Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, September 18, 1875, Page 3

THE CHICAGO LITERATURE. Parwin’s New Worl, on In- sectivorons Flants. Objeot-Lessons in Zoology---Momoirs of John Quinoy Adams. Archery In Great Britain---Tho Cor- poration of London Library. gclontific Notes---The Hanateo-~-Tall Tortolses=-~* Flower of the Holy Ghost.” LITERATURE, Tm‘:flltfiffi"inm'lmnum. dinos, Dp. 463, Fewark: 1. Appletou & Co. Price, $4 ffho intoresting fact that certain specles of plante are in the habit of capturing incocts for {he evident purposo of feeding upon thom, has long boen known to naturaliate; and 8 cousidera- blo literature, ombodying the results of mani- fold aud wide-Apread obsorvations, Lias pecamu- \ated upon tho wubject. Tho moxt oxtonded troatizo that s yet apponred s this from Mr. Darwin, au fuvestigator of whom it s well - \nown that when ho onco undertakes tho solution of & problom in setonce, nover loaves it untll §¢ les Dboen tesled by an ox- paustivo series of experimonts sustained with marvolous patienco and ingemmty. Mr. Darwin enterod upon tho study of insectivorous piants u 1860, and with the holp of his two sons, Uoorgo aud Fraucls, and of varfous other ex- perts fu acienco, ho lua nmaseed in tho fficon gubsoquont yeara an amount of fresh and curi- aua data sulliciout to fllf the prosont portly duo- dectmo. Hia obsorvations have bean mainly given to thio Droseraced, & patural order of plaula com- prising six known gouors, viz.: Drosera, Lionaca, Drosophyllum, . Boridula, Byblis, and Alarotanda. All the mombars of thi family eapturo inscets and consumo tham, Of tho six geuera into which the family i divided, tho Drosera Las, in tho words of Mr. Darwiy, “heen incomparably the most’successtul in the Battlo of life.” It includos sbout 100 specios, *{shich range fu the Otd World from tho Arotlo segiou to Southern Indis, to tho Capo of Good lope, Madagascar, sud Ausiralia; lln\.h &L\? Naw World from Csuada to Torra del fuego.” Br. Darwin haa recorded’ obsorvations upoa but seven specios of - the Drosors, by far tho greator parpof his study having boen given to the D. rotundifolta. Thia littlo plant is in point of slze an tonignif. eant momber of tho vegetallo kingdom. Its fesli-oating habits Liavo elovated it to 6o much \mportarico among naturaliats, that it will e apt to disappoiut thoso Litherto uuscqualuted wish the piant to find Llist Dalf-a-dozen full-grown specimens wonld bave abundant roont to flourish Ins Yomp of earth ouly a8 big aathe palm of ones hand. Tho largest loave will not avorago rbave o third of an iuch fu dinmetor. Enoh plaut lins from ¢wo to kix leaves, npnnglnf; direotly from the root, and gonorally lviug nearly flat wit facea looking upward. The upper eurface of tho leaves ia covered with “ine halrs or tentacles, each boaring on its t1p o glund that iy purrouuded witl largo drops of an oxtremoly viseid secrotion. A ningfin‘ leaf boars [row 1900 Yo 20 teutaclos aud their beads of svarkling fluid thay nover drios bavo acquired for tho plaat the camwon nsmo of sun-dow, ko plant Frowa in damp soil and inhabits both tho Now and O1d World. It ts found in sbundauco a fow Pnlos from Chiosgo, st Lina Btatlou and Muler's, on the Soutorn Michigan and Baltimore hio Railroads. k'?lm wondor about this minuto plant is that jta Joaves ara voritablo traps, sttracting insecis Ly thatr odor, oF by the promiae of ncotar, which tiioir glistoning, dew-like drops boid out for (he porposo of socuring food, without which the plant cannot thrivo. Tho roots of this, ay of all fusectivorous piant, ate poorly devaloped, and incapable of deriving enough nourishment from tho #oil to nustain ita lifo, Thus, ss Da win remorks: “A plant of Dsosora, with the edges of ity leaven curled tuward, a0 a4 to form o temporarv stomack, with the glands of tho cloeoly-fuflected tontaclea Ycuflng'muh thoir seid secretion, which dissolves animal matter, Bftermards to bo absorbed, may bo kaid to food like an_snimal. Dut, differently from an ani= mal, it driuiis by moans of it roots ;eand it must Qrink largoly, 80 88 to rolain many drops of Vincid i round tho glands, soraotion aa many 24260, 0xposcd durivg 1o wholo 4oy 1o & glasiug eun.” n. ¥rom tha sizo of the plant it moy be judged that {t captures ouly tiny prey. Flicsaro ita mont frequont victims, ‘Tho largest insect that Darwin ever saw outtapped by it waa a amall buttorlly ( Caononympla pamphilus), but 8 largo living dragon-fly has boen found by avother obuorvor flymly olasped by iwo leavos that unlted their powers 1o hold and straogle him. In placea whers the Drosora is common the number of fnsects which It slaughtors must b enormous. *+ I gath- ered by obanco a dozou plants,” eayd Darmim, * poaring fitty-gix fully axemndml loaves, and on thizty-oue of theso dead fusects or romaine of thom adhered. . . . On ouo plaut all eix loaves had caugbt their prey; and on several plants very rasuy teaves had caught mora than a singlo insoct. On ove large loaf I found the ro- maiba of thirtoen distinct insectiy’ 7 Tle loaf captutes iusects that alight upon it, first by meaus of tho viscoun uid that instantly slues thoir orgaus of wotlou, aftor which it lolds them by fho tontacles ihst alowly curve in and olasp fhe prisoners on overy side. Tha glanda ou tho tentaclea aro 8o bxquisitoly sensi- tive tuat tho oxcoeuively dolicato feat of the emallost flnl comupg tn contact with the flnlild r. ctaof human hafr weighiug 135714 of o grain xflund on a gland cansed tho tontacle boaring it o infleot towards the centre of tho leaf, while Joss than the milhouih of a grain of phosphote of smmonia aveorbed h{n gland produced tho sama affect. According (o Dr, Nitschke, insocts wre uaunlly killed in sbout {ifteen minutes after alightiog ou a leaf, owing to thcic trachiw being Blied by the viecid secrction which the glands pour oat in frash supplics upon irritation. "This socrotion way proved by Darwin to be similar in patare to tho gastrio juice disciargod by the stomach of animals. Under iy obserya- tiou it complotely disaolved albumon, muscle, fibrin, aroolar tiesuo, cartilago, tho fibrons basis of boie, gelatin, chondrin, casclu n the state In whiol it exists in milk snd gluton which had boon ubjected to woak hydrochlorio acld, 1l also demonstrated without a doubt that tho sulmal subatances dissolved by this secrotion aro abscrbed by the glauds, and form tho chiof part of the sustonsnce of tho plant, Homo Wourishment is probably derived by the Drosers from tho carboio netd in the atwiosphoro, and also froin vogetsblo substauces, as from liv- ing seeds and pollen, which, when falling upon o leavon, aradigostod and asaumilated the nawo e Batwin bas recorded b1 r. Darwin bay lod hisexperiments upon the Drosera with the ssmo care .?.?i mlnnufeou thas Lie has executed them, snd the account op- cupies turee-forths of his yolume, Ineumming up the evidonco coutsined In his discoverles Lo presentssomospoculationawith regard tothoman- Der in_which the genors of the Droseracere gradunlly acquired their rewarkabls powers of digesting aud absorbing auimal matter by the action of their glaudy, and by which 1 somo casea they gaincd the added’ power of movg- ment., By cowpariug the structure of the losves, thelr degres of complication, and thelr rudic mentary parts fu tho six gcuers, ke couceiyes that their common pareut form had leaves thay wors * almost certalnly linear, perhaps divided, and bere on their uppes sud lower surfagos glanas which bad the powor of secrebing and absorbing. Home of thoso glands wero mounted on pedicels, and others w almost vessilo; the Jatter secroting only whon stiniulated by tho ab- sorption of animal matter, Droi in tho ouly genua of t Droseracee that is fiuumu iu tho gre struggle for oxistonce, the five othor groups ve. iog o a declining condition. ‘The Drosera has, tterad all over aa wo havo aald, 100 spacies ec the world, whereas the Drosophyliun has bui oue upecles, timited to Portugal and Morocoo ; tha Aldrovanda, threo spocivs or varielios, raug- fug from Central Europe to Bougal and Ause tzalis ; the Roridulg ann Byblis, each have two specios, the former contined to the western r;m of tLe Cape of Good Hopo, sud tho latter Australls § aud finally, the Dion@a, bass but ous specles, limed o one duwirice lu North Carolina. _ Of this laat lntoresting plant, com- monly calied tho Venus fiy-trap, Daraiu ways: 1t in & strango fact that Lionat, which Inone of tho most besutifuliy-ndapied plants i the vogotablo kingdom, rhioild appareutly b ou the Iigh-Tos1 ta oxtinction.” fr, Darwin lias ombracod In his studs of Hmcotivorons plants four genera of tho ordor Lentibuliacwr. "The threa specicn of tho Vinguicula (butter-wort) which were exam- ined, ho found to posness the power of digeating and 'sbrotbing onimal mateer, 1o nlao dotors minnd that many spocies of the Liricnlarg nddor-wort), and of tho kindrod geners (ens ea and Lolypompholyx capture oquatic or ter- restrinl lukecis and absorb the products of their decay. 