Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, January 3, 1876, Page 7

THIs CHICAGO TRIBUNE: MONDAY, JANUARY 3, 1876, - ‘ 'LITERATURE. Human Physiology--~Agricul. turo in Europe---Mission- ary Sketches. Bolontiflo Papors by Prof. Proctor--- Dr, Nowman's Oriental Travels, English Radical Leaders—An Architectural Journal-- Sccond Edilion of * (razicila,” Drainago in fie Netherlands---How the Dutch Wrest Land from fhe Sca. Fish-Notes——Australian Exploration--- Vegetation in India---Gum Arabic. A Tablet to Jeremiah Horrocks---Stono- graphic Exhibition---Bee-Keeping in tho Netherlands, LITERATURE. PHYSIOLOGY, A Texr Doox or IHusax I'nvstoroor: Dratascn rou ‘I'ne LT 0F PRACTITIIONENS AND BTCLENTS OF Mrpicie, By AUSTIN FLinT, Jn, L D, Frofessor of Phiyaioiogy, Bollaviie Medical Colleo, New York, ate, Hiusttatet by Theeo Lithograpbis Platos and 314 Woodcuts, 8vo. New York: D, Appleton & Co, Thitty yoara ngzo, Physiology wad little more than romauco. Iv tho medical colleges it was attached Lo othor chaita 03 aw ortiamontal ap- penilage. The pusticalsrly * gifted " rhetotcian of the Faculty was eclected to declntm, and sitizena and Iadies were {nvited to cloquent dis- sortations from the toxt, **Wo are fearfuily and wonderfully made," Twenty-Bre yenrs ngo. writers and toschers maieted that nothing was gainod from Physlolo- gy to {hrow light upon, or eccuro succens in, practical medicine. When, 8 quarter of a cen- sury aft0, the cours=o of ten or fifteen loctures on Phyisology was espanded to oighty, in tho Michigan University, thero were professional nen who talled as rlibly of betorodoxy as soma lo now whon Prof. Bwing and the * Central Shurch ™ poed under the object-glass of publie pinien, Truo Physlology was bern whon Bebleldon wnd Scliran domonstrated that tho noncleatod sell 18 the agont of most of thio orgavic process- 8, whothee in plant or snimal. Sinco that jour, Physiology has passed from the realms of hiypotheels and rhotone o the domain of positive Ecicnce; ind tho physiclan who, at tha prozent day, un- lertnices to practice without & competont knowl- tedge of it principles, is ntterly bohind tho timoy, and nnroliable. Medicino has advancod, not by the dizcovery of netw specifics for disoans, but fu the Luosledge of the laws of Loalth aud of disturbing intlnonces. ; Prof, Flint is kuown {o the medicsl profeesion, 1nd lnrgely to tho public, Ly & previows work 1 five aclivo volumes, fronr whick tha present moro convenient and serviceablo book 3s con- densed, In this, ag in the targer work, the trayoparent statcments of tho author will bo understeed. the oidinary reader with htilo nced of n legicon. Tho peeulinr viows of Dr. Flint with regerd to tho rense of want of sir iir the peneral syatent, the excretory tunctions of thaJivor, the intluouco of museular axerciso on the olhminstion of uron. eto., ete., Aro elucidated with great modesty, notwithatand. g thele important character. In the geporal souduct af o wack, ho proves hlmself cou- iclontionsly careful i speciGeation, and, in tho main, weli rrad it tho histacnre of tho subjoct. We 1ogrot to notics that, in discuseing tho form of tho red biood-corpuecies, heling omitted reforonce to the beautituldemnnsiration of their renl sbapa by Prof, Freor, of this city, which bave been adopted and silusbratod by I'raf. Bavpott in his recont works Wouldo rogret tho wbsence. i maraaarkeupain the nervousssriem, af much that has been thorouplly discuss- :d fu thiy country, whilo tho vague #pec- alatioys of tho Ol World ara thrown mto nuduo promincnce, For this, we suspect, much of tha tesponsibility rests npon Dr. Brown-Sequard,— » gontleman who Jias read sumowbat and oxperi- -montad somowbat, but, unfortunately sntisfiod with a popalar reputation, usa never takon the anind to Interpret his own_observasions. It i Hucerely to be hoped that Prof, Phut will, fua subsequent edition, do away with- the obaeurity be brs permitted m this part of his troatiso. Tho coucluding chupter of the worl is in tho aigheat degrea prairasorthy. Iy mechanicn) exccution nnd in heauty of Whiatration, tho book is worthy of the house trom which it omauates, AGRICULTURE IN EUROPE. A& Fanurn's VAcaTion, By Gronan L, Wanixa, In, of Ugden Farm, Hopriited (with Additiour) froni Sertbner's Montity, Tinateated, i, 850, 1P, 391, Boston s Januen B, Ongeod & Co, ‘Wo havein ibia book a fresh llustration of Larrson's remark, that tho tiaveler in foreign lands seon what ho carrics in bis oye ; or, in oth- or wordy, that ho takos notes of that whioh he bes'the capocity for observing, and brings away withs bin jaat that kind and awmount of instruc- Von that biw provious cultore hos fitted Lim to iccumulato and onjoy. Mr, Waring did not visit Luropo merely os a ploasura-scalior, to louk ast- Uy at tho exterlor of & muliliudo of novel and tarlous objosts, and roceivea n ° perios of confused, auperfical imprensions, that might bo vory smusivg ss a divorsion, but not of much roal profit. Tio wont abroad with a special viow to studsing tho distinctive mothods of farmivg pursucd in the sgricultural districts of Holland, Drittauy, Normandy, and tho Chune nel Islands, Farmiog was Lis own voeation, That was what ha Lknow most about, and. was maet _intorested in 3 and, like a thorongh-going wan, Le nued the oppottupitics aforded by Ju. ropesn travel to fucreuso hus Lnowlodgo of the bueinoss by vory extensive aud oxact ine _quiriee, that yiolded bim defluito and practical beaetits, I1i8 book, which is mamly conflued to s rohearsal of tho fnformation ho acquired re- arding agricultural mattors, 1s of solid value, fnlorenlmu 0 all clasges, but particularly so to those engaged 1o tho arta of hushandry, uite ono-balf of the work is occioled with observations upon Holland, or * Ilallow- ‘and,"—tho lottial chapter describing tho sconos n city and gountry that frst striko tho eys of bo travolors and tho otbers dolineating with drenmatantial dotall the vnat systom of druin- igo by which the diligent, patient nation of Dutchmoen have reclaimod most of thotr Jand ‘rom the rea, and tho modea of farming by vhich thoy manage to'inake theso lands return hen yearly nu average of §100 to tho nore. An iwaount of " tho drainng of lasrlem Latie—the nost stupendous work of tho Lind ever accom- plished—ia given with groat fullnces, and tho reader will ind an abridgment of it in another columo, Tuo latter balf of tha book cantsins interest. fog notes upon the rural distnicts of Narlhesste erv. Frauce, aud upon the beautiful, but to us al- wost unknowy, kulands of the Evglish Chavnel, —dJorsey, Ouerosey, and Sark. DMr. Warng wiiles na b observes, iu na inteliigont, straighit- forward manuer, making overytuing as cloar to the reader ua it is to s own mind, 1ls toxt fa printed in largo type that 14 & Juxury to the eyo, .aud it s profusely iliuatratod with ‘ucommonly fine woodcuts, 5 MISSIONARY SKETCHES. Tz BOMANCE OF BlisaioNs; on, INsibx Livk A¥D LABOR IN 11K LaND OF AR 3Lanta A, Wrar, Miasionary of the Atierics in Turkey; author of © Koy to Open tho Lyble," elc,, Witl'sn futroduction by Mrs, LCitanLis, Hiios . 