Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, July 24, 1876, Page 2

- ~ orctlenl and_practical mechanics, mechanieal technology, the art of construction and of med chanical drawing. Besldes this, a vart of ths student’s time {8 dovoted to manual labor in workshops nnd miils belonging to the Institute, The collection here exhibiteld 18 composed of nrtlclos munufactured by the students durin, the yeor 1875. The simpler tools are arrange at ofie end,~consigting of raaps, files, sugurs, chiscley and ail articles used {it turning wood. Noxt mAy be seen casting-mnold models of de- tails of maulines,—such a8 valvos, screws, nuisy plstons, cte.. Beyond are tools for jolning,— such o8 hand-saws atul planes. Bo they yo on up to forges, shafte, and wheels, For the me- chiasle nnd 'the sclentliic engineer, each of the npecimens ponscases o high degreo of interest. XKapeclally nra thay of valug to the Amerieat people, ns showlng what may be done b the way of practical machauical fnstruction, . E. W e ——— . AN AUT0-0BITUARY, " DMiss Martinesu's Aatoblographlonl Sketchs ‘The announcement of the death of Miss Ilar- rict Martineau in the Londoh Daliy Netes wos sine gularly enough sccompanied by amemuir which, though writtén in the third jtrson, wos “anm Yier own pen; and of this tha Vews .says: * Thoe frankness of its solf-eriticlatn makes I€ neceasa- 1y Lo guard the reader against confounding her own atrlct and somewhat disparagihg judgnont of herself with the Iiipressions made by her upon others.” In onc place she says: None of her n‘o;'rlln or ulfn ‘Im'e. or :vnr hh‘f?a‘c“ 1he eycs of goodd Judges or In her own, any charace tern{ue usnhncu. i arilstic Al sud qualifica- tions werb abacnti whe had no power of dramatic constructions teither the, poetic inspitation on tho one hand, nor the critical ‘cultivation on the other, without which no work uf tlle fuagination can Lo worthy to live. Two or three of her **Political Economy Talce™ are perhaps lier best achieve- ment I fetion—her doctrine furnishing the piot mho wan unable to creste, und tha brevity ‘of spaco duly rastricting the indulg- Enee {n the detal \rhiteh injured hee longes narrativos, and ot last warned hee to leavo off writ- ing them, It was fortunato *for hor that Jier own tundemnation nilclpated thatof the public. To e cad ol her 1ife alic was hubject to sollcitations 1o writo more novels and moro tales, Lut she for tho must part remained stoady in hee rofuskl, ler threo volumes of ** Forest aud Uame Law Tales, and a few atorles In Jousehold WWorde; \eritten at the earnest and expread requestof Mr, Dickens, and with littie_satisfaction’ du Leracll, sro herlatost afforts in that direction, Of her #1listory of the Thirty Yeara' Peace ! she soys: Without tnking {he ehronl¢ form, this history conld not, from tie nature of the cnde, be cast In the ulliniate form of purfect listory, All that could be done with vontemporiry Listory ls to cols Teot and tethoilize the greatest atnount of reliable facts and distinct Impeossions—to umaes sound materlal for the veritable historlan of « future day —no consolidating, nesimilating, and vivitylng tho strtictitre, ns to do far the futiiee writer preciesly that which the lapse of tine, and the obltvion hich creeps over all transactons, must prevent his dolng fur himself. This suxtilary usclalness Ju the atin of liareiet Martineau's hlstury, nnd whe was probably not wmistaken in huplag” for thts smuch result from her labor, The following cxtract will bo of speelal Inter~ est to Amerlean readers: B Jefore the publicatlon of ler work tvas com. nleted she Wind mailcd for Amerlca, AL firat her abject was siinply to travel for tho sake of recreas tion And reposes but, at the euggestion of the lnte Turd Heuley, shie turned her face fn the direction of the United States, it ofder to exansitio rome points of social policy and morals, hionorable 1o 1he Awericans and worthy of oir emulation, but gencrally overivoked by Kuroncan travclors which who go fo amuee thomselvos ahd returi t0 a7, "“sno hoped to leurn soma evereis of success in the treatent of erimi- nals, the insanc, and other unlmsmy classes, and $n the diffusion of oducatloi. She” suceceded in her aims In eomo mcasuro; but the Intercst of the antl-slavery question just ot that time abrurbed overy other. Sho arzived Just at the culminatlun of that reign of terror which ahc deecribed ufter her return in the Wealmbasler Reclew, In the snr- rative entitied ** The Maityr Ago of the United States,” which was repeinted B3¢ pamphlet, and Dy which tie nature and_ signidcanco of the’ antl- siavery niovement in Ameriea swherc it fnvolved the extire puliticaland pereanal Jiberty of every cli- izen) were lirst mtde knuwn §a this country, Huzrles Muitineau, received with anbounded hospitality und unmeisured fintterlvs, though kuown to have written an anti-sluvery story in hor serles, was nol converted to the Aterican view, ashad bean fwped und espected. Under clrennistances in Arlilth eiic had no choles but o l‘hfllk out, she con- demned alavery and its political conkequeicen us before; and, for svme months precading her return, ahe wan subjected to lnenlt and injury, und was Bven for soue weeks in danger of her lifo whily travellng where the tor-barrel, tho cowhide, und the pisto} were the regimen prescrsbed for and ap- Rllml to Alulitloslsty, and threatened especlally in LT CUn0, Miss Martinedu speaks candldly of the books which s published about this country on her ruturn to England, Bho says that, ® upon thoe whole, her * Suclety tn Amerfea? 1s not & favorn. ble specinien of her writings cither in regard to morals or arbistic taste, 1t 18 full of affectations and precehinents, and it marks the mgh&n poing, of the metyphyzlcal.prriud of her mind,” * Her second buok (fletrospeet of Western Travel) she thinks *muie creditable to her ood, and per- powers, than the moré ambitlous adds: irulence with which tho Bouthern presa de. ce her to this doy, In company with Mrs, nin and Mre. Stowe, ecems o show that hee sentatlops wvere not lost on the American pube If they aro operating o, the end of so many vears, thero must be truth in them, Though thy castomnry dispensess of hoxpltality In the United Siqtes poxeed froin the extreue of courtesy to Lhut of rudencws to the fraveler, she formeil valuable Triendehips th kot conntry which Jasted as long us her fife. Her cunncction with the interests of smatued 8 elose ony, and its lmlulcnl course wun o subject of acllon toa lato porlod, and ©f natudy to the Inst. The followlng in regard to Mlss Martinesu’s refusal of u penslon [rom the British Govern- ment. w1 be found cntertaling, and wo think pluces the writer (n a highty eredilablelights I\t Anriois timen gince 852 she bnd been sound- e about accepting s pension on the Civil List, and #lio Lot repeatedly replied by objecting to receive one, _fier ubjections remalued in full force whun Lard Melbourne mndo an_express officr to her of a Jenwion af £150, to e increased an clrcumstancey permdlivd, ushis last net befure going vut of power n . Lond Melbourne was aware that slic had invested her spite carnings 10 a deferred annuity, and (it while hopelessiy DY she was _very poor. Her vbjectlont, however, boro na velation™ (o this class of conwldurutions, Her Melbourne found dis way into the nows- Papers withous her Joiowledge, and it speuks for fteelf, Not the Jues for this was she misuniierstovd, Nothing wus further from her thoughts than paveing condemnation on the liter. ary pensiutiers of the time, Whey must jndge for themselves, and their position was different, 1t was u matter of feellug with her quite as much oy prinoiple; aud bu wonld have thunkfully recelved iy ucknowledgment of past labora whieh miglht huve been decreed utlhierwlse than through o niethod of favotitlam, Bho felt that, oncu wiler iceunfary oliligation to the Soverelgn and the Min- ater, ehe conld never nguin feel perfectly free on pulitical questions, thoush Lord Lourne genvrs onrly dv\uu\'uleu any such conclusluns, As It hap- pentd, Hhe did very 'woll without the money, and #he wrote **The History of tho Thirty Years' Teuce, " which uhe could hardly huve duny'whils in Tereipt of o fmu-hm. The cond uulnr paragraph of tho emolr is also curfous. Mlse Martinenu says of herself: Her laet Jliness was s timo of letter to Lord ufot employment to lier, suothed an it was by {amily and suciul love, and care, and nympnlhe‘. and oxcept for ono hearts grlef—1lio losw of hier ult'cy Murla, Wwho was 1o her v w daughter—Irea from anxicty of cvery kind, and awused by the constnht