Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, June 28, 1875, Page 4

4 THE CHICAGO TRIBUNE: MONDAY, JONT °28, 1875. | TERMS OF THE TRIBUNE. RATEA OF BUNSCHITTION (TATANLE TN ADVANCE), Powtnge Prepatd at thia Ofice. ‘Warten—Une active agent in each town and villege, Rpecial arrengomonts mado with auch. Spectmen cuples sent free, . ‘Th prevent delay and mistakes, be rare and give Post. ‘Office eddress in fall, {ncluding Stato and County. Reml.tancosmay Lomade either by draft, express, Post Ghecorder, of in registered letters, at one risk. TERSMA TO CITT RONECKIRENR, Daily, delivered, Hunday excepted, 23 centa por week, Daily, celivarcd, Sunday inetndod, 30 conte par wsok, Address THE TRIBUNE COMPANY, Cornoy Mnilison aud Dearborn-sta.. Chicago, Dl. TODAY'S AMUSEMENTS, ADELPHI THEATRI—Dearborn strest, cornér Mone foe, Variety Entortainmont. ACADEMY OF MUSIC—itstatnd etrent. hetmern Mad> faon and Monrea, mm anil Manteo. ., Hogagament of Robert MoWado, *"'itip Van Winkle. OOLRY'S THEATRE—Randolnh atreet. hotmaen Qiven od Lasalle, Anancamont of tees Ostée' Bagi Opera-Company. ** Gievile-Gitol Pyte! ik , AUVICKH'R THEATIRMadton, atrcot, betece nt State. Fngagat 4 es Ateauo Thoetes Comeatre st Women of tho Daye" “BUSINESS NOTICES. FOR TWELVE VRANS TUR BUPRRIONITY OF ** Laird's' loom of Youth” ty ali other Ueantiiers Nan pen Admitted, andaiuce tho docisiun of tna Huard of Health it fae B ou re tho only harmless cos- ametla, Sold by all dru, The Chicane Tribune, Monday Morning, Juno 28, 1875. Tho rate on registered letters has been in- ereased by Postinaster-Goneral Jewenn from 8 to 10 cents, bocauso the former rate did not poy expenses. i ‘Tho Assistant Treasurer nt Now York has been directed by Secretary Bnistow to soll 21,000,000 in gold coin on ench Thursday in July, or $5,000,000 in oll. ‘Thero is moro truth than irony or exnggera- tion in the “Sermon to Bummers,” preached to a large congregation through the columns of Tuz Tamune this morning. The writer has only snticipated by o few yeara the con- dition which will soon be reached at Chica go's present rato of progress in that dircc- tion, Tho Chicago adventures of a Philadelphia Alderman suggest tho establishment at the Céntennial Exposition of a Bunko Depart- ment, wherein the noble science may be illustrated in all its peculinr ramifications, to tho edification nnd warning of tho guilcless Quakers. By application to the Ion. Mixz McDowatn, of this city, the Contonnial Com- missfonors will have no trouble in making the arrangement. ing opposite sides of the case, are the only members of tho counsel who anticipate an agreement by tho jury in the Bzecuen cose. Ench is confident of a verdict for his own client, Judgo Nemsoy, it is said, also cx- pects averdict, but docs not say for which sido, Two of the jurors have been taken ill in consequence of their compulsory confino- ment, and mattrosseg, wine, and other unjt- dioinl luxuries have been sent into tho con- sultation-roo: Oshkosh ig rapidly recovering from tho of- fects of her terrible experience with tho fire fiend. An enthusinstic correspondont writes of the extraordinary evidences of recuporn- tion everywhere visiblo in the burnt-out city, which is verily n young Chicago in point of onergy and pluck, and in the confidsnce in her futuro entortained by her citizens. Tho calamity is turning intoan ultimate advantage by the generally improved character of tho rebuilding, which is largely of brick, whero wooden structures stood beforo, thus greatly beautifying the city, besides affording a ¥uarantco against futuro destruction by fire, Secretary Bristow, in his letter of instruc- tions to Suporintendent Hoxsan, states that the decision is final to atop all work on the Curtom-House ond turn the matter over to Congress, but ho directs that all possible fa- cilities be afforded to tho Board of Architects appointed by the City of Chicago to make forther investigations or tosta. Tho Secro- tary is evidently anxious that the examina. tion shall be thorough, and that it shall bo conducted by gentlemen whose competoncy and fnirness shall bo unquestioned. So far from resenting tho action of the Mayor and Common Council as an impertinenco, Gen, Brisrow is only too well plensod at the oppor- tanity it furnishes for added information upon a aubject of such conSequence to tho people of Chica; Some Amorican speculators hava undor- taken to build a railrond for the Moxicans from tho City of Mexico to o point on tho Rio Bravo del Norte, thoro to connect with tho International Railrond which is to bo built from the border to Austin, Tox, It inn big project, and, if ever carricd out, will bo materially bonoficial to Yoxns and Moxico, Tho projectors have beon successful in ac- curing 9 concession from the Mexican Gov- tromont, which givos them $15,288 per mile, payable out of 25 per cont of the import duties takon at the frontier Custom-Houses of the Rio Grande and Matamoras, ‘Tho Company is also to be exemptod from taxation for fifty years, and eyerything required for the construction and operation of the road is to be admitted free for fifteen yonrsa, Tho Company has undertaken to comploto tho rond within nine yeara, The value of these concessions is considerably: lessened by the Instability of Mexican Governmonts and Mox- {ean promises, ‘hero may be a dozen revo- Jutions in tho country before the expiration of tho nino yoars, and we very much fear that tho projectors of the road will find it difficult to borrow monoy on thoir concession under theso dangers, ‘ho road will bo cheap to Moxico, even at tho prico paid in conces- slons, if it ahall over bo completed. SaaS ‘The Chicago produce marletawero goneral. ty atrongor Baturday, Mess pork was active, and 20@260 per 100 tha higher, olosing at $19.25 cash, and $10.42$ for August, Lard ‘was quiet and 15@20c per 100 ths higher, closing at $18,265 cash, and $13.45 for Aug. ust, Meats wero in better demand and Ao per highor, at 840 for shonldors, 113@11}0 for short ribs, and 11{c for short clears, High. wines wero quiet and firm