Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, February 12, 1876, Page 9

TNE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: SATURDAY #’———_—_—__—_—— , FEBRUARY 12, W7G—TWELVE PAGES. LITERATURE. | Africa ond Africans: Life on the River Congo. The Theory of Descent: Prof. Haeckel's History of Crention, A Sketch of tho Growth of . . the Doctrine of De- velopment. gamerfon on the Art of Etching--- A Treatise on the Trug Or- der of Studics. The Woman Who Delieved that Lord Bacon Wrote iho Plays Ascribed to Shakspeare, The Anclent Greeks : Their Houses and Furniture : Status of Their Women. LITERATURE, AFRICA AND AFRICANS, Anoota anp Tit lavee Conao, iy Jocnix Jomx ‘MoNTEIRO, Associato of #hio Toyal Hchool of Aincs, and Corrvaponding Member of the Zaologlcal Bocl- ely, With Alap and Illustrations, 12mo., pv. 354 New York: Macmiltan & Co. Chicugo: Jansen, MeOlurg & Co, Frico, $2.60, Thoeyeof the naturalist and tho travoler la tarned with longing curiosity to the Continont ot Africs, whosa vast unknown aroas offor an al- Juring promiso of now and valuablo matorial for {be benofit of science and the ncroaso of knowl- edgo. Inno portlon of the world Is tho work of exploration s0 actively prosocuted nt tho prosont fime aa in the prolifio fletds #lrotching along tho sonst and through the intorior of this domain of tho negro racos ; nud, rapldly as tho roporty of thoso onorgetio and contiunous investigatlons multiply, most of thom abundently commond themeolves to tho attontlon by tho fresh aud in- teresting information thoy contalo, Tho book before us is one of tho very beat fthat have yot been produced by the great army of intelligont and advonturous African travolors, 1t is written by sn Englisiman of unusnal abiti- ties, and glves a graphio and clrcumstantial ac- oonnt of & rogion hitherto almost wholly unde- seribod. Mr. Montelro—we learn fucidentally from the narrative—visitod Angola fu 1854, for fho purpose of suporintonding minfog explora- tions. This vocation, with other industries In which he afterwards engaged, dotained him in tho country for upwards of fiftoen yoars, Much of this poriod was spont in travel, which afforded Lim the most favorabla opportuultios for study- ing the physical fentures of tho territory nnd the charactor of ita inhabitants. His obsorvations were sonaible aud dlscriminating, and, belng re- corded in a stylo uniting method with vivacity, sre cminently entertaming. Augoln comprisca the Portuguoso possessions on the Soutbwost Comst of Africa, oxtendivg from Ambriz to Cape Irio, n distanco of uearly 100 milos. Tho district bordoring on the sea, and atrotobing fnland for 30 to 60 mitey, is com- paratively arid and barren, It is gonerally low and sandy, and almost ontiroly dostituta of rnv- s and of foreste. Tho insigolficant water- rourses are fringed with maugrovo-troos, and the open oountry is thinly scatterod with giant adansonians and ouphorbias, Bouthward, tho vogotation grows more ecanty, until it foally consiats principally of thorny shrubs of most unamiable aspect. The laud gradually slopes upward from the coast, and, at & distanco varying from 30 to 60 miles, attalos a cousidora- blo elevation and complotely cbaoges its ap- pearsnce. It bLere bocomes wonderfully rich and productive, snd s clothed = with jux- uriant vegotation. Tha cuphorbing are ro- placed with ranker growthof troe and shrab, and the branching grass of tho comst givos way to 1all, dense, and broad-lonved herboge. This charactor of sconory provails for only about 30 miles infand, whon anotber elovation is roachod, and s etill difforent type of vegetation is suddenly introduced. Tho most striking ef- fectsate hore produced by tho multifarious creoping planta, of enormous size of sten, ond wasith of foliszo and flower, tbat curtain the troes and bind them togethor with garlands and featoons of overy conceivable form of graco, “No words,” writes Mr. dontoiro, " can doscriba the luxuriance of theso troo-creepors, particularly in the vicimty of the shallow rivers aud riv- ulets of tho interlor. Boveral traca to- gother, coversd from top to bottom with B rich mentlo of tho Indis-rubbor creoper with bright, S‘Landnlphla Florida?), large, dark-green lcavos, somowhat resembiing thoso of tho wagnolin, thickly studded with targo bunches of tho purest whito jaumino-like fowors, loading the sir for a considorablo dis- tance with ita powerful bitter-almond perfume, and attracting a cloud of buzziog insects, form altogethior s sight not easily forgotien, Once, at Dombe, 1 saw o perfeot wall, or curtain, formed by s most delicate creopor, hung from top to battom with bottlo-brusb-like tlowers sbout 8 inchea long ; but tho grandeat view pre- pontad to my eyea was tho Pungo Andongorauge, where the battom of o narrow valloy, for quito sl & milo in lenglh, was flllod, as they all are In the intorior, by & denso forost of high troes: {he crospote, in searoh of light, bad plorcod through aud ‘a‘{:rud on the top, whora thelr stemns and lenves had bocome wovon and matted into o thick carpot, on which their tlowers ware pro- duced in such qm(unlun that bardly a loaf way visible, but _only ono long #od of bosutiful por- plo, like & glacior of color, filling the valloy, and et in the ann of groon of the luxuriant grass- sovered hilluidos. Tho vory blacks tuat ac- tompanied me, 80 little {iprossed as thoy are veually by the Leantios of Nature, beat thoir open mouthe with the palm of tho hand as thoy attered shiort *Ali ah! alisl'—tholr univorsal mode of expressing aatonishmont or delight—so wondartnl, oven to them, appested tho maguifi- cent mass of color bolow e s it suddenly caina 1n viow when wo arrived at_the hesd of tho val- 1oy, down oue slde of which we desconded to tho plalo below,* Thoopon lands ontho elovations removed from the sos aro covered, six months of the yesr, with g(gumo grasses, reachivg to a Leight of 1 016 feot. ‘Their stiff, sharply-serrated ody tanding orect snd thick-set, cut ko o Xknlto, and form an almost imnenetrable jungle. In traveling through this forondablo growth, & pasasgo Lias to bo openod to permit tho baw- mock—the conveysuce in principal neo— to bo borne forward. ‘It {s a vory strange fosling,” Mr, Moutoiro Informa, us, * when traveling in & hamiook, (o forcod through grass eo donse and 80 high that pothing but the aky above can bo asen,—a wall of dry, rustiing leaves on each sido shutting ous all viow, sometimos for inilo aftor mile, sud 50 intonsely ot and broathless as to bo almost uobearable.” Tho Iabor of penoirating through tia thicket is very exhausting, from the exer- tlon sequired, combined with tho suffocating heat, After the May ralns havo coased, tho grass, haviog proviously borue its flowers and fralt, spoodily dries fu the sun, and is thon sob ou firo by tho blacks, 1ho conflagration quickly spreads over the whole country, and leavea tho surfaco entirely baro. (iroou troes sod sbrubs do nat euffer “matorlal injury from the flames ; honoo the foresls ara sparcd, aud become the rofuge of the larger animals and the :}rl'li':.'