Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, May 29, 1875, Page 3

TIIFE CINICAGO TRIBUNE: SATURDAY MAY 29, 1875, —TWELVE PAGES. LITERATURE. EVOLUT'ON-P 4ILOSOPHY, qan EQIRNGE LINRANT, UUTLINER oOF TR to Pritosoriy, Dy Dr. Sl E, Cazrtan, RroLIT n fua Tremh Lyt ) TrLE e e Wiih Aoy de by T T, Yoirs D, dmo. tpo 1, dow York: D Ap- feton &'Co. Frie,§ . The oponing eesay fu thin volume coniaing a onclso oxnomition of tha fuudamontal doctrinon o Horhott Spencer’s * Syatom of L'hilcanphy,” as Ly 870 prexontad in that portion of s great otk already publiabed, and nlso, in & fraz- gentary way, In b provious volumes and con- Jributions to roviaws, Il does not olaiminbo pshanstivo inita treatmont, voi it clealy ex- Jains the method cf N1 Fpencer, tracing tho radus) prowreas of his thoories, and Indienting ibe vlaco that ho cccupios among eontempos 1812018 thivkes, L eerven an excellent pur- ceons & Dietnca Lo Mr, Kyencersn wiitings, pelping the student (o 8 pioper undoielanding 4od estunto of them, Tho sprendix, by Dr. Youmans, countains a jecture deliverad lofoie (ho Now York Liveral Club, Juuo By 1874, fo which the gonius and th charsctor of Hert-ert Bpencerarn gonerously do- fended and applauded, Tho special cbject of {ua lectura 18 to show the relation whieh the smiuont philokopher bosra to the dactrina of erolution. The argument pluinly demonstrates (e fact, Almort untocoguized, that AMr. 8;cncer sdopted the theory of ovolution mod mode most {mpertant coutrivitlima Lo itu development 1n o Jong erivs of wrticles conoludud Lwo yeats prior {o tho pubiication of Mr. Darwiu's **Origin of gpecies,” fn 1860, o wes, theroforae, not tho followor, but the wredccoss r, of Mr. Darwin jo tho olucidation of the hypothesis that s o sssocinted with tho famo of tho lat. fet that 1t bas evon taken Lis name, Tho psels of Mr. Spencer's plitlosophy rvests npon tbe docriuo of evulution, and sinca 1552 ho laa poen olaborating the principles thal muat so1ve 18 foundation storica in his sysiom of sclence, But wore that in tho deseription of lits philos- opby will the gonorul reador Lo intorested in fae history of Mir, Bpencer Limsolf, which Mr. Youmnans incorporates into Lis lscture, I'rom (his wo pather that Mr. Bponcor **ts not a wholar in the common acceptation of tho teim g that i, ho bos ot wastered the curriculum of sauniversity,” o inheritod a celicate consti- tation, and was consoquontly kopt at home dur- ing his cluldhood. Liis latior, who was a teach- erof mathematics, sttonded to hue early lastrue- fion. As tho bay was uot born to wealth, it was pecesaary for Lim to propare for somo vocalion, sod, Lis cliolca falling upon thatof clvil on- ginoer, his cducation was conducted with refor~ enca ta thia prospective callinz. ITe oxhibitad a sl ecionce. Ile diligently studiod natural lis- tary, collected & Lierbavinm, and oxpirimented In physice and chomiatry. Detora the age of 17 babiadd woraed ont the olectrotyps process jude eudontly, aud hiad succoesfully condioled orig- iosl fnvostigations o tho tlold of eivil engincor- ivg. ihis mathematical studies were compict.d under his uncie, the Rev, Thomas Bpencer a eultivated scholar and en extcusive writor. At 17, young Hipencer began the work of a civil on- Aucar, which he purued for the following eizht years. In 1845, 1 consequence of a dej.rension inthe Lusiness of cnginceriug, he abandonod bis profension, and thencetorth devoted himnelf to tue stndy and tho lators of authorship. Dur- ing biv carcer as an coginoor be had contributed many professiounl papers to the Citil nginder and Arohflect’s Journal, and had publishied m the Aonconformist o series of wookiy letiors gpon **'I'he Pioper Hphers of Government,” which embodiod 1ho rosults of bis eariiest in- airies Into poritical snd saclal questions, dheeo lotlera wero poblished in pamphlet form in 1845, o then completod & book already plsaned, aud gave It to tho publio in 1850 nuder tho thio of Hoetal Studies.” A list of bis suc- coeding labora fn tho ordor of tholr accomplish- mont 18 au follows : ‘Theury of Population, 'The Dovelopment Hypothesis, and The I'silosophy of Btyle, in 1852 ; Our Legislation, and The Univer- al Postulate, in 1853 ; Mannots and Fashion, Tue Genesis of Scienco, aud The Art of Lduen- tlon, in 1851 ; Y’rinciples of I’sychiotogy, 1865 ; Progress : 1ty Law and Cause, Origin and Fune- tion of Museto, Transcsndeutal Physiolugy, and Roprescntative CGoyormmeug, in 1857 ;" Biato Tamporing with Monoy and Janks, Moral Edu- cation, ‘Lho Nebolar” Hvpothesis, and Arche- typo and Homologies of tho Yericbrate, in 1468 ; Tho Lawa of Orgnmc Form, 1'hysical Lducation, What Knowledgo Is of Most Worth, oud illocical Geology, in 1860 ; Tho Emotion and the Wil ; The Sociol Orgnuism, The Phy-iolopy of Langh- tor, Parliamentary Hoform, abd Vrison LEthics, in 186u ; Virst Principlos, fu_1:63; Clossitica- tion of ths Beionces, i 1601 3 Princ.plesof Liol- ogy, in 1867; Piinciples of I'sychology, in 18745 Ilio Study of Baiology, aud Descriptivo %u(‘ifllf;;:n in 1873 ; Pronciples of Boctology, 'art. 1674, "Mr. Sponcer has presecuted those enormous Jabors under the dirabiity of intirm hoalth, from which he has sullered sl bis Lifo, After the putffeation of tho *I'mncicles of Dsy- chology,” {u 1855,—a book writlen within » twolveinonth,—he was compelied to pive over study for a yeriod of oighteon monihs. The littlo mcans that he posscsscd had then hoon mostly aiwsivated fu wriung and publishog books that did not ‘my their oxpenses, and this ferm of enforcod ldlences further diminished lus resources. Although liborally remuncrated for tho essaya bo has cortributed to mngaziuos, tho incsme from them Las not sulliced to meet the oxpenses of & very oconomival backelor lifo, Tt is, therefure, from neceasity that Mr, Speneer Dbas adopted the plan of ropublishing iy lasc Iargent work, the **Bystem of Plilosoply," in sotal form and by subsoriy.tion, An offort was at ouo tune made by Bir. John Btuar dlill aud various icading sotentific meon to procare s Governmont oltice for Mr, Spencer,— one of rosponeibilicy raiber than of much work, {hat would afford him the leleuro ond mesns for tho exccutlon of Li Hiorary senomes, But tho attempt was_umsuccessful, twanly owing tos “paculiar ditficulty,” As Dr. Youmaus explains it, #3r, Bpoucer is a very impracticablo man,—that privciplos, aud Lia decided viows sa to tho proper functions of Govornmonut put an interdict upon tho far groster number of pouta that might otlerwise bo it," FUNGI, Funar: Tnzm NATURE axp Uses, Dy M. O, Coonx, M, A, LL D, Lditud by the llev, M. J, DrakeLey, M, A, Y.L 8, 11 mo, pp, 39, New York: D, Applelon & Go, Prico, §1.00, Tho author of, thls volume is woll known in Fogland aod the United Btates through his fore wer publications, and especially bis ** llanabook of tha Dritlsh Fungi," which lns won for him & wido roputation 88 sn accomplished mycologist. Mr. Dorkeloy, *whose name stands with Dr, Cooke's on tho title page, hea nlso publishod toveral loarnod volumes ou the eryptogams, bus no botanist has horotofore writton & work in Foglish upon the fungl that is of auch genoral and practical valuo as the one herewith proscnts ed. 1tisintonded to serve as an ntroduction to the study of this low, but most ourious, ordor of plants, and v oxcollontly serves its purposo, Tho natcre, elructure, clasalfication, {germination, and growth, sexual reproduction, ‘goographical distribution, and otker important phasca in tho life-listory of tue fungi, nra do- ‘acribod at longth in soparste chaptors. \ That portion of the book baviug & mora popu- \lar interest explalns tho uses, mnotable pho- ‘nomons, and Influencos nud offacta of tho fungi. {This class of planta embraces upwards of 6,000 spocica atvoady known to scienco, and probably (very many mote that have not yot buen discov- erod. In mauy countrios they Livo roceived "little or no attoution, and therofore Llelr gao. graphical dintribution oannot be detormiued with