1In'tie pornsal of Mr. Darwin's volume, the roador will nok ouly gain an intelligent idea of all that i now known to Ltlte structure, moyo~ ments, coustitution, and habits of tho invoctivor- ous plants that cotho undor the autnor's obsot- Vation, but ho will gein au equally hwpronsive concention af tha vears of slow, cautius. aud untirsg atudy by which the natoralisc s nmlu'uo listury of tho orgunis aud inorgauio world. OBJECT LESSONS IN ZOOLOGY.S Book or Zouzoot, By Epwans 8. Monww, 1,, Late Professor of Comparattyn Anatomy sn Finer ; "New Pl 7 i Bowilnin College. i2mo., pp. 188, Gk Apaneon K Co.: brice, s1. Atlast s text-book of zoology has been pre- pared for tho use of schools which displays the raro guality of “common Bonko in the constrige tion of Its plan. Its autbor las mot gouo to ooks or to art, but to nature, fora key to tup Begt method of instructing childron, and he haf obtained it triumpbantly. If a child Ia atiracted {0 tho study of suimala it is becauso he has bap- potiad to observe somo of thomin lis native Liauute, and bis attontion was excited by discove eriug certaln curiony hobita peculiar to it From osominlng . ono strango, intorest- fog sulmal, ho we led to somutinizo another, sud tho fund of ontertainmont invaviably derived finally suggosted tho for- ation of aliftle coltection of tho particular specios or variety of species that havo most s tractod Lim, nnd that ho lnowsmost about. With the sccumulation of specimons, hin fnter- ent grows, until tho richost eport for all llg Jefsuro Lours s buntiog for objocts with \_vblch to stock his cabinot. Who lias wot seen this ox- porienco workod out over and over again among tho Iads of his ncquaiutance ? But tho troublo biza hierctofore bosn with boys snd girls, in aud out of kchool, whoso Inclination bos strongly turned toward the pursult of vatursl history, that thero wero no manuals to Lelp thom slong iu tho simple, direct way they wero instluctively traveling. ‘Thio books woro Vasod upou tho prtificial methods of acholasties, snd, calling thom in from tho woods and flolds where study wae 8 luxury, sot them at irksomo, promaturo tasky in tho classitieation of & whole ‘World of animals a8 yet utterly unknown, and in committing to memory au endiens amount of loug, bard, unintelligiblo Grook and Latin namos, No wouder that (e studouts forced to pors over Such til-adapted tanuals leave them whon tho courso_is Jinished witl littlo nore knowiedgo than shen they bogan, and with tho liftlo futor- st they ounco hed in solwuls thoroughly quenched, ut Irof. Morso hus_prosided s mosns for chinnging oil that. 1o does not forgob that bo was ouce o boy himself, with a foudaces for watching apiders spiuniug their web, aud ants diggiog thelr holes, nnd spails crawling about with thiele houses on tholr backs; and with & Jonging to know, without a deal of discoursgiog study, tho life Listory of thoso odd little vrea- tures. ‘Tharcfors, ho Eivaa tho youug pooplo a ook, tlat they may take along with tuom i thei out-of-dour searclies for wuaile, spiders, and what-uot, and that will paide thom at just tho pounts whoto thoy are Likely to go aumisy, sud snpply the 1nformation thair active, inquiriug winda will kpontaneously ask for, und, iu sbort, avouding the impuleive air of a pedagogue, will direct them to correct mothods of gettng {ho most and trucst kuowledge of the livinz things thoy would like to get acquaivted with, Lhs baok follows the pupil ratlier than leads him, ro- Iying upon it than when Natura 1wspires a child to study her works, the instinots sue implauts ato to Lo dovolopea instead of being repressed. Tn u similar 1usuner Urof. Agnasiz gave the first Jessons to bus pupile. A tadont applyiug to him for instruction was given uo book uor oral Jecturo, but'was left aloso wih somo swimal, ny o fivh OF A oystor, boforo Lim. At tho ond of'adsy or daya, tho pupil was ssked totell What ba'had found out about the object givon nim to study, Ov rendering un_nccount of his discoveries, bo was agatu lort with thio same ani- mal to ko onin the work of obsorvation. Tuus for ‘wools tho pupil was roquired to pursue siouo the study of austomy, sud in ths oud, if thera waa tho matorinl of a vaturalist 1n bin, bo had fearned by Limsolt all thoro was known of the gpocial object of his luvostigation, snd ofton 1104 mado somo indopondent discovories. Wisoly agatn, V'rof. Morso dous bat attompt to 0 over tho whole svimal kingdom in ilus Arst Eonk af zoology. 1lo copsiders it cuough if the ctiild learus by ite aid how to cotlect aud bow to observe o fow of the moat common aud widely sprend animals, stich a8 snally, wollusca, worms, and insoats, And v troating those bo asks the swudout to notica only the leadiug facts in thoir structure aud biobits,” Thuy tho ohild's work is throughout kopt within the gowpass of Lis abili- tios, “He 14 taught nothiug ihat Lo cauuot soo for himolf, and wo ail know thal the eyes ace the bust and pleasantest of all jugtructors, Ono of the charming foaturos of tho book Isits {ilustrotions, which aro sugraved from original drawings made by he author, 1lis vorsatlo talcnt {a platuly rovealed i thew, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. Mrat01rs or JUIN QUINGT ADAXS ¢ Cournistng Pon- DIARE ot 1705 70 1818, Edited by 8 Anass, Vol VL, Bro., pp, 547, . 15, Lipuiticost & Co. ‘Tlo tonor of this portion of Mr. Adame’ jour- Dal, which extends from May 1, 1825, to May 16, 1828, fs unremittingly melancholy. Tho cares, and rosponsibilities, and anxieties that boset lus oflice aa President of the United Blates fratted and wora upon Lim until Lis boalth and spirits woro seriously undormined. o fult at heart that bo was nota favorite with tho peoplo; that, though they might respoct his lutegrily and abile ity, thoy regardod him with vo warmsh of ud- wmiration or sitachment, Above all, wad ho son- sitivo to tho fact that be lind ot boou vlaced by & unanimous vota at the head of their Govarns mont, On tho first day of 1826 ho mads the following algmfcant entry {n his diary: *The yoar has boon tho most momentous of thoso that Lave passod ovor my head, inasmuch as it has wit. nessod my olovation, at tho age of B8, to the Chlof Magistracy of my country, to the summit of laudablo, or, at lenat, biamoloss, worldly sam- Dition 3 not, howaver, in b manuer eatiafactory to pride or to just dusire ; not b{ the unequivo- cal sulirages of a wajority of the poople, with pcrtiaps to-thirds of tho wholo pouplo adverse o tha sowual rosult, Nearly ono yoar of this dcrvico Lina already passad, with Jitilo chaugo of the public opinion or feelings ; without dissstor to tha country ; with au unusual degree of pros- pority, publiv and private.” This admisslon, watling to the pride of auy man, sorely woundod tho cold but smbitious spirit of Mr, Adauy. Tho record in ‘his fournsl s wmado up of minuto dotaily, much of thom of & potly carac ter, aud mouth by mouth the tone of wWearines and discontent grows more omphatio, As s statosman awd & diplomatist, Mr, Adama was adaptod to every Important oflice in the adminis- tratton of Govornment thet ho was called upon o oceupy, but socially o was il fitted for the place of Prosident. ‘Tho futrualon of the muli- tude upon Lis timo and courtesy was intolerable to him, and to be urbane, friondly even, with aa indiscritiuato throuy of viaitors was, at last ho found, too high a price to pay for tho higheut lionor that could Lo bestowed by