1 Xow York daen b £ haidoipd 0o, PP. h £h ) ¥ &Co, g'rlu. 1250, ¥ B SR Witbout much attempt at connection or com- pletouosa, theso skeichos from tho Life of a mls- slonary laboring among the womon of Armenis, are fuil of attraction, Theyara tho work of a woman of talent, of energy, of outhunissm, and of iptinite tact. Hlor offorts in the fleld of mis- elbpn have boén emiuently successful, for sho Jusa boen {nspired with that which id more patent than zeal: with love. Ehbo bas gono Into the Tionaoholdy of the poapla alia wished to sorvo, and has found tho rura, quick way to theirhearts, Ly showing that ber own was fall of tender, uns #olllah kympathy, 'Tho story ahe untolds of the cagorness and grattwle with which Chiistian truths ara recaived by tha beninrhter]l womou of Ui Orient, k4 most oucourazin'g Lo ghodn who eustan the missivnary onlotj riss, Futhfal, Judiclous inborers tko hatself cifect n blesend worlk thenlightening the minds snd elevating tha fises of women and ehildrsi whe ate born to & hieritngoe of fgnoranca nnd slasory, Miny Wost aitered the missiotiary sorvica in 1833, heginning =a & tenchi r in o kehuol In Cone elantinopla. After some yoars of acuive lanor liere. rho was stansferced to Armenia, whero gho continned her work ay Marsazan, Iurpoot, Eden, aud Diathakir, Failing health finally compolied Tier to raturn to Amoties, and eeel, fu . long period of test, ronowod strongih to resume tho vaeation to which sho bas cunseeratml horsolf, Thoe present heok was collated, during Uss i teival of enforced lelsure, from hier romtaiy- cences 0 tho most intereating Incldents con- nected with ber wnisaion 1 the Fiast, Inaddition to tho resords of hor 0.v1 6tuor it convoys vivid notions of the domestic §ifo of the Oui- enialy, SCIENTIFIC PAPERS BY PROCTON. EciENcr BYwava: A BER(rY oF FANILIAW DISERTA b, By Renann A, Proctom, Author of ¢ Sat- e 4 Tho un,™ efe,” With a Portruit of the Aue e, . 42Y Philadetphlas 3, B, Livpine Co, Chicagos Jauscn, McCiurg & o, Vrice $169, I'ne papers—sisteen [n number—composing thia yolama have, with two or thren exzeptions, Leen contributed to Inghsh poriodicals within tho post Lwo yenrs, Their subjects aro varlous, as¢ Life, Past nod Futare, In Other Worlds; Tho Plancts 1'ut in Leveruor'a Dalance; Com- cts’ Tails ; Tho Sun a Bubblo; Tho Weather and the Sun; Journeys Towards the North I'olo; Taing Danger from Lightning; Growth aud, Decay of Wind; On Homo Strange Mea- tal Feats: ond | Automatic Chess snd Card Ilayin: ‘Iha troatment is what is termed poputar: that e, simple and clear enough to Lo nuderstzod by the average intelits gonce, vet nono tlio leas exact un thiag ascoun! or uninteresting o seientifie minde, Mr, Proctor has a remariable tnlent for cou- seving the abstruso teuth of Beietco 1 Iamihiar languaro; of divesting them of tho obscuntios and diftieaitica that, in s rigid veruacular, 16moyo them uo far from tiisapprencusivn uf tho Mmassca. ‘The publio ovo o great debt 10 him, as to Dar- wan azd Huxley, in that, nlnle advancing scionce by original inveatigations, bo has ielt it to be an important part of s Nifo-work to be n touctior af tho peovle,—~impartivg v thew, in tho most porsuamivo manner, tho facta concernite mind and matter that conduce most to trio eniighten- ment, O, NEWMAN'S TRAVELS, TRE TARONES AND PALACES OF HADTLOX AND Ninp- VEi: FRox Bra T 8za, A THOUSAKG MILES 0 oesenaci, By Joitx 1. Newsias, b, Dy, Memler of tho London Hoctety of Libiieal 102y, Ko, I 453, Now York : Harpor & Brutuers, Chilcagy’s Jntiseny McClurg & Co, Prlee, & The titlo of the abova work I3 not what It should bo. It does wvot fawly represeut the Dbool, which 18 n sprightly, entortaining narra- tive of travel, rathor than the scholarly disquisi- tion upon tho snciont Capitals of A=syria ono would expect from its Imposiog name. Tho chroniclo opens at Dombay, whenco Dr. Nowman set out to reach tho Med- itorranonn by (ho unfroguenied route lead- tng to DBurrah by wny of the ges, and on to Bagdad by tho ‘vigris, sod {o Visevehaud acrosa Mesopotumin by horsoback, The journoy wad a long and (rylug 'one ; but Dr, Nowinan ani i tivo companjons were capital travelers, wide- awake, courazcous, and choery, and thoy mado overy mito of tho classic gronnd thoy trod yiokl #oma pleasuro or prodé that moro than balaucod tho discomlorts. 1In presonting his noto-book to tha rendor, Dr. Nowman has weighted 1t with as much of the onrly luntory of the pincos visitod aw it would bear withont being too hieavy, aud has in this way mado himeelf an fustructive teacher as woll ax n lively companion. Fhe typography of the volume I8 admirnblo, and wood-cutd have heen used in fts siustration without stint. BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES, Exaumi BATIIAL Lreapied. Jiy R, J, Hrsrox, 8q. 16mo,, pp. 3H, Now Yorlk: Go I Puinam's Sons. Trice, $1.140, Twonty of tho foromost man in tho political arona of Enzland are delineated in tho payes of tbis 7olume, Their portraits aro drawn with a eareful Lioud, aud give a good concoption of the character and work peculiar 10 ench. Frof. Fawcett, Sir Chatles Dilko, Sic John Labluck, Thoma' Hughes, Samuel Morley, Samual lime goll. Joroph Atch, and Cliarles” Bradinugh aro tho wore ooted of the iudividusly ropro- AMFRIGAN ARCHITECT AND BUILDING NEWS. Menars, Jamaw I, Osggood & Uo. fssued, ou tho opealug day of tho New Year, thoinitial mber of tho American Avchitect and Builling News, s weukiy paper, usitorm in stylo sith tho Euglish architectuenl Jonrnals, and covering substaniinlly the rane ground, Each number of the Ameriean periodical Will contatn from cight to sixteon pages of lotor-proan, and four pages of Dlates, executed by tho Heliotspo process, and printes feom stono, Lne paver lias alreaty beon adopted a3 tho oflicial organ of the American Instituta of Architects, and amplo prrangemeonts havo been mado to till 1ty columns witit wattor of iutorest to archilocts, engiucers, artists, buillers, and mechanles. It 18 under tho editorship of Ar. William . P, Longfollow, Fellow of tho Amerl- can Institnto of Architectura; una wo may coull- dently expoct {t to take ranuk with tho bost jour nals of s clusa fu England or on the Codtinent LITERARY 1TEME, Janeen; McClurg & Co, havo published, in connection witl tho Universitv of Notro Dame, The Scholastic Almanaa for 1876, edited by Prof, J. A, Lyon. It contalna much valuable infor- mation of interest to tho Cathollcs, aud aleo gonio ontertainiug reading tnter. A second cdition of * Grazlolla,” tho story of Lamartine's carly love, recontly transistod by James B. Runnion, 14 already going thtough the presa of Jauson, McOlarg & Co,—tho first edis tion haviog beon exbnusted within three wecks, BOOKS RECEIVED. Prixczasp Baviou: Tae Brouy or Jraus, SirLy Toun you Tur Youxa, Ly Ross MULHOLLAND, Autlior of *Tho Littlo Flowor-Heckers,” ete, 13m0, vp. 44, llomton: Patrick Donshoo. Diirrr's Butauy Tona, By Hanntes ] With Tthustrations, Paper, Nuw Yurk: Jo L, Co, OweN GaTyNr' AT Wonx, Dy the Author of “EMow Irienity ctc, 13mo,, pp. 339, N W York: Maciuillan & Co, Chicago: dansen, MeClurg & Co, Price, §1.23, TiE AMENICAN UNION SPRAREN: CONTAINING BTAtD AD AND HECENT BEAYCTIONS 3K VoS AND TorTay, Fon [ECITATION AND DECLAMATI WITIC INTRODUCTORY ILENATIKS O ouTion, ko, By Jomt D, Puitsrick, Superiu- tendent of tho Pubilio Heliools of Lustou, 12mo,, np, 5ud, loaton: Thowpaon, Lrown & Co, Vrico, $2, POLULAR Lirk or O'CONNELL: INGLULING THE FUNZUAL QUATION OF PADNE VENIUWA AT Rowp, FATUER BOUKE'S BEION AT GLAPNEVIN, AND WLNL DELL PUILL1P CuRTENOIAL ORATION, THustrated, 160y pp. 234, Bostou » Latrick Dousbioe, gl el FAMILIAR TALK, DRAINAGE IN THE NETHERLANDS. Whou Cxaar carriod his conquering arma to Datavin, that portion of tho Northern Nether- landa Iying liko s {aland betwesn tho