. which are able to floo from the burning Houth of the Congo, there is only ono navi- gabla river, the Quanza; and thlg will only ad- mit veasols drawing 5 or 6 foot of water atlugh lides, The bods 0f most of the streams are Isft bars aurivg the dry scason; yet, & fow inches below the surfaco, coal, do- licious water {5 always found, Tho first rains In the (nterior generally flow down the dry chan- nels of theso rivars in & vaet and sudden forrent, Mr. Monteiro relates that, at oue timo, he saw the water rush down the Loanche inone grand wave, *¢tho whole breadth of the river, ond [ shonid judge sbout 8 feot high, driving bofore and carrying with it an immenso wmass of trecs and branches, roots, sedges, aud grasses, all contused and volling lm:uhhbl{ to the sea, with a dull, rashing roar, quite uolike the notse one would imagine abody of Wwater to make, but mare like s rush of socks down a mountain fn tho distanca; and very atrango and sgroeablo wa# tho chanya [n the landscapo,—a broad desert of whito ramd auddenly trausformed into o vast runuing tiver of freah wator, brioging gladuets to all hiviug things.” No mountatns of lofty helght occur in Angols, and 1o hills of importance in the littoral region, On the olevatod piateaux extonding into tho fu- tarior, rangod of hills of conslderable emivenco diversily tho sccnory, Yrom Bonguella to Mog- samedes, flat-topped bills, 200 or 800 foot n lioight, destituto of vegaistion, and somotimoa dooply cut by:gorges and ravines, aro a dietin- gulsbing featuro of tho lauiscapo. Snakes aro not commou in Augols. Tho most common spocies ia the boa-constrictor, wineh in- habita marehy river-horders. Hovernl paisonous serponts wora obscrved by Mr. Manteiro duting his long atay in the country, but ho atatea that thelr occurronco ia 80 raro as Lo pive no eause for dread. Hharke arc nnkoows along tho Wost Coast south of the Congo, and tho biacks batho in tho surf with perfect freodem and safoly. Dirds of many gpocies, and of beautiful plumage, Qigport in the sbiade of tha forent-troos, and il tho mir, ot cortain seasons, with thoir bosutifal molodica. Tho climato of Angola in caoler than wonld bo suppoeed from its Iatitudo, In tho lot soason, tha temporaturo soldom tisen abova BU to 85 de- greon Fahronhalt, tn tho siade; and, in the coot #eason, from 70 to 76 dogroes during tho day, and from G0 1 66 during tho night. Throogh- ont tho yenr tho nighits aro cool; and, half the timo, a blanket fortho bod ia indispensablo. Tho rain-fall oceurs in tho hot season,—that {8, botweon October and May,—{ho last storms Leing tho hoaviest. Tho rains aro violost and gclus,;odlha country, yet aro soldom accompanied ¥, wind. ‘Notwithatanding ita moderato dogreo of heat, tho chimate {8 most onervating, and espaciaily 80 in tho cool season, when the sudden losering of tho tompernturs hes n most doprossing oifect, In Alr. Monteiro's opinion, tho European race can novor thrive, oven n this, tho health- fest region on tho Weat Const. Ho also bellevea that tho inmalubrity of tho country conatitutea an ‘iusuporable obstacle to tha improyo- ment of the nntl tribos, ‘It can only have been, ho declares, ““hy countloss agen of battiing with malati, that bavo been reduced physically and morally to thoy thoir present wonderful atate or condition of withstanding successfully the climaticinfluencos, o fatal to thoe white and moro highly organizod Mr. Montoro describes the native of Avgola ag o creaturo of a dograded typo, Incapable of dovelopment or eolovation. Lo considers that the {ntellect of tho African racois in an ** nrrost- od stage,” from which it can ecarcoly be rajsed undor tho most favorable circumatauces. It is not marked by positivoly bad qualitios so much ®9 by o nbseuco of good qualities, and of tho sontiments nnd emotious that are rogardod na tho nocessary conshituonta of human naturo. 'T'ho nogro, lio asserts, kuows noitior love affoc- tion, tenderness, uor jealonsy. o has no words in hls Innguago iguitying lovo or affoction. o novor bLestows . Kizs or o caress oven upon his wife or his chiidron, Tho mothor rarcly fondloa lher babiea; nud, botweon paroutsnd child, s kivs is a thing unknown. Tho negro is not cruol, only dostitute of feoling. Resoutment and grat- jtuda aro alike forvizo to his character, and 80 510 all concoptiona of truth and honeaty. WMo sum up the negro character,” in the words of tho author, it is deficient in the pas- slons, and in_other correspouding virtues ¢ and the lifo or the uegro in hus primitive condition, apparontly do peacoful snd innocent, 18 not that of an unrophisticated stata of existooce, but is duo to what may bo described os an arun.nicnllr rudimentary framo of mind, and consojuently capablo of “but little _devolopmont to n highor typp; morn peaceable, vegelarian, prolific human rabbits and rulnea-pigs, in fact ; they 1may bo tamed nnd taught to read sud write, sing psaliny, sud other trioks, but negrocs thoy must remnin Lo the eod of the cisptor.” Tho testimony of Mr. Mouteiro is not encour- aging to tho missfonary, and yotit colucides wilh that of many candid and sagacious travelors i Africa. Lio beleves tho effort to Christianizo tho nogro must contiuuo to boin the futuro what it bas boen intho past, & aignal fall- ure; sud ho ropards tho outlay thatis being ado to send Bibiea and cvangalists to Africa a8 » ugcless waato of monoy and pains. Uig com- monts on tho aubject aro vigorous. and, it must Do wckuonlodged, rationul. Our blind philan- {bropiots crowd to hiear tho storcotyped tala of tho missionary in Africa,” bo romaiks, * and tho sroatest intcroat s takon in the offorts to amol- orote the nesumed unbappy state of the much- pitiod negro,—who I8 lying n verfect ensl‘oymnut and nukeduess, undor a maguificont eky, sur- Tounded by exquisice aconory, supplied by Na« turo with food without any work or trouble, and insonsiblo nliko to physical sufforing aud bard- ship, or meutal worry and vosation. . . . It ia limpossiblo for Any ono who bus lived much amonyst uatives of tropical ctimates not to con- trast tho lifo led by them with that endured by & groat portion of our own so Lighly-civilized Tace; to compare thoir, s arule, i peacoful, heulthy, and, I may say, Joss oxistence, withi tho grinding, deepairing pov- orty of ourcitics; with tho awful misory that Rides in noisomo 'dens, under a cruol, rigoroua climato, without'warmth, air, wator, or food ; swith tho conntant, hopeloss toil of thousands in onr manufacturimg districts, and tho frightfal Dacbarity, lgnorance, and vice,' underlyiug our civilization, with all its religions, wealth, and Juxury, Wo spend large wums in {he fruitless attompt to reclaim and convertthe nogro from his so-callod dark stato, and woslow thuusauds of our {nnocont chilitran at howe to grow up a3 thioves aud worse thou ravages.” ‘Almost all tha lsbor 18 performod {n Angola by slaves, who are treated with untvorsal kind- noss, both in tho towns and on tho plantations, They aro seldom or never hard-workod, and are, in nil respects, humanoly cared for, Tho aboli- tion of siavery in tho Portugucso possessions ls, howovor, decrocd to tako placo in 1878, and ghould the mesvure bo promptly earricd out, Mr, Monteiro predicts, as tho reault, the paralyels of every induetry. It s almost io- possible to hire (foo mon or women for any sor- vico, thair simplo wauts bong suppliod with yory littlo exortion, snd thoir native luzinossa prohibitivg any detire to improve their condi- tion. 'Tuo Instituuion of sluvery, which is par- triarchal in chavactor In Augzofs, i8_bolloved by Mir. Mouteiro to bo bonoliciul to tho ouelaved, a6 it socuros their protoction from meny of the ovils to which thoy aro subjoct iu & state of froodom, lu times of scurcity and famino, tho nogro tribos da not hesitate to kill off the aged, tho mfirm, aud the helpless, among them ; and thousands aro tuuu elaughtered without com- punction or romonstranco, Wheu s pooplo are o rockless of the lifo sud well-being of indi- viduals, Mr. Monteiro reasons that it ia better that & valuo should be set upon thom as mero chinttels, than that thoy should have tho libert; to abune sod dostroy cach other at tho insliga- tion of noceeeity or caprice. As an ovidence of the low Dtfinnlznl‘un of the negro, bir, Monteiro mentions thut bo hiay nover tamod and subjocted ay anfioal to his control. ivon tho cows nud goats ara_not wilked, oxoopt by tho natives gouth of the Iiver Quanza; while, in all Angola, no animal Is employed in agricultaro, or a3 & beast of burden, or for Tid- ftig. Nolther aregamos of akilior strongth prace ticed by tho Angolany; nor docs 16 appear that thioy have over beoa incited to contests at ball, gtick, wreatling, or soy other athletio exerciso, o 'ehildren Bave no toys or playthings, aod naver romp and Jlflny togothor, sy do thiosc of ths nigher races. Those, sud many similar facts whitch aro onumorated in Jr. Montoiro's oxcecd- fngly {nteresting account, furnish stroug ovie denco thint his opinion i3 corruct with regard to tho hopeloss incajiacity of Lho uverago African, Somuch novol and fustructivo matter hus boon gloaned by Mr. Moutoira, duriog obsorya- tions in Angola which did not proposo sctoutifio investigatiou for their tlrat object, that one murt regard tho conntry as o remarksbly fruitful flold for the naturaliss, and cutortain tho hopo that it will ero lomg bo exploreid by partios who ahall thotoughly umdliy ity resourcos in overy depart- ment of scientitie tquiry. THE THEORY OF DESCENT. Toz