Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, November 21, 1874, Page 9

& ' THE CHICAGO DAILY TR i e — LITERATURE. A Nuturnilst in Brozil, TRE NATURALIST ON THE RIVER AMAZONS, iy Hiesny WALTER BATES, B, L, B,, Assistant Socrs tary to_the Tloynl Geograpbical Socloty of Englund, TI:{rd Editicn, With Numcrous Illustrations, 12mo., P, 804, Bostou : Rohotts Nrallers, Tho lovers of Natural Hiatory in Amerion will nako grateful ackuowledgments to Mesers Rob- orte Brothora for rondoring accessiblo to them nbook which has boon fora number of years within roach of ' Euglish rondors, It fs n treas- ury of valushlo facts and observations regardiog the haobits of plantsand animals peonliar to & land which teems with strange and enrlous forma of Iife. It is very similar in character to Wnil- acc's **Malay Archipelago,” which was intro- duced into the United Slatos fivo or six yoard ago, and attractad uuivarsal intorost. Mr. Batos visltod Drazil in 1848, and spont olevon yours making collootions of the natural yroductions of tho reglon watored by tho Amz- zons, Mr. Wallace, tho anthor of tho worl just montloned, nccompaniod Lim on tho oxpedition, and remained in Brazil duriug n portion of tho period of hin sojourn there, bub was cngaged in oxploring o different Acotion of country; honco tho Lo naturahsta wore, for tho most part, soparated from eaoch other by groat dls- tancos, and putsued elugly their investigations in the dlstricts golccted, Mr. Bates passed tho firat year and a balf in tho vicinity of Para, the followiog four yeara and & Lalf on the Lower Amazons, aud tho romaining four years aod o half on the Upper Amazons, making Ega, on the Solimoens Niver, his hoadguarters. During the groater part of his protracted torm, ho was en- sirely isolatod from civilization, having his abodo among the native Tudians of tho Amazons, and adopting their mannor of living. Although his work was moet nbsorbing, being pralitis iu the rocurns ho sought, hio confesson that tho ab- monco of intellectual aocloty, aud the lnck of tho varied excitomonts aud pleasures of European life, wern folt moat ncutely, and with ovoy-iu- creasing pain ag'timo passed on, until at lsst the want bocame almost insupportable. lntenss a8 was his enthusiasm for Naturo, ha was forcod to the eonclusion that her compapionship alono does uot eutmt{ tho cravings of humau unaturo. Ho got on tolorably wall when situated whore he could receive packages from the home-land as oftol 88 onco in twomonths: but whon in- tervals of four, and oven twelve, months oc- curred between the arrival of lattors and parcels, the sonse of loneliness and ivsulation was bard to bear, When, however, in 1859, be bade adien to what he torms ‘ the Nuturallst's Paradieo,” aud_sot sall for England, ho rolates thay the eaddent hours of his life-timo wera those of tho might proceding bis doparture. His attaciment to tho fruitful country, the delicious climate, und the froe life, of Equatorial South Americs, had bocome go strong that he could not resign thom without bitter pangs of regrat. Recolloo- tions of England came to bis mind with a vivid- nesy he had not oxporionced during tho elovon years of his absence, but ho shrank from on- countering again tho conventional restraints and tho atificlal eares of civilizad life, . Tho record of Mr, Batos' oxperionco on tho Amazons 18 not varied by incidents of an excit- ing nature, His days wore passod in the dill- front study of the zoology and batany of {ho yo- t;lons around him, and tbo evonts of chiof im- ortance which ocemired to diversity thom wore ihe discoveries of new and