two armns of tto Rhino and the Germen Ocean, Lo found a tow, spongy plato, compodod of mingled marsh and lagoon, and covorod, whora tho earth waa firm enongh to support vogotation, with hound- loss forosts, 'Yhe.scsn'y, haedy populstlon could gafn a foothiold on the soil only as thoy ralsed it abovo the surrounding lavel of wators by Luilding torpens, or artificlal mounds, Threo centurles after tho country was invaded by tho Homans, it was etill doscribod nd aa ¢ cndless, pitiloss forest,” It was threaded with tivers and strcama that traveled to the sea through vast stretches of wsaud and silt, sud, frequently lwpeded lu thelr conrse, pagsed, u & wido-sproad doluge, over the jand, With overy heavy storm, tho sea itvelf wwopt in over tho plain, ipundating Jange portions of ter- ritory with its reslstiess tides, On All Bainte' Day fn 1217, the wind-(iiven waves btoke in upon tho laud, and, with their welght, burled ont of elght an funenso tiact of cultivated grovud. Provious (o this, Zuyder Zoo was a amall body of wator{ but, from that day, it han covered an arca of 1,365 squaro miled, Thirteen years lator, severo inundations in both epring and sutumn destroyed farty-four villagoes aud 105,000 inhabitants. In 1421, sevouty-two villagea were laid under water, sud ouly thirty~ four reappéarcd sboye the waves, In 1870, the rayouous sca awallowsd snother largoe elico of thu Netherlands, aud 100,000 moio lives wero the errible pacrifice, - Blote then, the fioods from tho ocosn whiodt Abd tho rivers wibiu " cronrn Stowe, Iinvo hesn Iesn frequant and dinastrous, owing to tho rodolute pormtence with which tiio pooplo havo protacteid this torritory by an enormous and costly aystem of diking. During ths Iast 00 yonrs, tho patiant raca who bave eatabliahod thamnelvos on this jusecitce 8o, waging for ita ponsension & aont nual battlo with the Insatiste Hea, havo gradusily galned the victory, resiating further enctoschmants, and reclalming toany porttans of tha land formerly submorgeil. "Flto areas which hava heon this wrested from the stominion of Naptuno are given fn the Noth- arlands the name of ** poldera.” In the distrlct of tho *Rignland” olous, thers ara nearly 40,000 acros of dralucd and cultivatel soil that o lay beueath 17 faot of waser. 'Tho poldare vary in wizo from 2 or d to 40,00) acran. Home of “them fic Lut a fow inches Lelow the lovol of tho ndjazont wator that ance coverod tham, nud othors aro 17 or 18 foat bolaw. Fach polder in tobersocted with canals and ditchios, which perve for dramaie aud communication. "I'vs camon tuada ul dratning asrat or lake ia to enciiclo 1t with an embanxment, and a canal of yufticiont hetght to command a ran towards somo rivor orinles of the ses. At one or morg points along tlho embankment machinery for itung water in ntationed, and worked eithor by wind or steam, 1n case the poldor doopona con- #ulorably Lowards tho cantre, now ombankmonts and canala, wituin tho frst, and at lowor levels, aro nocossary, In gthn Hchermermeer polder thera atro four girdles of caunls, cach ot au info- rior plano as they advance to tho contro, Tho lnrgest area of deained Iand in tho workd in that which onco formod tho bed of Iaarinm ko, It includes 44,659 actes, and tho work of rodrainiugg it occupied in all nbout sizteen years, ‘I'ho enterprize was Bo gigantic, aud i1ts nucceny- ful completion reflocted so much credit upon the nation which conntructed ¢, that wao relate tho hurtory of ita necomphstinont for tha benofit of onr renders, Oue authority for tho, details s Ar, Georga E. Waring, Jr,, who has presented them with much additionalinformation upon mystom of Dateh draivage, in Liy lute buok, TFaraier's Voeaticn,™ In formor times, Moarlam Tako was divided into four vopatote sheets of water, near which rbaod three Villagen. In 15691, ouo of thess vil- lages wank baneath tho waves; aud, i 1611, anittuption ot thoe kea destroyod tho othor two, amd werged the four lakeleta into one, having o uniform depth of moro than 13 feet. During tho liores stormA common to tho locality, the waters of thia lakoe frequently ruso to groat heipht, eanding lmmenne dangor to tho drltos, nud ovor- Howing Iargo tracta of country. ‘Uhe feaathility of at onee vidding ths dand of tbis soures of poril, aud adding n valuabla territory to the Noth- orlandn, wa8 olten dscunsed, and received the caroful attention of the Government. A rchoing for accomphshing tho douired object was brought forward ns carly oa 1643, by Jan Adrianze, & tili-bmilder. Duriug tho wo auc- cocding centuries, fifteon elaborately-calenlated inus wers preseated to the Btate authosities or to tho general public. Bul none wad 50 promisng 03 t0 kCaurD accoptunco, At Tast, the dreadful hurricanes of 18136, that drova the wators of the lako first over thoe inter- vening lands and up to the very patea of Amn- stardam. and again. in the opposite direction. nto tho licart of Leyden, snbmetging n portion of the city, decided the question. and 1t was ro- solved at all cost to subdue forever this rostless, troachetous enemy. By tho floods that had nonred out from thoe luke towntds Amnterdam, m Novemoer, 1336, 100,000 ncres of poldera sere inapdated ; and, in the fullowing December, 18,000 additiounl neres wera laid woder wator, 1t waa n year before thesonubmerged lands coutd bo (llmim.d again by tho ututeat cuciyy of tho peo, le. A Commission was therefore appointed for tha purpese of drainiz Hasarlam Loke, and after- wards proparing the recovered laud for tillago. Tho plan of the work firaliy ndupted by the Htntes-(ieneral, ity 183y, involved " a cost of 23,312,000 gold, or sbout &5 per acru far tho laud recisimed, It provided fur tho huilding of n dike 37 miles loug, to eucirelo the Inke, nud u eanal owsido of th, 131 feot wido. It included the erectivn of steam- works at Spasrian, Halfway, aod Souda, aud tho estalilishmout of thren pumping-stativus ac dif- feront pointa on the dike, with spparatun of cuormons magnitude, worked by team., - Tho diko and canal wera finished 1 Octobor, 1843 ¢ bt the lnko was not closed to navigation until the maclnnery foc pumplug was roady for aporation, mpday, 1818, Whils tho Oiko was beiug run goross u tract of Hoating woil on Lhw anst kido of tho lake, an arca of many acres was detachod from its suchorage, and driven by s tempost to the apporite shore. Tho owner of tuis fugitive sotl sppealed to the Comminsion for the recovery of lng proporly, aud it way actially towed baek to 1ts originel place, upd pinned to the spot by piles. In deciding whethor to use wind or ateam for tho pumping-power, 1t was cstumated tuat over 720,000,000 $ous of water must be hifted from tho Inko, oxclusive of the awount annually added by rmu-fail sud iufiltcation. Provision was unde for the romoval of 40,000,000 tous per mootl, aud this would tusk tho rull capncity of 100 wind-mills of tho larzest sizo, ‘Tho same worl, it was concluded, could be performed by steam- sng.nes lnving o combiued force of 1,031 hotko- power, aod tLy chioico was made in favor of the motur, Tho gigantic evgines noeded wero plaoved in England, neh had o doublo cyline der, tho latgant over built,—the innor ono hav- dinmoter of 81 inches, The torco of ecach no equaled 350 hiorse-powor,—iho slrokes oing 10 feet in Jongth, and 10 por wminute, and capaple of ralsing from 70,000,000 to 75,000,000 pounds 1 foor, with the cousamption of 91 pounds of the best coal, When running nd full spoed, the total amount of watoer lifted by oach engino in twonty-fonr houra wie 1,069,200 tons, Yho frinl of tho first engiuo $ook placs in Beptembor, 1815: **It was a mowment full of nuxioty,” says the roport of tho Commission, “* but mout unposing, when tho colassuy, put for the ilrut timo in motion, traveled off directly,— imperfactly, it is trae, but it went: That which until now biad existed only in the human mind had bocome & reaslity. “This maxs nt ouco, o4 though amimated, presonted itaolf to our gazo in its mugnificent onsemble, grand, simplo, siroug, uniqus of ita kind, and worklog graud- 1y." "Nov, 6, tho machino in tull action was pro- sonted to the King. 