at $1.10 por gallon, Lake froighta wore stoady at 230 for wheat to Boffalo, Flour waa dull and firm. Wheat was activeand 10 higher, closing at 9840 tush, and 9940 for July. Corn was active 4nd jo higher, closing tame at 66}o cash, and Uiqo for July, Oate wero quiet, and 4@jo higher, closing at 51}o cash, and 49Jo for Jaly, Ryo waa nominal at 00, Barley was qQuict at 980 bid for September. Hogs mot with» moderate demand at nominally un. changed prices, though for heavy wolght the aps market was deprossed. Snies at $6,60@7.80. Cattle were dull nnd wenk, closing na shade lower. Sheep were nominal, tho recoipts being limited to 250 hend. The Rev. Dr, Srocrixa, of the Church of the Epiphany, yesterday preached his fare- well sermon prior to departing td nssumo an- other charge. ‘The congregation of Plymouth Church took Ieave of their old edifice, Dr. Banter prenching a sermon suitable to the occasion, and will hereafter be found in their new and beautiful church corner of Michigan avenno and Twenty-sixth street, Prlpit sen- rationalism was the theme of tho Rev. D. J. Berartn, of Westminster Presbyterian Chureb, whe finds much to condemn in the growing tendency toward what ho is pleased to call the introduction into tho pulpit of slang, irroverence, and low comedy for the purposo merely of entching and hold- ing fora short time the attention of the world's people. At the Chicago University, the Pres- ident, Dr, Moss, preached the baccalaureate sermon to the graduating class, All theso occurrences are duly chronicled in this issue, THE JEFFERSONIAN FAILURE. All signs indicate that the Jeffersonians are going to “tho demnition bow-wows.” Like the now Custom-House, the mortar is bad, ‘Tho cracks are increasing, the stones aro peel ing, and ecarcely any two of them are alike. ‘The Joffersonians camo into existence as a high-toned organization ; the Co3smopolitans asa low-toned one, Tho Jeffersonians wero to wear swallow-tails and pearl-colored kids, drink nothing more plebeinn than Roederer, and indulge in rufiied skirts ; the Cosmopoli- tana resolved to strut in shirt-sleoves and Dlouses, drink straight whisky, and never outrage their constituency by appearing in public with clean shirts, Tho Jeffersoninns wera cream-laid, hot-pressed, tinted and gilt- edged, tied up with blue ribbon ; the Cosmo- politans, stout wrapping-paper tied up with na tow string. Tho Jeffersonians started busi- ness with a few dozon A No. 1 gentle- men; the Cosmopolitans with a few thousand bummers, ballot-box stuffers, and = ward bruisers, who would consider it on insult to be atigmatized as “gentlemen,” and look upon it asa matter of special pride to be ro. garded as “boys,” At the lost meating of the Jeforsoninns, it was evident enough thoy had come tothe conclusion that their extreme respectability was a burden,—n mill-stono about their necks that was weighing thom down, ond that the Democratic party had no use fora few dozen A No, 1 gentlemen with swallow-tails and gilt edges, however rock. buttressed they might bo, or tenacious in preserving tho old Democratic landmarks, ‘They saw that they were beaten by the Cos- mopolitans, and that not a swallow-tail would get into office or have any influence, unless they mixed their fine clay with somo of the emumon mud, They must rub off some of their gilt and adopt plain finish, and their foaming Roederer must bo mixed half and half with Sour Mash, It is duo to them to say that they cama brare- ly up to tho rack, regardless of tho question of fodder. Thoy consorted with the Cosmo- politans, and transforred thirty or forty of the choicest bummters, office-seokers, and tax- enters to the Committee of Seventy, It was 8 fatal mistake, Tho sweet-sconted Jaffer- soninns wero contaminated with the vile Cos- mopolitan odors, and their salons wero redo- lont of tho smolls of Bridgoport and Unlsted stroot, ‘The foul admixture began to work at once, Judge Mriurn, who went into the Jef. fersonian movement with all the ardor of a youthful reformer to restore the Democratic landmarks and bring about the political Afil- lennium, couldn’t understand it, and his swal- low-taila stuck out straight with horror when ho saw the company he was in, The Club which ho had organizod to ex- pound and illustrate the Democratic gospel, to restora ita anciont glories, and to purify tho political atmosphere of all its foul mins. mas, was actually itching for tho offices and spoils before it was fairly in working order, It was thirsting and hungering after tho flesh-pots, And so Judgo Mutter declined toserve, Thero are other swallow-tails who will follow his example. Messrs. Tausnunn, McConmox, Wrivstox, and Ort cannot stomach the Cosmopolitans any longth of time, and Mr. Horxz, who has jumped into tho Presidontial chair with his customary impolsiveness, will think loss and lees of his, new associates as ho becomes better acquaint. ed with them, and will speedily mako a vo- cancy by jumping out oa impulsively as he jumpod in. : “The Jefforsonians still have a flavor of ro. spectability, but thoy aro now easentially Cosmopolitan, They will fail to effect any anbatnutial reforma; thoy aro neither ona thing nor another. ‘They aro not all bummers and bailot-box stuffers, nor aro they all patriots and high-toned citizons, They aro a unixture of good and evil, with tho evil pre- dominating, Aftor stooping to admit a batch of Cosmopolitans and to whitewashed Com- munists, after ombracing a ballot-box stuffer with one arm and young Hoffman, the Com- tune orator, with tho other, little remains that the Jeffersontans can accomplish, Aftor indorsing the lenders of 9 fow more rascal- ities, and after o fow moro of the respectable Jeffersonians have becoma disgusted and quit, the whole organization will be swal- lowed up by the Cosmopolitang, ond that will bo on ond of it, Tho handful of ex-Republicans in the Club will bo glad to come back to their own party whon thoy find a repudiation platform next yenr staring them in the faco, With the disappearanco of the Jeffersonian Club will disappear