partioularly-interost- ing objecta of Natural History. IIis tirst ob- seryationg in the primeval forests of Brazil wera full of strange surprises. ‘The socioty of tlowers nnd of animal-life wasspeotally striking, The ma~ Jority of tho treas bore fnconspicuous hlossowms, 8od ot so great an altitude that they were almost invisible, Flowering trees and shrubs are more ahundant in open Bpaces on the Awazons, but in thio forests they aro raro, An cocasional blos- som of the trumpot-creoper, or other climbing- plant, will gleam like s Btar amidst a mass of green; but gonerally the oye falle on unrolieved tints of yerduro, The ground is carpeted with Lycopodtume, incumbered in places with vege- table dobris aud & coating of dead loaves, Fruits of many kindslie acatterod about, conspicuous among which are various sorts of beans,—soma with pods a foot long, some flat and of a loathory texture, and others as hard 28 stoncs, Brooks moander through overy hollow, with cold, dask, leat-stained wators, The majority of the troea are colossal, grow- ing to an immense bieight bofore omitting & ain- glo branch, Their cyhudrieal shafts, measuring from 20 10 25 foet in circumfereuco, are crowne with o vast dome of folinge, elovatod 180 to 200 fout toward the skies, Lach massive individual ‘movopalizes a larga domain, snd only shrubs or lionas are able to find n foothold near it. Fre- quently, over large nreas, the forest presents an appearsnco of plilared isios, extending in all di- roctions, and covered with s donse raof of greon | that excludes avery ray of sunshine, and creates en atmoaphero of twilight gloom undor their archos. [lowers cannot flourish in such per- patual obscurity. A remarkable featuro of the giant trees of the foreat which Mr, Dates noted was a sories of buttrese-iiko projections eur- rounding the lower pary of thelr slems, evident- 1y for the purpose of supportiag thom. Thess buttrosses sre formed of the roots raising thom- solvea out of tho earth, and gradually extending ngwnd a8 the troe increases wn bieight and needs additionol support for ita lofty trunk osad its lntudm;{ top. The solemn stiliness that pervndes theso for- tats is another peculiar aud lmprossive chaiac- teristio. As Mr, Bates remorks We often read, In books of travels, of the aitenco and rlwu of the Bruzilisn forests, 7! ‘hey arorealitios, and jue funpresaion deopens on o longer acquaintance, ‘Xue tow counds of birds te of that peusive and mysterions sharacter wiifch intanslfics the feeling of solitudo, sather than fmparts o souso of life aud- checrfulucss, Bometimes, {n the midat of tho stiliness, 1 sudden yeli or seroam will etartle ouo 3 this comes ffom wouso de- Zenseless fruft-oating onimal whicli §s pounced upon by Uger-cot oF stcalthy boseconstrictor, Morain and evening the howling monkeys make most fearf sud harrowing noiss, under which it is didicult to keep up one's buoyuzcy of spirit, The feoling of tu- tosgitable wildness which tue forost s calculated to Inupire is increased ten-fold under this fearful uproar. Diten, oven in the still houra of middas, u sudden trasl 'wil) b hicard resounding afar through the wil- Aerness, s aomo great bough ar cutire trea falls ta the :d, There are, besides, may sounds which 1t ja poasiule te account for. 1 found tho natives goner- 2y ca much at a losa in {his respect aa mysolf. Sore- Yimies o sound {8 hesrd ke tho clang of an lron lar sgalust & hord, hollow tree, o a plercing ery rends the 7 ; tiesours not repoated, and the succceding silenca lends fo helghten the unplensant fmpression which $lioy muke,on the mind, With tho native it is