HIsTORT 0¥ CREATIO i, THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEEAITILAND 113 AMETANTA HY TUL ACTION OF NATURAL CAvuER, From the Geruan of Ennst TarcKEL, Profesmur i L University of Jens, The Tragalution Reviwd by E,Rot LaNzrstes, M. A, Frettow of Exeter College, Oxford, In Two Volumes, 2mo, New York: D, Apuleton & Co. This valusblo and interesting work, which originated in tho short-hand uotos of » series of popular lecturos delivercd by tho author beforo & mixed audienco, was progentod to tha pubile, in ita progent omplified furm, in 1808, and has pinco achloved 8o wide s reputation 28 to bo trauslated into sovorsl lauguagos, and rapldly to pasy through auccossive editious. It is futro- duced to English roaders by Ar, Hoy Tankester, who hag rovised the tisnslation made by s young 1ady, and performed au fmportaut sorvice for the reader by adopting in tho toxt simple Boglish tormy in placo of tho Germou pomes used by Prot, Haeokel 1o characterizing clasuos, ordery, snd genera. By tnls rational proceoding, the book i rendered throughout in plain English, easily lutelligivle to tho gonoral reader, and to tho youug student ot Nutural istory, whom 3t {8 cspecially intended to instrucs, Prof, Haeckol is known to tho sclentifia world as o naturaliet of distingulshed attsinments, who, by his original researchow, has done much to advance ous kuowledgo of the siructure of varlons ordern of tho animal kingdom. Ifo bua beon called * tha Apostlo of the thoory of Fvo- Iution in Gormany,” from hia ardont advocacy of tha dactriue, and his efliclont offorts to Bus- taln ft by the results of his investigations in Diology, A marked featnro of tho prosont work 18 tho clear and connocted sccount of the riso and growth of the thoory of dovelopment, from the first hints of its concoption by La- marah, St. Hilalro, Gootho, snd Oken, to lts final cotablishmout by Dacwin, This histary of tho gradual cvolution of the mout important hypothesis unfotdod i tho domain of scl- onco sinco Newton put forth the theory of Grav+ itation 200 yosrs ago, I8 more fairly aud compro- Lonalvoly presented by Prof. Haeckel than it has been by any otuer writer. Ita intorest in ew?rn-l that we have mado an abstract of it, which, how- aver, for conaclience' sako, has beon roforred to the oolumn oxclusively devoted fo Bcionce. Prof. {{sackol writea with extroms onthunlasm of the thoorics of Doscout and of Natural Halec- tion, and also of tlio ** naturo-philosopliers ” whio Liave contributed to thoir elucidation ; but his cuthnsiaam 18 onjoyable, for it is bascd upon an empirical knowadgo of the valae of tho theories, and Is justified by the admirable deinonsiration hio lins gaven of their significance, When tervor {8 sanctioned by rosson, as in tho prescot in- stanco, it 18 8 desirabla cloment oven in a acien- tiflc domonatration, {mparting & warmth and glow to langusge that kindies tho roador's mind with s corresponding ardor, and prouaza him more roadily and graclously to sccept new aud unexpacted trutha. 1n answering the numerous objections to the thoory of Dovolopmont, Prof, ‘Iineckol makos somo’ romarks upon the incapacity of uusclen- titlc porsona to pronounce au opinion upon it morlts, which are oxceedingly pertinent, Lad thoir wisdom besn brought bome to the minds of tho legions of theologians aud scholissta who Lave presumed to dogmatizo upon tho hypotho- gis a8 with authority, the world would have boen sparcd » vast amount of foolish aud vexatious controversy. Hays Prof. Hacckol In the flrll!{ahfl, 1 must obeerve that, in order thor- ouglly to understand tho doctriue of Doavent, aud to o convinced of ita absolutotruth, it is fudispensable {0 posecta » genersl knowledga of thie whola domain of Dlological plicnonicns, The theory of Liescent ia a bio- Tomead theory ; and henco it may “with fairucss and Justico be demsnded that {hose persons who wish to pass valld Judgment upon it should posstss the re- quisite degree “of biological kuowl 5:1. Their pos- sessing s apecial -mflmc nowledgo of this or tust do- main of Zoology or Liotany la not suficient; thoy must postess & gericral {neight (it the whols series of phes fiomena, at least in the came of ome of the tiirea organic Mngloms, They ought fto know what universal laws ‘result from the comparative morphology and physlology of organleius, but more es- ally from comparative snstomy, from tho indi- Vidual aud the psleontological history of develop- Tnont, ete.; and they ouglit o havo sommo ldes of the deop mechanical, caaual connestion between ali theso eorics of phenomena, It is nelf-evident that & certaln degreo of genoral cuiture, and espocially philosophical olucation, 18 requisite; which {s, however, unfortus nately by many persons n our dsy, uot consldercd at il nocessary. | Without the necessary oonnection of em~ piricat knowledqe and the philorophical unersianding of biotogical phenomena, 3w snpossibie to gan & thorough conviction of the truth of the theury of De- acent. Now, T aak, in tho face of this first prelfminary oon- dition for o true understanding of tho tucory of De- Becnt, what we uro to think of tho confured mass of orsons who have presuraed to nasn a written and oral udgment upon {6 of an adverso characler? Moat of them aro unsclentilc persvns, who either know Tnothiog of the most important phenomena of Blologs, OF ‘st leaat poeacsa mo‘dea of fheir decper iguill- cance, What should wo say of an unsclentific person who presumed to oxpress 2 opinion ou the Cell-thco- Ty, withont ever Laviug soen cells: or of onowhio pro- sttmod to queation the Yertobral theory, without ever Raving studlcd Compurative Auatomy 7 Aund yot ous miay meet with such ridiculous arrogance any day in the history of tho biologicsl theory of Desceut, “Ono hears of thousanda of unacientific ‘and but half-cdu- cated permoun paseing a flual judgment upon it although they know nothing oither of Dotany or of Zoology, of Uomparative Anatomy or the tlieory of Tleaucs, of Palcontology or Eambryology. Heuca it hap- pens, ag Huzley well says, that most of the writiugs publlshed against Darwin aro not worth the pajper up- on;which they are writton, Prof, Hacckol doclares that the only worlks op- posed to Darwin and the theory of Descent which deservo * covsideration, much leas rofuta- tion,"” aro those of Agaasiz, ** tho only emiuent sclontific adversary” opposad to theiwhole theory of Dovolopmeat. _Accordingly, the theory of oreation a8 doflnod by Agassiz i discussed at length, slong with tuat of Cuvler, inan early chopter. "Attor skotching the history of tho Dovelopmont thoory, Prof. Haockol procecds to au interprota- | tion of tho doctrino {n tho light which himsclt and othor dovoted naturaliats have cast upoa it. 1n tho chnpters of tho scoond volume Lo reviows the poriods and rocords of creation, the pedigreo and Listory of tho vogetablo sud animal king- doms, the origin aud pedigroe of meu, sud the migration and distribution of tha human enacies, —closing thn whole with a summary of the ob- jections ngaipat tho theory of Descent, and of tho proofs of its truth. THE ART OF ETCHING. Etoniuo anp ETounns, Dy Prstir GiLoxnt IAMEA- Tox, Author of *The Intellactual Life," etc. Illus- trated, Bvo., pp. 469, Doaton: Itoberts Brothers, Chicagos Jansen, McClurg & Oo. Price, $7.50, Mr. Hamorton is one of that small but choico circlo who writo sbout Art with 8 profound ap- prehensfon of tho naturo and limits of its ap- pointed mission. In dealing with any branch of tho subject, Lo $roats it from the high vao- tage-ground of tho profeasional paintor, and the sincero, eagacions thioker. Il words, there- fore, have a two-fold import, convoying precious and trastworthy advico to the student of Art, ond communicating valupblo reflociions of an equally-practical character to the goneral reader, Tho volume discusaing ** Etchings and Etchors " oxhibits In a Btriking light the romarkable traits of epirit and Intelloct that qualify the suthor for » teachor aud crilic. Although ono may come to tho book ina benighted stato concerning tho speoinlbranch of Art it considors, ho will rige from its pornsnl with a doep coaviction of the mean- ing nod value that are comprehendod in good otchings, and of tho relative ronk of tho world's fow great otchiors, Morcovor, he will rino