the uation, At one time ho writes: *The euffering that must ho suppreaxed, the clisorfulucxs that must ba as- sumed, the indifference or gayoety whioh sure round me, tho various calla of sympathy with thioso whoso Luainess or plessura briuga fn so- cloty with me, form altogothior a sort of convu)- slve atate of oxistenco which sowetimes sooms na il it would burst every ligamont of self-con- trol." One of tho most notable events uot down in the journa! of these three yoars was the sim- ultaneond doath of Jefferson ‘and Joha Adams ou the 4th of July, 1820, INDEX TO HARPER'S MAQAZINE. Ax Inpux 70 Haurrs's New Moxttiy Micagtve, YoLuses I, 70 Lt Fuost Juxs, 1650, 70 May, 1315 800 b 610, Nea York: Uarjer & Trowet, ¥rice, Mesuars, Harper & Brothors leave nothing un- dono to rendor their maguzine usoful to the pub- lie, Yor twenty-five years It has - beon kapt flrm to the Ligh standasd set for it in the begiuning, and nono of tho viclssitudes that ordivanly be- ot periodical litarstare have moved if porcopti- bly from {ts original plau. Roadors of tha paat goneration will gratefally remember how they woloomed tho first number as it came from the pross, It insuguratod a vew erain the Liatory wmlequats ‘o the offort had sttemgpted to odapt itaelf to tha neods of the mnanen, and, whilo secking {0 ontertain, liad also atriven to tuntruct, Tho Jlarper's sterted out with tbis double alm, and faithfolly from ita very birth Lo it nccomplishied ha noble pur- poso, Ho anchangeable have boen its soupe and its work that any ovo of tha HOD numbers thus far fxsuod may bo talicu a9 a fair ennple of the swhole eollection, Tatiliar as_ono may bo with 1hoe entirs carcer of Harper's Monthly, in luulflnfi over the Jong list of miticlen and anthora set down in tho Iu- dox, ono Is astoninlion L0 sco What & multitide of topics of popular interost have been trooted, and with umform thoronghuesn and abibity, "o whole domain of Bclence, Art, and Litera- ture, liss all_Loon swapt over, and—not all its troamiros gloancd, that were hnpomstle—tut all tho subjocts of the most mpo tatka at the moment LiAve hoon tiscursed in au intel- ligiblo and agreosble mauner. o may eay that n quortion of PATamOUNt CONCOMD. 1o By poT- B pooplo ha failed to recoiva attoutiu at the timo whandn Lus stood most prowginently in tuo foreground. I s sniightenod judrment that presidas over the mageaino 18 apparent in tho Indox. It I clearly Bud fully systematized, sud, with wiso forothonght, altormato paxes bave teen left lank for tho ownor to Al oul with tho contenta of future nuwlors of the periodical. It in truly paidin tho jreface, that tho Index givon n key to & porfect cyclopiedia of valuable Inforimation. GERMAN CLASSICS. Bemruren's Die Piccorostint, Filited, with an Tn- troduction, Comiacntary, Index of Parsous ami Siaces, auil Slap of Gormanzy by JAME Siukiat Hanr, Houare pp, 178, Npw York: O, B, Tutustm's sons, Price, $1,35, Thin neat little volume forma tho accond num- bor In tho series of ** Gorman Classics for Amer- fcan Hcadorn” It conlains tho text of *VWal- {oustein” as it s given nthe Historisch-Kritisch- Ausgebe, ‘This is prefsced with su introduction and commentary, — furnivhing an cxteudod pkotch of Wallenstelu aud of other of tho dramat{s-person:e, who aro taken from real lifo, ahistory of tho' play, and such coliatoral in- formation as will coable teacler and pupil to understand tho motive of tho drama, aud o mako a just traoslation, Tho lsborof tho oditor in_tho Proparation of tho * German Clansica” will bo appreciatod by thoso who wonld acquire » kuowledgo of Uorman langungo ud literaturo, aud also of Gormau listory and geography. CHEMISTRY, A Crsns-Boox o7 Chzsistny, By Epwanp LyYou. . , ML, New York: Appleton & Co, 18 *Yonmana” and *chemiatry” aro familiar souuds together. The writer {8 rocognized as an authority on the scionco. Tho present edition of bis well-kuown and_excollont toext-book bas beon roweitten aud rovised, and contains many uow illustrations. Tho work atma to most the wanta of that considorablo class, both insod out of school, who would Nike to kaow womo- thing of tho dclenco, byt who are without tho opportunity or tho tesiro to pursuo it in a thor- ough experimontal way. It fulillls its aim ad- mirably, aud may bo recommended for use, cithior it the scivol-room or the library, THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. Datries op 7k UNiox, By Wikrano Otazies, ‘Author of * Soldiers of thy Haddle," ete., ete, 1ie luntrated. 12mo., pp, 497, Hartford s Dustin, Gllman & o, Noid by subscription, Tho author of this volumo wore the blue uni- form during thoe lato War of tho Rebollion, and hiad o exporience both on tho battie-fold and 2 8 prisoner in the hands of {ho onemy. Binco tho restoration of peace, Lio has occupied blmsolf with tho relation, i & sorios of voluwos, of tho history of tha War in jts various phasos. Ihis lateat of Lis booka contains a doscription of somo forty-threo of tho storuast battlos funglt fur the intogrity of tho Union, i account iy nocos~ surity abbreviated, bnt, with tho exception of o tondenzy to igheflown periods, is very weil wrilten,” A portrait of the author sccutpanies {he volwuie, BOOKS RECEIVED. Brgcones or Yorr Pius 1N, By tho Right Hon, W, L. GLADETONE, M, 14, Authior of “'Tho Vatican Do- crees lu_ Tuelr Souring on Cirll Alleglance,” etc, Taper. 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Contanta: “Ai One by Joan Ingelow ; *The I, r, Tho Now Northwest, . W, Parisinn Journalists,” by Junius Hourd +Hister nod Lover,” by I W. Bonr- Tho South Kensloxton Musoum ™ Smnoml paen, b loncuro D. Conway; **Tho rigin of Maizo,” by L. W, Backuy; *Glimpses of Dixlo; the Lirokon Axle and the Smuking- Car,” by Charlea D, Doshler; *The First Cou- tury of tho Nepublie (ewelfth paper)—Tho Lx- periment of the Union, with i3 Froparations, by tho Rter. Theodore Woolsoy, D. D, LL.D. ; +fhp Popular Fdol,” by William Mackay ; “The Ropublicau Movemont in Europo™ (uinsteouth aper), by Lwillo Castolar: ** A Pair of Scales,” y Mrs. Irank W'Catthy 3 **Tha tappy lelands," by J. W. Do Forost; * Logielative Hamors,” by $hio ITon, B, B. Cox ;* Bortha's Experiment,” by Loutsq Chandlor Meullon: *'So Wags tho Warld,” by Nellio ). Hutchinson; * Garth,” Ly Jullan Hawtiorn ‘Tho Miosion of Music," dillon; by Eflls Gray ; *‘Tiio Fisst Broath of_ Autuoim,” by A. T *Now World: New Love," by Alfred i, Loui B Atlantio for Qctober (11, 0. Hougkton .t Co., Boston). Conteuts: *Roderlck Hudson, X.— Tho Cavaliore,” by Heury Jawmes, Jr.; ¢ Loaves on the Tide,” by ifiram Ilich: * Arthur lugh Clough," by T. B, I'srrv; * Tho Woaver," by J. 1. Biitinger; *“The Oleauder-I'rea: A Htory of tho Dristish Prosa-Gang,” by Lnily E. Ford »That Now World,” by Mra. 8. M. B. Piatt 3 *Tho Sanitary Draiuago of Iouses aud Towus, 1L, by deorgo £, Waruig, Je A Biraggle Edgar Fawoettf; *Old Woman's Gossip," IL, by Frances Aune Kembla; +Tho Judgmont,” by Henry Whitney Cloyeland; *¢The Curious Republio” of Gondour; ” *October Days,” by vivoster Daxter:" “Bouther llome-lolitics,) Albert F, Wobstor; * Old-Tyme Orlental by W. L. Fawcotte; **Uon, John Ve Kalb,” by Georgo Washiugton Gracne. Galary for Octobor (Bheldon & Co., New York)., ‘Contents: *Leah: A Wowan of Fash- X XV, and XXXV1 by Mrs, Auuje Edwards ; * Bherman's Alemoir: (sccond articlo); * Dear Lady Disdain,” Cliap- ters XXVL, XXVIL, and XXVUL, by Justin MuCnrmy‘ “ A Bailad of Balem,” by J. W. De Torost; “Through Utah," Ly Jobn Codman ; * Indecision," by Fauny Barrow; “How Sho Tound Out," by Roso Torry Cooke ; * ler Lovor's Telul," by Mrs, 8, 3L I8, D'latt ; ** Oloims to the Discovery of Awerica,” by Joln T Bhort; * Qctave Feuillet,” by Albert Rhodos; ** 'Iho Napoleon of History,” by E. O. Grenvitle Mur- ray; * Tho Lotters of Madamo Da Subran,” by H, Jamos, Jr: “English Pronuncistion,” by B iess Ameniaan onthly for Oetabe (Joh ‘olter's American Monthly for October (Jobn I. Pottor & Co., X'hlleclpleu). b American Law Regiater for September (D. B. Canfield & Co,, Philadolphia), @Qlobe for Heptembar " uffalo] Weatern for Septeml este Asagciation, Bt. L;’ulu). g L ——— FAMILIAR TALK, ARCHERY, The Archere' Company of Bcotland celsbrates the two hundredth anniversary of its foundation