its principles also, Two- thirds of the Cosmopolitans cannot under- stand the Joffersonian doctrinca, and, if they could, they would not subscribe to or prac. tice them. Not one Cosmopolitan in twenty could bo inducod to wear a cloan shirt and go to work restoring Democratic Jandnarks and purifying political parties, It is not their lino of business, The swallow-tailed gontlo. mmen aro to be commisorated that they are going to the dogs a0 soon, and that the Cosmopolitens havo rubbed off all their gilt before tho public has had an opportunity to catch the first glitter of its sheen, ‘ex, living in Lowis County, N. ¥., suddenly disappeared. All search for him proved in vain, In tho fall of 1874, a lad namod Gann. ser, the gon of a neighbor of tho Poxtens, confessed to a playmate, Paturcx Narazy, that he had shot and killed young Ponrzn, and thot his (Ganwazy's) fathor had ofter.. wards hid the body, Nayaxy swore to thls confesalon, which has since beon ahown to bo atomplete Jie, When it was first made publlo, however, its truth was naturally un- questioned, It created a great sensation, ‘The Utica Herald of Deo, & publishod the following dispatch from its correspondent at Watertown, N.Y. Tb te seported (hat boy named Gaxeny, Hring in Tasruburg, Lewis County, bss confesses tah be atios the Ponten ‘boy, who has been milesing over a year, and that Ganzey’s father took the body the eame night and carried it off, Itis known that a shot was heard, and that Gaxzrx waa econ carly the next morning re~ turning from some uuknowa placa, Two daya nfterwards, the Ifcrald medo some editorial reforence to the caso, in which it mentioned the “report” that a confession had béen mado, and said thatthe “ Gayzeva’” names were ‘connected with the affair when the boy disappeared.” ‘Tho truth of tho Int. ter statement is not, ‘wo bolieve, questioned. ‘The cditor of tho Jerald afterwards declined to state that the confession was false, simply beeanse Ganxsex told him so, but of- fered to print anything the latter might chooso to writo over his own signa. ture. ‘Theroupon, tha paper was sued for libel. On the trial, the publication of tha origiunl dispatch, without matice, aa n pieca of current nows, was proved. So was the existence of goncral reports that the confes- sion had been made, But when the defend- ants tried to show that the confession had actually been made, and offered in evidence of this the tostimony of Patatox Narser, his brother, and three other porsons, tho Court, in violation of right and justice, rnted all this out! The Herald was not even suffered to plond it in mitigation of damages, ‘Tho jury was instructed that tho ovidence admitted showed technical libel, but not oxpress malice, It was therefore obliged to find the Hferald guilty. Mr. Ganysrx was awarded 6 cents damages, This mny have been * good. Jaw,” but it was exceedingly bad common senso, DECLINE OF AN EMPIRE, Never since tho fall of the Porsian and Roman Empires has any great nation been reduced to go supino and humiliating a con- dition asthe United Kingdom of England, Ireland, and Scotland to-day, if the state- ments of an article in the Inst number of tho Fortnightly Review aro to bo credited. Wo refer toa paper entitled “ What Could Wo (Great Britain] Have Dono for France or Belgium ?"—presumably from tho pen of Joan Monzey, tho editor of the Mertnightly. It assumes, with good reason, that the atti- tiylo of Gormany toward France and Belgium was positively hostile in the recent complica- tions, and that there was something more be- hind it than the shrieks of a priest, tho son- sational articles of o newspaper correspond. ent, or the drunken bonats of a Flemish tinker. Thero is no question but Germany has an ambition to become a maritime power. , Tho most effectual way of achieving this position is tho annexation of so much of tho northorn part of Belgium as would take in the atrongly- fortified port of Antwerp and tho navigable River Scheldt, Antwerp is tho best harbor for naval and commercial purposes betweon Cadiz and Copenhagen. It is directly enst of London, and steamers drawing 26 fect of wa- ter can flontup to its wharves and docks, The possession of Antwerp by the German Em- pire would soon lead to an enormous increasa of the German navy, os well as foroigu commerce, This important acquisi- tion would naturally be followed by that of Holland and Denmark, and, ns o result of the change, France would be paralyzed and the commerco of Great Britain threatened. ‘Tho River Scholdt, in the hands of a great power like Germany, would become more important than the Thames, and, with Antwerp in on impregnable condition, would command the movemonts of Groat Britnin. The threatened annihilation of Bolgium, a noutral, inoffensive, and helplesa uation by itself, is unquestionably 4 thrust at Brit- ain's groatnoss, Now, concoding that it was made, and, thongh withdrawn for the tima being, may bo mado at any time ngain, in what position is Great Britain to meot it? This is tho question dis- cussed by tho Fortnightly, ond its con- clusions aro of the most startling nature, Tho Duke of Cambridge, Commander.in- Chief of the British army, rocently spoke of being ablo to get together for immedinto ror. vico about 10,000 effectives; the Mortnightly assumes that this is the limit of Grent Brit- ain’a prowess, It holds that, whether Gor- many should first attack Franco or march di. rectly into Belgium, the result would bo tho same,—the success of the German army, aud the impotency of Groat Britain to defond ita own interests, ‘In short,” it concludes, “if wo oxamino fairly the menna at our present disposal in money, in naval strength, in Iand forcea, wo must admit thatif Germany shauld return suddenly to the policy threatened threo weoks sinco, England could do nothing for Franco or Belgium," To fully appreciate the humiliation which attaches to auch a confossion of national im- potency, let us suppose that Canada wero a freo, independont, and friondly nation, whoso protection from invasion was necessary for the