intérest of relmndin Mrv und {ta onulrs from the verge of the huiizon o exiatence, Ilor din eane was deterloration and en- juriement of thebeart, the futal character L which sxub decovered i Jauusty, 1 \leuulughnul that and wubscquent Wed—. ‘This paper belng deposited in the office of the Duily News, remasived there unused fur twenty- une years. Miss Martinesu, though she coin tiuued her literary work, does not scem Lo haye thuught it worth while to add dnything to the navrative; bub It (s gratitylng to bbhow that it §s o comnpendium of her sutobiugraphy, which wilt soon uppeur. This wus printed sbotit the U when the shketeh wus written, but was uever publishied. Whether Miss Martineau in thy sub- sequent years of ber 1o sddud to Lhis work, we B0 kot know, An Ironclad for Portugal, London Tyues, An fronclad vessel, which s to Lo the first Ironclad pussessed by the Portuguese Govern- ment, and to which the vawe of the Vasco de Gaina has been given, had successful trind trip recently, She has been bullt by ths Thames Tronworks Ehipbullding Compauy, with cugines by Messrs. lh\m&hreyn & Teunuil, The Vasco de Gaina fs u swilt, Eandy, aml powerful sca- guhlf{ wonclad, mu‘ll))’ Intended for the defense of the Togus and of Lisbon harbor, ler dis- placement unnugi is %470 tous, Her 1eu§m overnll (s 210 4 bur breadth 40 feet; hor depth §s 25 fect. Bho s fitted with a rau, and s ln her fixed octagounl battery, which pro- jects beyond tho sided botween fuunel and fore- custle, two riled Krupp 400-pounders, firlug which cun be su tralled that the shot wl re ut a distanes of 800 yards. The guus 25 centbnetres, 'They ore mude of cost There s also s stern-chuser, throwlng shot of 110 pounds., 1t 18 of 15 cew- dmetres bore, and, actlng Iy confune- Mon with the turret puus at alter ports, it wn convergeo with either of then upon an ob- {ccl at 00 yurds' distunce. An wl-round fire ls hug uttalned. “Four smuller guny ase provided Tor afgualing und other purposes. Bhe also carrivs a Gatling guu, by Arnustrong. Great care Ligs been taken instrengthenlug the bow, the urmor-line being earrfed down to the ex- trewe polnt of thy ram, which s 8 fect below the water-linb. The rmn will thus b firly supported, sud the accldent of - shots pleyelng tho hull when the Low 1Mts on the creab of @ Wwave Will not by lkely to ocar, ghe declined years, ond “on ire ol teel " ITALY. 'Close of the First Session of a Radical Parliament. Nothing of Consoquence Accomplished s-.Much Ory and Littlo Wool:" Wiy tho Conscrvatives Fell from Power, and What the Liberals Promiseds The Financial, Railrond, ond Elestoral Questions—Troublo with the Silkworms. ; - Apteial Crorrespondénce of The Tribuna Frox Romg 1o Oastiontoxy, July 6,—Now thiat the Aret sesslon of Parliament under Radi- cal governnient lias ended, tho country gives as its verdtet, ¥ Much ery and )ittle wool.” Tho Moderates, who feared that the world would como to an end when they shonld haye no mors to doylth (ts regulation, find that the sun beams as usual upon the cvil and the good, and that the seasons mucceed onch other with thele wonted screnity ; and the Libernls, who hoped that mnnna would descend and quails be rained- down upon them, are still ugape, with their mouths wide-open, aud consider themselves sold. Ina trord, the Minlstry of tho Loft has left the political situation us alst isaves tho weather,— URCIAKGED, ‘T'ho beat that can bo snld for {t ls, that, indlog 1t all warse, it lias left (L none the worser. Posslbly 6ome of your readers may remember tho circumstances that immediately precedod and followed upon the fall of the Moderato or Conservative Ministry hero ln Italy, " under Slg. Minghett), on the question of the machato, or grinding-tax; nud the return to power, after n lapse of sixtecn ycars, of tho Left or Rudleal party, As recognized loader of the Opposition, Signor Depretls was summoned by the King to form tho new Cabinet. This proved by no means ho ensy task. There wero difienities conuected with the placing of every Tortfollo, and a week wout by before tho various Depart- ments could be filled. Howevor, "on the morn- {ng of the 20th of March, Sig. Deprotis brought hia collenguee to the Quirinal to take the oath of alleginnce to Victor Emmanuelj and, on the the 3th, tho Radical Minlstry nssumed thelr places n the Chamber of Deputies. Sig. De- pretls then tmade Iknown the PROGRAMME OF IIMYELP AND PRIENDS. He stated that, with regard to tho religlous (question, there would be no aggressions on the Clerical party, und, a8 surcly, no attempt ab concftintion. A new law would, at an carly date, be laid Uefore the Iouse, with refereuce to public Instruction. Thelr forelgn polley would be carried-out with o prudonce at least equiva- lent: to that shown, Ly thele predecessors. Military and marine improvements would con- tinuo on the system commenced by the lato lieads of those Departments, Tho works pro- posed for the Tiber would bo studied afresh. The convention regavdisg the scparation of the Austriin and ltaliun railronds would at onve be brought under conslderation,—the Min- Istry deslring to nake 1t publldy known that they wanld not give their support to any pro- 0sals for the miministration and worling of [’m rallways by the State, With regard to tho must sevious question of all, the tinuncial con- dition of the country, Siz. Depretis safd that, owing to the generoua putience shuwn by the truly’herole people of Italy, Italien finances wera certalnly on tho inend gince 1408, Preuision a8 to ligures, and parslmony a8 to outlay, wera the fotiudations, he sald, ol a good fnsnciul conditfon, The revenues of the State had not diminished by one frane, No new expense should be eniered upon In the future without o Jl;ru\'muu of fresh resources to neetit. Thenow 'remier concluded by entreating those among thelr Sriends nnd surpurturn that had so long walted for a chance of varrying-out their varfous views, to show uo impiticico to-day, but to five them thoe to prepare the triumph of their cause, THEN UAME THE CINOULAN-LEITERS from each Ministerinl Department, That of 8l Mancinl, thu Keeper of the 8oals,—}, e., Minister of (race nd Just(ce,—~was the first la- sued. In addressing the Presidents and ¢ Pro- euratorl-Generati* of the Courta of Appenl and Cnssation, be wrote that his chief object wonld Le the careful administration of existing laws, the respeet and guaranteo of Individual and publie ijberty, the arcful study and nplxllcatlun of the more necersary reforins, ete. 'U'ho next that nruunred was the cireninr of 8im, Nicotern, the Minlster for the Homne Department, to the Prefects thronghout the realin, desiring to remlud his subordinutes that, fn order to clevate tho principic of au- thority and nrestige of exlating inatitations, it would be nccessary to carry the laws scrupulously into effecty that, as publie functionaries, no “interference on thelr part fn administrative or political elections could bo l.cnnxucd. Blg, Nicwtern warned the Prefects hat the severest wmeasures would be taken against all who swerved from this line of con- aitet, Ble. Depretls sent his letter to tie mem- bers of the Finance Oflice; and thie remainder of his colleagues followed in due course. The nest event of any Importance under the new regime was the néeeplance by Gen, Garls paldl, in_ g letter of tile Uth of April, of that penslon from the King und Natfon which ho had 1elt it fmpossible to take from the hands of o Consorvatfye Ministry, 'Thia caused courbider- able seusution and wiich comment, friendly and the reverse, 5 On tho hith of May,” Commendators Brin, as Beerctury for the Nuvy, lakd Wfs Lilance-slicet for the Marine Depurtinent before the louse, proposityg conslilerabla reduetiona for the fu- e, aid vequesting supolies, The other Min. frters followtd sulty—the last bulance presented Deing that of the Hon, Meleoard) the Secretary fur Forelgn Affulrs, on the 231 of May, TilH OAUSHS THAT LED TO THE DOWNPALL OF TIE MODERATE PARTY were varjous, Like the DemoeratieSlavery party tn Amerfea, they had held absolute swa; the country ' since the birth of 2 United and hindy by n c3 of tcusures elther crous or lmbeelle, so strained the re- treac sources of the country us to exhuust wiint slic possessedy, and ddry up the fonts of e produee, Al was an alfuir of sale amd harter, such [ on), to be compared with the New-York Ring, need anly namo the husiness of the southerny rullways, the tobaceo monopoly, and the foreed currency (lmflfl) thut kept the prive of gold os- cillutiug at between 8 und 10, Tuxes ol eyer) [)usslhlu nature had been