during tho coming year. The company was started under the Proaidenoy of the Marquoss of Atholl, in 1676, for the purposo, says tho nla- torisn of the t1oop, of keeplng up * tho practico of archery {u Beoilsud, and to provent falling into disuse & hoalthful and maoly exercise, ju which our foretathers so much excolled.” It lisg preserved ity organization, and, wo may pro- sume, faithlully held to the purposs for which it wa founded, up to the prosent timo, whou & Listory of its carcor, compiled * from minutes of meotings and other records, which have been kopt with wouderful regularity sinoe its smbodi~ ment in 1676, b sa been published ju London, Archery was introduced ioto England in the fleat Lialt of the fifth century, aud tha bow was thoreafter largely rolied upoo ass weapan of warfare. Harold aud his two brothers woro elain at the Battle of Hastings, in 1066, by arrows of magazines. Lutherto, no tlrhl .wth means | ucbargod from tha ross-bows of the Norman TRIBUNE: SATURDAY, notdicry, Tho eross-low or arbalest was the fasontn inatrumont among tho tilitary nrmn in uha during tho fendal ager. ft camn 1ntn popi- Tnrity atiaut the time of fhichard 1., who hinselt died from the wound of an arros {n 1199, tho fourtar nth contuey the crasnbow g fo tholoug how, which greatly surpanse ailicionay, as taelvaarrown roald bo di-chargd by tho latter whilo the srialest wan prepaiig for the dincharad of @ einie (| ‘Tha long how wan usual, was forined ot yow. Tho a of teed, roxt of cornel-xood.and finally of anl. The whafis were winged with feathers or with stripn of leather, theie headw wero pointed with steal and womotimed barbed, aud thoie lapgih was 2 feot and % inches, Thin usnal rango of thin weapon Ay from 249 to o) vards. [t ismil thag Ttobjn Towd conld hii & man at 8 distanco of from G to K0 yards. ‘A tirst-rato Euwlel arener,” says Princa Louis Napoloo, * who in & smggls minute wan unablu Lo deaw and dischiargo 18 bow Lirelvo times wii0 a range of 219 yaria, and who in thean twelvo hotw ouco missed bis man. was very Lahily o tesimod.” ‘The howmen of England wern composed of yoomanry, and wero a sturdy, manly sel of sol- diors, enjovingg the respect aud cousidoration of nubles aud officers, ‘Lnoy wore acknowledged to bo tho bret ufantry in the world, snd in battlo alwasa in tho van, The moat distingnish- el Kuglts aud Iarous ofter uuited their bands with tho archers and fougbt sida Ly side with them, Bume of tho bowmeh wero monnted, but tho groaler part wero on foot, Lhy wore & light Armur composed of aniron bead-picco sud Bazaotinas of & broast- piato or matl-shirt, but more often their chiel defensn wan & thickly-quilted tuafe, “Their ar- rows, aumbetiug ususlly twentyifour, woro honod togotbier iu s sboal aud huny from the waint-bolv; su additional supply was cecasionals ally utuck jn the girdle. On commencing battle, tha arehier snook out hin sheaf of arrown and placed them nnder his 1otk font with their pointy outwards; lio was thus obliced to stoop down for cach oo an It was roquired, ‘Tho poy of the nrelior wan higler than thut of any otlor suldier 10 the army. At first tho archers fought in wmall gronps, but eventually large numbers wero tnaased in action, At tho battle of Cremsy (Ang. 2, 1310) they were formed in divisions of 4.000 men, 200 1 hine and 400 doep, At the date of thix engazgo-+ ment nrtillory had already Leen mnveuted, and it 18 usid by somo historios thut Edward brought cannon oo the field, yet tho long-liow decided the victory. 'I'ho French had 6,000 Genoeso crossbowmon in thofr ranks, but a sbowor of o wetting Aheir bow-trings dostroyed tho usofulnews of thocorps. Ou Lhe osher biand, tho Lughsh _archers mouagoed to koep their bow- strmgs dry, and the awite Lail of deally arrows they disclistgod upon the enciny won tho day for their nation, At Fuitiere, Arincourt, Cocberel, Vermouil, and Roscrmay, victory was nchioved by tho English (hrough the services af their srcbors, Tho Freuch nover equaled tho Euglish in_tho use of tho bow, sithough for thmo they paid great atieotion to the prastice of archery. In tho timo of peaco as well aa of war arch- ery was a favorito J;mauma witli tho sthiletic Inghsh yeomen. Menry VAL took every measuro " for encoursging tho use of tho loug-bow, and uumorous ordiuances were passed regulating the manufacture of bows and wrows and the purchase of them for tho uno of thelr sons sud eorsants by tbe hoads of fumilios. When Queen Llizaboth promisod to find 6,000 soldicrs for tho servico of Charles IX., oue-half of thom were to be bowwmen. Practico with the Low was a populsr amusement with tho geutiomon of tho Conrt of Charles 1L In 1776, soveral archery societics wore formed in Londan, but their carger was very brief. In 1341, tho pastimo wan rovived In Yorkshire with a success that bua increaded yenrly ever uinco, CORPORATION OF LONDON LIBRARY. As oariy s 1421 a library was founded in Lon- don ot a bequost left by ‘Richard Whittington, {he famous * thrics Li2rd Msvor of Loudon.” It was Jocated a¢ Guildhall, the *Town-Hall® of tho Citgof London, whero the priacivsl corpora- tion bubiness is trangacted and s hospitalitics nro extendod. It is supposed that John Clip- Htone, pricst, was tho first librarisn. Ou biy death in 1457, o was succoeded by Idmund Aligon, also a yriest, who died in 1510, Stowe #tates in his **Survoy of London,” written in 1598, that tho books af one time constituted a “fayro apd lmige Dbrarie,” but that Edward, Duko af Sowmeiset, Lord I'rotector, borrowed them all with @ promuso of wpoedily restoring thom, Hays tho old chronicler: “Men ladud theuce their carrics [carts] with them, buf they wrere never veturned,” Whatover vas left of the library after ita epoilation by tho Duke of Som- crvet was destroyed by the great fire of 166C. ‘e fustitution” was not revived until tho year 1824, when tho presout I'nblic Library of the City of Loudon was established. chiolly by the efforta of Mr. Lombert Jones, It way oponed in Jupe, 1638, with & collection of 2,800 volumes. Aunew building for the sccommodation of o Library waa complotod 1n 1872, the event being celebratea by n reception given by the Mayor to #overul thousand versony, Tho cditice, situsted at tho east end_of Guildhall (tho latter building stands ot tho liead of King street, Chienpuide), way orected at n coat eof £u560.000, tho prico cf tho lamd swellug tho & sum ta @I73,000. *The mructuro consixts of twa rooms, or halls, placed ono ovor tho othor, with reading, committee, and muviment~ rouma surrounding thom.” The lower roow i ocoupiod with tho civic museum aud tho upper hiall with the collection of books, ‘Ll libeary was apenod ta tho freo ues of tho ublic the 10th of dareh, 1875, It 18 eand by Lo Athenaim Lo be * the freest " library in tho uniscrao, any person having access to it ou sim- Iy recorait g lus namo sud address in a book Fopt for 1he purposo. Tho vohumes ou its shelves now nuwbor 60,000, aud the visitors are a8 many ag 500 daily. AlL however, dunot en- ter tha library as renders, somo fow beinz ate tracted by mora curiosity, *A room adjoining the mam lbrary. coutaiving * dictionnsies in all Taugangos, directorics 1o all parts of. the world, Atlagos, uapy, guide-books, encyclopeding, works on_commarcial subjects, logal aud oth- erwiso, poriodicsl publications relating to ag eutwre, (ndustrs, commerce, aud tho applied scionces,” in opan to all persons, not oven tho formslicy of siguing thoir namen bemg rojuired, 1iero one has but 1o 1ake & seat and oxll for duy work dosired whon an obliging sttondant jtmul dintely answer the roquost. Among tho valuable documents contained in the Library is n colloction of U530 original Hoval prociamations ismied by Charles 1., the Varlia- mont, tho Protector, Charles 1L, James IL, and William 11L. The collection also sontains tho chartor granted by Wiliam tho Conqueror to tho City of Londot in 1067, * It 1ebeauufully writton in Baxan characters, tn al:out four lines, upon & strip of parchiment 0 inches loug und 1 broad,"” and bears the signature of the Kinz. Carefully protected 1 o giass caso is ons of tho best of the six kuown autographs of Shakspearo, It i afilxod to a dood of basgalu and ento of **all that messusge or