preservation of tho integrity and com- merco of the United States, Thon nupposa that some great power—say Germany—woro to organiza an army to seizo Canada and posaces itself of Montreal, Quobeo, and other Canadian ports, with the purpose of undormining our commerce and threatening the very exlstonce of our Government. If, in that cage, we should proclaim to the world that all our available resourcos for ro- siutanco and defenso were limited to 60,000 “uffectives,” wa should bo in the samo lamentable condition relatively os that which the Fortnightly confesses ps ro- gards Great Uritain, Great Britain hos & population of 82,000,000 people. At the outbreak of tho War of the Rebollion the total whité population of this country did not exceed 29,000,000, North and Sonth, ‘Taking the last three years of the War, tha North bad ovor 1,000,000 of men under arms constantly on 6 population of 20,000,000, and tho South half ag many moro on a population of 9,000,000, During this timo thera was a practical logs of 600,000 9 year in killed, sick, wounded, and prisoners, but the average of 1,600,000 effectives in the field was fully kept up. And now the gront, woalthy British Empire, with 82,000,000 of home population, is made to confcsa that it could not defend ita most cherished intercata, and could not oppose an actual invasion of ity commerce, power, and position as anation with more than ‘40,000 effectivos,” Why, tho State of TiWnois‘atono kept up 100,000 men in the fold for more than throw yeara of bloody fighting. ‘Yho City of Chicago alone would send moro than 40,000 men tothe front under such circumstances ag the English magazine states, ‘What does it moan? Itmust mean that the British Govornment’ cau no longer rely upon the patriotlemn of its people, It must mean that the British Govern- mont doos not dara to conscript, and that the’ Uritish pooplo will not volunteor, It seems that @ once-powerful people, that ox- tended ite authority+into all quarters of the globe and dofended it ogainst every suspicion of a throat und every breath of contempt, bas fallen intoon imbecile and obese condition of essa ond wealth, which from even tho {natinct of s0lf-preservation would fall to ronda li, Tb la @ cdnfeaslon that roflcots dis grace upon the Anglo-Snron rice, An ovor- fed aristocracy, weakonod by sovoral genora- tions of Inxurious indulgonce, leans upon an unpatriotic serfdom, nnd a middle class which refuses to fight. ‘Tho result is, that they aro rendy to fall when theie support is taken from them. Whoethor they turn to tho agricultural Inborers of England and Scot- Jand, or tho disaffected peasantry of Troland, they find an nbsenco of that devotion and pn triotism which nlono can resco 1 nation threatened with destriction, is is what it moans, if it means anything, ‘The confession comes from Dritish sources, nnd to us seems perfectly incredible, If tho Mortnightly had declared that Great Britain could only Jnnd 400,000 effectives “in Belgium, wo should feel surprised at tho - sion; but 40,000 can only inspire contompt. If it rently bo truo that the English will no longer volunteer to fight, and that the Gov- ernment dnro not enforce a draft, then tho Empire of Britannia is far gone in decadence, and era long will ocenpy tho rank of Spain ag amilitary power, ‘Io hold the position sho has long claimed in Europe, hor Cabinets should bdin position to say to Germany that in défonso of any question which affected the honor or existence of Grent Britain thoy woro willing and able to put half a million of “effectives” in Belgium of as good blood and steadfast courngo as tho red-coats who stood their ground at Watorloo. Tho United States could say that to Bisstack, and, if he waa not impressed theront, our Cabinot could safely inform him that tho number of effsc- tives could easily be doubled on short notice, ASPHALT PAVEMENTS AGAIN, It seems that the now mania for asphalt pavements has now reached the Common Council, and somo of the Aldermen, without any information about tho matter, have sud- denly become convinced that the streot pave. ment of tho futuro is to bo of “puro asphalt,” and that it is vital to tho interests of Chicago that the streets shall resound with the tramp of our horses’ foet on tho deposits from tho mountains of Switzerland, or something that shall pass for it. ‘This is tho firat intimation that thero may be a job in asphalt; Aldor- manic partisanship of any particular form of pavement is protty sure to emanate from tho contractors who want to lay it. Boforo those who are so anxious that the costly asphalt pavement shall be adopted for the strects of Chicago make any oxtensivoe ox- periments in thia direction, wa adviso them to try Lemont fagstones Inid about ns they aro now used for sidewalks, With a streot- pavement made of our limestone, eight or ten inches thick, and planed off smoothly on the faco or upper side, thoy can form a very good idea of tho hard kind of asphalt pave- menta aid to some extent in Lon- ‘lon ond Paris. Wo do not mean that the stono shall bo Inid in block form, like the Belgian pavement, which gives tho horses’ feot a hold in the interstices, but flat flagstones that shall furnish a smooth, polished, and hard surface. With such o pavement our patriotic Aldermen will havo a. fair samplo of tho “puro asphalt” which they are now boginning to advocate. If the horses wonld slip on the flagstones, then they would also slip on tho asphalt; if the flag- stones wore found too hard, then the naphalt would bo too hard; if the flagstones were too noisy, thon tho asphalt would bo too noisy. ‘Tho experiment with tho fingstones may bo toade at very much smaller cost than with asphalt, and with bottor results in cither caso; for, if thoy auswor the demand, wo have thom close at hand, and, if thoy fail, we neod not go to Europo for asphalt. Wo Deliove that euch o flagstone pavement will Inst longer than ony asphalt that can bo put down, f ‘Thore is another viow of this matter. Un. loss asphatt paveinonts would last threo or four timos longer thon