always e Curuplr, tho_wild man or spirit of tuo fore, which produgen all nolses thoy axe unablo to explaln, In reality thore is a groater abuudance of animsl lite existing in Brazilion forests than would ab first appoar. A large variety of mammals, birds, and reptiles, dwell within their precincta, but are widely scatiored over a region rhich {8 80 uniform in its charactor. They nro 1lso excesnivoly shy, aud carefully avoid tho presonco of man, Aoreovor, tho largest aud most juterssting portion of the South American Inuna is nrboxurlu its habite, and dwells al- most altogather among the lofty branches of ihe trees, As there {s no distiuction batweon ihe ceasons, neither tho dry nor wet woather be- Ing oxtreme, the phenomous of planis aud ani- @als do not cccur at regulavly-roturning poriods. Plauta do not shed their leaves, nor do bide moult aud pair simultauequsly, ‘Lrees of the samo species aro to Lo seen as all timos in overy stage of growth,—budding, blossoming, fruit- ing, and casting their loaves. The uctivity of birds and insecta continues without intorruption. The colonies of winps, far {nstonce, do not dio il aunually, leaving only tho queens; but they send out an unonding succession ot goueration shruughout tho year. Tho climato in the Proviucaof Para Is salubri- one, snd uot excessively hot, ‘I'ho tomporaturo selilomn reachos 95 dog, Pahronheit. o groatest 0llit fs mnarked about 2 p, ui., whon 1t ranges setween BU and 84 dog. During the remainder of the day it neyer desconds bolow 78 deg. Tho inglish residonts. broserve as fresh a color in thin olimaate a8 in their native land, whilo Dra- -tiliun Indies retain thelr good looks Lo a late pe- tiod of lite, The foreat comes up to tha very atrests of Pars, which aro kopt fiee from tle juugle only H_mu oonstant caro of the Govornment., Amid iis luxminot and pervading vegetation, there thonnds a profusion of insect-lifo, which fills ifio aix, day snd nigbt, with & lond and incessant aproar, The wlurriug of cicadw, the whrill ittlgulation of a vast number snd varlety of keld-ariolote and grasshiopnerd, the zipping, and woakiug, and drummiog of multiforious oren~ irew, oreate u din which Mr. Bates doscribey an Ieafoning, Dut, attor s time, the residont getu sed aud lndiiferont to it, ‘'hie wealth of insoot- ife In the nolghborhiood of Para is indicated by o faot that about 700 spooies of buttortliea aro iound within an hour's walle of the city, whilst 1o total numbor found fn the Dritish Yelaudu ln:lz 60, aud in all Rurope only 821, i, Bates learncd from lig_ experience that wimal-food s ns essontial in an oquatorinl slmate a8 in tho cool vogions of the North. i was difleult to procure during muoh of the fime of Lils residenca lu Brazil, and ha suifered preatly in bealth from tho privation, Hoal:o temarked that tha Indlana do not bear up undor Juo enervating fnfliuenves of the climata ro well L8 forelguers. They ors subjoct to oxtremo de- progulon duriog the hottest Lours of the day, and thelr wkin i always foverish to tha fiuuc{). Ko obaracter of tho nativo roces is docile aud amlable, yet tufoxibly, fofasiug to yield to the {nfluonces of civilization, Tho Indlana porafut- ontly rotire boforo the adyanco of strangars, nnd, nu villoges arino aud lands are ‘culivated, grad- unlly withdraw by thomsolyes foto wild nnd so- oluded places. ‘The mon, though {nnately cour- taous, aro gonorallv taclturn; but the women, Jiko thoir sox all ovor tuo world, aro moro suclas Dlo nnd talkntive. My, Bates dosorihes & multitude of natural Ehflmmmm which kio observed during hisptay on oth the Lower and tho Upper Awazana; but