fuvented,—taxes thuf, by a refinement of eruelty, welghed not upon the wealthy proprietor (land-tex Leing anero farce fn Ituly) vor on thu prosperois shop- keepoer, but ‘on the poor and needy, 1t is suf- fidlent, perhaps,” to stute that salt vosts 07 contoslonl per” Kl that Indlan-corn—sole witriment of Il the population—is taxed 3 franes a sack for thy tgrlmllnu—lnx, while the mudo of exacting Lhis tux Is so oppressive amd nrbitrury that hundreds of millers live closed thefr mflie. Aud tho tax on personal property, —tho dreaded *richesza mobile,"—u tax In {tsolf 50 Just 0t falrly. up‘»llml, falis hesvlest heve in Italy on thore it should nevor reach, It fano nuw elory now that, in three months, at Rome, niiety bendhes of cobblers and carpenters had bean contiseared b the careylng out of thls law, B0 much for the matertal slms of thoe Moderate party. ! AB TO 1T8 MORAL NESULTH, fromn the assisshnution of Cristino Lobbla, the death by violenen of flve witnesnes in his case, and the proseeution known ns the Villa;Ruilfo case, whereln - Aurclio Sanl wud other dis- tingulshed patriots were haudeuifed and cast it prison, to leave the eloctoral plafus free for tha machinations of the Miurhett! Minlstry, we may fulrly draw our conclueions, The dissntisfaction of the country was at {ts height ot the I'L‘l)lleuhllt of the Parllanentary eesalon of 1470, .llnElmul hqul tu uppeaso the unlversal wruth declurlui attained the duslred balence betweenincomoand expewditare. With the dexterity of an able inggler, Lo ut- tempted the coup, Under the head of Incomo he brought udl suluble cupltal, letting it flzure s income; nnd then, by a luuflry combining of uctual debit and credit; he obtaliied the show of a balanco! Now, just so surclyws I innst pay my butcher for thu meat recetvod nnd caten, Italy mundm! her debts or declure hiersclt bunkrpt, ut, Just us it {8 remarkably uncertain whether the illtors uf tho Kuroyean Jteview will syer puy e for the articles of ‘mine that nplvunm! I each number of thele periudical, 18 equally un- certalu whether or no Italy ihay see oo centes!- o of the money dus to hery, consisting, us it dous chlefly, of taxes over-due, "Fhut the tnunciu] statement mode a coneider- uble eflect, thers 18 no denying; but this time cach of the three heads vl Cerberas had the wouth whie-gaping, and the sop cast could not coutent ull aud cuch of thein, The downfull ol the Minlstry WAS INEVITANLES aud it occurred on the question of tho ratlway- 11l CHICAGO TRIBUNE: MONDAY, JULY 24, 1876 convention,— the lc?“lnlllon. “namely, gatc- tloned by l‘m convention of Basle of ihe 17th of November, 1875, and moditicd by that of the th of Fennmr{ {s70, Qn the 18th of March, the Ministrytras * hotst with 118 o petard,” 1n tho namo of the Left, Depretis stated, nmong other. things, that he nejther repudiated nor altered his words when lie sald that, were his frionds evor called to power, he Inslsted that thoy should accept it with no sacrifles of ]Iflnd}\lu. ut bearing nloft rtheir programme andd thoir fing. Correnti spuke In the_nnme of the Centro; Puceinne in that of the Tuecan Deputics, ‘The Ministry fell, Among tho first declaras tions made by the new Presldent of the Goun- cI‘I we find the following esseutlal promfscs ven ! & ur first and highast alm will, therafore, be, that of removing evory thadow of, doubt as 10 tho sin- cara and loyal carrylng-out of representatlve Inatle tutions, Vo this ond we ahnll waka our first study that of conceding, 84 carly as_ practicable, tho reform of the political electaral Iaws, which came into nctlon first in 1800, &nd require careful revls- fon, Certain of Ita dispositions are, wo consider, in direct disaccordance with the civil lawa rogulats ny the conditivn of the pervons of citlzens. Now, to make it perfectly cloar that the Min. Istry of the Left had tnuiunlem! no opposition &: e part of the Kingp, I give here the text of o TOTAL DECREE OP TTI8 23D OF ATRIL? YICTON RMMANUEL If Dy the Grace of God, and by the Will of the Na- tlon, Kingar ltaly, Conuldcrln? that the “will of tho Natlom, the foundation of our public right, and of the glorioua title of tho Monarchy, on which tiie unity of our cotntry line beon orected, zwcnlli manitests it- sclf by means of the electoral body, from which cmanutes the Iepresentative Chambers Conaldering that the conditions of tho political electorate, determined by the law when the con- #itntive compact of oar politieal wclal{ was firat sanctioned, Wera Ialer-on modified by olher 1aws, &t the period when, on the extension of the King- dom, the greater portion of 1taly became une State Conailering that, a the prosoat. time, the polity teal unity bol nrfimn-ulldl(ed e great work of the fuil coucor fawa and the adminta- tratlve Inatitutions hmufiht almont to & conclusion, now disposltions introduced that notably chunge tho personal and cconumical relations of the citl- renm, the désiro and neceasity are made miahifest that the rogalations conceruing the exercles of tho political electorato shonld be brought Into a more thorough correspondence \with the progrosslve cone ditfon of .Mm{x; Consldoring that tho desire to m~alnd£ and to reform the conatitation of the electoral body has also wanifested itaelf by repeated declarations and furmal proposals presented in Pacliament; Consirering that, previons to the Introduction of variatlonn and correctlons with respect to onc of the fendamental laws of the State, It s necosvary to proceed withh the utmost caution, both to ascer- taln that changes are actually desired and desitas Die, and to faresec and regulate the reanits; 1inving listenca to the advice of the Ministors, WE HAVE DECREED AND DO DECRRA: I. Thata Itoyal Commission ba con- harged to collect all tho statistics con- nected with the history of ‘mlmcul clections throughout the Kingdom of Italy, and lkewise to study all proposals of roform suggested for tho rogulation aml extension of electoral rights, o {neure the exercise of theo rights, and Lo re-ostab. lish o erm accordauce between the electaral Inw und the laws determining the rights and the dutles of citizena, Ant. 1. 'T'he RRoyal Comimission, after having completed the necessary pmpuruu'nns, will pro- pose such measures aa may appenr mot likely to reault in the extenslon of clectoral righls ta” all such citfenn who might, nccording to the splrit of our Institutions, bo called upon to sloet the repros sentatives of the nation. Ant, 111 (Contnlne the names of seven Depntles and two Senators appoluted ns membors of the Royal Commission), Anrt. 1V. The Committee Is to complete and pre- sent ite wotk and it suggestions’in’the courso of thy comlnf month of July, 3 Our Miniater of the Intcrlor s charged with the carrying iuto effect of Lke prosent decree, ur({‘nn at iomo, the 23d of Agrll‘ 1870, % . EMMANUZL, G, Nicotzum Early in the month of May, tho new Uovern- ment was occupled with the VZXATIOUS QUESTION OF THE RAILWAY-CON- YENTIONS, more cspeelally with o view 1o the prompt dis- eolutlon of the Soctety fn dircetion uf thoss of Upper Italy, n the 3d, Baron E. De Rothschild left Romo for Parls, not baving ylelded ono lotn of his pretensions to the repregentations offered by tho Premicr, Depretls, or the Minister of Public Works, Signor Zanardelll, The day following Blgnor Depretis bepzed tho House to give orders for o' careful fngulry Into tho terms of the couvention of Basle. The projected law laid befote the House fnno respeet diifered from that which hnd been grcacnlul by the fornter Minlstry. 