with o Josting respoct for tho religious and cathollo feoling with which tho author rogards all true and bonest work, and all carnest and faithful workors, no mattor who or what they are, or whore they aro to bo found. A book that is abla to produco this vivid impression upon {ta read- eru is not wanting in tho eloments of real great- noss, In the first partof hia work, Mr, Ilamerton gpeakis of tho powors and qualitios of the art of Etching, which he estoems the noblest of tho linear arte, and ono which cannot be attained by tho averago sspirant, Thousands, mcluding painters of no mean talont aud oxperiencs, have atiemptod Etching s and yot, assorts Mr. ‘Ham- erton, ** In this multitude you cannot find thirly firnt-rato otchors; tlore are not twenty; thore muy be ton. If there is auy human pursuit wholly Inaccessible to men of “ordinary powors, it 48 Xtching, In this respect thero i nothing comparable to it except ponu(. Pationt Indus- try and some imitative faculty may produce a passable engraving ; loarniug and long trasuing, an seadomio pieturo; but nabody cau be taught to make fine etchings or fine pooms."” For an art that requirea such raro gifta for its succoustul attminmont, Liciing is einugularly un- attractive, and, as Mr. Ilamorton dootsrcs, can novor bo popular, 1t I like noble, but rugged nud abstruso poetry. It ean be appreciated only by tho cultivated, and by those w'.:o bave a fac- ulty for divining its flug, bidden seuse. 1tis thio thought 1o it that gives etching its value, The huos have no charm in thomselyes to so- cute approbation, ‘fhis vory abeonca of traits that win vulgar praiso, Mr. Ilam- erton deems o reason for congratu- lation, inasmuch as thero will ba leas templation for otohers to lower thoir work for tue sako of Impulu patronage, Whon tho lmitod aod astidious public who love Art with a geouine aud lofty appreciation roward {ho etclier with applauss, ho will ot bo apt to uso the ucodie to gravo on copper except 08 ho s fuspired by tho truest motives, The greater portion of 3r. Iamertons vol- ume ia dovoted to a criticiem of thonoted atohera of, Gormany, France, and England, Europe hus produced good etchors st the rato of two fo & century, sayas Mr, Ilamorton; yet bo gives space to » review of the boet works of sbout fifty etchors of the differont schools, and mentlons ‘briotly many more who have mado attempts de- rving notice. [Etching has boon practicod ong artiste for 800 yesrs, yot never with such aidity as during tha Iat fifteon years in Parie. Phis succossful rovival of the art in Frauce will form an epoch in tho artistio his- fory of the niuetconth century. In faci, a8 Mr. Ilsmerton notes, thero wWaa nevor in tho history of tho fine arls o many thor- ouglly-accomplished etchers gathered “within i&xu‘wnlhu( any city ae thers aro at this hour tn aris. 1In an appendix, Mr, Hanmerion has provided, for tho espocial beuctit of tho student, coplous practical notes npou tho processes followod by differout eichers ; whilo, furtbior to enhance the voluo of his volumo, s sories of twelve etchingy —copies from tho best mastors—have boen in- serted to illustrate tho toxt, Thuso form s moat useful a8 well a8 pleasiug feature of the work. And mill there remains s charming though tritting adjunce to the book, which we mesn to transfer bodily to our notice, 1t is the motto, borrowed from the poot, O, Yosmaer, sad trans- i Intod by Ttulds, It will show, bettor thinu sag- thing wo have aald, what otching renlly I3z Know yo what Ftching 47 Tt in ta ramiilo On coppers, in & sumeer-twilight's hour, To fet necret Fancy Adiin tun-fuily. 1t 19 tha whisperiug from Naturo' heart, THoardd when wo wandor o5 the maar, or Kazo On Lo sea, om ficeey clonda of hieaven, or at ‘T riishiy 1ako when playful dicks stn splashing 1t I 1ho down of doves, thin eagle's el "Its Hotner In » nutshell, ton commandemients Writ on penny urfa A elah, comprivod in O . A littio {mage in fta bird's Aot evight, 1t 1a to palnt on ths Roft gald-hued copr.er With ating of wasp anl veivet of thy winey Of Duterily, by eparkling suntesias glnzel. Fiven an tho eicher's nesdle, on lia pinl, Toth eatch what In e artist-yoct’s minit Ieality and fancy did create. ORDER OF STUDIES, Tne Tnue Onvrn or Bupies, BT Ti0sAR TILL, 12mo., pp, 163, New York: G ¥, Putuam's sons. Trive, &1 "Fuls contribution to pndagogic acience, though containing little that lv new to progreeeivo teachers, la worth porusal. The first two chaptors aro so metaphynical, if not pedantlc, that ordinary ronders may bo frightened away bofore roaching tho really wholesome thonght that lios beyond tho repollant beginning. The autbor bas earncd a righit to speak on pedsgogics by sears of experienco ag & teacher; though no ono wouald sccopt all of his beliofs and con- clnulons, 11is Order of Bludies {a ni followa: Mathomatica; Natural IHiatory; Puychology; Theology. ‘Fho srrangement of Mathomaties fa: frst, (]oomat? + socond, Arithwetic ; third, Algobra. It would bo lmposeiblo to_give at fength tho muthior's roasons for this depnrturc from the - ordinary conrso of study, but tho following sro g;mnnnectufl sentoucos whichi slow somo of his ens : Tho cllld recognizes hundreds of objects from thelr aliapes, long befors ho could Lie tanght to count them therefire, Geometry precedes Aritimetle In education, Wo tmust, howover, remembr that tho great euds 10 sectire by early geometrical culture aro accuracy of ob- sorvation and dufinitencas of imagination, For tho fimtiwo years after tuechiid bas begun to clpher, let your wholeafm be fo make him_ozpert in thieno four (fundsmontal rules of Arithmetic]. The mathematical sclences are advatcing with won- derful rapidity in this ninetceuth century; but our ‘American commoneschool education haw a4 yot Lardly felt even tha discoveriea of the soventoenthi, ‘There {8 alwaya danger of o bungling teacher's ex- liu?ulllllnx the chitd's thirt for knowledge, 1t han seemod o me that, in cousideration of the great suflering of childbood from that which Lamilet Somuch droaded, bad dreamus, wo might quite ourly give tho child enotigh of Paychology to cxplatu to hiny the Liarinlessness of thosa mousters, Thoinjusy dono 10 the bodily hisalth of students by aver-oxortion of tho brain commes in no amall degreo from the unnatural order of atudies, giving the b~ stract before the concreto, Inteilectual hought finds utterance in words; sen- timent, Lo art; priuciple, In scte, MISS DELIA BACON. Oun OLp ose: A HLurys or LyGLisn Suriches, Ty NATHANLEG HAWTHOBNE, 18mo., pp, 350, Bos- ton't James I, Oagood & Co. Among tho very Interesting papers in this vol- umo is one entitled *Tho Recolloctions of & Gifted Woman,"” in which Ilawthorne relates tho bistory of his scquainzance with Miss Delin Bacon, tho author of tho tloory that Lord Lia- con wrole tho plays ascribed to Shaksposro. For threo yonrs and over, Miss Dacon lived in ZLondon, a secluded sud solitary lifo, alienated from hor friends at homo, and estranged from every oarthly interest #ave that which monopo- Jized nud finally maddened Lor. Sbo suffered much from ill-bealth, and never left her lodg- ingy, which were In tho bouea of o kindly grocer, lera who propared thie bulky volumo $uto which she put the ingenious argument, tho profound philosophy, thu pungont criticiems, and the cloquent truths, that sho Lsd ovolved from an oxhuustive study of Buskspeare, and from tho deptbs of her own brilliant mind. iawthiorue way strongly atiracted towarda tho gifted, noblo, nud enthusiastio woman. Iu the @ngle intorviow ho bad with Ler, ho describes hor conversation as remarkably suggostivo, * al- Inting forth one's 0wn ideas und fantasica from tho sby placea thoy usually hauut. Sho was ine doed an admirablo ta'or, considering bow long sho had held Ler tougue for tack of a iistener,— pleasant, supny, sod’ sundowy, often piquant, ud giving glimnses of all & woman's varioud and readily chargoable moods and humors; aud beneath thom all” thero ran & doep nud powerful under-current of oarncstuess, which did not fail to produce iv tho listoner's mind sometbing ik, n wr?ponry faith in what eho bolioved so for- vontly." ‘Phiough Hawthorno's assietance, Mies Bacon's book found a publisher; bat it fell with & dead thutwmp at the feot of tho public,” and the terriblo shock of tho disappointment crazed and Killed 1ts deluded nuthor, She died a fow months after tho appearance of her worg, litorally & martyr to tho mistakon beliof sto had 8o pas- wlonatoly sdopted. Hor Look was morcilessly abused by tuoe critics in both England aud Amor- iea; and Hawthornu states that, ai far a3 hiy knowlodgo exteuded, it nover lisd more than a siuglo roader, an onthusiaatic countrsman of the author, who becamo o coutirmed convert to Lier doctiino. BOOKS RECEIVED, MAnsILL'S ATAANAC oF MEIEOROLOA! TANY DPITENOMENA FoB THE YEAN 1 Sxsre or Scuixce, Dy Rioiaup M uje IT' 67, Mtock Island, 1M, Chicago: Jansen, Me~ Clurg & Co. ~I'rice, $1. Prescivies or Mixia, ' By I, 11 Couuing ¥, G, B., “Authior of ** A First Book of Afiberslody,” cle, ith 119 Illustrations. 