'I'ho draiuaze of tho lako was nut beguu uutil May, 1843, when tbo first cngine was sot in mnotion and operated alouo for oloven monthy, lowering tho lovel of tho lake B olnches, In Apnl, 1849, tho othior two en- gines commonced playing; and carly in July, 1452, tho Inko was dry. ~Luo wholo timo occu- plod in cleaniog tho poldor was thirty-ntuo montha; yot tho pmmps wero actually in pluy but ninetoen-and-o-halt months, Tlio amount of water whici thoy liftad way over 900,000,000 tona, Sovornl merdals woro issned on the complotion of tho work of dramage. Ono, struck off by tho Uavernmens, Liore the followiug inscription in Latins *1Isarlam Lake, aftor baving for ceu- turics agdalled the surrounding tields, to ens Iargoiteelf by tholr destruction, conquerod at laxt by thie forco of macbinery, Liay roturued to fol. land it 44,230 acros of invaded land, Tho work, commenced undor William 1., in 1839, has boon fimshed {n 1853, under the reign of Willinm 1 Tho excavation of tho canals and ditchoa in tha interfor of the now polder wos Logun in 1862, and concludad in 1855, I'ho poldur ia travorsed by flvo canals running shrough its longth, and by seven crossing its houding, ‘I'vo two largest of thoss have o idth of 80 foet,and nll togothor havo aleugth of 110,74 miles, In addition, 121 inilen of road liavo beon bullt, and sixty-fiva bridges thrown acrows the onnale, ‘Tho poldor iy dlvided inta tractdof abaut 6 scras oach by ditetis, of which avor GOV 1aitos have boon oxvavated. Lho totsl length of rondways and wuter-courses in tho polder [8 919 tules, 'Fha sale of tho Jand wiu ouncluded in 18553 but tho last work of tha Cummisgion was not finsliod undl March, 1854, and, ouo wonth later, tho orgauization wad dis- nolved. Tho not coat af the improvemont was 413,003 gold,—less than $10 por acre for tho land added 1o tho (nxablo estate of the Kingdom. The material gain to tha Biate is thua sumnmod up in tho roport of the Commission t ** But this is notall§ wo have driven forover from the bosom of vur country » most dangerous ¢noniy; Wo havo, at the same time, augimented tho mioany for defending our Capital in time. of war, Wa liave cnu:luuml & proviuce in a combat without toars and without blood, whora Heionca and Qonlus took tho placo of Genorals, and whera polderjongers were tho worthy soldiors. Ier- soyoring to surmount the obatacles of Naturo, aud thoso creatod by man, the country bas an- complisboq, to it great honor and Q\"‘"’Tv ono ot thio greatest entorprisud of tho ape.” 1n 1873, tho Uarlaw polder Itad a population of fram 11,400 to 12,000, mustly dovoiad to aurie culture and tilling farms of small sizo. 'Fwo villages wero founded as soon as tho work of draake was coucludad, and oaol was provided from tho bogluning mith streots, parks, and a Protestant aud Cathalic church. At prossnt tho roadwavd throughout tho nres ara borderad with troed, and subatantia] farm-houses ave visible ou evory batd, A stoausbost plics iu the encircling canul, grain-miils aro frequent and busy, aud avidoncos of iudustry aud: prospority oro ape parent averywhero, Tho great * whovel-brigado ™ whoso mervices aro nocossary In tho constructlon of tho carth- works used In reclaiming wet lands, aro, in ilol- lang, denomlnated * polderjongers.” Thoy are organized in bauds of from sigut to twelvo, each under ita own chlef, The separate come panios live by thomsoltoa, in hote of straw and fushee, that aro osmly transported from placa (o place thelr work advancos, 'ho ¢ woman Leeps house for o8 who tho party is gonerally tho tomporary wifo of ono of thnm. and her position {s rospacted by the rent. Tho,man aro ntalwart and rohust, anl eapnbio of prolonund and arduona labor. No shirks or idlers are toleratod among them, Thoy aro clodhod tn red flannel throughout, and oro nonrished tupon n diot of porx, potatoos, and bread, Thoir boveragn is commonly coffea or tea, and somatimes beer, but vory rarsly watar, Thoy vonoially fluah up each week with a grand earousa, yot sickneas soldom atiazan thom. Dur- 1ug tho dralnnge of Hasrlam l.ake, In the moat univholosume ntages of the wark, only two mon wero dlin agang of 190 whon tho modical of- ficor tado his tour of foapeation. But fow cayen of favor occurred, and_disoasn was tnlre nant evou after oxcosslve dissipation. Their toil by hard ; thoir livesfre not elovated, yot thny have an onorgy, resolition, sod steadfast couragothat desrrva nppreciation, ‘Lhie sucenss of tho daring enterprisa wa havo drserthod ham oncouraged ths brave people of Hulland to cunsidor the schome of draiinig thn Zuyder Zes, Tho plan cotitomplatas the elearing of 450,600 nered with etesm-pomps haviog o combined farce of 9,42 horko-powor, 1t in eatle mated that tho dramning wifl oceupy foar and a Lall yours, and cons 153,000,000 mx\:"on. or ahont thirty tuney o4 much as the dratnng of Haarlam Lake. ‘Llio praject was devised In 1866, and oW awaits the approval of the Government., e SPARKS OF SCIENCE. FISH-NOTZS, Axnentleman writing from Mantis, Lho capital of tho Phtlippine Inlands, communicates to Aa- ture the Integpeting fact that saw-flsh (Pristir) abound in tho fresh wators of au fuland leke acvarated from tho City of Manlla by a fow miles of low land. It I suggested by the writor that, at somo former timo, the laka (Lagaus do Datf), was conucetod with tho 8ea, and, aftor it was finally cut off by tho doposition of a barrietr of lend, tho fish iuhabising 1 adaptad themaelves o tho gradual change in tho quality of the water, untll they wure nblo to thrive in that swhich s verfocily fresh and potabloe. Numbers of the saw-fish dto captured fur tho sako of tuoir ost, the oil extrastod from tho livers, and tho snouts, which make a favorito and formitable weapon in thu handa of tho vatives. A mpecies of mmall and harmiess abark {3 neompanion of tho naw- fish inthis frozh-wator 1ax Ieinmentioncd that, at oertain timos, tho watara of tho Lake of Balj have n stitnging property, whieh mnkes bathing very uupieawaut. Lisia cuarious circamstsnco in attributed o the presouce of tho Pittis, oue of tho duckiveods, which bas apoenljar acidquality. 'The plant is so abundant in tho lake as to_form floativg istands of con- Hiderablo sizo. In Jamaica, tho Pistia Infests tho wutor-tunks, aud, in hiot, dry weathior, ¥o im- pregnates tho waier wih its particles as to occa- sion sovere bowal-dincasd, Auathier corredpondent of Nature, who writes from India, stintes that o tauk dog ln May was btockod, about tha end of Tuly, with young fih, nmong which was a gpecics of earp abound- ior the Mooghly, and ealled by the natives * Kuatlah" Tho firy wero ™ nons ubbva an inch in leogth. fiept. 