say dofluitonoss. Through the labors of a fow cothusiastlo myoologluts, about 3,000 spocles havo beon pocorded in Englaud; 1,570 speclos bayo boon euumorated 1n Bulgium ; 210 species fa Java; while colloctions of more or leas com- iploteness have boou toude in variouw partaof fthe world, Of thogonua Agarious, which includos the ‘muslirooms, 500 spocies are wob with in B, {Patersburg alonw, and more thau as manyin Bwedou, whils tifty species are found in Groone ‘dand, North Amorlea bs much richor iu spoclos o this genus than s Europo, aud a groat number of thom are edible, yot little uso is wads of thom in this country ss food, In Drtain & fow species are greatly oateomoil for the tabls, but in Italy, Genusny, and Frauge, fuogl form the prinaipal food of multlindos of the poor during A0mo wosks of sho spring and autumn, [t is sadd that in the market of ltome £20,000 worth are sold apaually. Boaidvs those (hat are aton it “uuulln uro used drled or pre- D 1 "‘t ; 3 h L“‘, ."lv nu.:‘ : brive, u; il marked aptituds for mochanics, mathematics,” 18, ho undortakes to conform his conduct, to ripht | | practiced, and atill _no one lan hitherto i ered the mecret of raimng them ly from tha apnres (secds), What sea the conditons noceerary to causs tho sp-res to germnato remaind & myatorv, ‘Tha myeeilam or 8 1awn nnod hy mushroom-growera Is nathared from placos where the plants havo axistod, or in found 1 the excrement of hiorses. It i3 knp- poked that the sporas which gotminate and pro- duco tho trai* fal mveelinm (Lho nebwork of file aments from which the mushrooms proceed) have ) akard & period of probation in the intestinen of the horse, aud by 1hin procoss hava acq iirel tha power tavegotale, ALanv ralo,itls almortacartain fact that the eulilvated succies of mushroom will #3 tiug from eliphitiy-fermentivg hoteo-l.:n; mingled with atraw and catth, thoagh no spawn be artificially introduced, In Fngland cwtura of mushronms is a pratitable indusiry, roturning from 100 to 290 per cant. Immonso quantitics of mushiro.ms are rodicerd in caves in and about Parly. In onn cave at Moutiongue that had 6 or 7 milos’ run of mushiroom Lode, averazs of 400 poundw s dni.y sent to the market, Bumet:men thisamonut rlsos to above 400 ponnds perdav. Ju 1897 a great eave at Mery hadl over 21 miles of mushroom Leds, and in 1369 & cave nt Frapillon had 16 miles of beds, Largo quan- tition of pregerved mushirooms are oxpotied from France, ono honra rendingto Lngland 14,0(0 boxen acnunlly, A fo: ¥a AZ0 B CATH at I'repilion sont 3,000 pounds to thu Parielan markets dallv, Extended experiments have shown that the atmonphiere in conntautly chatgod with tho sporas of fungl and with other” vegeablo cells, the ma- Jority uf which ate living aud capayla of growih and dove'opment, but Dr. Caokad ‘as not hielieve that their rresencs han any appreciabla influence onthe health of the human race. Diphhotls, thrush, rcarlntina, mennles, whooping conzh, cholora, and variotw ather dieeasns, have been attr.mtrd to fungi for their caune, but iu he anthor's nninlon without tlis warraut of con- clusivo ovidonco, To quote from limi : * Fovern may somotlmes bo accompnnisd by fangoid bodles in tho evacuatisng, but it is vory diflicnlt to doterming them. Tho who'e question of epi- demlo dineases hoing caused by Lha preasnca of furgl sccma based on most incomplote evi- dence.” Dr, Lauder Tindreay, report'ne in 185, the re- eults of bis investigntion of tha fungnstheory of cholora, states: *“The mycallum and mpo- rulos of varions epeeles of funci, constitnting various forms of vepetabls moll, were found in the scum of tho vomit, na well as of the stno's, but only at soma stages of decomposition, Thoy oro found, hasever, under rimilar circnmatances, in_the vomit and slools of other disearos, and, indeed, jn all decompomng animal flmds, and they ary, thoreforo, far from peculiar to chol- ern. It) In interestinz hera ta nato that Mr. Da llon, whoso articlo on tho Asintic cholera is alluded to In to-day's notico of h'sIate worx, # Naturn and Life,” doos not accoot thae theory that this disesro i prodneed by fungi. Ile says in plancing at the hypothesia: **Among tho anprortera of this notion must ba cited a Ger- man doetor, 1alli>r, who thinks {t i proved that tho chiolara in eaused by microeacens.” And Tal- lier explaing sll diseapes hy mlcxucucuun‘ or by infinitolv little beings of the sama order.’ Whon it [s understond that the larcest sparo of a fungt is microsooplo, that is, invisible to the nakod eyo, and that tho smallest spores koown ara senrcoly to be secn under a magnifving vower of f00 diamaters, ft will no longar neom nirange that they ebould be suaponded lu the at- ot hore without one suspecting it. Neither will It aprear remar'catle thut they should be constantly nresent, and gonsrally in great num- bers, when it is romemberad that the wpecies of fungh nre protably e abundaut an thone uf tho flowering plants, and that each fertllo Individual roduces an ineredible multitudo of spor-s. Many millions bave been counted in a single fupgns, ard yot it was euprosed that this num. ber did not include all that wera coatained in the plant. The fine dust of the pufl-ball when matura consints outirely of theso minuts holiey, and go great {a their number that the mind is in- cannblo of comprehonding it. ' Tho family of tha fungl Includes snecies of \arving sizes, rangiug from Uia taicro- scopie yoast plant, and tho minule plants known “as mildew, ras, smut, et to suceirs that momeotimen attain & wolzht of upwards of 100 pouuds. A pufl-ball has bean known to grow in o sinclo night fro:n » minute #peck to Lio aizo of & larze courd, A apecimen I4 recorded in ** Qardiner's Chronlole™ that wan 3 feet 4 inchen in diumeter, and weighed 10 putinda. 'The British mushroom, commoniy called whito cap, ia sometimen a foot and a Lislf broad. The oxtreme ranidity with which tho funal attaln thetr growlh, the brief term cof their ex- Istones, tho readiness with which they decay, and the difculty of preserving thom In n form it for exeminatitn, render thoir sci-ntific study an cxcoodingly diffienit matier. Yet the number of m;oolorista 13 Increasing in all civilized coun- trics, and thelr enthusiasm for & most euticiog Lranch of natural history cannot fail to attract contlnually now studonts to their ranks, Dooks liko tha present will also do much to extend an intcrost and onlint oarncst wotkers in tho sel. enco of mycology. CORNELIA KNIGHT AND THOMAS RAIKES, Duio-a-Bnac Bxnizs, TERSONAL Iizvixtsorxcrs, By Conxrria Kwiont and ‘Tnosas Raxes, Ede ited by Rteianp Hixne ST0bDARD, 16wo,, fp, %’l”"o New York; Scribuer, Armstroug & Co, Price, This Iast number of the Dric-a-Brac Sertes may be called o pendant of the “ Greviilo Memoirs,” as it doals chiofly in n sunilar soit of small tall of porsons of rank and celobrity bee longing to & pasc generatlon, It is compiled from the “ Autoblography of Miss Knigh," publisked in 1301, and from the * Jourusl" of Mr. Raikes, oxtonding from 1531 to 1817, and published in 1950, Mies Enight was tho daughter of Admiral Bir Joseph Koight, and was boru mbout 1757, At tho deatts of tho Admiral in 1775, shie was taken by her mother to Italy, whero tbo two resided slteroatoly at Romo aud Naples for twenty-Tour sears. Bolug left au orphan at the end of this time, DMises Knlght ro- turned to England with Sir Willism and Lady Hamilton and Lord Nelson. In 1806 sho becamo one of the attachos of Queen Charlotte, and from 1813 to 1814 nctod. in the capacity of governess or companion to Princoss Charlotte. The remnindor of her lite, which was prolonged to tho age af 80, way mostly spent on the Conti- nent, and In the socicty of personages of exalted atation, DMies Kolght published soveral works of fiction in the course of hor eventful career, but they are long einco forgotten, Her *' Auto- biography,* fu two volumes, was full of anec- dotes and gosaip of tho distingulshod people among ber