the best wooden pavemonts wwo now havo, we could not afford to import asphalt in bulk from Switzorland from which to construct pavuments in Chicago. Even ‘conceding, thon, that the “puro asphalt” is #o desirablo (which it is not), it romnina to bo demonstrated that it is practically imper- ishablo in order to justify incurring tho enor- mous cost incident to the importation of tho material, We should bo slow to abandon the wooden block pavement. It is conceded to be tho handsomest and plensantest stroot pavement in the world, and tho only practical objection urged against it ia, that it porishes or wears out too quickly, ‘This objection has alrendy been overcoma to a large oxtent by the deorenso in the cost of constructing it; it?may bo overcome still further, wo believe, by laying the whito-oak blocks. But if thero isany determined offort to try aaphalt, lot it be tried by proxy in the substitution of Lemont flagstonos, which will farnish a counterpart thorcof.at less than half the cost, and enable the public to judgo of the morit of thoasphalt pavemont. With abundance of such matorial at hand, it is porfect nonsense to import asphalt from Switzerland. BRITISH AND AMERICAN FAILULES, ‘The failures in England, beginning o8 far back oa Inst January but reaching thetr clintax since the Ist of Juno, have illustrated the goneral strength of the British system of trado, credit, and capital, ‘The failures wero of houses dealing in crodits and sccuritics represonting specula- tiva property, Tho first fnilura was in tho Enst India business and tho next in South American vonturos; those onrricd down n number of houses whose failuro lod to tho discomfturo of the Abedare Iron Manufactur- ing Company and its depondonta. Tho sus- pensions sinco the Ist of Juno havo beon rapid, and for large sums; but, however dis- astrous to individuals, thoy have had no effect on tho general credit of the Kingdom. Money was never so abundant, and there was never so much unemployed as at this time, Tho wreck which has boen caused by these failures has been as oxtonsive os that of tho original failuros in this country In 1873, ‘The differonce is that in England the effect of the failuros was confined to the persons and firms that failed, and did not extend to the business of the country generally, The American panic started with the oxhaustion of credit on the part of certain banka which had inveatod thoir.capital in visionary, unpro- ductive, and speculative enterprises, ‘Tho various schemes which these banka wore backing all collapsed with the exhaustion of their credit, Thosa companies were in like manner largely indebted to manufacturers, whose papor in turn was held by other banks, and thus the disaster was car- gtied into every branch of trado and production. That the effect was so general and wide-spread ia ovidenca of how doeply trado was depondent upon aud mixed up with the wild schomes of fnan- cial adventurers and speculative operations, ‘The panio, in separating the insubstantial and fraudulent from the real and the honest, so violently disturbed the whole commerce of the country tha thore hes boon no thorough rostoration yot nccomplished. ‘Tho fact wns, tho whole businossof the Unitod States reated upon a syatem of fictitious valito,—n value that fluctuated with ovory wind; that rushed up or fell down upon overy rumor, no matter how bascleas. At one day tho savings banks and tho other banks would owe thelr depos. itora say o thousand millions of dollars nt the oponing of tho institniions, By noon their indebtedness would bo inereasod to eloven hundred millions, and by 4 o'clock would close at cight hundred and fifty mill- jong of dollars,—and thosa changos without the addition or withdrawal of a single dollar of deposits, The man who loaned money at aixty or ninety days did so taking tho risk whether the money ho got in ruturn would be worth 10 percent moro or 10 per cent less than when ho loaned it, So with tho man who sold goods on credit and tha man who bonght on credit ; it was a gnma of chahco, venture, a bet, whether tho monoy, at tho timo of payment, would be worth moro or less than when the creditwasmado, Manufacturers did business on the samo basis, ‘Choy bought and sokl on speculation; there was no fixed values to what they bought or sold; thoy did business like the man at the gambling-table, upon the probable chances, In this way val- ues becamo fictitious,—na largo margin in prices and in interest being domanded to cover tho possible fluctuations, When tha panic of 1873 struck ua, there was a collapse of tho insubstantial into which so much money had been put, Thero was o rigoin the value of monoy. Every man who had any money withdrow it from cirenlation, lost it might vanish with nsseta of the institu- tions which wero involved in speculations, Wo had nothing wo could sell. Wo had o monopoly of monoy without any fixed value. We had a monopoly of tho homo market. That is, our manufacturers hind their cotton and woolen goods, their carpets, fron, and stecl, their leather, glass, and wooden wares, their hardware, cutlery, paper, and building materials, all manufactured at inflated prices, on inflated credits, and in immenso quanti- ties. Tho collapse of speculation and fraudu- lent devices, and the loss of capital sunk for- ever in thom, the want of confidouco pro- ducing a withdrawal of monoy, prac- tically abolishod the homo market for all these goods. hero wero no pur- ehasers and no buyers, Money had risen in valuc, and moucy and not goods was for the timo the staplo article. Debts could not ba paid without money, and debts wero not paid. Had the United States at that time o market; lad its immensa surplus of mann. {nctured goods been produced upon a stand- ard of real values ; if that surplus of goods had been produced at areal instead of in- flated end fictitious cost as represented by the monoy of civilized commerco, the United States might havo shipped the entira stock to other markets and converted thom. But the United States could not bo thus relieved, like any