22, the tauk wad awept with o net, in order to eateh two or thtee pike accidentally introguced, that wero feeding on the young it ‘Lo not brotght up #overnl dozens of the carp, une of which welghed 34 ounces, and measured 11 inchos in fenpth, 1i{ tnches through behind tho ehoulder, nud 44 iuchos in breadth, Tho otber indi captured wore but 1 or 2 ounces lighter. The dimonsivny of tho tanlk wero 63 foel in leugth by 03 in breadth and 13 in depth. The fish hind been furbished with a great amount of rico and other foud, to which may probably be attributed thoir remarkably-1apid groath, In this connection, it may bo sail that Mr. Frank Bucklord announces,'in a recent Trepurt ou the fishenies of Noifolk Counuty, Engmnd, that oumbers of ses-trout are annually caught oI the consts of that district, although tharivors flowing through it_aro ineapablo of producing Slmonida, ‘The flgh comoe from the saluton- rivers an the north, in search of food iu the shapa of spawited fry, which are plentiful alonyg tho shures of Nolfolk oud Suffolk, AUSTRALIAN EXPLORATIONS, Mr. Julin Foirest has just publisbed in Lon- don huw records of three journeyn of explora- tion in Central Australia, performed respectivoly 100 1869, 1870, and 1874, The interior of this con- tinout s a desert-land, cousisting of spinifex (festuca irritons) plaing, eand-hills, sandstono- cliffs, graute-rocks, o few trecs, aud raro grassy plaing, with an almost total shssneo of water, Tho first journoy of Mr. Forrest was mado in yuoat of tho romalny of Dr. Lelchardt, 8 provi- ous explorer, who lost his lifo in tho vain on- deavor to cross tho dedort. o oxpedition oc- cupiod 113 days, and travelod ovor 4,000 miles, Of tho roglon travorscd ab this time, Jr. Forrost aays: * With roforenco to tha conntry traveled over, T am of opjuion that it is wor:hless as a pastural or agricultural district,™ ‘To obJect of tho aocond journey was to roach Adelaido from Perth by way of the south coast, Detweon Israclito Bay aud Buchd Bay, sbo vatty travolod 800 wiles without dimcovoring pormin- nent water i morn than ono placo, Lor thres diys, not & drop was found, and Mr. Forest wrote, when finally enongh was procured to siako 1he agonizing thirst of boawt and man: *I have never seen horsos in wuch o stato boforo, anl Lopoe nevor to do 80 agaia. ‘Tho horses, which four daye ago werd strong and In good conaition, now appeared only skelasons, eyes sunk, nostrily dilated, oud thoroughly exhausted.,” ¢'On our raate,” adds Mr. Forrost, ‘‘wo paseod vory mavy millions of ncres of prassy country; but, I am sorry to eay, 1 Lelivve ontirely deaiisuto of water.” ‘Fhio (hird journey, accomblished In 1874, led through tho lmmonso watershed of Western Austratia, and oceupiod several mouths, In tho repors of it Mr, Forrost says: * From tho hoad of iho Murchison to the 120th weridian, tho boundary of our colony, I do not think will evor bo sottled. Of courso, thora aro 1nany grawsy patchos; . . . butthoy aro po Isolated, aud of such axtont, that 1t would nover pay to stock them. ‘Tho goneral ~anractor of thls immense dosort is & gently-undulsting spinifux desort.” Innlt his expoditious Mr, Forrest had but one sorious oncounwr with the uatives, and lho brought his outire company in safety to each Journey's end, VEGETATION IN INDIA. Txperiments aro under way at ths loyal Bo- tanical Gardons st Calcutta to determine if the Tara rabber-plant (Herea Brazilicusis) and tho Ipocacunnbia (copheelis ipreacuanha) will turlve in that partof India, Tho meteorologieal ro- turua for Culcutta shaw a wids diffaronce be- twoen the climates of Brazil and [ndla, and thus far the indications potut tuwards a failure in the outdoor eultivation in tho lattor country of the o valuable ootics from Sowth Ameriea. The Eucalyptus gluiulus (gum-tree) grows vigoraualy on tho Neiigherrios and Khasia illa, at from 5,000 to 8,000 feot abovo tho sca, but doos not survive moro than a year or two in tho hot plaing of India, Of the old lanyen treo that orna- meuts tho Calcutta pgardens, Dr. g, tho Dircctor, pays: ** Although cousiderably dam- uged by tho cyclous of 1863, which Sarriod awny two of e largoes arms, this fino treo cousinnes to grow vigorously. 1§ now covary an area of grouud 800 foot in circumfer- enca; ity trunk girths 61 feot; and. from its branches no fower thun 170 aorial roots aro sont down ta the ground, nomo of them 10 feet in circumforencoe, ‘Thin fino old troe supports quite n colony of orchids, forns, and crooping plants, of nhout twenty distinct specics, and givos wholtor to innumerabla birds, Its cxact aga 1y not known ; but, considering how rapidly ban- yus graw, 6 probably dos not much oxcosd that of tho garden, and is thorefore less than a ceutury.” OUM-ARABIC. The fina white gum-Arabic produced in the countries borderiag tha Upper Nila {a aald by Sebwelnfurih to ba yiolded exclusively by the Acacia verek. 'Tho treo grows to tho height of ahout 20 feet, and hithorto no mentlon has boen mado of any pocaliarity in the formation of the gun. It fn simply notod that “The gnm geuer- atly ozudes from (he jrecs spontauncously, fu sufiiciost abundance to ronder wounding the baik guperfluous, Tho Howall tribos of East Aftlen, bowover, ara in the habit of promoting tho outflow by making long inclsions in the etoin and branclies of tho tres, In Kordofan, ‘b lumpa of gum aro broken off with au ax and callccu!l in bastots." In s lato uumber of tho Jceue des Keiences Naturelles, attention fu called to the fuct thas the oxudation of tho gum I8 promotad by the growth on tho brauches of tho Acacia of s wpecios of Jloranthus, o ewall, nhmbh{i porasitical plant, neacly allied to the Mistletoo, At tho polut whers tho Lorau- thus takea root, au irrogular, knaotiy protuber- auce is doveloped in the Acacis, frow which the two plants sond off branches,—those of tho Acacia buing spiny sud rmaller shan those of the Lorsothus. | At this place of uulon the gum fdows iu a vermicular form. Tho parasite isa now apoclos, nnd tho nama Joranihus ais i8 propusod for it qalen 1H TAEMORIAM, A tablet in momory of Joremiah Slorrocks has rocontly heon placed n Westminetor Abboy. It consists of A tnarbLle acrool afllzed to the pedes- tal of the monument of John Condult, nephaw of Bir Isaac Nowlon, which etands at tho ex- tromo wout ond of the north side of the nave, exnctly opposite the monnmont of Newten, at the extremo enst end. Tho inscription reads as follosss n mamory of Jeremia Hotrocks, Curate of 1109k, in Lancashire, Who dled ou tha 34 of Janitary, §64, in ot nest his I year t Having 1 s chort 8 1ifa Detected tho long fuequality tn the mesn motion of upibir and Baturn ; Discovered the orbit of the moon 1o b an eflipse ; Determined the tnotion of tie lnnsr apre § Suggested the phgalcal courss of its rovolutinn ¢ And preicted from hin own obmervations the Tranwit of Venue, Which was scen Uy lumaelf and his friend, Willam Craltree, On Sunday, the 24l of November (0, €3, 1639 1 “Thix tablet, facing the mavutnent of Newtou, Was rutred after the I3pwe of mora than two centurtes, ec, 19, 1878, The erection of the momorial is dna In groat meanuro to the exertion of twolndies, drs, Ormo and Mrs, I'atmore, who originated the idea and contnibutod largely to ita execution. STENOGRAPHIC EXHIBITION, A Btenographic Exhitbition wan opensd Nov, 1 in the City of Roms. 1is objoct was the en- couragemeunt of Btenograpby by a representation of its most important reaults, A let of tho itnlian 1éwns that mustam s ackool or aociety of Btenography was nung on the walls of tho room, and on tables were displayed stenographic works of overy sort, Among {heso was Dante's * Divina Comedy” copled futo 8 book of miuiaturo size, oud & postal-card on which a stenographer had written 8,660 words. It §s tho intont of the Com- mitten to ropraditce on & wax tablet tho steno- graphic marks with which Viro noted down the npeeciten of Cicoro, Thin would provo o Lis- torieal work of preat valuo, On the day after tha openinz of the Bteno- graphic Exhibition, Prof, Scalzi read bofore tho University of Rome~it belmg the firt day of the echolastic year—a papor describing 8 colloc- tion of surgical nn}mrllun belongiug Lo hithotom- inis and oculiets of the mxteonth nnd eighteoth conturics, which had been prererved among tho famities of Umbris, The coliection embraced cighty inetruments, many of which have a clore rexsmblance 1o thoto found at Fompeit and Ha- venna. 