acquaintance, but, with the rest of her writings, it 18 almost unknown at the present day, 315, Ralles was tho son of a rich Loodon mer- enant, and by the gift of education, travel, aud wealth, was able to maintain an hanotable place In fasbionablo society, His ** Janurnal,” like the * Autoblograpby " of Misa Knight, abounds in lemmonou of the notabilitics of England anda urope. Du‘:ln:; her residenco in Rome, Miss Knight formed tho acquaintanceof tho colobrated dram- atiet Count Alfler], and of the Countess of Albany, Tho lattor was tho daugltor of the Priucern do Stalborg, sand the wife of Clarlos Ldward Btuart, the graudson of James 1L Bhia waathio object of the ** romantio attachment™ of Couat Alfiorl, and it is aaid was married by bim In Taris after the doath of her Lusband, Miee Kuight says of the lady and hor lover: 1 think 1 nover knew two Persons more unlike than Alfiert aud the Countess of Albany, fu sppesrance, fn fucnner, aud svon in sentiment, Bho muvt, no doubl, beon vory preity in esriy youth, Bhe bisd fine and teeth, but her Aigure was not graceful, There wan nothiug of the fdual beauty about her which onw Would have imagiued s the object of Alfari's i of Llias 3 but slio mist bave bec very much sdmired for all iravolsrs, as I Lava Loon told, us it lier the Queen of llearta, Marrfed at to & wan of 50, and in » political, or rathor, T abould say, blatoricale sltuation so pécullur, sho waa perliapu ors toticed thau she olliorwise would Bave boen, . , . Bhawrote plain, sonsible letters, and was not devold of inteliigunce, Although I never Leard Ler say suythin) could offend religious or moral principles, I Ra u fold that she waa very |, skoptical with reapoct to the furuer, 1n » somewhat exteuded acconnt of Prince Talloyrand, closing with & skotch of his leat houry, Mr, Raikes states that ‘The end of 31, de Talleyraud was not only stteuded with groat pain, but tha wound in his back, which spread down his )npbpnuulnd his lylng down, or #von keopiug & rvcllulig posture. Lle sal un the side of bia bed fur the last forty-cight hours, lanluyg for- wards, aud supported by (wo servauts, who were re~ llevod avy \'ofimun. 1u luls sttitude he was st~ foutlod to the Laag Ly bis faiml while ihe numerous servauts the mijacent rovm, it was in ministure ths socus of the deh of ue old Kiugs of Frauce, He diend In publia, TLs Ubrary sdjviuing the Prince's Dodroow, sud froin which 1t was puly separsted by s porturg or curtaln, was constantly” led with servauts sud dopendents, ¥requsutly one of them would draw Lack the curtaln when uuobeervet, sayiuyg to thoss In sitondances 4. Voyons a-t-tf aigns # Kalrls wmort 1" Ly vuice futled Bl 88 13 o'ulock fu the day, sud at & quar tor before & O'clock, a8 Lady sandwich called gate 10 fnquire aftes’ bim, & sorvaut caime dow: Jorter fu Lis ldge 10 suiounce that be Lad just sxy drod, A1, de Talloyraud Lad bLeen oftou {ll, sud iad 00 often TeoovvTod, that, aven e bis age of 84, Le would uot belleve tlist cass was hopeless. s 0 :‘c‘c’m;:t‘r:dr Joa T ::l.al:& s lmlnl-\fl of the RITR GHirtigiv e Ry bR sad varfous friendi, the hotel gatlicred (n at the u W the avowal nt & rezlnun ferling, ittla In fenar with 1ife, L) be was abaol ute’y un the potnt ef quit- CROWHING'S LAST POEM, ARIVTOPHAN: & AP)LONTS TNCLUDING A TAANRCRIPT YROM Lumvtent BPING Tiw Lant AnviXiune or BaLAustioN, DY Nouenr Bruwaano, 16w, P 220 Boston s dammea i, Ongood & Co. Prizo,$i In timos part, Mr. Browhin has been happily callod **the poot of rocts,” beczuse unly.they wii030 minda ara fn deop eympathy with bia aro ablo to discorn andl rclinhi thio mupremns dolicaey, toudernows, fazsion, sud tragody that lia vetied and often col ol under tha pazaling and carricious mubbiltiey of in verse. But ab this day ha wonld morn properly be atyled the poot of schotars, fur none hut such as sra intimately famlitar with tho old Orcek dramatista can como at any moaning in one or two of Lin lato worke, and eapecinlly b the poem bofore us. It is utterly unintoliigiblo to Llioss who kavo not the playa of Arstophanes Ly heart, and they who have must study it as thoy would tho moxt intricato forcign tongue, to unders stand =1l or oven much of {t. It doubtlesa mat- Inflos 31r. Brosning to writs for tho faw who liave the willing Labit of digging in slow, dark mines for nuguety of wiadowm, but cach suc- co-rive prem ho producen ncewns intontionally adapted to narrow his audiencs, Tins last ap. pealy salely to sk.lied anl enthusastic clarnical ntudents ; ‘to the reat of tho world it as bid a9 85 tneh puis Greek, The Apotogy of Aristonhnnes, which occuples noarly 200 pnges of Mr. Biowning'a volume, is dulivored by the comic pust-to Balaustion, a Uthodian Judy aud s friend of Liuripides, on whousa privacy Ariatophanios broaks whin robirn- ing in a fit of intoxication from the represouta- tion of ono of i u piavs at which ho has beeu crowned victor of the drama., Aw the ledy ity talkiug of Euripides with hor huabaod, in her Athousn homo, —~ Bitdddeny, turchlight ! knncking at 4 Loud, qitick, * Admittanca for U Bome unlutetligiblo Kosnos cry. Jetun.fiesh red, no can upun hie Aead Dionitsos, Kudehos, Pha‘es, lacchos, In tet fon vecl with te k acekin ef hita Aeel, Where ft buries s the apread of the bushy mirtr-bed, As Eutbucles, ths husband of Balaustion, oponn the door to tho revelors, in they truop, and at their head— ‘Tuste atoad in person Aristophianes, Anil no iguobie presencal Ou tla Lulge Of the cloar baldneas,—all bis head vne brow,— True, the veinn awellcd, biue nstwork, and toers surged Ared trum chio:k to temple,—then reitred Ay Af tha dark-loaved chaplct dampel a tame,— Was noser mirsed by teimporatice or healtl, Tt Lugo tuo eyebilis olled black with native fire, Imperiourly triumphaut: nostrils wide ‘Waited their iucensa; while the pursed mouth's pout Azgreraive, whils tho beak suprome above, MWadle the licad, face, nay, pillared throat, thrown back, Teurd whiteulilg undor ke = vinous fuain, ‘fliena tmade a giory, of auch fnwoloncs,— I thought,~—tuich domine: ring delty laphaitons migat bave carvod to cut the brine, For lis gay bruther's prow, fmbruo that puth Whicls, farpling, recoguized the conqueror Ting rud-ni aud majestio: drunk, perhaps, 384t thut's religion § 00 plainly suutfed , B, scusuality was growa u rite, ; Thess llnes,—among tho cleareat in the vol- ume,—road and ro-read, gradually ring with a uoals meiody, and the #ouso 1 most of tusm standd out” plainly. Jut s much ecannot Lo gafd of the groator psrt of the psem. Ocosston- aily thero is o pas-age of oxquimte Leauty, in whitch o fina thoneht s sot in htupid languages, as witness tho following ¢ Right they named you ., o some rich name, Vowel-buds thorned sbout with consouaul but for the most part the pages are covered with a painful taugle of words, out of which the esignitizauce will be picked at tuo expense of irri. tatiug labor. As an oxamople of the nniform fu- tricaey of Lhe style, wo cito those hues, occurriug in tho courss of tho ** Apology ": Oarecives, of parentags praved wiss and gond1 o vuch, IayhaD, a:cirih R Warting ailaliy, (A whero suall want its flaw mers Lumun stuff 1) 8¢1l1, the right graln fa proper to the right race ; Waatla confrary, call eurioun accidunt Hoid by the usual i Occhard-grafiod Not wilitng, a. orie-alred, Lot Founcey-borm, Arlato.rat, 1o hatasgo-noiug wuon | Nam wny not Alkibudes, coin back G & Fitle 1 by tha goalue, freed of peatilence, Frallty,—tay, youthfulnosa shat's all at fanlt,— Itanuwed to Perikise and somothlng mora? Beiug at Jesat our duly horn and bred,— Curwoop what cliaunchirocht frut gulued hia ear, And theso again: Teace, now, misunderstood, ne'er prized enongh, You Yave {aterprotod Lo lguoranca Tili {guorance upes eyes, but-biind tefore, Aud for thu first tinte kiluws Peace muo s the power On maw of pan-cake, chose-cake, barles-cake, No stop nor stint to stuiling, WAL in cutnp, Wno fights chewa rancid tuiny, oalons raw, Teaco aita at cosy feel with lamn und fire, Complafsant, mnooth-alocked flute-girly giggling gay. At the conclusion of hi pology” Iinlaustion reads to Arletophaues the play of * flcrcuies Taress," which Lwlpidos had glven to ber iu manusoript, A she relaten s Afterward, when {his tims for parting fell, 1le @ave nie, with two otlier preoious gifta, This third and best, consumminting the grace, “lerakles,” writ by Lis Lisnd, cach ling, If,1t Lavo worth, reward fa still to seck, Bowebody, T furget who, gatued tho pri And proved archi=poet ; thiie muat ali Tk this, and, wheu the nolss Bama day, hot sow to dawn, who X Wae? Iforgeteproves nobody ut ail " Tho “lercules Furous” is une of tho leart known of the l luys of Luripides, and few scliol- ars have read it i sho omginal. Mr. Brownivg Las mado a fine tranulation of it, for bo {a a Lard etudant of the Greok, and is stcopod iu clazsical lure. 1t is only to bo mousned that he bas uot chosen to render tho play, and bhis entire poem withal, intopla'n Enclislh, thathisadmureis migut thotoughly enjoy 1t aud hiws THE CAL! ELryzxTs O THE DIFvERENTIAL AND INTZORAL CaLe cuLus. By Prf, O, ¥, BUOCINGIAN. 