tento with the app'snuos Iyoing and boing in_the blackirsors in London, near the Wardrobo,” by Henry Walker to Will- inm Shakapearo, dated March 10, 1612-'5, The deed s tho seals attached and the names of tho wituossos on tho back. The autograph was purchased by the Corporation of Loudun iu 1843 for 8625, The olvic musenm attached to tha Library pos- seusen xome valuablo sutiquities discoverod dure {xng numorous oxcavations i tho City of Lon- ou. EXTENT OF A MILLION, Mankind aro io the habit of talkiug carelessly of millions, aa tbough it were an eany watier for the mind to appreciato tho magultude of such sums,’ Tha sctual difloulty of doing so will bo realized by a decided effort to comprebend how muck 1,000,000 oxactly moans. A mothod Las een sugrested by r. Croll, of Evgland, by which one may come at somo undoretanding of the snonnous vumber represonted: * Take » parrow 8tnp of paper 83 fost 4 iuches in longtl, snd utretel it along the wall of a large ball; then ark off at one eud the fen’h of an juch, Tl touth will ropre % & hundred, sud the entiro atup s million.' e SPARKS OF SCIENCE. THE MANATEE, Itis sonouncedin & lsts numberof Nature that the tirat liviug apochinen of the wanateo over soen fn England has dately boon received st tho Zoological Bocioty's Gardous in Londou. It is o Lalf-grown female, and safely arrived from Dem- araia ofter s threo weeks' journoy In a bugo swinging tank, 1t appears to boin o fair state of health, and takes with relish Its daily altow- anve of vegetablo parrow and lottuce. ‘I'he manatoe bolongs to the family of mamma- Ifan animaly jubsbitiug the great deop. Tho family b4 dividod Into the order Celacee, which cwbracen the whales, dolpbins, and porpolues ; . tha Linnipedia, which includes the soals, sua livos, and walruscs; and the Sirenid, compris. ing (ho mauates, the dugoug, aud the stellorine, Theso animaly aro alied in wtruciure aud babit, and all aro vivsporous ana tho fomnles sucklo their young, T'he Sirenia aro hesbivorous, feding upon ufi‘ and upon plauts growiug alaug the const wl can Lo reschod when the tido is lufb. . I'he umanatoe derives it name (Lat. manus, » niand) from the latorsl fiuw. which are providel with rudinentary uails, Thnse fns o ar can be beat over tho breast, wnl aro u-od witl a cood deat of a1 0 in tho ears uf o young. The syed ut aenmo vo”orgaus at the Lo i water and 1o aeqiit tha animal n selzinz its food. Thiota ara two wo!l definod apceiea of manaten, ons of which s found on the enstern cua-t of Amarica, and the other on the shores of Wostern and Youthern Africa. Tuoy mhabit shatlow wa- tors, dweiling cluetly in bays. sud often ascend. g nvors o & grest <distance from tho vun. Tloy aro gregarious, and gonosally con- Wrevate in Jargo Lnds. Whon sttacked they iita 10 & common d-foune, aud it in ntated thab when & harpoun ririkos ono the otliery try totear ont the weapou, The femaio oxhubits wo much on for its offapring that 1thas been pathst- ally calied the “water-pother.” Tho nato 03 ¢ hias heen commonly apphod to tho aui- mal in wll countries, “Tin oy of thy iianates has been describad na liaviog * the shape of & much elongated barrel, #hghtly Sattened above ani bejow. Itsometimon tuousuten 1 lengtl 17 fo-t. Tho ekin is liko that of a hippopotamus, and s eparsoly covered with Lair, s akeleton is of an extrouely donse toxiure and very massive: the skull aud tho tibs 1mure ressinbling 1vory thun bone,” The fleal wail to reramblo 1 flaver beef or v and At L been much ured or food. The manatee was formesly founl in groat numbers i localitien whero now it s seldom peen, Like many auother of the lower animals, It has given way to the doatructive power of mwan, Itis goutlo in disporition, aviicas coumderabio intelligence. Wneu tamed it hsg becn tanght to como for food wuen callud. Liat ona species of tho dugong hLas beoa dis- covorad. It iubabita the Iudiau Archipelago, and in wauy of its charactoristicn strongly resawbica the mavatee. Its ilesh fn lighly eatovmod as an artlelo of diot even by Luroj.cans, The Stellorine, the third and last member of tho urder Sirend, becatns extinct nearly a hun- drod yoars ago, It waa discovered by the natu- ralint Hteller during Iiebuing's oxuedition in 1741, on the shores of Btaller laland, ‘FThe reckless elaughtor of thoe snimals for the sako of their fleay und thick Lido moon endorl in thoir exter- mivation, Threo skeletons of the Htellering (Lhytia Stelicri) are preseryed in natural Listory cullaciiuna ju Russia. In ali tizs upevics of the Sirena the mammio ato pretorial, Lonco it 18 supposed that their arance in the wea bas given rise to the 1oman- tio fables of the Siren aud the Merniald faie Living alens, Cowbiux ber hatr Under tLs ses, 1a & golden cart With'a cmb of peast, 0a s thirune ! TALL TORTOISES, {Continue L) A paper read beloro tho Royal Soclety by Mr. Albert Guother informs ua that s memonal siggned by a number of emivout Loglish men of wcience was adidressad Iast year to tho Governor of tho Mawitiua, asking that ths race of gigantio 1and-tortolvea indigonous to the Island of Aldabra should be esved from extermivation through the Interposition of Goveroment. Aws in tho Galie paros Islauds of the Pacific Ocean, and in the neveral islands of tho Indiau Ocean, where these hugo auimals were once sbundant, thoy sro rapidly Lecoming oxtiuct in the [Iuland of Aldabrs, owing to their reckiesa slauglitor by tho crews of vessols landiog 8t the island, and by wood-cutting parties soon to be permanently lodged ou its domain, ‘The Goveruor utated fn anawer to the memo- rial that tho Aldabra tortoises sre bewng fsst destroyed, uot only by whalers, but by the pigs, whieh, left upou the {aland samo sears ago, have greatly wultiplied, and in search for food turn up immenre numbers of the cggs, sud also de- vour tho very young tortoisos, No action hae yet been taken by the suthorities, but it is hoped that means will evoutually be adopted to pre- kerve tue existonce of ouu of tha wost iutorest- ing aniwal typos pow oxtant in the world, A liviug pair of the Aldubre tortoises have, tbrouph tho efforts of Mr. Gautler, been securcd for the Zoologieal Gardens in Londou. Tl anis mals aro both natives of Aldabra, alihough uct of tho same breed, The dimcunious of the male are: Leugth of tho shell, § feet Ginches; width, b teet inches ; aircnmferente of the shell, ¥ feot 1 inch ; circumferouce of the fore leg, 1 foot 11 facties; of lund log, 1 ‘oot 6 nches; length of head wsud neck, 1 foot 9 iocbesy widih of hoad, juches; weight about BOY ponuds. The ani- mnt was traneported 1o tho Loycholies iafanda owo oventy yoars aga. Lt wa by itu last pro- prictor ket iu company With e fumale in & state of soml-domestication on Cerf Ielsad. T'he diweusivus of 1t mate are: Length of shiolt, 3 foot 4 inchen s widih of stsly, 3 feet 10 inclies ; and circumference, 5 fect 4 inches, The fewalo depomta from fificen 1o twenty round Liard-sholled eggs turco tumes aunually, viz,, in tho wouths of July, August, and Seplember, “The pair differ strikiugly in the cojor, form, apnd seulpture of their slolls, Tuat of the malo i3 brownish in hue, and has o high, rousded out- line, each plate Leing dooply furrowed along tho margiua, Tho ehotl of the fomale is biack, with an oval outline aud a perfocly amouth wurface. Tho meck and tail of tho femilo aro slso much shorter thau thoeo of 1ho male, Tho latior is the largest specimen of Its kind uow in cxistence, an: it is hoped that tho livea of bunsclf and inate may long bo preserved. It is said that tho male shiows much affection for luy partuor, sppeanug groatly auuoyed wheu sho iy disturbed, Ou the voysgo to England the auinals were tratsportod I soparate cages, and s woou as the malocaught #1glt of hiw suate ho codvavorsd to break the Lars that divided them. “FLOWER OF THE HOLY QHOST.