16mou, py. 161, New York: G. I Tutnamy's Sons, Chicsgos Jauscn, McClurg & Co. Prico, 0 centd, Arienanonis, Edited for fichools and Colleges by ¥, ‘A, Manos, LL, D, With Explanatory Notea by G, . B Owin, A. 3, Adjunet Frofesaor of Cliriutiau Greek in Lafayetto College, 12mo., pp. 264 New Yorlk:; Uarper & Brotbers, FAMILIAR TALK. THE ANCIENT GREEKS. Dt littlo information can be gathered abont the commou dwolling-houss of tho ancient Greoks. Ifomer desoribes only pulncos; and Vitrurius' accouuts relate only to the magniticent Louses of tha wealthy afcer tho time of Alexander. Inthe desolate Islo of Delos thora exists the romnant of a simplo Greok Lousoof anclent timas; bus those who have visited it Liavo not described all its ports. 1t bas a bosutifal, small vestibule or open hall, with two Ionic columns in frout, from which rooms open on cach side, and from tho back of which extends a long hall, This ls, iu gonoral play, like what wosupjoso the comemon houses to have beon, oxcopt that there was gon- orally an opon courtyard, which was much shorter: From tho sidos of this courtyarJ, opening into the colonnndos, were small roows, ueed for store- rooms, slospiog-rooms for mon-gorvanty, ete. In {his courtyard usually stood a statne of Zeus,or an altar dodicatod to him, as he was tho protector of tho home. At thio resr of tho court com- monced the dwolling propor, ns inhabited by the fowlly. First, with it antiro sido oponing upon tho court, wos the public and most importaus room of the houso, called the hail of the men, Here was probably placed tho holy hearth, do- voted to Hestia, the all-preserviog goddess, to whom worship waa offorsd whonever a chungo of any importancoe toak place in tho fumily, such ay birth or deatn, departurs or roturn. It was also tho refuge of any ono needing protca- tion; oven tho slaves of tho house fled 10 it to escapo punishment. At tho sides of this hall wero tho moro important bodrooms of fuo family, and m the rear of hall and bedroomy wera tho roowns appropriated to the mistress of tho houso and hor maids, whero they spun, and wove, and porformed tho variona housvliokl dutics of tho family. ‘The Lioly hoarth was par- tially at tirst used for cooking, but afterwards another room was dovatod to kitclien-ecs, 'hero was genorally a garden adjoining the womon's apartmonts, sand frequontly s second story of rooms above thoso nlteady described, ‘LLi3 18 the truth se nearly ascan bo accertained § any coecnptions of tho Gresk houso that remsin to us bemyg Of tho more Iuzurious, enlarged houses of a later perfod, In tho first days of Grecco, tho privato dwallings wero very eimple, whilo the peopla took pridein the graudenr of their tomples, their gymnasis, their matkot-placed, their hippodromes, their stadia for foot-races, and thoir theatres, The (ireoks dovoted so much timo to tho oxer- clyoa which devolop bodily vtrength and Leauty, and gatges sbowing plyeical prowess mado s0 Jargan purt of tholr rehgiouy festivals, that thioic gymnesia becamo their most fmportant buildinges, the vory centre of city-lifo; aud largo towns often containoed sevoral, Tuo l:ymumum was constructed much jika the dwelling-houeo, with n roolless court, surraunded by colonnades, with reomns adjoining. ‘I'icso roousd were usod for various purposes ; for tho bash, for rubbivg the ody with uil, otc., as woll a8 for tho Jiscis- siona of h rhotori nd plillouortiora tho centre room in the oar of tho court beings Jarge halt for tho practice of the young mon, sud cantaining soats for spectators. Many gym- nauin diffored from this description of a vory slmplo one ; and somo Lad a long, coverod pas- B8EO, coutdmug oun each eide s platform for walkers, and, in tho middle, a lowor space for wroatlora; wihulo thoro wore often gardous, snd pnblic walis, and atadia, attached to the gym- naclam, when Greck amusoments becatan 1aors oxnrosive, Tho azora, or toarket-piaco, waw, like tho peianasium, & lisndsomo. bullding, ducing the ndid period of Grook architacturc. In sen- posta, iL1ar by tho kea ; fn othor towns, 1n tho heart of tho city, It hiad scate for the accommo- dation of the citizons when they mot for conule tation ; ranctuarics wheracommenced and termi- nntad tho Journosings of religions processions ; and, origiually, lioro wero all commercial trans- netions carried on, nod ail festivo gamoa cole- Lrated, Its centre-pleco was & quadrangular building, gonerally surroundod by colonnades 3 and this wan often tho perfection of Lesuly, as in the instsnco of tho so-called * Tawer of the iude,” which oruaments iho mar ket-placs of Athons. The bhippodromo and siadinm wera necossarily similar in sbape, for tho accommodation of tho chariot and fool races; nnd minute descriptions, as well a9 ruing s4ll oxisting in various localfties, enablo tho modern_student to understand thialr construc- ticn. Of tho theslies, t0o, abuwndant remainy wlill oxist toshow tho arrangomont of the dif- feront parts, sud, togetor with tho rocords of ancicot writors, to enablo tho archreolopiet to reconstruct thoso butldiogs in the crection and ornamentation of which the cultlvatod Grocks delizbited to sbow their devotion to the drama. Of courre, tho climax of Grecian architecturo was reachod when a number of temples wero grouped togethor in some place consecrated to kods, whero games aad festivities were held, and prizes wero piven for pl\{‘mal skill and strength, and for oxcellonce in tha arts of musio and pootry, Tho furnituro of tho Grocks, especlally that used In private dvellings, can bo only known to us through the objeets foand in graves, aud pic- tured representations which atill exist. Thoy bad eeats of various kinds; one like onr camp- btool, which wos conveniontly carried. Othor weaty without backs had four porpondicalar legs, and romao wore of o hoight to roquire a foot- #:00l for mounting and for comfort in sitting, Othor seats had ™ curving, comfortablo backs ; and others still both backs aud arms. These latter wero reats of honor, aod In temples the thrones of tho gods. In public places they wero gonorally of morblo, aod fn privato {xounofl of woo'l,—being ornamented with scuip- uro. "Tho enlarcemont of the stool-like seat becamo the bed, both of a folding snd a permaneut ehapo, and moro or less zdornsd with carving, turuing, ond inlaying. Tho bedding of tho luxuricoe periods coaeistol of mattroshos and pillows of wool and feathers, woolen blaukets, and sheets of linen, There wera also couches for day-use, whero peoplocuul:x read, write, or take their meals. Tables swero small, snd conveutently low, aud were, lize tho beds and couches, of wood, especially maple, and of bronzo, of ivory, snd thn procious metals. ‘Clothing and orusments, dozuments, nad a0y mall thing of value, were kopt i drawers, and i boxes likechests, Tho custom of the Greoks, of placing the uteuuils of daily lifo in the graves of their doad, bas presorved to us much beautiful Grocian pottery. Iu Greoco itsell, ecicntific rosearch hay not been sllowed to accomplish mwuch ; but, in Italy and in Sicily, abundant specimens of pottery bave been obtamed, and aro still being extumed. From the paintings on theso vesscls, wo draw much of our knowledgo of Greek cus- toms. The moro common arc of red clay, pofated with figures in black, and nre of varied and often mont elogant shapes. Versels ‘wero usod for both dry and fluid stores, but only tho latter are now found. Thera were wine and off stins, made of tho hides of animals; sud kitchsn-utensils fu abundance, such