1400, |D. 843, Chicago: 8, O, Griggs & Co. It is strange that the Caleulus, which is as far above the ordivary Algebra snd Goometty as they are sbove the common Arithmeslic, should Lave beon Mitherto troated in a way that [s un- sclentific and absutd. But it 18 not less trus than stranga, What was, till & very fow years baci, the highest flight of mathematical thoughit, bLns beon & mazo of mero tochnical bewilder- mont to tha avorago student. Tho doctrine of {ufinltesimals, as oidinarily presented, is a masa of contradictions in terms; and correct results aro attained rather in spite of the dofluitions omployed than by thelr aid. As ususily etated, tho reasouing requires that at ucarly each successlvo step we should reduce tha dif- LUS, faronce betwoen two quantitles to uothing, | in order to obtaln tho ratio of thoso quau- tities, or of nome functions thereof. Tho peoalty for noplooting to roason always mc the zero polot 18 & wrotched uncertalnty in regard to tha value of tho resalt. So strongly Las this digl~ cully beon folt by some teachers of tho calculus that they hiave atiompted (o mako tho loaruor, and nol the aysiem, rospansiblo for his faijura to grapple with tho absurdity succesafully, Iliey Intimato that tho caloulus ia disirusted only by thoso who are unablo to decide when qusutitive ara rolatively so amall that thoy may vo safely neglocted. fiml. Buckiogham has 1sid his ax to the root of thia paiasite, and torn it from around tho troo of mathematical reasoning, revealing the lattorinitstrue chainctor, unharassod by thoselt- ovident contradictious by which it was o long surrounded. 1o wo dolug ho hae rondored a valauble eorvice to the cause of mathematioal logic, ag well a8 to those who wish to possoss the master-key to calculstion. Ho bas cut looss from tho “stercotyped style of other wrilers on thio subject, and datod to think for himsolf, as wall as for his roaders, }o Las buili up the science, from what iway baregarded asanew foundation, though his reasonlug is roally cog- nalo with that which shines In Newtou's coucept ot the doctriue of Fluxious. 1lles bogius by show- jug bow to find tho (trst) differential, and theun shiows that {t accurately exprosses tho rato which the variable quautity tends to chau, tho fuatant for which ita vaiue {s taken. Ho sp- plies thin fact clearly aad coucisely; snd then whows how the succenslve dlfletculin‘l £ive tho moasure of cuango in tho firut rate of variation. “l"flf thua established a correct idea of funda- montal principles, bo takes up the usual matter portaluing to the caloylus of variations, troating suuch of it in w uew way, bub without aiming to Lo origiual where Le cauvot mako the subs oct mioro plain than others have wmado t, Among the wwore valuable [featurew WO noto bls exempilfioation of the rolations be- tween tho firut, sovond, sud third diffureutials, by reforence to an nrnndlug oube ; tho differ- eutiation of quantities having variable expon- entd ; aud his explanation of the plulomzph{l of thio process of tntegratiug botwoon linlt, which is usually toft blind for want of & fow elucida- tory soulouves, T'hio book is & vast {mprovement upon auy othor trestlss on tho Differential sud Jutegral Caleulus—not juscope, butiu tho mode of reat- weut., Assuch it desprves a placo on the desk of every watbomativian, while it should bo tho meaus of largoly tucroasiug tho nutmber of those whio can follow the piocoases by whic the uui- ;uun ln{ ltl“lflmlllml thought {a gauged and ormulsted ly abjectionable feature In the bool ‘nduuuon. Mo dangtig 8 mbicd the author e bia " sadictty. ” No' susk is gt tlon was neceesary. It would e heen mora dignifie] to ‘presont tho work withaut sich apology, letung it epeak for itsell. Tho eecond edition will ba betlor without it. Wa may add that the anthor isa Chieapo man, ho- Iy & meaber of the wall known finn which cuntrols the Iliinon Central grain elevators, TRANSITS OF VENUS. Toanarts or Vixun: A PoruLAm ACCouxT or PArT_Aun_ Cosuie Taamin, By lcuanp A, Incten, B A, New York: I, Worthington & Co, This 8 an acceptable digest of tho history of tha work douo inobserving past tranita of Yonua over (hn aun's dise, beginning with that of tho year 1639 ; sud of the discusions snd propara- tionn leasing up to the tranmit of 1874, It ex- p'ains tho say in wlich (ko observations are mada e of in determiumg the distance from the corth to the sun, sud pives some general in- forna‘ion about future aveats of Lhe same char- acter, * The work is copicusly lilustiated, the plates and disgrams aidiug very materially in manter- ing o kuowlge of the principles obsorved and the processes emaloyed in using the tranwt to fitr) tho mognitude of the unit of etar watien:a- tion. It s written in the suthot'a well-knowu Tucid etsle, and in eatortaming an woll as useful, Tao book s unfortusate, in its Amerlcan edition, :n that it 48 liks tho chucken immortal- ized by O'Connall—it In too Iate, The tranmit of 1474 ts ovar, and peopla have dous talking about it, excepiton they may beintereated in huaring tha annoubceaunt of the resnlls, waich are uob given iu tha work bofore —1t having basn wntlen befora tho syent, The chief interest porsenserd by the work now Ia that it would form a vory apuropriate introduction to another vole, urao, in_which the otmervationa of 1874 will be disenesed, Probably tue indefatigable suthor *o lutends it, Jansen, McClurg & Co. sra tho Chicago publishern. SCIFNCE AND HISTORY PRIMERS, Scizxae Paistyns, EDITED bY I'Boyesanhi HOXLEY, Ttoscor, axt iLroun $rewanr, AsTioxour, by J, Noustax Ioexren, F. It %, eie,” With Iliustras Uous, 18wmo., pp,120. ~ New York: D, Applstun & Co, Price, 5) cautr, Hinton Putsrrs, Eotren ny 0, J, Hiwtory oy GrErce, by C. A, and Late Tutor of Unlvesaity Mups, Limo, p. 127, Sew o, Thote serles of Scienco and History Primers aro among the moat useful publications of the . They pive the great mares of woiking folk and bury folk au opportunlty to get a clear.un- derstandirg of the outlines of a aubject at the leant possibla cost of time, The majority of cur cauntrymen in every walk of life would be glad tohave & kuowledgo of tho main facis of any sclenca or of any hintorical topio of Iuterest and importance, but it scems, and is, too much of ataek to hunt thore facts cutof the larger and more elaborato treatises, Tienco thesa little primers, that occupy slmost no space, and can be magtered i a briof time, and lie ever at bant for consultation, aro grateful hions. fure nishing juer (he information, snd i just tho ehape, to suit the uesds of the peojle. More- owsrl thewr clicapndas putathom withiu the reach of all. ‘The Nclence Primer befors us i by Ir. Lock- yer, ono of tho ablest of English astronomers, and one of the most charming of wntera. Ho makes in all is works, and especialiy in tlis ciomentary one, the aostiuso