* Two ycars Bgo, When visting the Lotauical Gardens at Cowbridge, wlich ars ubnder tho superintondence of Dr. Asa Gray, Lo exlubited 10 uz, with the cuthugiasm of a cbild, the thres pota of Lis collection, Theso were tho Dionaca Muscipula, or Veuus Fly-Trap, tho iusectivorons plant of current notoriely; tho Desmodium gyrans, n member of tho poa fawily, which moves its two Iateral Joaflets up aud down with an alternate porpotuat motion ; aud, thirdly, the Peristersa elata, or **Flower of tho Holy Ghost." I'his Jast stood {n & largo, tall tub, the eurface of which it covered with {ta lily-liko leaves. From tho conire of its foliage thero slot up o stralght stom, sovoral foct tall, aud Learing towards the summit a scries of wiite waxen bells, shaped liko & tulip cup, and about 2 inches i dinweter, With a teuder touch, the Doctor bout down ono of these duisty tlowers thet wo miglt look withio. A ruslof awed omwotion swept over ua sy we saw aittiug in the licart of tho Hower the itnago of a dove, 8o po foct n outhine and attitudo that it could uot fail to b recoguized at & glance, It wasimmaculato m color, savo a fow parplo dots on the wings aud a deficate tings of carmino on tho tiny bil, while thero was about it suck an air of safutly inpoconcs and roposo thiat one con'd harndiy belp bowing boloro it 85 befure & gonuiue visiou of the I1oly Spirit. “Thio_planc is & native of the Isthmua of Pana- s, Wiiera it was discoverod by an early Spauish Cathiolio, Nu one who liss over seen tho flower cau wondor that ke who firel boheld it, rover- ently droppod ou his kueed before the wouder- ful spectacle, murmuring in low, Awe-struck topes ¢ ** Keee Spiritus Sanctus ! The Perisleria iw found oftenest in low, manshy grounda, wheroe it springs from docaslog treod, or, perchance, from th cravices of rocks. The plaut proceeds’ fram b bulb, and vigorous specimons sometimes resch a haight of G or 7 fees, 1ts loaves aro broadly lonceolato, develop ing in pairy, snd itaflowers are produced through the montus of July, August, and Beptember. Hinco tho discovery of tho ustive habliat of tho Peristeria, 1ts bulbs bavo been distributed amovg tho couservatories iu all parts of the world. Yotit 18 s difticult thiog to bring the plaus to this point of blossoming in an artifiial svil snd climate, therefore it {4 howise strange that Dr, Gray regarded his luxuciant specimen with af- foctionate prido. AIR-PLANTS, Hlany are familiar with tho fact tbat & sprig of the wild Orpine or Live-foraver will retalu iy freshness and often contiuue to grow for & oou= sidorablo time wisen fastoued to the wall or wus- pended in an apright position in places whore it can hLave aocess to peither earth nor water. ‘The plant belongs to the uaturni fawilv Cras- sulacca, mavy of the wewbors of whick fix thomsolves to dry rocks or walls where there is lttle or no soil. Ona specles, the Zryophyltum calycinun, ia callod the aiz-plaut or lasf-plant, bocauso s dotached loaf will geow aud sven fower whou hung up jus molst, war atmos- phore. The leaf thua suspended souds out Jittle buds along {ts cdges, aud thoso dovelop Into porfoct plants, with ruots and fibies of their ows, When fully formed thuso plauts may bo 80| ed frotn the parvnt leaf, aud sio thou ca- pable of suxstainiog sn independent lito, . Anohor specics, bavivg tho same curious SEPTEMBER 18, 1875 ~TWELVE PAGES, proparties. growa in tropical countries, and i knoau to hutanaty as tho terea erenata, Like oNr common n-fors it i thick, mucculont lensen, but it makes a mueh tallor sud bandaom- er plant, e s@ke of graenish flowors rising to aliricht of 3 feat, A singlo Iral of tho terea dang i the window, o1 even wirown into a dark deawer, will. in the conrso of & weok or two, do- velup ronts from its hasa and become a growing plant. A rross mection of & leaf wiil often do tho s,y ous vitalty of the plant is el that to un-imens for tua herbarinm 1t M neeosaary funt to kill them by immersion in hot water or the sppiicatim of & hot fron. SCARLET FEVER 1N LONDON, Dr, Arthair Mlitchell prorentel a papor, read befora the Scottish Meteoralowical Socioty July 13, tho reeult of oberrvations which demonstrate thut each year,the scarlet fever attamns jts greatent fatality in Loadon in the manths of Oc- tober and November. Statintics Learing on the pownt bave been malo out for tho lant Wirty-five years, aud all cuntirm the couclusion mentionel, Durivg this period thero have Loen #ix epidamicn of scarint fover, enlminating 10 1815, 1443, J¥. 1450, 1461, And 1470, Tha recorded w. deaths From the disesan in all theso years tentily that (1o higheat deathi-rate occurs from tho bae giuging of Octohior Lo tho ond uf November,whon it rincs to about Gt per centabovetha average, and the neriod of Jowest death-rale occursin March, Aprll, and May, when 1tis about 33 per cent bo- Jow tho avorage, Dr. Milcholl remmiked, o comment upon this fact, that “the etendy obo- dieuco ta chmatic influcuces in tho fatality from a ditieaso o decsdedly epidemsn an soatict fover is very romarkable, and thie 10070 RO ina~Intch a8 uo other disease, with thn mmgle exception of typhoid fover, ateaing {ts maximum fatality in London under the conditions of weather pecu- liar to Octuber aud November.” THE FINANCIAL QUESTION. To the Edi‘ar of The Chirago Tritune : €31can, B4, 1,—18 1t ot evident that something in fuzdamentally wroug fn fiance,~in all finance, yastand i, fecte,” ¢ credit,” and #mized 1 Lvery jaraon who iudulges in either shought, focl- tuge, o cxjeriences, munt Le sireads convinced of ithont argrimeLt, i 1s therc uny renie 1y or munt this ¥ scfenco (1) contlutie 10 stumbie in through thie bogof donbt, contradictlon, and cx.ariment s still faitiog_to find rliidl_groun foreveriore 7 Writers wpon” finance, erpelally of boka st galorde treaties, think it evesssy 10 apologize for atmpling to elicldate the Tecoguizig, and almut excusing, * the wearinonie disgust with which the didcusnion uf finan- lul}irxn s now recelved by o jutelligeut pub- crally, hiy §8 s thus 2% Burels not bacsuss thiera ran be suy pefron fu the rommiioity whote fndividual well-Loing fs not_futimately fuvaived in this subject, Loth as tuatier of private wid public Interest, Vrof. Bonusmy Price, 1u bis lectures on Carreney, renmsarke: 1y poiltical reotinimy then ate few poiuta arceptcd 3n extabilened, fom which o one daren {n diffor, and still loea which nre used sx slariing polnts for froeh developments. |, We do put sseo~ elate mith this a7iruen that Teling of accuracy, of et~ tled knowledwe, of tratlf wom, ail Lenceforin never to e contradicted, whivh conmtitaten our idea of & genulne scivuce, In other s es, B otrutinwon is wop forever: 10 one slldes Lack Mt tue beiief that the sun revolves around the earth,” Agiin, saya Mr. Trise: *A-prior swumaions provati oo every aids 1u tho Winsusslon of curreucy, EYUry vue ataria from onder afer it 4y1 Currency calthority cor Lo Lrst principlea are recogiize: v v . Tlecryof ralvation I8 met by the cvuuts Fheiek cf ruin’s with an equal atwonce on boll aids of an adwitiod foundation for srgument, mnply b canse no vno will condescend lo auslyzo facts,” “This may account, 1n part, at lesst, for tho disiorll- nation tu nvestikate or to listen, Heal, saruest suck- ors after the trutate bo doubt much ducoursgad ags demoralized Ly thin etate of thiuga, Lut thiere are aleo 1many pragmatical parrots who can o raibbolethn ntd catch-wor:ls of the assumed ttea ¥ in tLis seience, snd who won't listen to,and canpot undaratand, anytling clae, If, indced, thoy an- Jeratund these, And it bas vecome the fasbinu, slao, amung certain dilettantd disclples of thove suthorites in finauen to affoct (o be Lored by any further discusson of tue wubjct: this jrobally by way o stricg their paitry yrotenrious of superior Kuowiedye of a s-tence whic, it docs uot_tako a great deal of bralux 1o discuver, 8 very far from belng ro complete us they would have otber puople Leliora £t tanding of i 10 be, Nevertliclces, this fusnetal probles in the most dif- fienlt und perploxiug of queations, and Is, at tho kamo Uiz, the toost bnportant and vifally futeretitig ouo which this uation has to decide for itacf and for the Seorkd, Af it cati. It demanda tho earurat wtteuthon of phitiosophiers and phisutlropists, stalesinen amd lug- Ialatore, fuvcattiatur ol Larucrs, elih s and read- «ra, saints and ¢inne and fe, {0 ebort, of the tirst aud last irf ortance {0 viery udividval in ‘the vomumu- nity, snd must continte to be so Gutil it ls sitiafuce torlly roive . 