1t s ivlded under niric leads, and refers entirely to the purcliase of the lines of raliway known as tht Remane Merldlonall and Al Itnlig, und to thoe trouty entered futo with Austrin, sizned at Vienna thie 20th of Februnry, 1876, In conformity with the dlspositions of tho treaty of peace between Italy and Austrls. The conyention of Dasle dates biack to the 17th of November, 1875, Accordlng to the terms montloned, the Goy- ernment was to enter [nto possossion on the 1st of July, 1870, But the Natlon had to declure {taelf_convlinced tn Parliainent before that thne had elapsed. Its inportanceas an futernational {lfllemutu caused the debato to boone uf extreme nterest. ance of the TIE CHILF FIGURES 5 that np{wnr in the convention of Baslo may bo sucelnd Ie' glven as follows: Up to the 818t of December, 1874, tho amount of capital expended on the Uppcr Ttaliun lnes nppeara at 552,875,019.60 Irauca, (In this sum nono of the oxpenses tneurred In adminfstration or construction from tho lat of July forward havae been caleulated.) ‘The Govermmnont will liquldate with tho Socl- ct{' au the following termsz for capital to the amount of 010,252,478,0¢ fra., the Uovernment will pa; u)p to and lieluy- slve of the dato of the 31st of December, 1054, anannual revenue of 84,100,211,12 fra. 3 and, from tho 1st of January, 1955, up to aud Inclusive of tha B1st of December, 1003, the reduced suin per annum of 13,321,800.40 frs. The smount of tnx on tho richezza moblle to be substracted from theso unnunl payments wiil Le for the lirst-unmed period,—l. e, up to the 3186 of December, 1034, per_annum, 4,500,424.00 18 to be reduced to 646,257.00 frs, from the ]fi:isu‘ Jdununry, 1055, to the 81st of December, The Itullan Govermmnent, therefore, entets on an oblization to pay & nct revenue, up to the Bist of Deceinber, 1054, ot 20,500,897 rs., and of 12,774,701 fra, from the 1nt of Jauuary, 1035, to the 3ist of December, 1008, This contract was considered A VERY FAVORADLE ONE POR ITALY by the Tuscans and by many meibers of tho Left; and Blg, Correntt was ent to treat with Barun Rothechild, to bring about a modifieation, However, bo only succgeded fn securlng a reduc- tlon of 14,000,000 on the whole amount,—a bag- atelle not worth aaking or pi‘ivlug thunks for, But-tho entirg Left would have voted for the conveution, had the Minlstry brought fn the romlsed bill for the extenslon of the suffragze, Fuiling In this, the Extreme Left, headed by Dr, Agustiuo Bertund, member for Rimini, both spoke and voted ogainst the convention. Where wo cousider the Mlilstry to blaume Is for Its deciston, not yet publicly dnuounced but nevertheless eertaln, of 5 DISSOLVING THE. [IOUSH DURING TIH NECHSS, Had the D) for extending tho sullruge been presonted and refected, the act would Luve been strivtly constitutlonal,” Hud thé bill Leon ap- proved, the Jlouss would have been dissolved naturatly, tole reconstituted on u broader basls, Asit s, the dissolutlon i unparliamentary, it not unconatitutionul, 'he votus for the works on the Tiber, and for the new port of Genon, are aboat the only facts of thu pesslon,—nu greal record of thechifuliood of the firat Liloral Ministry of United Italy, Of the Pope’s Jubllee of the Uerman, French, and Spunish vigitors to the Vatican, the Roman papers aro full; but [ presume the subject hss small Interest for your readers, “{fimnuenwd this letter In Roms, and fin- ] AMONG THE JILLS AND WOODS, whera 1t alwaysscema wonderful thut one shonld regard politive with such ali-absorbing Interest, ast week, wo wero countityr votes und seans ning the fuces of dublous membera, To-duy, we have Leew buslly oceupled (u setting tho windiug-wheels fu ‘motlon for reellg-olf the gilk from tho cocoons, and I seanulng tho face of the sky to ses what sro the chances for getting in the “corn befare the next ralns, and for -ulphurlnl,' the grupes with chance of {he powdes remalulug-on” for two or thives days, The year ns yot fa by no ineans promlsing. The sllfworms, Tor the moat part, went 1o the bad after the fuurth sleep. Tiresome, greedy, unserupulous little wretches, after all the caro and ortificlal warmnth, after eating-up all the leaves, {uatead of waklug-up and doing an honest day's work for the wages already re- celved, they woke in o feekluss, disorderly, out- ulstime fushion, Just smelt at thelr food, AND THEN " BuataD,— treusforming thelr dinner-tuble into a funeral. cauch, Speaking from personsl experlenee, out of Niy-five frumes of worms which nover had an * hour’s lliness from thelr birth,” which wen tu lleu&) all of o infnute, and which ought to liave yielded 800 kilozrams, my prescut re- turns shuw but cleht kifos.of ¥ rusts,’” ¢ stary- edy" and “ unlinished,” My onl{ consvlntion is that my nelghbors are mostly Tn the saiuo condition, Yet such fsthe glutof sl fn the warket, such the competition of the silk Im- st trom China und Jupun, that the prices inve never been do low,—averaeing 8 fra, per -and 31 kilu, whercns, in ordinary yvears b {rd. per kilo wus g medlum price, TII3 1S A DAD LOOKOUT for Northern Ituly und Blefly, when siikworni- reuring ood ellicinanufocture we awong the chiof rources of woalth. After so_many years of “dllscass,’” the walady ncemed overcome, Enormous plaptations of nulberrics have been lald-out, and stikworm-nuracries bullt at great exponse,—nil {n tlio hope that the good old times weto Lo retiirn, As far ns the disenss i concerned, the fallures aro not attributable to any acute malady, but aro due 1o tho cold, dmnp, changeable woather. At Tleast, so say the wiseacrcs. Cerlain it is, that, fa July, the Leat has not ot wnade lteetd felt; theyoung grape-huds havo boen frozen by the frosts, anid washed-awny by contluuous rains} and thess samo ralns “have plven A vory cunsumptive look . to tho young ‘malze. At present, the sun s shining glorfously, and the ru\qcrl avo at works but, us a general rule, no one looks forward to anythiug like Jast year's crops, and, in fact, mnlzmwhlch fotehed_but 18 fra. at Cl time, is now sclling at 20 and cyen 22 frs. Thio wino lnat year was extraopdinarily abundant everywhere (n Italy, but of Inferfor quality, so thnt It certaluly connot bo preserved i cnsks or Lottles;nnd it Js very donbtfal whether 1t will slund the Augnst and Septems Vor heats, Jeasie W, Manio. —a—— THE FIRST BAILWAY IN CHINA, An Accouht of tho OnoJdast Fihlshod—Bome of the Obatacles Mot With, Pull Mait Gasette, The Modcow News publispes n letter from its correspondent ot Shanghal, dated March 27, in which an necount Is glven of a rallway, 11 Eng- 1ish nuiles fn length, which has just been Gnlsh- ed, and now conncets Shanghal with the Villago of Oussoon. Tho linc runs along the borders of the River Vau Poo, of which the navigation between Shanghal and Oussoon 1s impeded by o sand-bank, aiways au obstacle, and sometiines an Insuperable one, It wns proposed somno time ufiu by the forclgn merehaits at Bhanghal to bulld arallway froin 8hanghulto Oussoon, but the Chilncae® authorities refused to prant the necessary permission. Flattery, bribery, the abuse of the English local papers, all falled to move the stubborn Auministration, At lnst it was determined, withont consulting the Chinese, to furm a company for exploriug the forbidden ronte. Tho requisite eapital was sub- serlbed without delay, and, on the survey being made, it appeared that, with tho exception of threo little creeks which 1t would be necessary to bridge over, and a few hollows which would liave to bo flled ur, tha llne presented ho *en- fihmcflng diificultics” of any kind. It wasthen etertnined to go om, at all risks, with tho rafl- way, Tho G«tvumnr of the District was pro- valled upon to plve his authorization forthe making of 8 *suitable road,” which he did the wmore Willlngly fnasinuch as Jarge numbers of work-peopje liad constantly Lo mnke the jour- ney from Quesoon to Shanghal. Then the Infd hail to bo bought: also the right of Lulldiug bridges over the crecks, The Chinese proprie- tors were tfrald to sell without first obtaining the ganction of the suthorities, but 88 some sort of road was wanted by every one, no ob- Jeetton was mado to the proposed purchaae, Uaving ncq|mrcd thie ownership of the land on which it was Intended to constritet the ratlway, tho shnnfiuul merchants sent to England for ralls, which in due time urrived. Meanwhilethe woodwork had been completed, and {n the mid- dle of Jnouary last the englneers began to lay tho rails down, Still the ofllclals looked calmly on} uutll, on the 10th of March, it was founil possible lo_niake n trial trip aloug the line of rallway 3 miles In length, The English Direct- orsand sharcholders traveled In the carrlages, aud the lul%muo vans wera filled with Chinese, ‘who scemed to make the Jourhoy with great sat- istaction Lo themselyes, Lhe more #0 as, besldes being carried for nothing, they wore, according to the Russlan correspondeént,. further pro- [)umcd with *roast beef and slierry.” When he Governor of tho district was fnformed thut the rallwny was partly comploted, and that engines were mnnln;{ over & portlon of the line, ke ab firat treated the report avith contempt.” Bat b was conflrmed ogatn and again by eye-witnesses; ond uitimaicly tho great man weat oulb to see for himeell, and, In Presence of an axcjled crowd, ordered tho rails 1o bo takenup, Tho Chuirman of the Company, however, begged him, Lefore requlring the exe- cutlon of sucii an extreme moasure, to conslder tho matter fu private; and the two went to- ether to the Guvernment Ilounse, whore tho invernor’s own pertalsston bo construct a sult- nblo roud " was shiown Lo lim. The discusslon was thus