other nation, Wo had no market beyond the boundaries of tho United States, We had a dishonest and fluctuating standard of values at home, We boight and sold with scales on which six, eight, ton, or twelvo onnces counted a pound, aud with yardsticks whoso longth varied from day today from twonty to thirty inches to the yard, Wa had been doing business ontsido of tho standard rogulntions of commercial rectitude, Wo had no atanding in any market, Wo counted our goods by fictitious numbers, measured them by fictitious yards, and woighed thom by fic- titious tons, * Wo produced them at fictitious costs, paid for them in paper representing fic- titious sums, and conld only sell them atpricos 80. inflated og to appear fabulona to pooplo dealing in real valnos, or at prices that in- volved ruin and bankruptcy, Unable to sell, wa kept tho surplus stock of goods at homo, wasting, rusting, rotton- ing, and gotting antiquated in stylo and pat- tern, Having on unnalable surplus, wo stopped production, cloued furnaces and mills, locked ‘up machinery, discharged workmen and oporatives, reducing the latter to starvation and beggary, ond havo ever since been suffering from “hard times,” Despite all thin, we cling to the fluctuating and depreciated currency ; wo still cling to an exclusive home market; wo still prohibit tho oxport of manufactures ; still refuse to return to real values, and wonder why tho in- terchango of commodities is not greater, and why crodit.and confidence aro not restored. Compared with the failuro of Jax Cooze and his dependent speculations, the English fail. ures aro far greater. But they disturbed nothing. ‘Tho standard of values waa on honost and pormanent one, The money had but one value. It was not an objet for apeo- ulation nor a stake for gambling. ‘Tho porta of England wore open for the froo departuro of everything which her peopld had to soll, If the home mnrket was stagnant, thoy had the wido world in which toaell. Thoy keop no surplus of porishablo proporty; they sond it away to bo converted into monoy or ex- change products, and are mado richor by tho trade, Thoy do busincsgas rational poople in a rational way, and suffor noho of tho goneral collapses which must always bea consequence of any violent disturbanco of the fotitfous values which mark our trado, , THE LESSON OF SWEDEN, Wo sketched, somo timo ago, the benaflotal offect of the transitlon from “ protection" to freedom of trade upon the woolen manufac- turing interesta of Sweden, Wo showed that those interests had thriven in proportion as tho taxes supposod to bo for their ‘ protec. tion” had boon removed, We pointed out tho important boaring of this upon Amorican politics. No ono wishes to ruthlessly injure the vast amount of capital invested in manu. facturing enterprises in this country, but a great inany pooplo—so many that thoy will inovitably coat a majority of votes oro long— wish to be freed from tho necessity of paying heavy bounty taxes for the bencfit of a favored fow manufocturors and wealthy corporations in the West, It ia question of prossing im. portance, then, how the transition can bo made, how froedom of trade can be reached by a road which is not lned with ruined faotorics aud closed shops. The experiouca of tho wool-manufacturer of Bwaden gives tho answer. It shows that manufactures will thrive under a gradual, but steady, reduction of n tariff, and that manufactured goods will ‘be oxported in proportion as the tariff is re- duced and becomes a puroly rovenuo meas- ure, And this showing is corroborated by facta drawn from other industrial interosta of Bweden, For these, as for the othera, wo aro indebted to tho official report of Mr, Exexmg, the English Minister at Stockholm, Until 1831, the protection of cotton yarn manufactured in Sweden was carricd to the logical extromo of prohibtion, Under this system, the valuo of the average annual prod. uct was $51,000. When moderate dutics took the place of prohibtion, the valuo of this produnt rowe, within six yoaré, to $860,000, In 1842, the duty on raw. cotton was wholly abolished, and that on tho inferior hinds of yar was farthér ous down to 7} contsa pound. Within tho next soven yoors, the value of thoannnal cotton product be- enme $693,000, Thon the duty on inferior yarn was ngnin reduced. It waa now 6,3 cents, Tho manufneturo at onco felt tho now impulse. The value of the annual prod- uot of yarn alone roo to $1,410,000, ‘Tho following table, which wo coudonse from Mr, Enaxrr's facts, tells tho story of tho succes- sivo reduotions of duties on cotton yarn: Year, Ks Saataoe only exception to this steady increnso in value was during the Civil War in this country, which cut off tho greater part of tha aupply of cotton, As soon as this disturbing caus was removed, tho manufacture—ng tho table elows—throve apnco, In 1869 the an- nual production of cotton yarn was worth $4,222,200, Mr. Ensxinn docs not give tho statistics of the export of yarn, but he does say (and prove) that cotton tissues have been. exported in proportion as tho import duties on thom have been ent down, ‘This is trio not only of cotton tissnes, but of knitted cot- ton goods, of linen yarn and thrend, and of leather, Tho long report, in which the facta concerning each one of theso articles aro given in dotail, closos with this atriking sum- mary: In the courso of the raven years from 1831 to 1957, when miost branches af indusiry were protected elther hy jrobibition or by blguly protective import duticr, ihe number of manufactorioa in sweden wan 9,450, and the number of porsone employed 20,628; while the menn annual yaluo of thelr productions amounted to 34,420,000 krouor, Iu the beginning of 1938 the pro- toctive duties were reduced on a number of articles from 19 to 60 percent, while total protiLiion ‘was abolished {n 1856 on all orlicios excopt gunpowder ond pig iron, on which the probibition waa not removod until 1859 and 1800 reprctively, On the 16th of April, 1808, a further considerable reduction of duty took Plavo on tho great majority of