ns are familiar to ua from the descriptions of Pompeiian excavations. Thore were largo stono tubs for batiing. snd metal vessels supported on a tripod, under which s fro conld be built for heating water, There wero firo-basins for heating rooms, in shich was burned dry wood ; turcles, supported Fomotimes fu tho hands of statues; cundelsbra, small, cap-staped oil-lnmrs with hondlos; nod, for tho atreet, beside torches, lanterny of horn, contnioing o lawp with ol Flame was pro- duced by the friction of twwo pieces of wood, and coals wero carelully prescived beneath the Bshee. Tho Greeks possessed numerous and beautifal yessels of metal, of wlars, and of costly etones, ueed ta bold ojntmerts, and as drinkiug vesscls ; and & fow of theso still oxist, Baskets of plalted rushos wero wmuch iu ude, and were of every shapo, Tho ordinary Greek woman waa cesentially tho housowifo, and the mothor of the tamly; liviug a sectudod, and oven s guarded life, but being absvlnte mistress of her domestio domain. Her labors wore cookng, spiuning, snd weaving; though, in every homo, evon of moderatomeaps, the hoavy labor ~wos all arformod by femolo slaves, lenviog tho ladics of the hougo much time for embroldering, for the bath, and for careful dressing, Their ornaments wero mauny, aud elegantly manufac- turod: and they biad sunsbodes and hand-mir- rors, liko any odern benuty. Swiogiug Was & fuvorite amusemoent with wo- men, and Jittlo gitls aro paid to bove liked, in that innocont day, the gamo of jackatonoes, which smuecs our children still, Tho_Grovks tisd the beautifu! custom of crowning the hesd with flowers or leaves on al- most il occasions, grave or gay ; and tho flowo! muarket ot Athons was always supplied with gar- Jands and crowns of the favoritu violet, of roses, of myrtle, of ivy, and of silver-poplur; somo for tho roveler, eomo for the victor, and somo for tha doad. —— SPARKS OF SCIENCE. “rHE THEORY OF EVOLUTION. No sclentifio theory of an equal dogros of im- porlance las ever boen received with such im- mediato favor among tho students sud profoss. ors of sctonca ns has the doctrine of Evolution ginco 1ty elaboration by Darwin, and its explaoa- tion by his original bypothesis of Natural Seloc- tion, WIithin less than twenty yoars sinco Dar- win's publication of * Tho Origin of Bpecios,” tho great majorityof savants in all conntries, except, perbeps, m France, havo abnodoued the timo-honored 'Feleology which has boen tianded dovwn in tho Mosale account of creation, and have embtaced the proposition termod varioualy the theory of Descont, of Developmont, or of Evolu- tion. Tho theory bas natnrally oxcited iutonse fu- torest among afl thinkiug porsous, as it has con- ficted with the Biblical cosmogony, and haa therefore scomod to threaton the integrity and lifo of the religios foundod upon the literal word of tho Scriptures, 1t Lms, from this cauxo chicily, beou tho subject of immcuso con- trovorsy, and hus instigated the production of woro thedes of various length sud form then almost any other topic of the times. Yet, not- withetanding tho large amount of popular and eciontifio liternture that hias Leen crouted either 1o maiutain or to refute it, the theory itaelf, and the manucrof its growth, ate geuerally impor- foctiy underatood. DBy many it ia still Aupposed that tho entiro doctrine of Dovelopment, briofly called Darwinism, was the diecovery of him who Dos given it its wido fame, aud unwittingly, with tho unscientitio publio, Its common name. ‘Lhis 1nistake, with most othoers that have arwen from a misnndorstanding or o half-understanding of tho facts of the casv, Is cutirely cleared away by Irof, Hucckel iu his systematio * History of Creation,” whichh has boen rocently made ac- ceasible to English readers. Fron that work wo condopso tho following skotch of tha growth of tho Theory of Dovelopment up to the poriod witon Darwin procluiwed tho hypothesis that mailo it at onco rossouable aud accoptabla ; Madorn Natural History was founded o littlo ovor & century aud A quarter ago, by Charles Tlourus, who, by the cetablishment of tho + biunry nomonclatire,” first mada it possible to classity the endlces forma in the animal and vogotavle kingdoms in o rogular sud compro- honsive system. lu traciug e history of cro- ation, Linowuy conforiad clodely to the Mosaia accorint, adopting evon tho siatement of & gen- oral tlood, and tho Ymno!vnhml of tho different Spocies of autmals in Noab's erk. Tho suthorlty whicli Linnaus gained by tho great gervices ho roudored Diology gave welght to his hypothosis of creation, and enabled it Lo retain it position until & vory rocent timo, Mont naturalists, fol- Yowing aftar bim, acctpied his dogma with ro- gard to tho origin of apocics uuruestioningly, and directed thoir ingirics in lines which fod to 1o serious disturbance of tho arbitrary doctrine which boand thew, Cuvier, the text grest name in the department of Zvology aiter that of Linnwus, agroed with fhe Bwodish naturalist in his belief in the inde- pendont croation of {udividual specios. Cuvier even wont 60 far as t0 assert that ' tha fmmuta- Dility of apocies i3 a necessary condition of the exlutouco of eclentifio Natural iistory.” Tho principal work of Cuvier was tue cotablishment of the eclence of Comparative Anstoiny, and tho alstinction of nstural fawilies in tho orders of the anjmal kivgdor, Tagmeus had srraugod all anfmals in & winglo scries, disidin, ¢ them into classes by au artiticisl mottiod based upon the Patiro of tho heart and blood; but Cuvier sep- aratedd animale into four groat natursl divietous, founded upon their plan of wtructure. Cuvier arrivod 8t ¢his _system of olsssification tirough the mudy of Cowparative [z« atomy, and tho credit of tho discovery I8 gonorally macribed .oxciusively to im ; E“ Bar, ono of the foremost natnraliuts nmnnf ja contomporatice, camo to ths samo grau conelusion almos’, simultancously, and quito 1o~ dependently, through the study of Embryology, But neithor of theso origioal minds conceived the idos tiat tho simnilarity in the Innor organ. fzation and o tho embryonle development of animals {n oxplicabla by the Iaw of inkeritance. Cuvier's cosmogony embraced a sorieyof quite distinct poriods of croation, saparated from each other by tromendous cataclyerus or cataa- trophes of an_unknown nature, At ths occur- renco of cach cataclysm, all pre-oxisting 1ite wag destroyod; and, aftor its conclusion, an ontiroly now crestion of organic forms took plao, Thoso vlews of Cavier upon the ravolu- tions of tho certh'a surfaco, snd the chaoges wrouzht by them in tho ammal world, nniver- rally provaited during tho firat half of tho pres- ont century. Towarda the closs of tho It contury, a ro- action elowly sot In against the fnfluonce of tho empirical schiool which Linnzua bad founded and Cuvier bad ao stronely fortified. This mova- oot wa3 howled by Lamnsrek and _(ieoffrov St. Hilalro, in Frauco, and by Gootho and Oken, in Germany. It 18 common to regard Uoothe purely 88 a poct and A mon of letters, but ho was, beeidod this, what Prof. Flncokol calls n $epature-philosoplior,” with views far in ad- vancs of tho naturalists of Lis time, Mo [t wa3 wha originatod tho important idea that tho loaf is the fundamortal orgen of the plant, In his colovrated work on the **Motamorphosis of Plants,”” poblished in 1790, he poluted out thet tho ondless varioty of. forms extilbited In the vogetshlo world s produced simply by tha iofinitely diverss developmont and motamorphosia of tha leaf, A conzeption similar to this way that of hia ver- tobral theory of the ekall, in whicl ho showed thiat tho skull of man and of tho vertobrate ani- mala s but s bony case formod of vertcurin liko thoso composing the spino. Althaugh this the- ary hias been groatly modified by rocent discov- cries, it was at tho’ timo of its publication of much valus in Comparativo Amtnm‘v), giviog oA~ soutial aid to an understanding of the structuro of vortebrato snimale, nnd of many individual phionomens. Goetho wad for n loog time dili- gontly occupiod with atudies 13 Compara- tivo Anatomy, and anothor of the interest- jug rosults of Lio investigations was ihe aiscovery of tho midjaw-bono i man. Aoato- mints had proviously Iaid great stroes ttpou the absouca of ‘thiu bone, constdering