3 181t ot eviaent, from all thst we sea and hesr on every tide ubout thie question, that the it 28 al st conie, that_the vonditiohs are about ready, that e clementa are being proparcd, and tho conciustous nearly rij o, for s new departure iu fnancial science 7 The okl nitthods huve Lecome 100 etrailened ; the business of the world L terown them ; the fdeas ottie down to us from e infaney of trade, 10 And uuiversal confusion’and ol hias become tiy Jumtle that ;t in tradicts authont 4 the dark aud Latriary and comumeree, aud uauve,” The chaos and coulus sio, the darkness snd disorder, whith have hitherto Prevadled, tot f optuton and wperation, of theory ice, murt 80, 0 be broughs 10 au énd, aud ore Naturcs fest law—be endurlogly estavlished, ia tho clear lizht of frath and Hahteousnees, The wide diiferences of opinfon that ow exlst sug- Rert romue dificuit ounudriius for (he conmbileration of those who asyumie 10 b % tnco; and, if the I tho Snanesal doud , the solutt ny truth of tuo atter, ‘Nodoubt you wish tnhave yoor resders, Mr. Edi- tar, Liear ot all that can 10 nteligently offercd, to throw Hglt on auy side of this questn, sod will be wilting to acvord sume of tle va le ») colutnng even to tiose who que of komie 0f the positians therein taken, Your derire I8, tuat tus Lusiucas of the country shall come 1o the par of tle ¥alnu of epecie, B8 the ouly Just tmeasure or tandard of value, ud remain ro per- maucatly, with she least sacriive aud vost to the na- {lon and 10 fudividuals, wuw or o the future, that js le, Every vue that Las suund dess oo the sub- ect, and haa the welfarv of the conutry at heart, gree with souln this, then, The question course, What s the leat way o sccurs Teault? Iu the dis of thfs tion, you whl pe alsagreement towe of the doctrines on this gubject that Columus, editorial end otherwine, bav beld J "Tho termn "apockeasia,” jecio-rayniont, convertilality," * specie=redemption 4 value-mobd rval i N ete.. s used by i your orreciuess uust , ol thia qries- from your apecie '+ ppociesvaltie,” workd's mouey,” ce, tound Jike vat>h-words, articles,—appearing to 1o tho coudeued srguments of legic of that aehool of fnavcloms sud political seonounista who 1Lk that thin idea, or the method su defnod, L the ooe and ouly | pamscea for all the ewls that {0 bady alitic sud ita {ndivlinal membory suffer on avcountof crndo and hinperfect Suanclal ssatems, Which are fudequate st machiuory of e3change foF thie domads upot thet, “Icre evils, this iusutliciency, b ttached, snd do fal mystein of iis 10 1o various improveuments of it proe 11 1o funve geueraliy thronghiout the and o all attach, not ully to the preseut’ tina; couutry, and punt thma s far, it there eves had 7ight aystemn of inauca auywhers Justly adequate 1o all deuiands, Sudividnal and collective, doimestie and foreign, at ull tines, it would lave Loou thenceforth fu colstant uve, and €ould never have hecome ot of * tho lint nrta,” i 1o * apeclepaytient-on-deniand © syatem of Gnance s stllibicld up by all thoeo who think theme eclvoa Lo bo the only ortbudox teachera of the scleuce, 28 the ouo 0d only right way o spite of its coustant fallurea (which Lave been coeval with fia use every- wherv) to furfieh cither a ateady messure of valtio, o & sufflziut volumse, witho 1 mediun of ‘ex- chiauge. Atd no oue af ta ailvocates scemy to tmagine that thero can ever e any alteruativo unlces it fa the W goreand-more-infated ? yaper-imoney wyulem, as onn extremny romedy, aud the “pureepocie” eystem, as Ve othiers the former of Which is ruln At lsst, and the Iatfer would Yo rrifn at Orst. if 1t weronot lmpracti- cablo and imposibie, Tt cautiot be atash expression of oplnjon o way that rmanent specia Values Will nover Lo attatned, Just aa L5ty ever liuv Leeu, by uieans of the law of * apecie. payment on demand * spplied o paper-money ss weil 24 o all otber furms of vredit (Uebt obligationa, ‘Thie opinton of A1r, Wendell Fuiliipe snd others—~that circulating moncy (whetlier greeu or Natiouals Bank moics, or Other papes-moucy wherever per- mitted, or wpecte even) bas 1o wore effect or potency in caueing futlation of busiuess and in rasing prices thau bave buuk-crodits or vlbier credila transfurred Dy mcans of luils of ge, drafts, chocks, ut Wit eleariug-tousce—ta vurcly the ouly sound doctela ou thls polnt, Yor, under specle-yaneut du evety—extepting tho slight {ufusion of spocie-transace ons, which are esseutisily pure barlor vnee, aud ex- upting vy uthier pure barier trausactions of com ity against commodity,—all the reat aro squally & only bure credit ones ; bxchangea of commoiities by moans of “credlt medium of exchaugo™; all traussctions bolug, tu their essence, either barter buca or crodit ok, This questivn as to tho oqually-inflating tnfluenco of f credit in use is ndeed the vital point : sust still stumble In the bog until this (s righte tled 1 & mlstako hore would be fatal to auy maasat solat boped for | thruugh tuulie Plied remedics, Volume—voluise of voliime of ellectiva deuand, does 1t, 1o u oxpressed, or what be wealum 1a by w tuaud {a eltecti tha volutng of either of thise forma of demand, fu oxisteuce at auy s, Ly 110k b active or effectiva; butoua (v Just as libely 10 buso sa the other ; tle last ue much rai, to say the loast, Mr. J, 8, Ml aud other o) ment-ou-demand autliositics, say that it fs i Al wuast bu sald, with our clear noighbor aud good friend, Sir Fraueis Hiul with great nutubern of our bwn pwoj e, * thiat wr for this uxtion to savo the luterest on the whole aumount of the legal-tonder greuback elrculatiug, losy the Jutereat o tie specie uuasary 1 be kept {0 the Treasury o Lusurs the par,” by thy Ouvernmeut ocuntinuing to kecp in esitteuc, for use, this Dest, moat toquoiical, aud wafest cipculating modiom of excusnyy oves kuown: xud tie moat popu lar ane, aud jusly soi it wou't Lo wall” with the arty ihot aitewptd to Totisy thu legal-tonder groens e iy ate e cis, g ould the natfon pay unueceasarily tho {nter- et agersl huidrod illious of dolare, togetties Wit e riak and cost uf collectiuyg 80 much sdditional Tazon, and losa also tie galu of all W socldutially-de- stroyed cusreacy, aud geb fustead, o asy Lo loast, & 00 better ctrenlsting medlum? Can any ous tal why 7 I the sanwer fa made that our Government Anunt I triiated ta exercixe thin attribute of Rovereignty, ex- capt to delegata st ource for all to snch corporaors an e objictofk cau nume, (hen perlapa thoss earcful financierrn had better bn permittel ta emigrste to roma Dettor-governed conntry: (hey may ba qtite tha good Lo lie ablfged 10 lye in 1hin United Siates of Amertra, That tho entirn A for ths transaction of 1 of the counlry, can te keyt sflual, In '1se, {n legale fendor notes,"'At_pat wiiu the vatua Of Aperio jermanently, and with Tio grester reservs of specla in tha National Treanury 1han will be required to menk ihe intereat on the bondml debt, with the uaual margin f£o¢ that purpose, snd with o increass of such reserve or margin, eu no dontt be demonateated, 1€ tse wele Dtiatce, eo far an it hins progreaned, teactien anythiug ; i€ the facts and reaults of past ez. , they ought to ablo (0 answer the following driertions : L Ts not & apectpasment on damand,” as legialat ed, 'an utter fmporaibility 7 4, 1 it not tinjust, unsound, dnwise statesmanship to enact such mpousibility 7 ‘4, Does not specio.payment,” o elled, fall always i itn purpore; which ta o contgol or imit the volume of tinentiro medium of exchangs to tho legitimate d by the 1 e tuate constantly and gpanmodically, and some. s 12 8 very great degreo? 'And {8 It nol impossible {1¥ atipbods o know, oF to estimate, or to guoss even, Aty time, what 1ta value i or wil be, i #low changos {n the valuo of the preclous Mht-h are duie te rolative Incresso or decroane of PUL by feon the mines of the world at certain jods of Ui, are notat all under conalderstion hero or fiow, becanresuich changen n tho valua of spec Iuevitabda, and oy fuanre. sendent of wd B IAftnat tie imslo and faleg position of Apecie 10 the Anauchxl rystem that directly fostars and eueoursges the periodical monetary infiations which alwaye Teanit in coniraction, paute, and ruin 7 6. 