narrowed to the question wlhether tho road of iron between Oussoon und Bhaughal was really a **suitable” one; and tho Governor at Inst conaented to submit, this polnt to the supe- rlor ofllcials at Pekin, Before an answer could La recelyed, truins wore runulng all the way from Shanghal to Oussoon, It was rumored “yesterday,” concludes the correspondent (that Is, on thie 20th of March), that an authorlzation bad arrived from Pekln tolerato what the foreigners had alresdy con- pleted,—~which gave thein the right of Keeplug open the entirs line, * Two Chinamen, {m- prisqned for having sided the forolgners in the construction of the railway, had been suddenly Hliberated, and St was thought that the Chincsp Government would, In tho end, purchnse the line so 08 to keep It entfrcly under their own control. In any case the hostility of the Chi- nese Government to rallwaysno longer exlsts in its old force, ond locomotives may ere long he looked upon na no tnore dangerous thinn- steam vesaels, Already 4,000 Chiuese aye travellng dafly between Gussoon and Hll:mgilml,—h)r the most purt by the third cluss, ab a chargo of only § centa for the Journey, Tho correspondent ré- members the runuing of the lirat rallway teain in Ruesia, between St. Petorsburg and Fauloy- sly, whoit it iwas the genernl ovinfon of “the lookers-on that the devil was Iusldo the englne, and he caunot help thiuking that the Chinese of the towns in the present day are more intelli- ull:“ ('ilmn were the Russlans of St Petersbure u 1840, ——a— Educational Trogress In tho-Lost ITundrod Years, Educationnl prexivrus during the past century was the themu of an mtcreatlngr: addrees by Willinm B, Phelps, of Winona, Minn,, at last weel’s sesston of the Natlongl Edueationtl As- soclation in Bultlmore. In 1776, there were but hristas | TIE BANK OF FRANCE. The Attack upon It by the Com. ® munists. Condition of the Bank When in the , Hands of tho Commune, How the M‘khsw Company Came to Be Formod. London Netes, That. was suroly a flic_example of civil conr- age In the Marquis d¢ Plouc, acting Governor of the Bank of France, when he sald “No" to the Communist leaders who had his 1ifc in thelr hands, It was Citlzen Bealay, to whom boall honot, who called upon the Marquis to deliver up his trust, The cltizen wis a gedtleman of good cotinections and antecedents, whose ldeas were partly those of & French man of business, partly Utoplany and sull Cltizen Beslny to the Marqnis do Plaue, aftor brict preliminaties, “The bruk will be pillaged.” The faco of tho Marquls dtd not depart from its handsome gravity when thus addressed, and ho replled with n cool politeness, exquisitely fintshed and high-bred, I shall defond my- self whon attacked.” 4¢ Lot us spnre blood, sir," eald Citizen Beslay, for the lirst timo In his 13 rdmlring tho Mar- quis, with whom lio had been long at enmity, “[Iy all means, sir,” ausworod tho Marquls with a teanqull amilo. . ““T will bo Gavornor of tho Bank of France,” then suggested the cltizon, ““Why, no, slr," quoth the Marquls, missloner or delegnte, yes, {I your Tolt zens wisli . Governor, no.'” *¢T'am Force, " then remarkéd Citizen Boslay, and thero was agrim truth in what ho eald, for the clash of steel upon stons might hnye been heard without the dour of the bank ‘urlor. and urmed mien who fllled the stalrease lendlng up to it seomed to punctuate tho vitizen's discourse with notes of oxclamation, ¢l ¥%Yos," replled the Marquis, looking ncndny at his vfsllor, ' yuu aro Force, and I am Law," Then these two becamo fast friends, fecling, it may ba nurpuml. the strong attraction whi honest mon linvo for each other In thnes of pub- lic trouble. Morcover, the Mnrr\\;h, in his dep- osltion bofors Lhe Parliment of Versalllos, gen- crously adds that his colleague, the Communist Delegato Bealoy, suved Frauce from a disaster without parallel In history. Men—even Mar- quises—are somowhnt prona to oxaggerate the snagnitude of thelr own affaire] but It 8 " certaln that the extent "of tho national danger can only bo estimated by the fmportanve which may ba attached to tho abiso- lute aunihilation of the bank, which was for some thne throstencd, Tho M ar}ula de Ploue, cxon with Cltlzen Boalay at his side, Lad flurh:F sevetal weeks to perform a part \vhlch demand- ed eansummate ability and tact a8 o negotiator. Again and again thoy were summoned to sur+ render thelr trusty and it §s o be remembered that the men who called upon them to do so spoke in most Tofty and winning language. They preferred their requesta fn those birni "F words of French patriotism which are so futelll gible to Frenchimen, and which make as deop an hinpression on tuclr hearts as on tholr under- standing. Now, no one_could say for cortaln whether Vereallles or Parls would come out victorious from the strife between themg wnd the Murguls do Plisue had only a rlglld ond In- floxible {ntegrity to gulde hini In the conrse whllc,h lnl: Ltoo during a perlod besct with doubt and per The sltuation of the bank on the 20th of March, 1871, Puris being then completely in the lunds of the Comiune, may bo thus deseribed: 1t held cash nod socurities to the sinount of Jthres milllanls, or say one hundred and twenty millions sterliog, besides elchty millions ster- lne, or two illiards of fraues, in bank-noto which had not hoon Iseued, but which migh have been framedintely put into circulation, Morcover, there wera two milliards of francs' worth of notes In the hands of the publle, guar- anteced only by the bank funds, Besides all this treasure, many securitfes belonging to private porsona were depogited, uccording to Frénch castom, in the isnk-cellara for salcty. Some of them might bave been reconstituted had the Deea destroyed, but by far the greater part of them, drafta to bearer, stocl, recelpts, and for- cign bonds, ingots, plate, and jewels, would hava heen Irrevocably lost, ‘The condition of the bank wea pecullar and expectional, It could'not refuse the domands of the revolutionary chiefs becauss It could not transport its adminfstration to Versallles as the other departments had done, for ¢ would have requlred elghty wagons escorted by an nl‘me' to move its effcets, In Parls it wis altogether without protegtion, and its position wns inade woresg owing toan unfounded bellef which pre- vailed among tho Communists that the crown Jewels, nllezed to Lo matfoual pn:snrty. wore toncoaled there, and an equally false notlon which exlsted at Versailles' that all valuables had been removed from tho bank during the Iatewar. Tho posttion of the Govarnor was espectally delicate. 1o was obliged to suj ply the demands of the Commune, and could only do so by order of the Governing Councll, whith could not be assembled. Iie wus equnll{ obliged to honor the drafts of the Treasury al Versoilles, and his doing 6o was held an act of high treaxon fn Parls. Liliewlse in Parls itself there werg no less thon four Governments claiming obedlonco—firat, the Communec; sce ond, the Committeo of Publlc Bafoly; third, the'Contral Comuittees fourtl, tho” Federal Committee, plus the mllitary authoritica. If to ‘| have saved the Bk of Fratico from pill n‘gu and ruin is to havo sayed his country, tho Murquls de Pleene s entitled to a high placo mnong her defenders, [lo had no help, Admiral De Bals- sct had indeed at ono tine publicly promiecd to defend the bunk, but on nnuln§ the Marquls to the doorof his quarters he hnd whispered to N, with bitter humilintion, that he had no memwns of dolug so. Thus, to sum up this Hoom- ow-clti- niwe colleges in the United Btates; now there ‘"““fi"‘ uplsadu of Erench history, It may bo nre 400 colleges and universlties, with 67,000 students and 8,700 Professors ‘nud teachers, Then little o nothlng was done for the educas tlon of women; now there are 200 female sem- Inarles, with 23,446 students and 2,286 teachers, At thal time profussfonal sehools were unknown now there are 829 professlonnl seliovls, with 23,280 students and 9,400 teachers, Then thero were 1o naormael schoolss now there are 16, with 24,105 students und 9048 tenchers, Then there were wo vommerclal colleges; now there nre 127, with 23,81 students aud 577 toachers The secontlary und preparutory schools wero most unknown theny now thers aro 1,122, with 100,608 pupils anid 6,168 teachers, ‘Ihe seliaol population of that day Is unkuown, but ut present it 5 moro than 14,000,000, and the aclivol onroliment now amounts to 8,000,000, ‘Iho total ieomo of the public schoolsat pressut 15 832,000,000 cxpenditiires, B75,000,0007 valug of property, 8165,000,000. Theso tirures are very