aciencs of astron- omy popwar readlag fur ovon the child. An abundance of rimple experiments, that any 10- year-old ean easily porfoim, iluninate the taxt s with ass bk, Tuo Mistory I'rimer, by Mr. Fyfe, Is equally wortby of pralse. By a eiilifal groupig of facts the cntira history of Grecco ia condessgd into 137 mmall pagzs. And it is quite long sud full cnough to aoxwver the suds of moat persons. "I'hg loadimz incidonta in tho natinn's lite, com- prohiended in their right relutions and pronosi- tions, are all that we ordinaity care or reauiro to know, far more valuable thav a confuszd memory of & wultitude ot wivor details, Gnex, M. A, . Ay Feliow g3, Usford. With ork: Macwlillsn & CONSTITUTION OF MATTER. Nateae asp lare. Facta Axp Doctrivxs Re. LATING 10 7E CONSTITUTION OF MATTIR, TIE W DYSAMICS, ANU THE PHILOAOPHY OF NAITRE, FLapiNasD PariLtox, Trauslated frem the werond Frauch editiou by A. R, Maovoxovau, ksq, 12mo., by 960, New Yorki'D. Appioton & Co. rter, Tho seriea of papora gatbered from the perie odicals where they wero first printed iuto the prosent volume, sre very ngraeablo nnd profitablo reading. They treal a variety of ecientific questions fu an carnest and ablo bug at tho samo timo simple way, tiat must entor- tain and instruct tho unpiofessional reader. A good deel of Listoricalinformation relating to the watn topica §s introduced in most of the essays, thus greatly cnhancing their intorost, Amoog tho most povalar of tle papers wo msy euumer- ato * Medicameuts wod Life," *Odors aud Lafe,” *“Anunal Grafts and Rogencras i * Ferments, Fermontutions sod “Groat Epidemlcs, " ¢ Asiaiio Chol- “Tho Thywology of Death," and “Heridity in Physiology fn Medicine. and in Physioloey. * None of the papers are heavy or lang, aud any one of them tay bo read at » eingly mitilng HATURE AND THE CHURCH. TrnovGst Tik YrAR, THOTGHTS RELATING TO THN | BEAONS Or NATURE AND TUE UiiTncst, By Hom N. Powtns, Rector of Bt, Jobn's Chureh, Clifa- 83, Doston: Hoterts Brouthers. ’.‘l'wuuty—uu-pmrmnm appropriato to tho church soawons, from Adventto Lent, ‘““Lenten Days, Lastor, and Easter-Tide,” WBitsuntide, and Af- ter Trinity, together with essays on Agassiz, Sumner, and Iilnfin!uy. ccmpose this neat littla volume. ‘Fnio aut! of -this feeling into his dircourses. They are amiable in apirit and euphonious 1 expression, | BOOKS RECEIVED, NS I AN INTRODCCTORY GRAMMAR N YoM INTKRMEDIATE AND URAM~ AND CoNPu Man GRabes, Dy WiLimx Bwixrox, A, M., 16mo,, Author of “Progressive Uramiuar,” eic, 0,270 Now York: Uarper & roibers, & Dirothers, A¥ OutLing H1stony or TR UsiTeD STATEN, FOR TUBLIO AXD OTHES BCHOOLS: 'ROM THE EARLIEST Pestop ro Tus Faxixws Truz, By Bexson J, Lossixa, LL.D,, Author of the Field Bovks of #The Hevolution,” etey otc, Coplously Iustrated by Aape sud Other Eugravings, 13uo, pp, 399, New York; Bheldon & Co, Dentia’s ENOAQLNENT, Dy Mrs, Anx 8, Srzruexs, Hino, p. 093 Puiladelihia? ' B, Yoterson & RELIGION aND BeieNcx IN Tnrm HELaTiox To P Losorny: Aw EssaY OX THE PENENT Brath oF TuE Botexces, 1ran BEFORE THE PUILOIOPHIOAL Bow c1xTY or WasuixoToN, Uy Cianies W, Surcips, D, D, Professor of the lfarmony of Scence aud lo vealed Boligion in Princeton Collego, Now Jersey, 12mo,, ppe 6% New York: Berlouer, Armstroug & Co," Trice, 18 conta, 3 PERIODICALS RECEIVED, Penn Monthly tor Juno (F’enn_Monthly Aeso- ciation), Cuntents:; * Electrio Pleuowena 1 the Rocky Jlountai “ Law-Tetornt;" *1In- dustrial Ldacation “Hawmian l’-ecx&rocuy Treaty ;" *The Ameriean Evangolista En- glaud ;" * Lomail Sanstarian for June (A, N. Doll, New York). National Teachers' Monthiy for Juoe (L. 8. Barnes & Co,, Now York and Chicago), = Chicago Magazine for May (Chicago Magazine ompany). ob‘;leln)cql Journal for Msy (Houry C., Les, Thiladelphia). : IN THE RARCH NIGHT. Along, sil slons, 1 slit, HBearve kuowing whethor 1 dreaw or wake, while the embers 81t To the surge D“‘hl wild March woster, Bweet the vistons that ariss, Aisty, dini, befors my oyes, Tuough without sre stormy skics, And sround the gable sig The ‘xuru wind thrillingly, 011 4f T could but unsesl My suul in sony, and thus reveal Tlio swesta that 'O'er ty souscs ateal, ‘The wsierica T ave sud fecl T would do s wilitngly, 1iut the vislons rise and fall slvdowy, ronyis on e wall, 1n the alf, and Syarywaere, F Witeblug, glorided, snd fatr, Boowisg witboul number, And I long to have them stay, For they drive tuy carve away, Aud, with alry plusons hxlfi.u Hover round tnw 4l thelr 1lxb} Faddes o awectost sluwber, 10400, T, 8, Monswow, | Y A nowspaper havivg printed (hat on a certaln ocession "v'Lhere was & largo aud respectable jueetiug,” eto., the roporter was cullud to account for tho lomors, when there wasouly cue otber person besidce bimeolf prosent, But he {usioted his roport waa ltoratly true; for, sald h;h‘“l wea large, snd e otber [wan Was Foepeode 2 e Well detived in toe wisd, they are | or has a poet's lovo for whiag | ia benutiful in life and naturo, and Inet s much ! ] SPARKS OF SCIENCE. SEALT, Mr. J, W, Clar’ delivored & istnss npan res- liomn, at the Zoological Clardens, April 22, 1m which ho gave tho results of & minuta atudy of the entire order Pinnipelin, embracing the sea- lion, meal, and walrue, Thess animals aro sll true mammals, varyiog from the fish both In structuro and habit. Tho sceellons Lalong to the groap O'arvdr, and chiefly differ from the rese of tha family by the prescesion of eare, ‘They aro likewno distinguisted from tho seals by the power to umo their Jimba fracly to 1ift the Lody andto walk overthe pround. Thoycan evon run fora shott distanco with great fleot- noss. ‘The whole of the upuer hin'f of the arm of the aea-lion is alwo free. ol the tanmb in much lengtheaed, whilain tha soal tha srm s embodded in the inteximent aud the thuwbno Ionger than the other digite, Tiie ekin of the rea-lion i3 covered with coarse, atiff hair, under which i3 & crop of fine bair or w1o! thiat gives to the nealakin ita vaino a8 fur. It Is nald that old male sea-lionn develop n mauo, from which they derlvs their name, but it 18 not cortain that this ornament is found in all specios. The foad of the sealion coorists mainly of fish, molinaca, crabs, and penmuins. It cannot mistake its food, the molar teath being nmall, therefore when it bas canzht & fish too Iarge to swallos entire, it hroaka o & manage- able portion by means of & eingalar twis' of the head, repeating the prosess untii tna whola bas been doveured, The favoriie places of rosort with thess sni- maln aro rolitary jslands or remote sca coasts. ‘I'he Privylor Islands in Behring Hea are au- nually peopled with multitudes of them. 1L fs supposed that the same individaals rotura each seanon to their cbosen breeding-zrounds, which Is popularly called a *'rookery." Tho natives of the Pribylov Inlanda aflirm that ous old male noal, recognized by the loss of ono of its flip- pers, bas roturned seveuteon years in succeesion. ‘Tho sandy beach on thess islands forms the play-ground for the oupe, and th uplands aro their sleoning-places. The 4 bot:voen tie high-water line and the cliffa is denomiuated the “rookery,” and in ressivod exclusively for the old malcu xad full-grown females, Curing the winter the rooker.ca aru entiraly dewerted except by oceavtonal stravglers. futhe spriug seveial yoteran malea aro fizat FeeD Awlin. ming about the islandy, ovidantly recounoitar- ing, 10 sllissafa they land and inspect the coudition of the rooxerier. Departing azaiu, they reiurn in & few days with a refercement of their numbets. Trwo moutlia later thoe females begin to make their appearance, and are appro- priated by the males. who often have aavage fighta over tha posasstion of & coveted wifo, Enortly ufter the arri-ul of their mothers on sbote, the cubs are born. At frst, mmnzularly enoush, these have a groat aversion to ths wa- ter, but they are tauzht to swiin by their mot! ere, sud gradually learn to Jovo the element in whl they a1 to dwell. Duriug all tho tinia that