that it consti- tuted tho principal differenco betwaon man and tho ape; thereforo, when Goethe proved ity existonce, ha contributed an lmportant fact towards the concluson that man is_only a mammal of the bighest doselopment. Iu theso researchies, Guoths helped to suvport the theory that all organic species nro descended from & common onginal tyve, This thevry was plaiuly fudicated in many of his writingzs aa an original concluiop, and was warmiy advucated by him ofter its devolopment by Luwarck. Oken, who bas been cousidered tho most eminent of tho Germen nature-philosovhe:d, coutested with Gostho tho houor of estadhshing the vertubral theory of thse stull. ~In 1902 Oken publisied an ** Outlin of tho Philosopliy of Na- ture," and in 1809 a ** Manual of tho Ihilosoply ot Naturo.” in which ho forcshadowed tho great theories since aistinctly demonstrated, thatall or- Ju0ims are cunytructod of the clomensary coll, aud that the phenowmoens of life procced from what Oken donumunsted Primitivo Sline, but what i+ now kaown a8 Protoplasta, 1e also emphatcally asserted tho doscent of man from the lower or- gen.ma tu words hiko these: ‘*Man tas been daveloped, uoc created.” Avuther Germau plulosophar, whosa work in the dovelopuent of tho theory of D2scent should noz L overjooked, was Gottfried Ioine Liold Trovir.nus, of Bremon, who was born in 1776 and died 11 1337, Io the fitst threc vol- umes of bis * Lilogy or Thilosophy of Ani- mote Nature," publiched fn 18v2, 1503, snd 1505, Trevironus exproesses viows of tho unity of nature, aud the geological counuoction of ‘the wspecies of organistus, that are iu perfeet bar- mouy with the theory of Evolution. Amoug othor German naturalists who buve moro or less clearly developed the fundamental idea of the ovolution of wpecies, Frof. Ilacciel mentious Leopold Buch, who, in bis * Physical Descrip- tion of the Canary Islands,” bints at tho diver- gont development uf the forma of speoch a8 well o3 of the forms of species. Carl Erust Bar, *t5o grent roformer of animal embryology,” aunoanced i 134, thot organic wpecics muat have descloped by transformation from a miugle origmal form. J. L. Schleider sdvauced tus same ides in lus *Outlines of Seiontific Botany,” published fu 1849, F. Unger, of Vienns, in hig *“Attempt at & llistory of the TWorld of Planty," majutained the deriviston of sl species of plants from n few primary forms, and posatbly from a single origial plant,—ou simplo vegotablo-vell. Victor Cerus, of Lelpsic, autlior of the * System of Auital Morpholozy,” aud Bchaffhausen, the anthropologist of Boon, declored in the same year, 1858, opiniona in ac- cordanco with the dactrine'of Descent. Lastly, Loms Buchnor, in his_celebrated work on “Force aud Matter "' (1535), councistod the fuu- damental principles of the dovelopment of spe- cies, addiug that the origin of the primary forms couid bo couceived of uuly s tho result of spon- taneous gonoration. Turping from tho pature-philosophers of Ger- many to thoso of I'rance, we hiave contiuued e i dences that, at tho boginuing of our ceutury, the timo was ripo for o rovolution iu the theorics of the genexiaof specios, and that mon of Beieoco were everywhore ndepoudently urging it for- ward by tue conclusiond to which their rescarches simultavcously impelled them. In 1501, Jean Lamarck, then ayed 57, film to tho world the fire: con- nected oxpesition of tho theory of Evolution, and ta bum, therefore, bolongs tha full crodit of ite anthoraliip. In 1800 the theory was furtber: olaborated m the * Philowophio ~ Zoologique ;" and, later atill, it was detailed i the introduc- tionto his * Natura! Iiistory of Invertebrato Animals,” which sppearod Litween tho years I815and 1822, Yet tho groat importancs of tho doctrine thus promuigated by Lamarck was gearcely recogmized by Lis coutom= poratica. Cuvier nover montioned —the publication of tho # Philosoplio Zoologlque,™ 1n his ** Iteport on the Progress of the Natural Heronces;" and Gioetbo does not soem to havo known of its oxmstence. The rcasou why the tLeory met with so littlo appreciation was owing to the defective support which the author gave it by tho accumulation of testimony to the par- tisan charactor of some of Lis argumonts, and, above ail, totho fact that tho thoory was fifty yoars iu advance of tho ago. "[wwonty-sovon years aftor Lamarck bad formu- Intod the theory of ‘Doscenl,—that 15, in 1623, — Etloone Gooffroy §t. Hilaira (tho clder) pub- lishiod Lis ideas of tho trausformation of Organic species, which wero eseentinlly the samo 0§ thowo of I distinguishod countryman, Milaire, Lowever, sustained tho opinion thal the varia- tion of wpoecios was chuotly effiectod by the changea it the vital conditions of tho outer world, whoreas Lamarck had taught that the trans- formation was due to tho action of the orgaulsm ftuolf, to its uso or disuse of ita members sud applisnces, [n 1830, 8t, Ililaire engaged o & memorable discussion with Cavier upou tho teury of Devolopment. The disgute, begin- niug on the 224 of Fobruary, was continlied througl sevoral sassions of tho French Acwderny, —the flercest debato taking place ou the 1uth of July. Doth naturalists engagod in the conflicy digplayed au oxuwnflmr{ degroe of fueling, whowlng, a8 Prof. Hacckel somarks, that they *waro fighiting for thelr most encred and deepoat convictions.” In s {ast work, entitled ** Prine cipen do I'hllosophia Zoologlquo par M. Grof- Iroy de $t. Hilaire,” and foishied but o fow days boforo bis dosth, Guethe gave o descriptlon of thly dispute, which had deeply interestod him st tho timo, with an excellont nkotchof the two great combnsants, 'Tho dispute torminnted With the victory spparently on tho eidy of Cuvier; and tram that time tho naturalists of Frauce huve, asa boay, adhorad to the thoory of genoration sct forth sud detonded with s mueh anthority by the opponent of Lamarck nu:'l. Bt. flilairs, * In no civilized country In Lurope,” says Drof. HMaeckel, ' has ~ Darwiod doctrine had g0 littlo cffect = ad France, . . . At mosi, thero aro two dietinguished botanists, among tho fecont I'renich usturslists, whom we may fuou= tion né having vouturad Lo oxprosu thonisolyos in favor of tho mutabllity aud grun»lnrmlhnnol spocies, ‘Lhens Lwo won BIO Noudin (1952) and Lecoy (1850)." In ku;:)aud. tLo lirat naturalist who proclalmed yiews uiniilar to thosn of Lamarck snd Goethe waa Erasmus Darwin, tho graudfather of thocele- Brated Churles Dacain. °Ho carly a8 1295, with 1o knowledgo of the kindred “theorics then belng worked out by tho great noturo-philos- opliers of Gerwsuy and France, Erasuus Dar- win brought oiit & scientilic work named Wgonomm,” in which he ssserted that tho vuristion of specios Was offected by thelr own vital setion and by chanzzed conditions 1u their surgoundin Indopsnuent advocates of tho Hovel thoory aftorwards spraug p at dimiaishe fngg itorvals in tho Britisn Kingdom. W tarbert doclared Litaself ono of the corps of soadvanced thinkers” upon this pub- oct. Four years later, Grant, of Kdin. urg, joined the emall but increasing company. In 1831, Freke became opo of them; and, in 1852, Horbert Sponcer—a host in bimeolf—joined the standard whick Erasraus Darwin bad sot up, and powerfully strenkibencd its juttuenca Ly minutely dewonstrating the nocesaity of tho thoory of Doscent in o clear and philosophio mauner. Fiually, in 1859, Huxley deciared tbat the bypothesis of Fvolution waa thoe only one oconcllable with sclentifio physiologyy aod 9 . | Hookor praclaimed his sdhetence to it in ths * Iutroduction to tho Flora of Tasmaois," supe pfllt’fln it w'ilgh o:mutv‘nuonu of his own. uring tho twenty-ong years botwean 1837 and 1853, Charles Darwin, who bad adopted the, nmor(y of Descant, was. unfinged in working oub the (heory ot Natural Helection, He wrole ar skotch of” the hypothesia in 1844, but withheld ita publication until the facta ho was gathor- ing for its demonstratlon should anfica. for proot to bimself o3 well as to others, Whila still tofling toperfect his conception, Alfred \allaco, & distinguished nsturalise, thon oxploring the wilds of the Sunda Islands, hit, in the courao of his observations, upon the theory of Solection, and sent tha outlines of it ta Darwin himself, to bo commuuicated to the Lin- nman Hoclaty of London. On