clu(‘uulll ug sliowing what s been aveom- plished, but the following extract from thoe re- port Is quite us cloquent u showing that much yet romalns to be dotfe before the wholo fleld of cducation 18 fully oceupled und developed: The number of Hlfterates by the census of 1570 ahove the nzeof 10 yeurs was, in found numbers, . OI these more than 2,000,000 werd udulta; upward of 2,000,000 inore were from 15 to 31 years of age, snd 1,000,000 were hictween 10 and 15 yeara old. Of the number bLetween 16 years, It {8 estimatud that abonut one-half bave passed the u»lpurtuun for cdus catlon; dnd, ainco it s well understood that o large portion of the chbldven In this country leave the schools perhaps ut an uveruge age of 10 or 13 years, the conclusion 18 irresfsiible that tens of {housands of those who are reported ns illiterate between 10 aud We«rn of nga will foreveg remain so, Of the 036,000 {lliterato per- sons between 16 und 21 years of age, who liuve &x;;ml thelr opportunitics for Instruction, 187,- aro in the Northcrn States, 15,000 {n the Fa- cilie, aud 773,000 {u the Southe e — —— How Nlagura Almost Nun Dry, On March 20, 1843, o remarkable ])henammmn occurred, ‘The wrecoding winter had been fn- tenscly cold, and tho lve formed un Lake Erly was unusually thick. In the warm days of carly spring this mass of fce wus loosyned around tho shores of the lnke and detached from them, Duriug the forenvon of the day named o stif easterly wind moved it up the lake, A llttle betors sunset the wind chopped suddenly round and blew 3 gule from the west, Ihis browght the vast ficld of fce back agaln with such tremendous force that it flled tn'tho neck of the luka und fts outlet so o8 to form n very effectivo dam, that caused 8 remarkulle dimunition in the outllow of the water, Of course I needed bug Httlo thne for the Falls to “drafn off tho waler helow this dam. ‘The runw:\uuncn was, that on the momlu!{ of the fullowing day, the river was nearly half gone. The Ameriean changel had dwindled to s decp und narrow reek. 'The British channel seemod to have bieen smitten with a quick cousumptlon, and to bo fast gmln 7 away, Farup from the hewd of Goot Islawd and out into the Canadlun Raplds, and from the foot of Gout Tsland out heyond the ol Tower to the deep channel of tho Horseshou Fall, the water was gone. "Tlie rocks vere bare, black, and forbldding. The roar of i hud subelded to a moon, This extraor- W Niu dimary syncope of the waters Justed all the day, and nlght cosed oyer the strange scenc, Bat during the night the dain gave way, aud the next morning thy river wis restorvil in ull it strengtl, beauty, and mojesty.—* Niagura {n the % AMidswmmer-Loliday” Nanber 1 of Serfbner, sl that an establishmnent containlisg £1£0,000,- 000 sterbing, fu n clty given oyer to anarchy, was saved by the Intelliizence and devotion of"a few brave mcn during dangers which lasted aixty- soven days, many .of which scemed llkely fo have no morrow for {ta dofouders, aud that it Tius passed through this dreadful crisls with its credit absolutely unimpalted, "The bunk lost ubont sixteen milllon of franca by the Conunune; but 1,000,000 of that amount was a balanca of necount bolonging to the Clty of Parls, so that the bank did not suller by its withdrawal, On the other hand, the bank goined 26,000,000 [ranes, or say £1,040,000, by tha provogation of Lills of excliungge, so that the halance on thess trausactions was largely in favor of the bank, Durlng the worst uf the perllous Limes, bank sharcs ouly fell to 2,4 ranies, They now stand at 8,800, or nearly four tlmes thelr original vatue, but though the high price may be safely taken as a conspleuous i»ruu( of publle contidence, bank sharea ut this lzure could not b recominended as prudent fn- yestients, and as the principles of banking be- come botter understood I Parls they will probably fall in valde. Let uB not be In too great a hurry, however, to forget that it ls eredit—thie honor'of modern * tires—which has enabled Fraunee to recover so soon from tho deplorable consequences of hor faults, It is not only her publlc vredit, but also the credit of privataindiviiluals, that supported her durlng the nbsence of the many militons of her sprclo taken lnpuy the Germnayn {ndemnity; and the Bnnk of Frauco is the fortress an alronghiold of French credit, It reinnins to bo told low this respectablo flnancial institution w4 flrst cndowed and called Into belng, ()pnuhx;i1 on the Rue dela Villlery, and sur- rounded ¥ the Rues Nadeiwill, ximu, and Crulx-des-Potits-Champs, the Bank of Frauco has oveupled, over aluce fflll, the ancient hotel of the Count of Toulouse, Its general aspect is that of u prison for good soclety, It shows mony prospects of {ron railings aud fron doors, the “latter” being abuudontly Fun.\lnhul with bolts und bare. 1ts high und solld walls would defy uny attempt to scale thewn, and every lssue of the bullding 18 made for & defense which could only be vanquished by o w“\llnr slege provided with the englues of war. Within, tho placo I8 ss activo as an_ant's nest. Eyery pus- bage and stalrease of the huildh\g 18 crowded during wll the business-hours of tho day, and an fncoming inultitude elbow an vutgolug imn in cach direction, Nouo but people in a hurry aro to he scen thero; so at every door and landing. plave ars pusted ushers ready to reply finmedl: ately to quoestions asklug the way to different polite in the labyrinth, ~ Yet the edifice is dall. rrowing lurger, and the palaco which numcm{ lor the wants of legltimal chl’r(ucu 14 too small for this templc of trude, Nowhero are so many varletlos of nnorlo to bo met with aa within tho recinets of this universal - assembly-house, ivery class of -uulct{ 14 represented thergy— sollicrs, artisans, shopkeepers, courtosans,— Tron the capitalist who comes to recclve the dividend on hls shares, to tho workman who hus to pay an aceeptance for a fow francs which he hing glven for hils tools. The first §mpression made on astranger by the Bank of France s one which nspires good will for an establish- ment which, having only fu viow tho public {n- terest, lmpartially Tries'to by useful to every scetlon of thy catnmunity, 1t was In 1500, the 3ith Pluylose, year VIIL, that certalu bankers formede themsolves futo o company which became the Bunk of France. The pr! m-llnu of them wero Perregeaus, Lo Cuoutenlx-Canteleu, Mallet the elder, husband of the churming wife, and Robillard, the tobace oo wunulucturer, Thess commercal gentles men speedily agreed the atatutes of o Ounnclal Inrtitufion, which was to Inve a cabital of 00,000,000 frace, divided Into 10,000 nomina- Hvo shares, The busioss of the company was restricted to discounting, collecting bills, recelve Ing deposits and mmhiumcnl«. Iu:c‘:lug current accotnts, and lssuing drafts ut. sfght to bearer) all other trada but that {n gold and silver was forbtdden. In ths primitive statutes of tho bank may stiil be observed, Ina rudimentar Indoed, but ver{ clearly, tho aystein whicl b ured bo it an Alinost uninterripted career of prosperity to this day, On the 28th Nivose, or aa early an the 18th Jantary, 1800¢ & Consnlar decree doposited & latze amouut of money with tho new bank, and on_the 2ith Germinal, year XL, or 14th April, 1800, (L was definitively.or- anlzed by law under tho style und title of the nuk of Frauce, ita capital ‘belig ralsed at tho sams time to 45,000,000 france, PARIS. ‘The drowth of Its Ixpenditure~Progress of City-Improvoments. London Fcomomiat, The new loan which tho City of Parls fa ubout. to ralse hassuggosted tu the ficonomiste frrancais a skatel of the growth of expenditure of tho Clty Government, and the flFuras it produces are ccnnlnl{ vaory striking, They show how the deslre ?