manufuctures, and ‘again at tho beginuing uf 1845, 1507, and 1663, In tho five years coding in 1874 tha mean annual number of Mnanufactories wax 2,316, employing 41,260 persons, and producing imauufscturca valued at 110,601,000 ‘kronor, ‘The krona is worth nhout 30 cants, curron- cy. ‘Tho averngo annual yield of highly-pro- tected industries was, then, $10,028,000, When tho industries wero freed from tho ourse of protection, they yielded 333,181,200 ayear, Both exports and imports havo in- creased. The Swodish workingman cnn now buy with his wagos from twico to thrico as much as his father contd, ‘Cho difference represents tho valuo of free trade to him, ‘The leason of Swedon should not bo lost upon America, Economio laws aro the samo here and abroad. If we scale our tariff, year after year, our “protected” manufactures will bo tho stronger for the process, and the wholo mass of: tnxed aud swindled consum- ers will bo tho gainers, Our exports will in- cronse, We shall rognin the profits of tha low-tariff days beforo tho War. And wo shall become what our unequaled natural ro- sources and our giant sweep of senbonrd pro- destine us to be,—tho grent manufacturing and commercial country of the world. FORGOTTEN HISTORY. ‘The judicial ayatom of tho United States is, as De Tocqurvirte snid, the most powerful nud most important on the face of the carth. In no other country aro the decrees of the legislative, and the nets of tho oxecutivo, power subject to such a thorough roview, and, if neod be, roversal, ns thoy are hore. Tho Supreme Court of the United States ox- ercises in this way on uniquo influence. Thoughtful obsorvera havo often called it tho corner-stone of our whole political system, Perhaps it might better be likened to tho koystono, Tho idea of defying, much less disobeying, ita judgmonts, scema incredible. Yet less than half century ago this wns dona in the most public and insolent way, and no penalty was over inflicted upon tho offender, Tho War buried a great part of our history, It gavo ns a now sot of facta to dato from, and mado previous oc- currences Boom unimportant and not worth remembering. It is doubtless largely duo to this caugo that tho State of Georgia's fingrant ‘ contempt for tho writa ismucd by the Supremo Court in the cases of Gronay ‘Tasszts aud of Wonoxsren has been forgotten, Then, too, Sonth Carolina’a attempt to nullify the Tariff laws camo close upon this event, and dwarfed it into insignificance, even thon. It is of im- portanco as a matter of political as well as of legal history. Wo toll tho story os itis told in Prof, Vox Hoxst’s great work on the con. stitulional history of the United States, Georgia and the Gencral Government wero involved in an angry disputo of some years’ duration over the territory occupied by tho Creeks and Cherokees within the State limits, Georgia wished to assume control of it at onco, and Joun Quinor Apams’ Cabinet mado a gallant, but, as it finally proved, a vain, at- tempt to protect the rights guaranteed to tho Indians by solomn treatics, After Jack- sox became President, tho Legislature of Georgia passed an oct which annulled all tho laws and ordinances of the Chero- kees, and oxtonded tho lawa of Georgia over the whole territory ocoupiod by the tribo, The latter brought-thoir caso before the Supreme Court, Ex-Attornoy-Genoral Wint was thelr lawyer. ‘Tho papers filed wero technically imperfect, ond on this ground the suit was thrown out of court, An iden of tho state of fooling in Georgia at this time moy be gathered from tho foct that Gov, Grama threatenod to havo Win, if tho latter over’ ontored’ tho Stato, ‘*brought toa reckoning for bia conduct in volunteoring his gervicea a8 an attorney for tho Oherokces"! Ono or two of tho Georgia Judges lad already declared, publicly, that they would pay no attention to any order mado by the United States Suprome Court in regard to Oherokee affaira, These violent words wore soon mado good by deadly, A cortsin Gyonaz Tasszxs, a Chero- kee, waa arrested by State officera for committing a murder within the Cherokea territory. He was tried, found guilty, and sentenced to bs hung, A writ of error was isaued by Ohief Justice Mananann in behalf of Tagsxzs, The Governor sent it to tho Legislature, and accompanied it by a message, advising that it should be disro- garded and that special authority should bo given him to execute the sentence, Both Houwes passed a derioa of resolutions of tho most violent character, The action of the Supreme Court was denounced, State offi- cers were instructed, in so many words, to refuse to obey the procena of that Court, as for as it intorfored with the criminal law of tho Stato; and the Sheriff in charge of Tas- Ets was notified to go on with the hanging, He did so, The marderor was executed Doo, 28, 1880, despite the interforence of the Bu- preme Court, This case of flat doflance was soon followed by another. Georgia passod some brutal lawa for the govern. ment of her now soquiaition, Among the many things forbidden to the inhabitants was traveling from one settlement to another without taking w cortain oath and rocolving written permiasion, A Presbyterian mission. ary, one Woucseram, who transgressed this Inw, was ordered. to leave the State within ton days, Tho dangerona sickness of hia wifo dotrined him. Ho was arrested, tried, ‘and sentoneed to four years’ imprisonment at hard Inbor, Chis brought the wholo matter again before the Supremo Court, From tho long decision givon, we quoto ono rentonco: “Tho act of the Stato of Georgia under which tho plaintiff in orror was prosocuted {a consoquéntly vold and the judgmont a nulli- ty.” ‘This fell fiat. ‘Tho then Governor, Luupxm, declared it was an ‘usurpation,” ond that “datormined resistance” must bo made. An application for n writ of hadcas cor pus was refused by the State Courts. Woncrs= Ter was kept in jail nt hard labor for a year or moro after the United States Supremo Court bnd decidod that ho must ba set free. Then, when the Cherokees hnd beon com pletely subjugated by Georgia, he