tha sea-lloua are on shore they ont abrolutely uothing, hence, thuugh oxcensi 1v fat wheu they come to ths shora, they a Y vyery lean condition when taey take to the soa azain, 1o rookeries ara broktn up as eoon as the youns cnes can shift for themrolves, which tley a0 abls to du when about t#o mouths old. The species of the Olarias, sa thoy are now defined by the latost authoritiea, may be thus tabulated ¢ 1.'ro\'lvl1 8'),\)(1! Africa and the sdjacent alan tn, From Cie Horn aud ths adjicont ulands, From the North Pacifie, From Australis and New Zealand, { the ses-lions aro obrerved in the At Iantic excejt ju its extiema erouth. Tla epecied Leat koown is the O, urstna (Sea-ear), which iu aimost eutitely confined t2 the PribylovIviands, dineovercd ta 1757 by a Russian solaier whoea nama they bear, There ara two of these talands, on one of whiet, the St, George. it is calculated that at lecat 1,152,000 £ea-lions annuzlly restde. On tue other, the St, Paul, about half that num- ver is reckonea, making, io all, noarly 200,003 an the two ielands. The numbor anunally kitled amounts to 100,000, principally voung “males, In South Shotfand, ln 1521 and 1923, 310,050 of thin specics were captured, and, na tho *tako™ included overy aoimal toat landed, the colany was of courso ex'ioguished, Tne malo O, ursina reaches Its full “groweh in six yeare, and then measures between 7 and 8 feet in Jeugth, The female attaina maturity in four sears aud measutes but about 4 feet. The males of the 0©. siclleri measuro 16 feot and weigh upwards of 16 ent. It isth.s species that frequeuts the islands in tho Larbor of San Francisco and af- fords o inuch amusement 10 sight-scors by Ita atrange, elaphantine gambols. ‘The fur seal of commerco, O, Falklandica, is much smaller thaa the other snectes, a falle grown male hardly sxceeding 4 feet. It inhabita ne Falkland Islands aud the vicinity of Cape lurn. The male of the 0. jubals has & mavs, and ix therefors callod * hon." | lutermediate between the sea-lion and the trua veals, 1 the waltus, morse, or sea-burss, This creatuto is remarkable for the develspment of the two canive teeth of tha nrper jaw, which form tusks, Jn both tha malo and tue famale, | meaturiog 26 inches in leag:l, including the 6 | inches rooted in tho flesh, But one specic ia | koowa, the Trichecus rosmarus. It is an inbabe | | itaut of Arctic aud north temperate ecas, bat s becoting searce from tho indiscriminate way in which it is slaughtered. 1t was formerly i found st Dear Istand nnd on the coast | of Finmark. 1a 1735 roveral thousand rescrted ! to tha Magdalen Islands in tho mouth of tho St. Lamence. England once had a walrus- * fishiery at Cape Breton, The ammal is still found | ou tho east coast of Groenlond zud on the west #horo of Davix' traita, whila upwards of thou- | eand aro annually taken at Spitzborgen, It pometimes exceeds in size tho larges: ox. Itis omnivorous, feeding upon scaweed, molluzcs, fish, ete, Tho tusks are valucd ss ivory, the bide for thopgs, its oil for various uses, ad it flesh for fuod among the Fequimaus. Tho name Vi alrus s Norwegisn, and meand whalo-horsa. | Morso 18 liuesis, Tha walrua is called Awug | by tho Grecvlandors, in imilation of the cryof ; tho young animal. Dr, E. Grey, who hes made the best classifica- tion of the seals, recognizes fourtean specics in- cludod in thicteon genera. The spocies fnbabite jog the Southern seas are quite distinct from those of the Northern waters. Frequentiog the ! Polar seas ara the commonseal (Phoca witulina), | that is sometimgs seen ou the Enghsh coaat, and onerally in small bords, uand the Great Grey gnl(}-‘ham gryphus), thst is more rarely visibla in British waters. Sull furthier norsh exiss tha Bearded Seal (£, barbata,) mossunog genorally pine or ton feet lung: the Greenland Seal (. Greenlandica), and the lunzed Seal (P Ais- yida), tho amallest of all the Norihern mpeci "t'he “Hooded Seal," or “Bladder Nose," (Stem- malepus cristatus), takes its name from s carious dovelopment of the nose iothe male. Theuvper i wall of the uostril iu 8o loose that it can be blown up at mit jato a hood, The Mink Seal (Monachus albiventer) lnhabits thie Mediterranean and the lslaud of Madoira. Tho sea-leopard ;anlmny: Weddelis), so-called from its spotted fur, the Crab-Esting Seal, and Ross' Latge-Eyea Seal, abide in tho Autarctie QOcean. The mightiest of tha seals is the Hea- Elephant, which is moro than twice tho size of a0 elophaut, messuring sometimea 30 feot long snd 18 feot In girth attke chost, which is the laraest part, Theaskia of thisweal {s usoleas, and the tlesh ts cosrse, but the tougue, proserved In sals, is cstoemed & great dolicacy, & mungls Judividusl sometimes yields 1,400 or 1,0 unds of oil. ‘lho noss of mals Nea- ephant is developed into a sort of proboscia & foot or more in lougth, The animal is fyuud on Kerguelen's Islaud, Juau Forpaudez, and other islsnda of the outh Seas. It wus doscribod by Auson in 1741 Many speciea of the Pinnipalia eau be tamod, and manifest a good deal of intolligence, Thu cammon seal In domestication becowmes very fa- mlise with its stiendsuts, = recopmizivg it namo, and lesrning tuany hitle tricks, show a fonduess for musical vouuds, and it is paid that a cact them to boats or to the shore, 'Tho mugivg of the church-bolls st Hoy, in Orkuey, often calle s herd of uto tho little bay, ~ T'he walrus aud the sea-lion are also susceptible of beivg tumed and trained to maiko agreeable pets. . THE FLORA OF 5T, HELENA, In a Iste histery of tha Iuland of t. Helena, by Mr. John Charlea Meligy, wome uew fucts aro given covceruing the flors, which te one of ex- traondinary intervst, When tho islaud was dis- covervd fu 1503 it was covered with foreats, but thuse bavo boon entirely destzoyed by the goats jutroduced from Postugal, The old trees gradu- ally died, tho young oucs wers barked, aud the secdlivgs browsed dowi, Iu this way alarge part of the flora has becowe extiuct, sud all Auowlodge of it lust. Evou durivg the presvut century several spevive bave perishod, while maoy thay were a few yoars ago sbundany wro now roproscated bysparse tudividusts, Tue island Lias boen lored by eevoral botants Mr, Burchell epent the five yeara betwoon 1305 and 1810 etadying Its flora, 1ir. Roxburgh sub- roquently mado s Jiat of the plauts, and Dr. Honker has twico viaited tho faland. Ths list of phsenog2ma given by Mr. Mellsn fa awoliad to 80 by incluaing overy flowering rlant, nativo and cultivated, growing npon thoe jeland. Qut of this great number, howovor, only thirty- onmplant4 ora indigenous to the faland, OF Lhasy, all bnt two are ahrolutely restricted to thls fittie apot uni the oart murfaca, One-tird of ths roecies are eompositie, sl nine of theso arsarporeal in lavit, & most unusual olream- Ataucs lnan o:der whieta the vart majority of the species ara annuals or herhaceous, ~Mr. Dazwin bas remarked in raferonca to this fact in hin * Origin of Species s * [alands often possess trees or bunhes belonging tn ordors which elao- whore fnclude _only lirchacaons apecios, nnw troes, an Alph Da Candolla hawshown, gencraliy have, whatever tlie cauro may be, confisioil ranges, Henco trees would Lo Litla likely to reach distant oceanio islands: anl sn herbaceuus Flant, though it might bava o chianca of aie cermully eompeting on & continont with mai fuily davoloped trocs, whenestablished on an h-l’- and and baving to comp with lierbacesua plants slone, might roadily gain an sdvautazo over thein by prowing taller and overtoprang thon.” Tho deduction is that tho compuritn of 8t. Maleua have won mo complota a victory in thn atruegie for existencze that they have bean abie to develop into sbrubs and trees, whereas ou tha continents, the composile for the moat part have found 1t impostiblo to get ahead, s #0 have remainod horbaceous 1o tho preeent dav. Iu manz of tha other membcraof tha flurs of Bt Halena thers 1 an obyious counoc- tion with the Soulls African flora. FLORA