18 it th wo-called **Npcio-fayiaent " system of finaner & 2200ire 0 Lar af arcuriug and nlntalalug the natural, stevly valus of ajecis, or permanent par with snyapecln value, 8 the Objut alacd 8% oF reauld suiight for? of e indo- 7. Aro wenot, (o this countrs, at ths day, stil tey. ng “ilin Fpe-ie-paytment-ondemand ® princlyles of fuance ¢ trying to make them work pnccextfully on an I Aunclntely Inelaatic. volumoe—s lmiied. bus et roenLuck legal-tender 7—tho only difference between thaw oid and the new b ruargin tetween the exchauentondard, pecio- whiih that system gives ; thls margin of valuo Leiiig tho fool-Lall of bulltoulsta an Lear-capitalists, who_ulways, under this ayatens, 6 ot the measure of valuo and only lawtul wedinm of exchange, cither kind and both kinde, “ cornered » (ot thrir pleanure) In the market, whelier his varying margin ia litloor grost: the real question which pressos for solution bein, which standard of value 1ho most from the only trus and fust standard, peclo st {ta natural (ancornered), free, steady value? 6. pociecan bave, and stould b o donbt, such ystem as 1o ba tlie mort just measure of all oihicr values attajuable; Lut can this aver bo permanently amured 2 9. 1» nos the attempt Lo contintie to adhers to the old Bnauclalidos of “apecle-pasument on denitad 14 e oue and only way of (nvuriu par wlih tho natural steady valine of the messure,—goid or sliver,—the only, serioun obatacle to that consummation 7 11, If thia obetacle was removed oot of the way, cnuild ot the necesuary volume of national legal-tone der notes, and of otlicr necessary credit medium of e1hange, sufficient to do the legitimato aud healthy busiucse Of the country st tho specie-atandsrd or tueasure of value, bo kepb At par with that standard 1o Jusi s long ay there fs gain lu it 10 the comne wiity, and the Soverelgus aee it o be for thelr sd. ¥antage to hata it a7 continue 7 Lieso questions mry sound wild, or vislonary, or foviish perh o vome financiers ut it will be found that they are pertinent notwithstanding, sad st bo correctly ansivered Lofore Quanca can ba per- affrmative reply to every ome of the above foun 1 thu trueone; and itcan be s0 damon- 1 logivally aud nclentidcally, To do Kils may require a Fomewbat deeper indgbi or atudy fnto tho lawe of Ainaueinl ncience than yet appears; but this Baceanity cant be ielped ; the natisfaciney proofa of thitee tratbs, aud of the principlos that underlio them, el bu given 1 Buvuce {8 o tnake by farthoe prog: Ters towardr perfection, this s the road, The nclenceluring King of Hpaiu, plous son of Hoty Motiser Chirch a8 he wad, whed trying to understand the complicated and_confusing scleuco of satronowmy of Lix time, a6 taught Ly tha * profemed autborities * of ‘the Ptolemaic ayatem, exclaimed in désperation, 11 1 iad been present at the crestion of the unive: I think thet I could bave given some very usefal Diuts ¥ bo was cloarly abead of his leachers, o our {{onorable Benator, who, after studying *the authorities " on the nubjoct of Abance down o s lata yeriod, told hin audience, according to the newsjspere repurts, ** that thoy might shoot him if he thought tuat o kuew auything about 1b 1 cloarly sbesd ot many other teschers and studonts of this science, be- canss Lo bas found out (hat there ls sometling in it which baa ok yet_been made #o plain that anybody can_cnderstand what the teachiors themaelves don Know, and Lss, with bis usual downright {rankness, £31d £ public] Nodoutt thiero {8 8 grest deal fn it yet to be dis. 20 question iples now sdmitted 1y the txi-booka of this science, if properly ombiued, and appiled, to reveal the way of iny ull that has been Liere sald can bo done, The Abbe Galiani very forvibly obeervea: ** A truth which {s brought to_liglt b{ pure sccident, Lke s mitisuroom 1o a mesdow, 18 of po value: we csunot makio use of 3t If we are jynorant of fia origin sud cansequences, or bow and by what chain of roasoning 4 Is derlved,” Finance, Deing a branch of soclal sclence, must be a7 slort of compleloness to-day ; most probably vory muck leas perlect tlan mauy’ Lrabches of other clences are, It may, then, be Just poseibla that the world hias been (0o fitich giided by empirica in . natve, who have assumcd flat ** they know slt sboul L7 "Now, fhe world * wants know, " you kuow,” whether or Do auch authorities bLa over really Koown enomeh 10 leara for themuclvea bow oiticl lowa than ** all about 1t ¥tLsy have kuown or da” Kuuw,—~enough to find out the * foundation princk piea’’on which fhe “genuine scionce” of fuanc s be budl,—tliat # accuracy of truth won, snd won forever,” which shall give to the world ** catablished polnts of acttied knowlodge as starting points for froals develupments,” that Bonamy Price Ilfll\l for. Wo may safcly agree with bim, ilat just hero la the svason why this aclenco hes always been in a muddio. “Thy present condition of fnance throughout the world, with all ite contlicting schools o€ dostrine; all thie past hiatory of fiauce: audall oxperioL.ces, past aud present, prove that thers in much more (0 be learaed and pus o, practice 1o order o securs lasting reaults that will bo sstisfaciory. Elve, why tho long series of y recurring commerelal revilaous, panics, and ruln? Eieo, why vast industrious tht ‘ought 1o _be porma- nently properous—the most entorprising men, whose porsevorance suu energy ought t0 be Alwaye ssauredly succesntul—brought ponodically (o death and dsstruc- tion by blind under-currents thst rob mon of valus they know not of untll tou late, yhen they have uo reniedy 7 Else, why * the rich ‘sver growiog riclier, s 1hie poOE over growing poorer 7 moolossal forturios in coutrast with the direst destitution 1n sll clvilized, Cbristian lauds, so callod, sa wall sa fu otber lande Elno, why the never-ondiog, sver-increaning, no-hoj overty of fil-pald, fll-fod, il-clothed, {ll-i0used, th- Fodara; Th-tagbt, Lifoong.persevering . industry, o ulton doomed £o_cnforced idleness n the midat of tie sbundance 80 producod, what e the semary of man runneth ot to the l:\)llll'l.l’i‘l et not those who are now, either nowiogly or un- kaowingly, favoring financisieneasures that will tend to uet tlie Lecl of capital agatu more frmiy vn the neck of labor fu_this_country, cry out hero, * Commun- o 1P Ttad Hepubliganiass | "—tor. this ntidonce which will nurely emanate from just, fmpartial Anan- clal meaaures, ins DO element of oither charity or nierey In it,—ouly justice lung delsyed,—and issds awuy from, uot towsrds, forcible distribution of aox cumulated'woshl 3 which s more, perhaps, than can Do paid of the opposite policy. Tho way to & Anal and grateful solution of thess perylexilivs and wrongs wil be assurediy found whene ever & right and equal medlum snd wediater for ** viding uato svery ne 8 just portion of recompente,” sliall givo its efictout ald I controlilug the distribi~ ton af Naturels bouutics aud il dus valuy of pro- o ductive labor falrly to each aud al 1 remaln, Alr, Editor, your and tho publics bumble sasvant, INVEST10ATOR INDECISION. Do lovg her? Dimpling red lips st o pouting, Diwpling shoulders a3 e Bouling No, 1 den't] DoTlovaber? Prisoned fu thoae crystal eyesy Puriy for ever llcas Ve, Ldo Little ..1.1".‘2,5 E’.’.'fl:fl?’n’.m.,. Do 1love ber? Do Ilove ber? Quick sha puts her cufrass on, Etabe withs Il\mhhr: siinge with soorn No, 1 don't] Do Ilove her? No! Theu to my arna sbe fites, ¥illing me with glad surprise: Ahl yes, 1 dot — Punny Darrow in the Galazy for October. A Famous Saying. 1t hias beon doubted whetlier Sir Jamos Macke intosh was right ivestttibutivg to Lord John Hussell (the prosont Earl Russeil) the suthor- ship of the now famous definition of s proverb s4 “One man's wit sud all wen's wisdom.” Mackintosh waid that Lord Jobu made this dutinition ** st a breakfast st Mandock's."” Lord - clalm for himself, with & 1o book he Liss just published Lo aavs ¢ ** I gava some years ago to Kir Jamos Msokintosh, ss & detluitiou of & proverb, * A proverb may be said to consiss of the wit of one an and the wisdom of many.' Bir James Mack- intosh repoatod my detivition to bis family sod his guests at tua breakfsst table. Mine it cors- tainty wae,” ‘The detiuition ax Lord Joba gives it ia uofiifu: in ltly‘l:‘:_lnG .n?‘l“frl.‘ballm" fi the credit of pulariziog alrly belon, Bir Ja uumufim who “‘packed” {% 11\ s porstabls form.