waa pare doned,” ; Itscoms strange that tho then President, TacusoN, should have allowed ono of tho co- ordinato branchea of the Genoral Govorn- ment to bo thus scorned, But this was duo, like so many other oventa of Jackson's timo, to purely personal grounds, ‘Tho writ hod beon issued by Chief-Justico Mansnant, whe Was opposed to Jackson's ro-oloction, and thereforo bittorly hated by the rough soldicr. ‘The latter is reported to have said: ‘Jona Mansuatt haa mado his docision; now lot him enforce it !” —_—_—_— AN AMERICAN TYPE, The will of Davi ©. Bnopenrox hos just been declared valid by the United States Ba. * Prome Court, Bnopentox died fifteon yeara go, o Sonator of tha United States, He was Afomousman whon, and justaftor, ho was mur= dered, but is now uttorly forgotton. His lifo was n posibility only in Amorica, A stone. mason aud a volunteer firoman in Now York City, ho soon made politics his only pursuit, and oro loug became Chief Engincor,—a posi tion which mndo him the absolute master of the worst mob in tho country, They wero passionately devoted to him, but they failed to elect him to Congress in 1846, and ha loft Now York in disappointment and disgust. Hfosoon turned up in California, one of tha “ Argonauts of ‘49, ond a born loader of rongh mon, Ho sat in tha first Legislature, and was elected to tho United States Sunato in 1836, Thon the good in tho man, tho sterling stuff that had made him always first in his own rough circle, camo out, Hownasndiamond in the rough. Lifa at Washington polished him, Wo spoedily became known ns a dutorininod friend of froce dom in California and in tho Territories, Ha broke with his fellow Senator, Gwix, an ine tenuo pro-slaveryile, who tried to tako Cali fornin into the Confedoracy, who sided with it himself, who fled to Maxintan when ha saw that tho lost cause was really lost, and who became tho Duke of Sonora under tha Mexican Empire, and was reaurrectha from some unknown abyss to choor for Gazener in 1872, Gwin was nn nrdont pro-slayvery man, Dnopeniog vied with Tounvny in his scorn of tho Kansns-Nobraska fraud. We was pro- neribed by the Democratio party at the North, aud hated by it nt tho South. Yet at home his strength grew overy day. California could not be captured unless Bron. zntox was silenced. But while ho lived, ho would speak. It was thorefore decided, so the story runs, to kill him. His enemies picked out Judge Davin 8. Tenny, of San Francisco, a noted duelist, as the murdoror. Tanry challenged him. fo decline was dcoemed impossible; of lcast Bnopzentce thought go. Hoe know and anid that ho was to be deliberately murdored, for he wag wholly unskilled in the uso of pistols, whila ‘Tenry was a crack shot, But he accepted the challonge, fixed tho timo, met his op. ponent, fired a harmloss shot, and fell mortal~ ly wounded. ‘They have killed mo,” ho grasped out with his dying breath, "fox opposing tho extonsion of slavory.” The words wore painted on tho flags borne in the Lincory campaign a year afterwards,’ Thoy and the memory of the dead man saved Cali- fornin to tho Union. Excopt in this way, his murder was unavenged. ‘Teurr's trial wag postponed, re-postpuned, finally dropped, ‘Terny himeelf perished with the Confederacy. It sooms to havo beon the fato of Bronrns tock to bo forgotton. If funoral orations could have saved him from oblivion, ha would havo beon famous, ‘Tho annals of tho Sonate contain no mora eloquent speoch than that in which Sewanp skotched tho genius of history placing Bropzntox with Wintunop, Raxzzron, Banrisone, and Penn, “tho found+ ers of our States." And in San Francisco, in a squaro crowded with people, before the open bier of Bnopentox, Epwanp D, Baxen,’ Sonator, Goneral, martyr, —himusolf long sinca forgotten,—thrilled the whole country with his passionate encomiums on the murdered man, It wasallin vain. Ho was forgotton. An unscomly strugglo over his alleged will has been going on sinco 1859, and ite final de. * clsion by the Suprome Court probably writes “finis" to every record or thought of Baop-= xnron's lifo, tt THE CALIFORNIA INDEPENDENTS, Out of mercy to our readers, we cone densed tho platform of tho Independent party of California into a column or so, thus subtracting about threo-fourths of ita mass of worthless verbingo, As wo published it, it was about a column too long. A judicious abstract of it would road abont aa follows: Reeo'p:d, The Btato Government of Califoruta abould, play the pert of s Urcat Fathor, ‘This remarkable power, when the Inde- pondonts get control of it, ia to be used to fix the price of gas in Son Francisco, the prico of a supply of water for irrigation everywhora in the Stato, the prico of water in San Francisco, the prico of railrond-rid- ing and froight-sending, etc. (Tho reader will please supply sovoral dozen “‘etes.” in order to make suro of compro- hending the work of price-fixing which tho Independont organization has pledged its Btate Governmont to undertake.) The plat form does not state in precisa words, wo bo- Neve, that itis the duty of the State” to arrange the charges of Chinese washermon for doing up a whirt, a collar, a cuff, and a sock, but this great political reform is doubt. Joss reservod for the next campaign, Whatwe have given is about the sum and substanve of the “ pompous words and thundering sound” of the Independent platform. The more the people look at it, tho more their wonder will grow thata few small heads should carry all tho Indepondents know—or think they know, Omnisclence itself—to aay nothing of Omnip. oteice—is thrown in the shade by the pro- gramme of these porsons, independent alike of party, spirit, and common sonse, The polloy outlined in their platform is one which the Northwest has tried and found wanting. It reste upon the fundamontally folie assumption that the offlce-holdera can be rolled upon to mansgo vast pecuniary ine toresta in an unselfish, economical, and honest way. Thia thoy could not do if they would, anfl would not if thoy could. Exporience haa proved this in every eountry, trom