes most and to the best advantage in Chesapeake Bay, and in the culinary preparation of the bivalve, in so modulating the time, the heat, the condi ments, to the oyster itself, as to convey to th epicure the keenest delight and the kindest re. membrance, there is no city like Baltimore, anj there are no cooks like the Baltimore cooks There are to be found no great, strapping rufi ans, who smash the shells with a "hammer, an sling the poor, unoffending oyster into the bat- ter, like doughnuts into a kettle, without ong atom of remorse for their offense not only seainst humanity, but against ail laws of artistic cookery. They gently persnade the reluctant shells apart, tenderly lift therefrom the fragile, quivering morsel, and, with a labor so incessant and loving as to be worthy of all praise, watch over each phase of the oyster asit dawns gradually, under the beneficent glow of the furnace, into the more perfect and admira. ble state of a true edible. Would thdt some what of their spirit might be transfused ioto the cooks of this city! And yet, the oyster raw is not without ite good points. The prime necessity involved in its being eatenin this condition is that it shall be of a succulent largeness. The small oyster is no more fit to be taken raw than is the fat oyster to be stewed. Both have in this wiy their appropriate spberes. In regard to the extent of size proper for the ruw oyster little can be said, since it I8 not definitely settled among connoisseurs how or where they are limited in their nataral growth. In general terms, it may be stated that there has never yet been found a specimen too gigantic for a human being to accomplishata swallow. It is true that there are vague legends of oysters looming up, far back in the dusk of antiguity, into vast and luscious dimensions, but unfortunately these traditions have never \been verified. A historian of ALEXANDER’S eX- pedition relates that in India there were found oysters 2 foot Jong. Alas! that gross and vul- gar science should ‘interrupt so plessing a tale by denying India even the possession of solk tary ogster-bed. In England the oyster has always been the favorite of royalty and commonalty. The beds of Rutipiceae were considered the best in the world before the Norman Conquest. For many years now the English have had to depend on artificial beds for their supply, and these exist all along the coast, at Brickel-ses, Langro, Mersey, Fringrego, Wivenho, Falesbury, and Salt-Coase. Here it is customary to plant them fn pits about 3 feet deep in the salt marshes, whence the sea is let out through sluices, leav- ing the water about a foot and a balf deep. This water, standing for & long time i the sun, as- sumes a greenish tinge, which is communicated o the oysters themselves, rendering them pecu- liarly palatable to the Parisian epicures. Their only enemy while in the water isa fisk called the five-finger, or spur-rowel, which gets into the shell when the oyster gapes and sucksit out. Itistrue, as Sir ANTRONY CARLISLE re- marked, that the shelly case of the oyster is its sole security. OBITUARY. JOSEPH R. UNDERWOOD. Joseer R. UNDERWOOD, ex-Scnator of the United States from Kentucky, died at Bowling Green, Ky., on Wednesday last, in his 86th year. He was born in Virginia, but was adopted at the age of 12Dy an uncle in Kentucky. He grad- uated at the University of Lexington in1SlL, studied law with RoBERT WICKLIFFE, and prac- ticed his profession until 1823, cerving in the Legislature from 1816 to 1819. He was in the State Senate in 1825-6, was Judgze 1 the Coart of Appeals from 1825 to 1835, and served in Cou- gress from 1835 to 1843. In 1846 he was Speak: er of the State Legislature, and in 1847 was sent to the United States Senate, resuming the prac- tice of the law at the expiration of his term. In 1824 and 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and in 1564 8 member of the Chicago Convention. CHARLES C. CHATFIELD. CearLes C. CuareiELp, the puvlisher of several educational journals, died in New Ha- ven, Conn., afew days since, in his 35th year. He graduated from Yale College in 1866, and was the founder and publisher of the Yal Courant and the College Courant. On the es- tablishment of the Journal of Education in Boston last year, the College Courantand the Connecticut School Journal were united with the other New England ‘educational publications, and Mr. CEATFIELD was chosen publisher. He has also published a number of literary and scientific works. OTHER DEATHS, Among other deaths recently announced ard those of Lours AxrioNyY Gescuemt, M. Dy one of the most eminent physicians and oct- lists in this country; of ALEXaNDER P. FIELD, one of the early settlers of Illinois, who Wwa¢ Secretary of State under Gov. DUNCAN, & can” didate (Whig) for Congress in 1536 against Zapoc Casey, and Secretary of State for the Territory of Wisconsin under appointment from President HARRIsON; and of Count HIM POLYTE DE TOCQUEVILLE, a member of the French Senate, who was a strong Republicany and took s special interest in the progress of the United States; of Dr. Gustar HeNDBE MzLuwy, a distinguished Swedish literateury who has written many historical novels; of Prof. G. BATTISTA CANEVARI, On€ of the most eminent of the modern Italian painters; and of Dr. Janes HENRY, the famous English cof mentator of VIRGIL; of Dr. LONSDALE, well known amonz students of Eo- glish literature as the author of the *‘Cum- berland Worthies™ and mnumerous ographies; of Rurus R. Graves, one of the 1eading cotton merchants of New York City whose principal customers were the great mill- owners of New England; of the Rev. JAMES METCALF SHAW, a missionary of the Presbyte- risn Church at Tung Chow, China, who was 3 graduate of the Western Reserve College of the class of 1871; of BeNgamrs Fieep, a prominent Liberal-Republican politician fn New York, aod for scveral years 2 member of the Repnblicsd State Committee; of Licut.-Col. Ocrx R Gowax, for many years a member of the Cana- dian Parliament, and, since 1861, Post-Office In- speetor for Upper Canada; of GEORGE ROSERT PEREINS, author of many well-known mathe™