“" to bvluufy tho great cu{, and partly to glve employinent to ita turbulent pupulation, has lind siceessive, regimes to rdd extravagance to extravagance, Intho flrst year of the rile of Napoloon ns First Consul the ex- penditure of Paris was no more than 11,216,000 Irancs, or $2,233,400, {n the last yenr of the First Elrwlre the sum bad grown to 83,483,000 francs, £0,000,000. In fiftecn years,that is, the expend- iture of the flt{ had trebled. The two lnvhs slons of 1814 and 1815 Imposed heavy fincs and an immenso gutlay upon Paris, which ralsed tha expenditiire for 1815 to the enormots sum of over 78,000,000 franes, 815,000,000, But In the first year of tho Restoration the oullny was agaln reduced to 80,000,000 francs ($7,200,000), or not very much tnore than tho sum spent in 1814, The elder Bourbons and their advisers liad n Hyely rocollection of the in- Onence exerted on the Revolutlon by the dis- order {nto whith the finances had fulien under Louls XVI, and therefore they practiced cconomy In the admilnstratlon, Accordlngly, wo flnd that in tho 1Isst complete yenr of Charles X., 18, the expenditure had rlsen _only to 48,000,000 francs gw,nw 000). Instead of trebling, as under the irst fiupulcun. In a nearly equal perlod of tme under tho Restoration the incranso vras_onl onc-third, But with the Governnient of Louls Y'hlllp?e e {ind a sotaewhat augmented outlay. In 1847 tho expenditurs had risen to 61,000,000 {ranca %fl ,000), It, haviny been no mure than 40,000,000 fraica (§8,000,000), 1n 1680, It wan, however, under_the Hecond Lmpiro that extravagauco frained free scope. Wenll remainber the preat works carrled out by Baron 1lausamann, the disregard of all Anancfal rulo, and the myatification practiced in tho necounts. Lvé before the rise of Baron Hausamann, how- cver, the expenditure swelled fnordinately, In 1852, Including the ppeelal ds well ra the general funds, 6 had prown to 102,000,000 “franes (820,400,000), or 3,000,000 francs ($7,000,000) mor than n 1847, And in 1600 . had actually reached 346,000,000 francs, or $09,200,000, ‘Ihus, a8 under the Firat Napoleon, the expenditures hiad more than trobled [n asingle reign. For- thermore, Wé neo that during tho tiventy years, {from the accession of the First Consul to the breaking out of the war with Gurm\m{, the ox- [acmllturcn ot Parls had been muitiplied about hirty-one times, from less than 450,000 to nearly £14,000,000 sterling (FTU000000). * Binca the restoration of vrder “the sttontion of the Governmont has been glyen to the entorcement of economny. But thominor debts upon theclty haye allowed of only n small measuro of suceess belng attained, Iu the presnt year the cxpend- &;‘I)I'D 15 estimatod at 305,000,000 francs, or 801~ ,000. Mr¥, Mooper's Taria Leitér inthe New York Tortd. Notwithstanding the rumors of a general Eu- ropeat war that Degin to Ml the ai, and the he?!lgoreut state of the various partics at tho Assembly (how they did flghl yesterday, to be sure!), the public works of Parls are progressing with speud and regularity. Like s wise house- wife, £utel.ln {s putting lier premises In porfoct order preparatory to recolving the hoped-for fn- flux of guests tn 1878, The persons_rusiding on tho line of tho projected Avenuodc1'Opern liave been trarned to Joavo by the 18t of Octuber. The vacant lots remaining of tho old alto of the burned-down Miniatry of Flonuce, at_the corner of the Rua do Rivoll "and the Rue Castiglione, have all been sold, and work 18 now progressing uxem\)mufly. ‘The Hotel de Ville 18 rapldly n‘\ cl luq complotion, as aroalso tho and gm b lTom of the Louvre. As to tho Tuileries, lts future fate romains undecided, It is probnble. howerver, that the ruius will be removed and tho spaco grassed over, thus throwing open tho inner quadrangle of tho Louvre, unvelling the Arc du Carrousel, and forming the noblest open square and fincst coup d'mil in tho world, The lnver arcades of the Palals Royalareundergoing n thorough course_of sernping and repeinting, Trees are to be planted along the Ruesdols TPalx and Rivoll and around the Place Vendaine, The Boulovard 8t. Germaln {s to be compleled. A new fountain lsprojected for the Tutlerics Gar- den, with a contral group after »_tnodel by Oar peaus, New ;gmuss of statuary have been pur- chosod for that and for othor public gardens, . feanwhile ths affairs of the Exhibltion of 1578 iteclt are recciving dus attentlon. The eati- mates of the expense of the dilfercnt parts of tho work have been completed and published, They reach the respectablo sum total of $0,600,- 000, Including the cost of restoring tho Champs do Mars to its primitive condition.” The ot ble reccipts aro eatimated at not quite 34,000,000, The park and caecade arc to cos suw,?m the main building $4,500,000, the medals s::oé,oco ud the ¢ unforaeon expenses '’ nra set down ul 20,000, Thus it will bo scen that the Freweh authorities do uot dolude themsclves with hopes of a pecunlary sticeess. et A Poetloo-Sctent!llo Incidents Neto York Etening Post. Mr, Bret Iarto and other writors of hid class have taught us to associato somcihing of aenti- inental or melodramatic interests with tho rade fellows who work the miues and cunsumo the flery whisky of the Western wilda; bist o recent accirrence in a Novada tnining town throws futo the sbado the most fanclful hinaginings of these authaors, Two knighls of the plck and pun, hav- fue met in a bar-roun and publicdy applicd to eacli other some epithets the teveras of compli- mentary, resorted to the bowic-knifo ns a wmeans ot heallpg thelr wounded honors, Inn few minutes ous ol them was Stretchied upon the Ndor, with the 1ife-blood cozlng out of a doron gashes on different parts of hls body, His antogonist, regretting the extremity which thelr hot temper had carrled thetn, ralled up his sleevo and inslsted that a physiclin who chauced to bo present should perform the operation kuown ns transfusion of blood be- tweetn him and the woumded man, A blood- vessel was opencd and the operation was be- gun, A curlous erowd gathiered about the trlo, and tho muvderer wus Dnfled as o H#equare man"—which means in the vernncu- lar, not' a man bounded by four stralght lines of equnl lengih, "inclosing four right-anglo triangles, hut & person posscssing the nobler qualities of the human anlmal in ani eminent degreo. Tho flatterced individual, after lvlngh up a8 much blood as tho physiclan thought necessary to replenish the sysfem of the suflferer, remarked the sight of hls ead work no longer, ad walked out of the roont towalt tll the success or nons sucecas of the operation should bo determined, "I'radition says that he nover retumeds, 1t fur- ther says that the patlont died. However, thesa matters were but sccondary compared with tho extraordlnary combinationof science, sentiment, and romance which the other fucidents of the story exhibit. Which of our literary portrayers of Weatorn 1ifo and character will tako up thess gulllll]l:; aud flll them out for the novel-reader’s enel ——— Menjamin Fravklin's Reasons for Recom- mending tho Use of Bows and Arrows In War, A very small blue-book was published in Now Yoik over fifty years ago, called * Tho Lilo and Kasays of Benjamin Franklin, Written Ly Mimaclt,"" Ono of'the essays is o Iutter to h(s].- on. Lee, and 1t Mr, Franklin 6 soMo things that wilf intcreat_you In this Centennlal year, Remember that B.'F. ailudes to the fire- arus of 1770: PunvapzLros, Feb, 11, 1870.—DEan 8 L irney' sttt talk blg tn England, and threaton hard; but thelr languugo s snnicwhat ciy- flor, at least not qully 80 disreapoctful o us, Iy deyfross uu‘n come ta their senses, but too late, I fancy, for thelr Intereet, V' tll‘{ of saltpetre, 120 ot We have got & lui uanf ton, and nm'n u(n.-rf:nl.'l LPowder-mille are now X hat ho could endure ak ting; 1 Ve WO to work and maki m,“, i Tk \ that plies could Lo fntruduced, and I would ‘sdd bows and arrows; theas woro good weapons, and not wilsely Iald asido: 1, Ilecauso a man may ahoot as traly with & bow with o common musket, . 2, Hecau divcharge four srrows In the time of charging und alscharking one bullet, . J. 1lis object is not taken from Lis vlew by tho smoke of his own aldo. 4. A flight of atrows scen coming npon (hem ll'ml{ll nd disturbs the enciny's attention to his usines: 5. Au arrow sticking In any part of & man, pats bl Aore du camdal L1 it i cxtructod, ¢. HBowa nud arrows are mors euslly provided ov- erywbero thun wuskots and auimunlilon, B, B\ then quotes s Latin account of a battle, 10 King Kdward the Thinl's relgy, and sddst % Itwo wuch execution was dous by arrowa wheit men wore somu defensive armor, how uuch wore wight be dono now that It is ut of wo I"—5St Nicholus for duguat. SERVIA. The Stroets of Bolgrade B the Declaration of War.efmu Last Night of tho Theatro---The 0] Play. Mo = Cvrrespandence New York Timer, ~ BrLARADE, June 27.