wo content ournclses with roproducing the sa- connt of ono of tue most ourious : Oanoomen on the Uppor Amarons live in dread of (o terra Calldan s or Tanasoe wh accasforally teko placo along the steop earthy bauks, eapectally vihien thio Waterd tro rinlug, Large osaels nro womctimes overwhelmod by thess avalauehes of oarth and frees, , o o Ono morning I was nwoko before vunrio by &n ‘unusual sound, recombling tho roar of nrllllery. - I was Iying alouo o tho tap of tho cabin g It wan very dark, and_all sy companious wero asleep,—#0 I Iny listenivg, Tiio sounds canto from & conghiorablo dlatanco, sud tho crush which hiad nrouzod mo wos gucceeded Oy otliors mucli less formldablo, Tho firat oxplanation Which ocourrod to mo was, that it woa xn earthiquake; for, alibough Yho night was breatslensly calm, tho broad rivor was mch agltatod and tho veesol rolled hioavily, Hoon after, suothor loud ‘oxjioslon tobk plece, uppnreatiy muth neace thou tho formor ‘onos 'then followed othetn, Tho thuudering pool rolled backward oud forwurd, now seoming cloro at hand, now for off ; tho audidon erunlios boing oftey peccadél by & pnase, or @ loug- coninued dull rumbling, At tho socond oxplosion, Vicoute, who Lay snotlif by the hela, awoko and told o $t witn s+ torra califdn,? but T cotld scarcely Lios Movohim, Tha doy dawned nfier tho uproar bad Jnsted shout an hour, And we then 8oty tho work of dce struction gofug forward on tho other aido of tho rlvor, about 3 milos G, Largo manees of forcst, Including trees of aoloasal sizs, hrobably 200 feet, in Licight, wern rocking to and fro, and fulliig liendlong onoafter the otlier fiito tho watdr, After cich avalancno, the \rave which'{t caused refurnod on tho crambly bauk with tremendous force, und enned the fall of otlicr muisey by undermining fiem, Tho }uo of coast over whivh the landsiip oxtended wan & mile or two in lougil ¢ the end of it, howover, wun bid from our viaw by un Suter- voning féland, - 1t 'was o graud sight ; each aownfall crontod cloud of spray 3 the concussion in ono plica caueluy other maoses 10 givo way & long distanes from it and thus tho crashiea coutsued, swaying to ana fro, wizh littlo prospect of a fermination, When we niided oub of sigght, two liours utter suurise, tho do- struction was siill golug on, Essuys by Oanon Kinmsley. . FEALTH AND EDUCATION, 8y tho liev, Crantss KiNastay, F, L. 8, ¥, G, 8., Ganon of Westminster, 12mo,, by, 411, New York :'D, Apploton & Co. Mr. Kingsloy has produced 8o many books in tho course of a busy lifo that the query will hinlZ-form itsolf on thoe appoarance of a new ono, if bo Layo mnot written himeelf out, But theso pages answer omphationlly, No, Tlero is such an oxuboranco of life, and Lealth, aud spirit, and activity, in tho man, that ho can sustaiu a drain on his montal and physical powers endingonly with his daye. Ho is a stout, liearty, bold, and cheery athlote,~tho vory oro- bodimont of his splendidly muscular philosophy, Mo nover mokes a pauso or sita down to rest In tho bnttlo of life. Mo ia forover fighting in dondly-carnest for some good cause thut neods dofending nnd pushivg, or against somo miser- ablo wrong ihat should be conquored aud crush- od. It does not matter much what the purpose is ho'haa 1l band, b caniies it nlong ‘with such rosoluteness; and pluck, and strongth, that he carrids tho wholo orowd ‘of obsorvers heart and soul along with him. **Thoro {s such wondorful ‘go’in him,” as Mr. Grogg oxpressos it, that ho inevitably inspiros onthusisem in everybody looking on. He mny dash slong rechleesly, at times going farthor and faster than reason