1In reviving the history of surgery in Italy, Prof. Realzl eliowed that these inatruments wore of Italisn, aud not foreign lnvention an han beon supposed, Mis papor proved that tho atudy of onginal instraments greatly aids a right understanding of the history of the surgical art, A DISCOVERY, Tbe ruins of a long-buried and unknown 3fo- hammodan city bave been Iately discovered by the Runsany iu the territory of the Atrek. They are gitiated on tho steppe cast of tho Caupian Bean, in o reglon once famous for s fertility. Tho country was irrigated Dy o canal connacted with Atrek, and the remalus of large tanks and of nu extensive system of pipes attest tho caro with which the inhabitants of the city secured an sbundant water-supply, Broken minarets of Saracenio architocture botoken tha roligion and the raco provailiug in the city, which had evi- dontly been of largo extent and nccuvied by o unumorous population. A dotailod doseription of the discovery, with copies of the inscriptions which admitol reading. have been trausmitted to 8t. I'otershurg, and thowo last have boen ¥ub- mitted by the Government to compotent schol- ura for luterprotation. BEE-KEEPING IN THE NETHERLANDS. Beo-keapg forms oo extonaive industry in some of the provinces of tho Notheriands. In 1939 over a million pouuds of honey woro ox- ported from the province of Drenthe alone. But tho harvest depends greatly upou tho woather, and somo years the product is mnch roducod. 1n 1560 Drontho exported ouly 10,000 pounds. In ordur (o s2oure s continual supply of wweots for tho sustennuce of thie beos, they ato ofton tiausported from ona portion of the provineo to another in order that advantage may bo taken of tho differont fields that flower wsuc- conively. I tho oarly 6pring the hives nrg ear- riod on boats or long wagons to the vicinity of tho Liosmoming rapo_ (Jrassica napus), sod when this has passod its season they ure con- veyed to Ymms whero the heathor and buck- wheat ars iy bloom. Iy thin dovico the busy Liee plies his tratdo uninterruptodly aod with cans tinunlly protitable roturne, THE SUPPOSED DRESDEN GORILLA, A short time ago wo gave, ob the authority of o writer in Nature, an interesting mccount of a supposed gorills in tho Zoological Garden at Dresdon, Mr. Meyor, Director of tho Royal Natural ITistory Musotum at Dreadon, now comes furward and ailoges that tho ape 1n questiou is nat a gorilla, bus n chimpauzee. Ho rosorves & publication of tho scioutitic reaeous for his opiuion until the tiute Wios Bomo person of authiority chooses £3 vutr into o discussioo of the watter with him, - —_—— LANDERS® VIEWS, ks Congress Will iRepeal the nptica Act ond Sabstitute ibucko for Bank-Notes. ‘I'ho now Democratic momber from the Indian~ npoliy District, Mr, Landers, has hoen inter- viowed, on Lis return from Washington durivg tho bLolidave, by a roporter of the Journal of that city, with this reault: Last evenluig n_roprosoutalivo of tho Journal ealled upon the IHon. Frunklin Landers, at his rosidoncs, coruer of Poonsylvania and 8t, Clair stroets, for the purpose of learuing the viewy of our Rupresentative i Cougroes upon several atters of publio interest, snd to spread them boforo our readers. Mr. Landers was fouud iu company Wit the Yon. James Buchanau, * tho Groon Plan,” and auother gontlewan to tha ro- porter unkuown, ‘Tuoy both withdrew aftern fow moments’ conversatfou, and Alr. Lsu- ders sctt'ed himsolf back in a chair to undorgo the pumping process, tirst seciug that lue visitor wae made a4 comfortsble as & somi-rochning position 1n au easy rockiug jrould permut. ~‘Che preaonco of Mr. Bu 1murn Iy led tho conversation Lo tho consideras tion uf tho fluancial cucstion. Mr., Lunders #nid, dn roply to the questiou, **What will Le tho legixlation of Cougrens upon tho fluancisl problaw this winter ¢ that [t would Lo talion up unmodiately attor tho koliday-recoss. Jle thought the IHouso would demaud a report at onco from the Commlittes on Bauking and Cur- roncy, 'Thero is s docided majarity in tho Houuo lo favor of the immediate ropeal of the Specio-Resuwntion act, and that wili bo doue without doubt, Thero is amo, Mr. Landers thinks, a majority 1u favor of the retiremont of the National-Bank notes, and the 1suing of so oqual amount of greonbacks, But of this Lo is not certain, Laetern Damocruts do not want tho National-Bank notes retired. Itio Toxas dologation is all in favor of **bard mouoy; ™ tho balance of tbo Southern Represcutalives are known * grocuback men,” Mr, Landers, speakiug of tho probsble action of the Sonato upou tho Resumption-jupeal, sald Lo belioved tho nvasure would pass thist body. 14 certaiuly will if Benator Moston favors it. Mr. Morton'a position 1 unknown, but, it he will tako a stand in favor of its repeal, ho has intlucace onongh with tho Bonate tu carry it with bim in hus advocacy of the ropealing sct, An offurt will undoubtedly be madoe this winter to secura the rotirewent of Nutional-Bank notes, aud roplace them with groenbacks, Tho Na- tional-{iankers themselyes Lave quite a friendly feoling for this proposition, and some of thow are its warmest advocates, ** A mombor of tho Houss of Neprosontatives, who sits near mo," ssld Mr, Landors, **and who has been a Nation- al-Hauk Preaidont over alnco the act was pased, —1 moan Mr. Mackay, of Peunsylvants, bas & bill propared upon the subject, “ombraciug sub- stantislly the viows of the greenback-sdvocatod. Mg, Euglich, of the Firat Natioual Laok of thie city, in & conversation L had with Lim, exprossed himself in favor of the propovition, it we would but removo tho logal-fonder clauso, But that 18 Just what wo waut to rotain. Wo want to make inoney off tha ‘I'ressury-natea, Wa cau, by sub- atituting theso for Natioual-Dauk uotes and withdrawing tho bonds plediea for tho bank- circutation, relieve the voople of payiuy Interest ou tuas much monoy, There i no intenuon 10 declaro war ou the ‘banks or tho buuk-systew. Lusiuess-mou must huvo banks, We cuu't get along withont them, and the Nutiona] Usoks are abous as good #s auy wo could gut. Fhus far, 1 think, we will bo joined by Esstorn Duusocrats, who #ro, Of conrse, strong Advocates of aud ad- lioronts 1o the bunk-sysle 120 TN ——————— Tha 'aris Figaro, rofessing to A, 'F. Btewazt's recont purclhsso of & Dluissobior for $0,000 lrance, vays: “Ina fow yesr, it we wish jo obtain the works of sny of tho greal mastory of modern Freuch art, wo sball bo forcod to cross tho Attantio, and to ropurchase thew in Now York tor tholr weight iu gold.” SCIENCE AND RELIGION, Hodgman vs, Proctor=+-0ther Warriora Joining in the ‘‘Shindy.” The Sclentists Stigmaiize Thelr Opponent as a Veritable Know.Nothing Vhile the Indomitable Hodgman Declares that Proctor, Tyndall, and Huxley Aro In Antagonism to All tho Laws . of Nature, ANTI-HODGMAN, HO. 1. Ta the Edllor of The Chicago Tribun: Citicano, Dee. 80.