consultation with Tyoli and Hooker, Darwin was persuaded to pre- gont bLla own skolch of the _theory, tndo In 1815, alopg with thst formards ed by allaco; and the two moan- eeripta wore lclnnll{ handed in to the Soclaty st the samo time, and publirhed together In ‘tha Journal of Uin Linnzan Soclefy, August, 1858 On learning the circumstances, Wallaco gonor- ously withdrow his claiin to the discovery of the thoory of Belection, and Darwin, who had roally tho riht of priority, onjoys tuo undivided honor of Linving orlginated it. From this rapid historleal skoteh, it will be Boon that the theory of Doscent {4 not now, Lut has peen famillar” to ominsot naturalists for many years. Tho patticular servico which Charles Darwin has performod in the elucida. tion of tho thoory ia thus defined by Prof. Hacckol: **In tha firat placo, tho doctrine of Descont—tho fundamontal ides of which was alroady clearly expressod by Goetho and La. marck—hns baon doveloped by him much maro comprohensively, has boen traced much more minutely in all directions, &ud carried out much more strictly nod connectodiv, than by any of his predeccssors ; and, escondly, he hag cetoblishied n new thoory, which roveals to us the natural causes of organio dovelopment, the acting causes of organfe form-production, snd of tho clisuges and transformations of animal and vegetablo species. ‘Thia §s tho theory which wa call the theoty of Selection, or, moro propor- Iy, tho theory of Natural Helection.” i “THE LOT OF THE LAWYER." To the Eiter of The Clicarm Tribune : Cuicaco, Fob. 9.—Tha article in & rocent ls sue of sour paper under tha above title, al- though corract in the maiu, I3 fusccurats in somo respects. In attempting to prove that the ‘momors of talented lawyers ia doomed tooblivian, youeay that eveu o lawyor would be troubled to pame 08 mauy e two emincnt lawyers whosa fame, as such, lina lasted o cenlury. I admil that sach is tho caso 1n this conutry, s our Ro- public is not yet quito o century old. Still, most pooplo, aud every lawser, romember tho namet of Webster, Choate, I'iuckney, Witt, sud many others,’ on accoant of their famo na lawyers. They will nleo remembor tory, Kent, Saraball, Trucy, Ciaso, and sull others, Althongh tho last named were, ju the lator stage of life, snthors or Judges, yot-thoy wero prom- tuent luwyers bofore, and becamo Judges on account of their reputation nod abilily a8 Isvyers, It in b mistako to eupposo that thoso men will be forguttou a huudred yoars after their death. Scores of 1awycrs can be named in England and other countricd who lived over a contury ago, and whoo names ara not yot for- gotteu, Lord Manefleld aud Halo, aud those mentioned by you, will bo remewbered for many centuries, ‘Lhey were Judges, but thoy are also romembered as lawyers, For tho names of othor prowinent English lanyers, I rofer you to Camplell's work entitled **Uho Lives of tho Lord Chancellors.” Tho names of ‘Tibonianus Paulus, Ulping, Bexvols, Yapissisu, Uaius, au Modestinus wiil be remembered a3 long at Roman history endures as_distinguished advo- cates pud jurists; aud tho fame of Cicero &6 oy advocato ij reuderod immortal by the orations Dbe wade in cauxes wiich he pleaded. In it vot n[mn of tho hustory of France thal- Trouchet, Dlortale, Digot do Preamenou Malville, Berlier, and Treilbard compiled tho colebrated Code Napolson? T'hoy wore law- e aud their crration tho world remombors, £ It should be objected that the men who com- piled the Pandects and the Codo Napoleon ar¢ remombered na authors, aud not as lawyers, I reply that they wers none the lesa distingaished Iatryers, nud romombered ns snch ; and that thoy could not have composed those works if thoy had not been able inwyers. You uxk, Who can give tho naumos of the groal Iawgers who defeuded Queon Caroling iu that important caso? Not evorybody would bo apt to remember them all, but most peopla kuow somo of thow, sud fowv could bo fosud who da not know Lord Brouglham was ono of them. ‘I'ne Covstitutions of most countries ara draft. ed by stateemen who by education sud expe. rience aro lawyerd; and such works ara creations which tho warid ewmctabens, You observe corroetly that one reason why the effort of tlo lawser ato uot norogonerally ap- preciatod 1o, that they relato to individnal casea 10 which tho geveral public inve no interesk But this is oqually the case with tho phyuician, wn well a8 tho preacher outside of lis congrega- tion or the city whera bo lives, How many jour. ualists azo there who are remembered a hutdred years after thewr death ? And how many jour. ninlists aro thero nuw whoap faino will ‘survive them for nceutory? Tho menof geuius sra rare in evory avocation, but talented lawvers are 28 likoly o bo knowa end remomberod as men of gevius in any other profession. 'Tho namo ol tho physician who writed & book will bo romeme bered longer than that of oue who simply at- tonds to Liv practico, no matter how much tha Intter f4 suposior to'the formor. Bo' with tha diviue, and 8o with tho lawyer, You also say that lawvers do not romembes lawyors. This is certaiuly a mistake. No law. yorean be fonad In Chicago, who has practiced horo for ten or twonty years, who is not abla readily tu namo all tun ‘prominent lawyors wha Lave practiced hero during that time, and wha ro now deud : and most futelligens laymon will romember some of then. E “Fhat tho creativo nctivity of Iawyera ia limited {n thiy country, i true: but that 18 duo tocir- cumstances pecnliar to our coudition and form of Government, 1o most Luropoan countries, laws aro made by educatod men, mostly lavyors of selontific training and practieal exporience ; 1n this country, ns & rule, by ignoraut Grangera aud corrupt politicinug, AxTENOD. ——— A REMINISCENCE. The toll of harveating wan dons, The wheat was alauding tu tho sheaves, The birches glistened in the g, And maples spread their silver Ieavos, Adown the glads, and through the mead Whore awellod fhie dtacks of {ragraut iay; Through grossy Bdge, by bendiug reed,— “The brook wound od ita devious way. 1ts watera aparkled na they leapt O'er utranded roots am} Focks unseen; Aud drooping willows waved and wept, "A1d trailod thetr boughs of pallid green, Ono spot there wag, seren and cool, Iy sober waters souut and found,— A iansg, quict, Lrimming pool, With mhoss-grown rocks encompasod roand, “Thers bed 1 gone, with wary trosd, “L'o tenipt with an aliuriug hook, From out hie pebblad lurking-bod, "Tiie mottied monarch of tio brook, Ar "ueatli 8 Jutting rock I lsy, "ant lintlens 0%0r the waters bent, Telueted from the mimic bey ‘A boaming faco ita brightoces sent, torene nnd calrm, that trauqull face Peneath the plseid weters shone; Ul 1t griof bad left 1o Lrace,— 15 beauty no'er had sorrow Xnown. 1ts winuing truth In looks of love My heart's ide€l xm'wnd soat As {f to plerco tho blua above, Upon the heavens rosplendent benl. As wistfully T gazod, entranced, A envious, paitry pebble folls Then o'er blig beanteaus foaturos danced Th tiuy Woved In rippling awell. Al anxiously I watchod them l'w{l . Tu growing circles from my sight; And soon the water, atill and dwrsl. Was naught o mo but water bright | Time has been busy since with e, Nour failed 10 luave bis poncilod (7300} et still ta ravery oft I avo “Thio splendors of that mizrored face ! Cuoauor 1P uavrrr, An Irish Surys Ylore is & description of tho proceedings of an Trish juey which may poesibly throw sane lighe on those of otlier juries, A youug man was on trial at the Quarier Bessiona” at T'ralee for em bozzlement. ‘Tho jury soquitted him, *¢ believ- {pg ho hisd comuitted a mistake.” The Chalre mat asked for an explanation, * We bolteve," waid thio foreman, ** it waa ail & mistako of the i poor man, your Worsbip." | * But,” rejoined the ! Chirm + tho cauo was fully proved, gontlo- mou."t '+ It was," romarked one of the ?nxoru. “ Ing firet offenso of tho kind, your \Vnnhl}:." ++ We did not ike to bo hard upou the poor fol- low," added anotber juror, ** But,” replied tho Cuirman, * that will oot do for the sdumintetra- tion of fustice,” * Ob, gir,” exclaimed » third jurer, ** do let the poor fellow go mow.* Of ‘course, under ihese circumstances, the further detontion of the prisonerswaa itnpossible, aad 8o the * poor fellow * waa accardiogly * leb g