OF BRITISH INDIA. Dr. Hooker Lias recontly published the first vol- ume of the **Flora of Lritish Indin.” The work ombracen, in addition to lntikh India proper, the torritories of tho Maylayan Peninsuts, Kaeh- mir, and Western Thiliot, To total area under investigation exceeds m miliion Equare miles, oxbibitivg every varioty of climate, sofl, and other conditions, sud ranging from tle sea- level to an altitnde of 16,60s feet, whick is about tha limit of fowering plants, Dr. Hocker computes the number of species gromng within this arcs at from 12,000 to 15,000, The presont volumo of bis * Flora " contains descripe tious af 2,250 specics under 422 gevera, belong- 10 to 44 natural orders, Compartng tho flora of Indin, 283t has thus far been developed, with that of tropical Africa, and it 18 found greatly o exeeod the latter in richoess, Oliver's ¢ Flos ra of Tropical Africa™ gives up to thoond of Sapindacie,—tha point at wpich the first voluma of Hooke, * Flora of Iodia" ceases,—D15 #pecica iy 230 penera and forts-live natural cr- aers, Yet the area of troplcal Africa Is mare than six timestuat of India, The vegetstion of Afiica has not been 85 we:l srorked up as that of India, but it ia ndt eupposed that future discov- eries will materislly aiter the propoiiions be. tween tho two floras, About 20 per cent of the apeciea already cnumerated by Dr. Hooker are exclusively Asiatie, Of the 442 genera given, s3out 1G4 are peculiar to Asia, Tne greater part of theus genera are Tropical, and many of them probably will yet be civcovered In Now Guinea aud Tropical Auetralia. Among the apecles cnu- merated nearly 250 grow abovo a height of 10,000 feat, These belong chielly to the Ranunculacer, Crucifere, aud Caryophyllacce. The remainder are common either 1o Siberia or tha Alrs of outhern and the plaioa of Northern Europe, To give generat {dea of tha Indian flora it may Le wentioued that tha order Jtanunculacee con- ta.na 115 species : Crurifere, 197 kpecies ; Cary- ophillacear, 104 ; Gearaniacee, 165; Anonacea, 190 ; Tiliacear, 1093 Oiaeimer. 653 and Sopin- dacex, 0. Thoe genus. Inpatiens includes atuve 100 specics and Lahs about 35, GEDLOGICAL SURVEY OF BRAZIL Prot. Cuarles I'. Hartt, of Cornell Uuivorsity, bas Leen appointed Director of the grologicat survey of Brazil, which bine becw undertaken by the Govercment of that Empire. He has ace cepted tho position av s ealary of €10,000 s year. DProf. Harit is well prejared to take cliargo Jf this survor, as he haa already mada four successiva wisits to Drazil inthe prosecuticn of Lis stadica in gevivgy and eth- nology, It 1 mail tbhat Frof, Culdwell also of the faculty ¢f Coruell Umive: Lias Leen ap- pointed to conducs the agrizulivral branch of ths Bucvey. GOD PROTECT THEE, FRANCE. 2Y 204, K. C. FORREST. Respectfulln Dedicate] to the t-Livv. Fialen Foley, God protect taze, France,—mest, gillant France,— That ¢ ota & 'woul'siug Lartl cuirat »1-,‘; In Lttt of lofty pazac T relgy, the saored rig Whose dftuns did eurgiag il To that dread coatess of tho worid + Which from their thrones its tyrants hurled ; Thut fourl proslatiics old, chivaine Fraace, Tre Empire of the Mudern World'a rou; Aud, when Columbia's childrea wouid be free, bhe Teeding, shaskled z3tuls10'thes, 3 , *Ol! aivo me, nolle Frauce!® Tue lalty land of Earth% romascy Tuea girt her falckion on her tliga, Auid, Wfiing her white banger L, Vowad Fresdom's canse shuuld 2t the aXy, Nor o'vr lia starry emblem Lo eattl sword of 3.17u, then, &8 now, fta foe, Nor yet Uy sted of Hesalan Le laid low | Falth, "twas the despert pathos of Wasu 8 tireat Chleftdn of Go{n’ 5 Nor Jet the Sazon churl make slises Of Columbia's youthful Lraven.™ "Tis thus that Fratce, in batilo a Cuutrance, Bleds suecn of nubleat deeds o'ur Easth'y tomazee. Curist protect thes from thy tyrant foen! Ho His natlon’ day of deadiy peril knows; Bat, be &t Providunce or Faie, They'r only birelings who cas hate Great Frauce fn this her hour of nead,— France, fraitful womwb of Taought's uiight seed, Of Carils sullitnent, tragic decd, Aud of avery God-lide creed, Yet, wheth=r sane, or dazai fu mob's mad da Europs's noblest cifld b Fravse, dear France God trample on thy coward fos, dread France! ‘To auge s still thou ar L.is Earil's rumance ) ¥or, should thy Lanuer Le iid low, Cariat's embler ‘s smitten Ly His foe, Armageddon's #ight 13 fought, Perish witk: thee, aweet, sunny, fow'ry Francy, Tie favorite cluid of Lart's sublime romanest God protect thee, Prance, once.watchful Franoe, Now deeply susk in afser-bartle trance Ou thes the hopes of Earth yet rout? The Churchman's and the Scholar's test OF life's best phase 1s gauged Ly thine} For by 1 ‘ueath & royal live, Oc souring straght 1o heigiits sublime Of Freedom's Wought cr Freadow’s act, Or when by tyrant hosts ait: Thou still art France, proud, go Thy soul freab-fushed with Earib's The foas of God—thoas foes that threaten France— Are gathoring strong with sword and serzied lauce Cossack aud Sazon soun will e The hoats would fain encompass thee, German gost, the Husean Lear, rush 1o airike thes, fank and par, Or seck thy miik-whitd iimbe 1o tear ; N tyrant of thews all forbear, i Yot o alng, great Frauce, dread Franc, doas tn thy loug Uifv's romauce] Fartn’s mortal trife fs all 100 s30n to come Hez war doth pnck ab rambling rll of drum 1u that dread Lour, O God ! for Frauce 1 geu'rous nation couch thia luce, IX e all thero be not oue Tt Latl 0ot oft some guerdon won Through France of old ur Frauca still young, That tever left unsald, unsung, i What proved $o mon that Gow's proud, gallant Fraace Was bora the fower of Earth's supramue somance The bard Tho noblest God protect thee, France, fn that hour su near,— That day so dresd, aud jui tu patrioty dear, ‘When thy bight swond aliall ash b ¥ug,— Thy bloodieet tght L fost ur wo, ‘Thy focs are God's ; with theo duth fall, ‘With thee [ he haurts that call O God that Foree's fugeral pall Al not upon s dovted Esri fall{ But fall i will, unives cbivalrio Frauce Once more flash firv on EArti's eclpaed romance? The ghoats af (hy tnwortal doad are near, 1a ot men who Kuew 10 earthly foar, Charlemuagus, Martel, Navarre 80 proud,— Vo tho curpyrean Beights s nobls crowd, Blarue uot the beroie suus of old, Wau fought and bled with Charviats the Bold, For (od'w bigh Truss France stands the day Bl caate dowt gage of miore taan wiortal Fay, Aul warg (0 wreat froi statecritt's yway The Faith that yearns, with Christ's own Bedrt's o= wanice, Totwiio Her abel¥Ing arus — A Juwel Case. Alady biay just broughs au svtlon againatthe Parisiau jewelor Bloch, from whow in 1569, she bonghs s diawond uecklace at 25,000 frauce, payiug o it parsly 1 specio aud partly i jows ois, supulativg 8t tho saws time hat, as she wight got tired of it he was Lo tabs It back wheuever shio pleased for 16,000 traues, Owiug, 1t fe oaidl, t0 wore solid reasons tha: wish for » chiauge of oruament, the lady in questiou, Biile. round rewcusd Erauce. Lauging over th clalmed tho 16,000 francs, but M. Dlock waa not disposed o abide by thix agreemant. It only held good for ® shork tin, b nrgad, ndditg that in conssquenco of Lths avents of 1870-1874 bo hiad lnst mucli by the Jewels given In pars payment of the nocklaco, aud that a crisls waa iaking place tn the trada In consequence of tha discsvary of dinmonds at the Capa having produced a groat fall i the prics of thero atones, to which faot he attributed M. Tatour's tariy recallection of the original atipus latizn, Tho Court foand the agresment binding, declinad aven 1o allot M, Bloch the induigencs claimed for Iifm by his lawyer of paying by in- atall'nonts, and raquired hir, the nocklace being: returned, to pay Nils, Tatour tho st of 16,000 :l‘nl‘”\i" with interest froia tho duy sho proferced cr clata, e “SUER" CAMPSELL, Iotwy Ele Went on o ‘Tnrkey-Shoot with ‘Ted Seguin. Lirinklyn A 'y In Bt Dasl, Mo, Campbell and *Ted" Boguin heard one day that there was fins wild- turkey shooting 1 the vicinity. “Turkeyn!” maid Ted, *1 must hava soms,” “50 muat 1" eaid Campbell, *We'll go out ehooting, Ted, and have & day's sport. 