—T’oor Mr. Iolgman was boru too latol I yity bim beeause ha possesses 4 talont for Ignorauce which conld liavo enrned him a high and respectod position in the time of Galilco, Iio could Lavo boen s worthy Grand- Inquisitor of the tribunal which condemned that great “astronomer, who was impudent enongh 1o teach Copernicns' theury, and to christen it Scienco, which cama in an uoroverent conflict with that Book whiclh ja supposed to bo the fountain of all Truth aud Science. Did not Joshus command the sun to stand till 5 but how could he command' it to stand still if fv waa notin motion? Theretorn Galileo was an Athoist, and Coperniens' theory devilish and untsne, Thet is a #pecimen of Mr, i{odgman's Beience. Afier roading Mr. Proctor's leeture, be wont through tho wholo Eible, but failed to find auything about the “ Nebulm," which mado bim doubt at'once the truth of all uow discaveries, Yes, it in ** almost tmposeiblo to keop up with tho march of Science in our dav; " but it fs en- tirely impossible to do so for this madern Omar, who knows bLut one book, hin Koran. If ho would know a little moro about Natural Philoso- ply, aud loss of the Koran, ho would not seek for eclentitic faformalion in the lattor, ind, not Sinding oy thorein, declare war to Seience. Now, Mr, lodgman, you are not the man to conMnence war with Bcionco; you had botter sot your bratn to work for new Inventioas, and you will have woro succesd, o4 is proved by your last fnvented * Beienco-Guuge.” You teated with it your own scientific mvibities, and it indicatod, quite correetly,—Zero! DBut you neked queations, as : ¢ How does lio [Mr. Proctor] know that the carth over was in that glowing, Lot, and meited utatn That tho earth was before in o melted, liquid state, wo kuow by direes observation: Tho inuer part of thio earth iu atill in & molted, liqud atate, of which volcanoos axe tho proof. 8o you sup- mit to that, or do you bolieve the volczuoee to ba tho chimneys of old Entav's suipbureons tabo- ratory 7 I hopo you do submit to it, Wall, then, if the inner part of the earth la satill in & inolted stato, it 18 Lut natural that tho wholo globo was once in that state ; and wo hava proofs for that, viz.t (1) by tho epherical ebayo of our earth ; (2) by the fact that the globo ix tiattened on the poles 1 (3) by geotogical cxamination of the sur- face of tho eartl., 1 should thisk you would Le convinced. by his briof explanation, that the esrth was onco inn melted slate. But you lave ono moro seruple: ** If tho body of our globe was once in a stato of fusion,—n molted, liquid mars, as tho theory claims,—lot the 'rofessor oxplain why, i the process of cooling, tho Leavier material, as gol»l’ wilver, tead, ote., did not settle to the Lottom, In obedience to the law of specifio gravity. . . . DLut the Nebulas Hypothcem in in entire contravention to this law. Tho heavi- ont masroa are found near the surfaco, n3 goli, otc. ; whilo granite-rock, which is seven t| Lighter thsu wold, is faund below them all ¢ ™ "Fhis question, Mr. Hodgman, 18 essy to an- avear, lu thy iret place, gald and silver, which wo fiod vear tho surface, sre—I am eorry Lo kav =—very kcarco compared with thio mass of ‘granite rock and other minoral and rocks matturs which form tho surface of tho earth. If gold was oe plenty as gravite, [ would be a richer man, and your doubts would hinve more senss ; but, 2y the memtmn« of gold aud grauite ‘ara by far a fovor . of the latter, s simplo perimout, § which yon tan kco perform m every reduction-work, will mhow you how thatlittlo pold and miver camo pear the autfaco, sud did pot sink sway down 10,000 fathoms. If you melt and reduce silver or gold ore in crueivle, the gold or miver will Hottio on the bottom, winlo 1o wlag will flow ou tho top of tho beavy metal. Lot tbo wholo mnss got cool, and examine the slag. aud you will always find it ta contam somo etallio gull or sifver, though they are muck heavier than the slag. 1f you stir the malted mass whilo conling, the wlag will contain & much larger percentagy of tho.w motals. 2 ‘This, 1 hope, will remove your gravity-sermplo, and you witl submit to tho theory thnt the budy of our globo was ouce in & stato of fusion, but the surface is not 8O A7y mWOre—~or you would pot bo troubled with so mauy doubts,—therelura the carth must have grown cvol, and must keep an to cool, cuol, cool, till it coola duwa to the centre. 4 = ‘khat tho sun i still in s rlowing, gascous #tato, cun bu proved by #poctroscopic olmerva- tion. Thoss obwervations ars performed with an spparatus called o spectroscope, by lettinyg the rays of & colored ~flamo, alter posging throngh A nerrow o slit, trave orsa o prisny, and by observing the spectrum thus produced, Ly means o & folo- seope. Esch motal or eleiont whichs gves color to tho flamo produces & pecuhiar xpoctrum, formed, in tome cases, of wmny hned of the eamo color ; iu othors, of two moro distant linos of different color, 'Thieso Epectra Ao character- {etic {n the invariablo relative porition they oe- cupy, snd in the defluita color ot tho spectrnl tinen, which ousbles us to akcertain without dif- ficulty all speotrumegiving constithonts of a wixtiuro at one view, Tho lines charactoristio of each elument appear o the ntmost exactiesd and purity. But, by moanu of a spectroscone, wo do not ascurtau ouly the chouneal compusition of mu- torials, but nfnu the physical stato in which thoy aro ywhen originating bght, viz.: 11 the spectrum in contingous, tho substance I8 in a glowing. polid or glowine-Jiquid state; if the spectrum consists of bright and colored lines, thy origin of light is in & glowing-gascous state ; aid, if tho continous spectrutn containg dark lines, then the light was originated by glowing- gaseous matter, but bad to jues through an stmosphers o vapois of luwer towmperas ture, which, by their absorbing pow- er, ostingulshed those colored * rayu which they would have beamed forth themsolves 1f ehining alone, Tho wun bus o contiuony epoctrum, coutalulu; many dark hoes, and sty fherefore, be in @ glowing-gasuus’ slate, surrouhdod by an atmospliore of vapors, ‘Fhoso dark lues of tho sun-spocltrum wero discovered by Wollaston and TFranenhofer: but thelr real nature wns uukuown till Kirchtiorr mado tho wondorful (I?nm\'fl;y that thesy dark lives cofnetdo with thoss of the spectra of differcnt chemical substavces. I oxaminod tho epectrum of {ho sun snd that of rodiutn at tho eame time, by letting the ray of sunlight puss throngh a sodiun-tlamo, “sad found that soveral of the dark lines turned into Lright-yoltow, represcutiug exactly the sudium- epectrum. By rope this oxperimant with alltho wpeotriim-i wents, hio nsccriainod which of tho dark ] aro spectia of this snd which of that metal or elemont, and gave us thoreby the moans to mako o cnemical analysis of tho sun and otner worlds, Theso are indisputable facts, which prova thac tho sun, as welt as tho utars snd nedulv, aro fua lowing-gaseous state, e l."urt‘l‘wsrmum. you doubt tho oxlsience of fn- fnito mpaco. Now, if you do not bolivya in in- oty of space, perhaps you canmark the hoit of space, Lot us kay tho ond of all space is 1 Heavou, where tho angels are. Al right, but what do sou_imsgine boyoud that boundary ?