will quito warrant, but tho failing is one of tho most pardonable. Who will not rather excuse an ox- fua: of zoal in uny cause, than o listless torpid- ity { Thoro oro some oxcellont cesnys smong the fifteon which occupy this volume, Their sub- {)ncln aro diverao, slthough n suffloient num- | oL or deal with questiona of ‘*‘Henlth and Lducation " to give & good foundation for the general titlo. Beveral of thom aro addrosaed particularly to tho Iadios; in fact, were utigi- ually road beforo cer:ain organizutions of wom- en in Gngland, 'Thoy aro familiar ju stylo, Ar. Kingsloy tulks directly to his sudienco, so that cach ono feels as thaurl ho vero au oxclusivo listener. T'his modo of addross conveys a strong influouco of tho writer's persunulily, and, if that be winning and vigorous, 88 1 tho present cago, croates & poworful efoot. My, Kingeloy s, 100, #0 heartily siucero in whot Lo aays,—bo 80 Lhorunfilfly bolioves iu it, giviug evidonco also tbat o haatosted its truth,—that lus ronders aro casily perauaded to beliove as ho does, Ue {e, withal, 8o falr and genorous in hia treatment of women that they cunnot help being won to bim, lo undorctands them well, their faults and thoir virtues, and ho undorstands in what muasure the worst of tho former aro tho rosul: of dofoctivo training, Henr how intelligently he dofends woman against a just accusation that weighs beavily upon ber: And here I stop to answer thune who may pay—as 1 nave Lieurd 3% sali—that & wouwnn's inteliecs f ot At for busiues; thst, when & woman takes {o Lusinoss, nbo s apt to do it 1ll, and unploasantly Likewlas ; to bo ‘mora siispicions, niors drritablo, mo:s grasping, more i e e e B {hat—s I linve heard f put—t A women doea not fight fulrn” Tho answer 1s slmplo. That & wowan's intelloct Is omiueutly fitted for Lusiness, ia provad by tho cnormious amoint of buaivess ehe gols through without auy speclal traluing for it ; Lus those faults fn o woman of which some men cumplain £rs simpiy the vesults of bor not having bad & spockal trafnfug, * Bhe dooanot know thoe Inws of business, Bho don not know tho rules of tho game slie 4 p foro, 8o is plagiug It in tho dark, Dicion, apt to Judge of questions on porsoual grounda, often ofiondlug oo with whom 830 has 1o do, and aftener atlll muking hersoll micersblo ovar matteis of law or of busincss, on which a littlo ound kuowlodge wouli st her head and hor boart at rost, Again, how tender ond gentle I8 the judgment e passea on n caurse of conduot in women which ig cortainly disagrocanle and consurabls, but for which lio, with a clear vision, fiuds a pallisting cause: When Ihavo reen widows, baving tho csro of chil- dran, of a grent bousoliold, of 4 groat estate, of a great buslzeas, siruggling borol ud yet ofton mistak- uly, bloued suverely for seilsbneds wud ombition, ‘whilo thiey were really sacrif) Aug thomselves wiils tho diviue fustinct of & wmother for thelr chlldron’s jntor- ctt, I 1avo stood by with mingled admiration aud pity, nnd eafd to myeolf: * {ow nobly sho is dofug tho work withiout teaching ! How muuch more nobly would #ho hiave dona it liad alio been taught] ~ She 1 now dolng the worlk ut tho most cnormous wasts of coergy i virtao ; Liod sbe had kuowledgo, thritt would lnvo followed it'; sia would buve doag 1ore Work with far less trouble, ~Sho will probabily Lill hersolf if shio guca ans kound knowledgs vould liuva saved lor Luslth, saved Lor beart, saved har frionds, and Lelped the vory Tovad ones for whom shiolabors, not always with ué- cess 4 o4 s Why go on, T sy, savo to commemorate one more forin Of great-}fitlo harotsm,—the