50 wo will.! v Dright and early the next morning they wers up, and, loaded with powder and shot aud a double-Darreled ahiot-gun, thoy startod off. Thore waan't & “gobbler ™ within 50 miles, and after five or mx huiira’ pationt ramblieg, they became 1asd particular at’ what they firad than they had been, . “Fhe dunk of ovening was coming on, but not » tutkoy, ar, for that maiter, anything else in the uhia.e of gatne, had been hut. 'Und Seguin's sight would ba spoiled by Lis oye-gianses tambling from his noto just as ho was about to pull the tnig) nud Campbell veorned angthing less than afail-grown gobblsr on the it taddened and weary they plodded alung home- ward, *\What shall wa do, Ted ¢ seid Bher, “ItN never do to coms Lome withou: something,” **We had Lottor not,"” replied Tod, We'il nover Lear tho lant of it.” - «1have it widdonly Lroks aut Campbell, 1 know a place whera they hava them for kalo, We'll buy a conplo and *shoat them,' * They £tarted off to a poultry merchant's whera they bad noticod game for sale, aud & bargain way atruck for 8 couple of hive turkeys,—tame ones,~—which wers set up at the end of the back vard, and nearly blown to picces by the two Hporismen. “You'll dreas thoas, and send _them down to tho Lotel, this evening, will you?” mald they to tho pouitrr dealer, &) *Yia, sir: faith an’ I'll do that same,” was tha ln[nlw:r. ike wportsmen went home in cood epirita. »Lid yon shoot any turkeys, Sher?" saked tho ladics, whan they arrived at the hotel, *\Why, of courte wo did; that's what wowent ont for.” “Whers srs they 3" #Oh, they'll ba bere pressntly—~we feft them te bo dressed. We'll biavo thein for dinner to- morrow.” An hour or eo afterward. tho tarkeya arrived pastially wrapped up, aud wers takeu to the rooms of the ladies for exbibition. “*Now, Fanoy," #aid Sher, to Fanny Stockton, who was prima douun of the troups? *‘look at thew; areu't thoy fine ones?" and Segmin and he had the covering off them jn a twink- ling, and laid them on ke tabla for jnspec- tios ) k of them, Zelds ?" said Seguin to Miss Harrison. There were exclamations of admiration st first from tha ladies, then a puzzled gazo stole over their faces, and thoy lookod up st ooe an- other. % What did sou say thesa were, Shor " asked 1y Hboe \’u_v, turkeys, of courre,” said Sher, proud- Iy, y"Ccrmmy, turkeys; we shot them our eelves,” waid Ted, giving a glowing description of the woou4 iu Which they were shot, and tud fiixnkuhy they experionced in goiting nea erm. ‘Tten thero weasa langh. * Turkeys,” enid the 1adies, whon they regamed their broath. *“Why. nhat's the matter 7" Anotler peal of laughter from ths girls was their angwer, to the satonihiment of the aports- men, who wera beginaing to feel yorr unessy, and were thinking 1t was just possible that they might have been * given away." “\Vill yon anawer me one question, Ted ?* maid Zelda Harnon, as soon 83 tue girls had ro- cevered & listlo of thoir eqnsaimity. +arbamiy.” was the sentontious acswer. ow lonz avo 18 it siuce turkera bogun te wear webbel feor 2’ Tue rascally ponltry merchant had seat ¢ coupia of geea to the hozel, CARRUTH QUITS JOURNALISM. ¥aledictory of an Editor with a Dol ict tn Iis Braju, Vrxreasn, N. J. May 24.—The following ourious aunouucement is made in the Indepand~ ent by Mr, Carruth, who was recsutly shot by Landis, The siticle is Leaded "Adios ™ (adiens; Lut no one will ventura to aseert that, motwith. nding the presence of l=ad #5 near the vital 3, 1t i8 loaded with meiancholy: With this fsrge we atep down and ous'frim the ecla tonh'p and roprietorshtp of the Viceland Iree if. We ccmziend the aew proprictor ta onr fite and frients, acd Lora zad trust that uuder Liy eat the Paper will give incressed sadafictin 2ders, Tuis sudden sucderiug cf our cocnco- h newspagerdom will anrpriss, and doubtod d many cf our {riemds, Lut there was o aliere pitive, Two morths’ ccnstant wrestlo wita 3 bovle balletin cur Lrain Eas conmineed ua that we Lick the ¢cpicity to develop 3 lead mine and publiuh wn ixdependent Vinelind newspaper at the same time, Our tmupaired eyesight, shaticred nerves, Jnd pulsating Brain admenlab us 24, for the coming yoar, We mitst Dot stray too far from tha hee;ital, . To Gur suteeriters who, for the Tast four yeurs, bave read the Independent st vaid for it, we Lereby tonder our abknowledzementa, T2osa who have taken the Pajer Just to help it aling, never volunteering a duma or recognizing a dug, we shisll feel 1t ourdusy, i we Teeover our basith, 10 thank (o pervon, s, We cannot omi to embrace thin, yerhaps, Tast free opportunlty to thank our editorial bretirea, who in Aietr kinduees of beart have tattered vur alilitios, ex- tclled our virtaes, and whitewashed vy fauits, “The *coyotes * of the erafs who, talduy advintage of onr beipleatness, have attempted 1o redesn past cowartice by Telidag over our geare, we canagondto forgive and forg:t. And now, with charity for all snd malice toward one, wa Lid good-by fo friccis and foes, and setile back bn our pillaw for 3 good, lony, refresling nap. s CASSTTH, Peculiar Peoples . A Boston letter £3 an Eastern newapaper re- Intew that upon oue of tue fashiouable Eouth End sqaares of that city thero bas lived ina awell-fruut, four-siory brick house, until very lately, a woman who bias bired for her servaut ber own sister. The latter was treated in all respects as A mebial, aud thoush the woman and her hustand, Laving no children, dined alona woen thers was no company in the boase, they pever permitted thie aister to sit with them. Nck ouly this, but the siter-servant was kept ai work from early till lato, aud thers was no such thing as loisure fur her, ora particls of the cons sideration due from oue 8o nearly related to ber, tinally tho woman moved out of town, and tha sistor detormined to Hod an eanier place. Ac- cordingly sho sugaged Lo go to & vummer resurt as a faairy covkina fashiooaole beu\lm&-huw. Now 1t has travspired that ber sister and former wmistress has engaged hoard for the warms season not ooly st this very resort, but aldo st the very bouse where her aister ia o furnish the daily pies and puddingy. Beecher-Trial Precode: 1u Canadn. iy Muntreal Witness, To-day, in tho Kuqueto Court, evidence i sur rebuttal was betvg takou in thw separation casa of Blacklock ve. Urosbie—wifu ¥y. husbaud— Az, L. H. Davidsou for pluntif, sod Mr, Molaster for defondans, when the Istier lawser deuired ask the witnesa whether ba koow thie defonda well eongh 10 recoguize tim in tha sireet. Lh was objected to, whea Alr. MoMaster sppealcd to Judge Meudelet on the beach, and desired to quore & pracodent from tho Bsecher trial in whiel such s queation had been sllowed. Ila IHowor, it is sald, replisd iu substance: **Dou's quute from that casa hore: it is s disgraco toth %o the United States and to New York, sod nct ervdisable $0 the Judge or lawyers euxaged fn it.” He expressed much sarprida that the Cana- dian papery wure publishiug the disgracetul evie douca in all ity details, Ho mautatued the ob- Jection, A Shark Attncks o Barks The Auckland (New Zealand) Star relates: + Durlng the last trp of the klzs McPhoe fiom this port to Catliv River, snd whea ¢ Cape Eaunders, a large shark, attracted by & 0L etury, follow the vessel over 20 nules, Those vu boatd endeavars edto secure tho shark with harpoons, with which is was struck nies tuied, but ek time KOt Bw: "The lset tiwe b3 becawe ufuriated, went away & quarter of o uitly, turued, and ran at sho vessel with all us streogib, etrlsing ber ou the pert bow with such furce that (baibg ooly fu baliast triw) sho boeled over. Thashark st tha fimo pootied stuvaed, but, & breess wpringing up, thuss on boant were uut able to caiwh' bus. Capt. Pattorson vays the sbark was 25 foss (o Latous, lately hroughs back tho necklace aud | levgth and d festia diswmetar,”