— paco, Aud boyoud thut7—Spaco sguin. 1t yuul can nutno or Joseribe s place without space, I will foreako Scieuce, and accept the Korun, and belisyo in thu srumpeta of Jerichio, Very respectlully yours, Otroxan Horpvay. ANTI-HODGMAN, NO, 2. Tothe Kilitor vf The Chicauo Triduna Ginasp Rarios, Mich,, Dec, 29.—Tho cheorful cowplucency with which Mr. llodgmau lets down lus littlo thimbls into tho mensureluss ocosu of Speculstion, and the profound satlsfuchion with which ho draws it up again flled to its narrow brim with Absoluto Truth, moves me to writo o fow wordy especially adapted for witaplo minds tike his. Nob that be of his aro toboatall waoved by any worda which hiut at a path out- #ido of tho stralght rub in which thoy wers doowwl from binib, by contractad comprehun- sion sud warped judgmcnt, Lo move ; not that 1y words, more shan the words of Tyadall or P'roctor, can ever prevent tho tribe of llodgwan from applylug thewr ioch-rulse to sl tho boundicss Immonaitica which the farthost rb‘:cll of Dbilosophy has imagined, and trimmphaotly recording all tho dimonslong thorcof jn such minuto fractions of linear extonsion ns ahall bo amply within the Acopo of tho Hodgmanian percoption ; not that anyihing shall over Lring 1t aquaroly to the ITodgmanians that oach individusl of the pigmy tribola not in somu way, socrat but individus nily golf-ovidont, tho subilmo cenfro of the Univorso, to whoso convictions Doity itach must bow in profound recogaition of tho mathe. matical exactnogs of thoir accuracy; not for any of theqo thinga, for mortars should bra tho ITodgmanians 1 vain,—but simply Locanso want to, What n profound rebnka ja Hodgman to the yain-glorioug intollect ; and hoty sll-uncansciour hais of tho moral ho convess ! Crawling, with his buay fittlo logs, sy hairsbroadth nlong the track of time, ho calmly and contldontly romarls to Proctor, ** Measuromo this of tne endloe eycles, in certaln years of our reckoning; ané weigh mo that of tho mnssas of the Univarso, iz Pinin ndvoirdupols ; and explatn ta ma all of the deop, inscrutablo forces and attractiony that stit the bosum of Naturo, so that I—evon Hodgman ~—may underatand,—oven I andalt the Hodgmane 1ana;” elso stand forth oy convietol charlatan, 8 quack, a deceiver of thysell, ora liar, or pere haps a littlo of all four !" Dut let us_unto tho text of Modgman. Tel s paes in wilonco thn bold assertion that Chrls- tianity, with its little knot of followers,—fow indeod compared to tho boliovera [n tho older nod moro finnly-eatablished suparatitions,—*hag boen tested "'and proved true; fob ns pasa koutly over tho gross ignoranco of the duration of Orlental religtons which alono conld load Ilodzman to Lring forwarl o daration for a pitiful 20w years, or womething less, na an argnment for the trmth of his religion; lot 1 wveu pnsy hisown patont contradiction of tuat Book which savs that in the Leginniog tho earth was witont form and void,—said cunira~ diztion being involved In Iodgman's_assortion that tho Neonlar IIypothesis i ** now," and let uy como to Hodgman's stumper, Htripped of all it tonobrious pinmago, 3r, Hadgman's juterrogative crow caws thus : 1. lluw lung wns our eartls in & gaseous cone dition before it Legan to cool ¥ 2. Why did it bogin to cool? 3. Why dnes it keap on cooling ? 4. \Why, 1f the eartls wasever melted, aro thery any heavy things ou the surfacoof the earth notw, lustead of ull suen bolng at tho centre ? Why, Hodgman, any lad ot school can nnaswer theo! Thatis, if any Hodzanlan intellect can ever recognize the fact that thismustard-sood of n world I3 not the Universe, but sowmali an atom thereof that its loes, if enly it conld bo lost, would never Lo known oat’ of ity own narrow ueighborhood. Hera aro your nuswers, Hodzmas,~warmanted aceuratn: 1, Natimentall, Tho gascons motter which formul tho earth began to coof tho iuktant ic asenmed tho gascous form, and will undoubtedly coatinue to cool until, eitbor by dropping jute tho sin, or otherwise, it azain orsumoes thoe' gas- cous form, 1 will add, 88 o specalation, that, if the Modgmanians live uutil their biius wone their bodies out, they will probably ba on hand in good bealth tho next timo this intorestivg avent vceurs, 2. Lecausa it was surronnded by matter of ¢ Jower temperature than iteelf. 3, For the samo reason, 4, Binca you have Leen down 4o the middlo of the world, Hodgmarn, sud know that thore aro na substances thera hoavier than gold and all thasa other things thst worry sou 80 much, you must bave baen nnusually blind, oven for a Hodz- maninn, uotto havo scen those Lot little cracka nnd erovises through whicli the meltod metals and things were accavionaliy splashad up to the outside of tho world, wlien mountsius of granits. aud #0 on pank doan into eubterranean lakes of weltad things, And again, if vou will go to soma coppesswithiy, You cunt so0o malied Lrass wwim around on meltod borax nny day, and borax hasn't mneh wore than Cono-seventh the spocitlo gravity of epelter. Liut, Hodgmun, vou haven't been down to thomiddlo of the wworld, beenuao, if yon had boen, you nuver would havo said thore aro po hieavy things down thore, Deeause there are, you know. I'm asbamod of your moking stieh asuwptions, when you tusl know that nobody, not even tho most eredulous Christay, will eser Leiiovo vou. Honicr L. AnNoLp, HODGMAN HIMSELF. T'o the Edtor of The Chicam Trutnne ; 1. Lous, Doc. 30.—1 did not like the cap tion, *Science va. Religion,” which your corre- spondent selected in au nttempt to criticise an articlo of mine, a8 the words convoy & falseliood on their very face. My parposo i to show that Seienco is not opposed to Religion, Trun Science {a the handmnid of Rtoligion, sud ever must bo. 1t is only **Scionca falscly so-callod” that is jus jmical to Christionity, Thls is tho proposition that [ intond to demonstrate to the world, if I liva long cuough. I supposod that yonr correspoudent, ms he voluutoured Lisservices to defond Prof. Proctor, might pay some nttention to the problom which Isubmitted to tho cousideration of the latter gentleman,—not that 1 belioved ho could solve it, for that would Lo simply impossblo, The Iawa of Naturo will continuo a4 they aro, note withatanding our ignorance, But, if neither the Yrofessor nor his defender shall even undortake to disposo of that problem, every roafder of ‘i Triguse will understand tho reason why. Thora i3 not o principle in thin wholo systom of falsa ience, now advocated by Messrs. Proctor, Pyuddall, and Darwin, that doos not contraver alltho fass of Naturo ju«t us much o it wat shown by my gougo-test they subvert tho lawe af geavity. Your correspondent, T think, must now se¢ who they nro who “eitlp dywn' 8 dish of thoo- ries, suppositions, anil uncertaintics, belloving them fruths ;* aud who aro *the proternnturallvs wisn pooplo who don't tske tho trouble to stady the subjects on which thoy spoak,” and writo, too. A for what Lo tormy’ “a cortatn Book of Fables,” it is the Rlock of Eternal Truth, No hue man wmind over yot thoroughly studied tho evie douco on which tho truth of that Book rosts, without boing convinced. And no ona over can do o whilo tho Iaws of baliof shll continuo as they aro. ‘Tho ovidouco exists, and it 5 not op~ tionnl to beliaye or nos to beliove when you sca it. Lot your correspondont iy tha experiment. H. 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