—Wo are on the eve of 1 declaratfon of war. Forao year at least Peoply and tho press have talked war, and tho Mtug tlon has gradually become more and more tense —to use the tertn just now.in everybodyy mouth—until at last {t can ho el no further, Prince Milan u:lfii leavo Delgrado within o day or JAwo fonssume cominand of his forcos, and thep fs expeoted that tho war will bo finmediaty, opened. Medhwhile Bolqrade presents (1] contraat of ldyls and comedy aporling fn the lap of tragedy In which nature in her terriblg moods scems to delight, To one who ina comq down the Dauube, ncross tho * gray and ingldn. choly wasto® of the great Hungarian platn, ang has found only such livelircss as was fmpurteq to the sceno by hiords of dingy white cattle, and groups of pensants all giny and whitey bro tho aspect of tho strects of Delgrade.on Buaday mornlig iae more that of scenes from - A COMIO OPERA than from one of tho tragedlos of Luman lifs, Notonly fathe sun Lright, but the poople g thelr Sunday costumes arc of & luxury anq pomp of color that to tts sober citizens of the, North looks fn the brighteat degree fostal, Whint o feast for the eyes (L {af “ge are In g 1and where tho colnmonest weavers, tho mosy I%nurnnt peasant embroldgrors, have preseryeq the sccrets lost to us for centuries, Tho women aro 80 gay in mingled red, yollow, blue, and purphe that they lght up %reul spnees of street 08 soon g thoy aro visliile, but tho dazzling hutes are 80 unlicd that the barmony Is as por fect s in an Indlan shnwl. The Varlely and richneds are enough to howllder nn artfst,” Oyr unaceustonted and delighted oyes can searcol resist the conviction that a people of such brayy outalds must be rs happy ns it {8 beautiful, But It Is soon apparent thit tho knots of talke ers oro ANYTIING DUT GAY. That little group of splendld mon, each oneol whom might gorve s & model for Gerome or Frore, Is occupled with no Uight topics, Its aip of gruve determination s unmistakeble. (g out aud you will find the two armorcrs’ shopy down the street, where nre stores of thosa Yarfous weavons thdt 'lond tho belts of thesy pleturesquo fellows, are very busy places; and thero Under that bl vhestnut tree, surrounded hy hulf a dozon gazers, {4 a sword-grinder who ia driviug n belslc business. Inside vur hotel [y a chambermald, profuse of smiles, but wo sun rise ier elone and grave, aud find that her clsurd I8 oceupled with aeraplng lint. Lust night the final pesformance, for who knows how long, was given ot the theatre. In aday or two the actors aro to joln the ambus lunco corps. ~ Thelr last play even Was express] tven toward helplng on the causs of wir, ]JI ias, I bolieve, been tsed befura now fn tho long hlstory of struggles betweon Bervia and Turkey to atir up the people of ).Icl;irudo n:l;aum the Mobamniednn oppresston, It 1s calles TR JANISSARY, fnd {ts story dates from the time swhen Turlkey exneted from Bervin n certaln number of re cruits for that fnfamous corps. Of ‘courso we decide to gee the play, especinlly as we ato {ne Tormed that the costdines aro all real aud of great splendor. The Turkish drésses were all taken Irom tho seragzllo in the Citadel of Belgrade, when the_town was last wrested froin Mohainmedun hands, Wo wero at Jeast sure, then, of o fluo speetacle, even should wy £all fo understand the play, Moreover, we coul chjoy the plcmru?un audlenee and ‘watch the eltect upon them of the anpeals to thelr patriot- fsm, Wo lind even hopes of beln& not alto- gethor unintolligent spectators of tho action, ay the effects are the broad oues of melodrama, In the end we made sure of comprehension by securing the company of n distingnished Sclo. vophlle philologlst, whose knowledge and_cour- tesy removed all tax upon our powers of diving: tlon, ‘The story of the play was slmple enougly JBeing little more than n BUOONSSION OF SUFPLRINGS Infletod by Turks of atrocious tickedness “7" & Botbinn family of unimpeachablo virtue. ‘The curtaln rises upon two Turks, whose talk show that they.value the precepts of tho Koran ns llitlo as they do those of ordinary moral- ity. While thoy are thus busy In shocking every Bru[:er ueuulbllxl{. thiers appronches a protty jerbian naiden In the moat charming of cose tutnos, The two villains scercte theinsclyos, and after kindly allowing the malden to reu‘nl to us, Loth In songa and sollloruy, the cxceed- Ing purity and sweetness of her nature, they rush out upon her and take her captive, Tn the midst of her aguny thore comes along & Janls eary, . who puzzies us by. immediutcly bo mm(ng tho champlon “of outraged” vir- tuo und rescuing tho pirl from tho hands of violence. The curtaln drops, leaving us to wonder if the poor_ innovent vViethn Lt only fallen from bad hands [nto worso, but soon risea to reassure us. Tho piel 1s restored to her family, and the Janlssary, who for o moment had coused us to thinlGtuat, after all, virtua might possibly reigh in one Turklsh breast sh loasty ¥ TURNS OUT TO BA A BERDIAN, “and tho brother of tha protty creature whom he Ts rescued from o fata worso than death. This noblo fellow, mnid the tearful cffusion of th wholo fnmily, pbjures tho very gruise of Moha medoniam, strikes hande with his two newly: found brothers In a solemn compact aguinet the oppressors, and during the rest of the ploy struggles ngainst aud conquora the ylolonee and wiles of as Briarean-handed a baud of villafus s any known in the annals of the stage. Ican- not here follow the actlon of Lhe play in its do talls. Enough to say that the two whom we sy dlsappoluted in the first scens not only con. tinued tho pursuit of thelr rst evi} design, but added thereto o thirst for vengeanco on all whe would have thworted thelr sttompts. Thess were Indecd thwarted by tho threv brothers, but at the cost of life to” their father, mother, sister, and {0 theawectheart of the ex-Janlssury, ‘Tho sortulity of the pluy was something FEARFUL TO CONTEMILATE, Our {ndignation roso to see one after another of the virtuous Borblana fall victine to Lurkish violcenee, until at the cnd the threo brotherd alone reinnined of the entire dramatin persona to tasto the sweots of victory. On tho ather hond, not ono slngle Turk esceaped tho death which hie had donoe his best to desvrve, In the nterest of tho bascst of passions the Mohume nedans had plotted, Yl\lngcd and murdered to an_oxtent which could fild (s parallel only in real lifo, They were gratultously atroclous be- fore our very eyes. They muidered a Ser blan priest * whoso only crime was o the contrast ~Dia shinlng ~ goodness afforded to thelr vlees, They wero even contemptibly atroclous; they got ridicu- lously, ulmost fripossibly, drunki they wery tricky, imbecile, and cowardly, No doubt the colors were lald on, as It were, with a trowel,— the artilices of the dramatist were of the rudest wmost apparent sort. But it was lmpossible to amile at these shortcomings, ‘Thers waa 1ot un outrage hero depicted that Berblans bad nol sutfercd oyver and over spaln during the centie ries of tholr struggles agalnst Turkish misrules ‘The play was but a mild trauscript from the dark Yumu of Borbian history, but It gathered force Trom tho fact that the persistent race 1 on the eveol anew effort for independence, and that the renetitlon of alltheso Lorrurs way Lo aven now {inpeuding over their heads, With this consclousness in our minds TUR AUDIENOH became for us a part of the drama, The cos: tumes worn on the stage wero like those scat~ tered biere and there throngh the house, nmuu'.i more or Iess frec Imitatlons of the dresses u Western Europoy the actio, If slighter, was not less interesting, At firat thie attention giye on gcemed to come from that Lidlf-ndiffercnt, half-skeptleal dogire to be Yleuad, which is tho ordinary attitudao of tho play-goor toward the stage. ‘Occasional hesltations and awkwanl- nesses even clicited a laugh from certaln ili-condltioned youths, who to Le reduced to order by Disses, Dut grade ually the atory of “wrongs and roveugt took hold upon “everybody, "I'he Berblaus are sald to bo an undomoustrative fwo’jvlc, but emo- tlon showed ftselt {uvoluntarily in constant! incregeing attention, 'Tney leahed forward, with heads resting uponclenched fiats, and som bro eyes fixed upon the stage. ‘The upper guls lery during tho lnst act preaented n soifd per oindicular wall of heads from tho barrier in ront to the celling, and when the curtain full ta o nal massacro of tho Turkish eppressori all rescrve was thrawn away by A BIMULTANBOUS YRLL &0 full of tho electrivity of passlou that hot and cold thrills of sympathy overran even the qulet eat of on-lookers, Indeed, 1t would bo difilcult for any one it coine hiere without belng won to symputhy for this people. It wus but tho dther day that i agont of the Roumanian Goyernment, instructed tu do oll in bis power to didsuade the Prince from making war, was here, 'The Roumantans, 4 Lutiu race, do nut love tho Blavoplans, aud di not dealry thelr surccss nuch less bodove in it) us against the Turke. But whut bo saw here converted hin, and he has gone home g wani odvocate of Survian fudependence, sud eved with & bellet dn Uty ooasiblllty, K