commonesl, and yot 1130 Jeast remembored, of all,—unwely: thio hekofun of an averago motlsor? Ab! when I (link of that Just Lroad fact, I gather hope cgalu for poor humunity ; and thia dark world looks Lriht, this diseased world loaks wholesome, 0 mo ouce more,—~becauso, what- everclsoltls or is not full of, it'is at loast'full of mothers, While (o eatiriet only encern, e at & tock butt for idicule, ab the manzging motlier trylng to get hor daughters married of ter hunds by ohicanorios nud meatinesses, which ovory novelist knows 00 well low todraw, would to heaven be, of rather, alus? slio, would find some more clivalrous employnient for biy or lier ott,—for Were they not, 100, borii of womau? Tonly say to myelf,—baving hud alwayn o sooret fondness for poor” Rebeces, though X lova Eoau more than Jucob,~Laot tho poor thing aloue, - With puin she bronght these girls fnto the world, With paiu oho educated them soconding o Lier ligt, With pain sho §a tryiug to oblain for thera the highest earthly blesse ingof which she can concelve, namely : to bo well married; aud if, in dolng that List, she mancuvres a little, commiix o few Loveuessos, oven {olls u fow une trutlis, what does ull. thut como to, unve tbin: tust, i tho confuscd intensity of her momioly sallomeritice, sho will suerifioe for hier davghters oven Lier own cons solenco and Ler o credit? Wo biay sncer, if wo wil ‘at such & poor, hard-driven soul wuen wo mcet her {3 socloty: our duty, hothas Chistlans and Jadios aud gentienien, Geemia Lo wme 1o by, Lo do for her something vory differen fudoed, Albeit this kindly charity porvades all hisman- ner toward thow, By, Kingsley doos not hasitale to rebuke women fraukly snd pointadly for thoir errors and fotlies ; bus reproof la gratefully ac- copted from ono who, while o is~ just, in also gBNerout, But Mr, Kingstey convpya instruction to mon ®a well ag Wamen in thoso essuys, ua witness tho apors on _Heroism, Superstition, Bciouce, The tudy of Naturnd fodory. The Belunco of Health, Pho Air-Mothors, Ceorge ‘Buchanan, Scholur, itoudelot the Huguenol Naturalist, and Veanliuy the Aunatomist, ~Rendars of both sexes and varlous tastes will devivo bonofit from every hour epent with Charles Ringsloy. storion for Childron. OMIEP TITANKBGIVING, ANp Oriten Sronres, nx}‘yugmu "CaoLaaiz, Author of % Whet Katy Did, ¥ b, With Tiustratlon by APDIR TEDYARD, ‘Squato %o, pp. 444, Hoaton: Koborts Jirothera, MORE BIED-TIMI STORIES, 1y Lovisn CIANDLIR Mouraon, Aubor of *Lod-Timo Rloviow? elc, Witk ‘Mlvstrations by Anbi& Levvann, Bquere 12w, pp. 238, Jostan: Roberls Brotlera, Theto two volumot aro likoe twin brothors or sleters whono face and disposition are o mnch nliko thelr noarcut friends aropuzzlod to dis- tinguish botwoen thom. Ono Is drossod in blue, tho othor lu noarlot ; otherwlde, in oxterual ap- perrando, they aro exactly uinilar. Addle Led- yard's gracetul plotures adorn hoth, aud of thoeo we can ouly Bny, it is a pity there ave uot more of them, Tho storios, too, present much the same at- tractions: Thelr weltors Lave abous au equal tacllity in nonuhlnF yrotty sontimonts in euplo- nloun langunzo. The eana and p"""fl of Huean Coolldgo'a styls is particularly noticeable, Eithor wo havo forgotton,or it nover improssed us so foralbly aa {n_tho presont volumo, * Allachiof’s Thanksmving" ia_for renders under 10 yonrs-or 803 whilo ** Aforo Bed-Timo Storios " will. amuso thoso who aro somowhat older. Thoy will not 0 nmisa who purchass theso boautitul juvouiles for thoir youny friends, ‘Trowbridge's LPooms, THE EMIGRANT'S HTORY, aun Oturs PoEMA. By J, T, Tnownnioox, 1dmo, Doston: James It, 0xgood & Uo, Mr. Trowbridge lina not writton asecond poom approaching in beauty nnd power * Tho Vegn- bonds,” which gave him a natfonal reputation. ‘Thoro 13 o likelikood that ho will In the ond tako raok with thouo nuthors, who may have wrilton much pogtry, but Liave produced a slnglo sliort poom that hine toucked the popular hoart aud made them famous, T'ho oponing pleco fn the present collection, which givos it its titlo, in & story somowhat fn tho stylo of ** Bolsy and 1 Avo Out,” but much moro olevatod and polishod. Tho incident on swhich tho talo hingos ia not so thrilling in itn cllmax as wo aro led to expeet from the author's elnborato preparation, but tho verse {s managed artistically nnd plves plensure fn the reading, ‘I'he dramnticsiall of tho writor ls well disptayed in tho -offeotivo mieces, ** Old Bimon bolu." * Author’s Night,” aud * Shoviff ‘Lborne;" while n gleam of the humor which skimwmoig sl through * Darins Greon and iy Flylng Machina " \l!}l“!‘n:;\\n *The Misslug Leaf” and * Flo Old 3Ir, Trowbridgo has too eatofully achoslod his tonto ond_trained bis talout to publish poor verses, and thoro fw not n poem In the pregsent volumo that does not rench'n fair standard, Amorienn Literaturo. OYOLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN LITERATURE, FROM 7AT EANTIEST PRAIOD TO THE PREICNT DAT. By Eveur A, and Groox L, Duyonmios, Edited {o dsta Ly M, Lasu Siuios, Tollo, Chieagos Jobn mory, Five fresh numbars of this publication, whose morits we lLiavo on a provious occosion mentioned to our resders, aro now ready for distribution, "They nre adorned with steel portraits of Dr. Franels Wayland, Rufus Choate, Henry V. Laoy, Alexander Uamilton, aud George L. Duychiuek, Tho work will bo completo in_not over fiity-two numbors, of 40 pages each. Price, 60 couts por aumber. . Ftooks ttovviveds HISTORY OF THE REIGN OF PHILIP THE BEC- OND, KING OF S8PAIN, By WiLriast II, PaescorT, Now aud Revined Edition, in Threo Vohirmus ¢ Vol. i, Lo, pp. 435, Pilladelphta: 3. 3. Lippia® colt & Co, THROUGH THIOK AND TUIN: om, “ La Guenne 2 DBy Josnrm Mumy, Treuslated ‘l;r 1200, pp. 4%, - New York: G. We Cirloton & o, A TERRIDLE SECRET; A Nove, By MART AGNEn FLesiNo, Author of ' A Wonderful Womut, " clc, 12mo,, pp. 610, New York: G, W, Carleton % Co, EVOLUTION AND FROGRESS: AN EXIOSITION AND DEFENSE, ‘Tz FousDATION OF EVOLUTION PHILOSOPIICALLY EXPOUNDED, AND IT# AROUMEN I IVISTED OF INSIONIFICANT AKD DISTRACTING b1+ 10AL DR CATLY) BUCOINCILY SATED : TOGKTI- 0 viten A REVIEW OF LEADING OPFONENIS, AR DAaws0N AND WINCHELL, AND QUASL-O# NTH, 48 LeCoire axp Oanecsteit, By tho Rov, WILLIAM Q. Gutn Au 2, “12me, pp. 203, New York: The Authora! Dublirbing Compuny. % BY 8IPILL WATERS: A Broir ron Qurer Houas, Dy Enwanp GAAnyTT, Autlor of * Crooked Places,” ete. 19mow pir, UG, New York: Dodd & Mo, TOB ELEAENTS OF PHYSICS: A Trxr-Dook yor ACADENIEY AND CoMioN Sonioors, By Simey A Nontos, A. M. 12mo, pp. 288 Wilson, Minklo & O, L BTRENGTII AND BEAUTY: DICOURRIONS ¥OR Youna MgN, By Mang lorriNg, D, D, mo,, pp. 41, Now York: Dodd & Alead. Lis. by Sruaur Srogi limo, pp 24, Pablished for tho Author, New York: T. B, Tatt toraon. GHARTERIS: A Rouance. Dy Many ML MoLIsE, author of * Montaryo's Logicy,” ote, 13mo, pp. 260, Phfladeiybia ; 3. B. Lippincatt & Co, GERDA ; un, ‘fus CHILDDRN 0F WoRk, Iy DMRD: Boruzé ulwantz, 'Translated from Lio Swodish by SELMA 1ono and Manic A, Baows, 12mo,, pp. 4. Dhiladelphia: Porter & Coates. OPLNING A CHESTNUT-BURR, By the Rev. E. £ Ros, antbor of * Barrlera Burned Awav," ete, 12- Tmo., pp. 581, Now Yor! odd & Bead, Poriodicnls Roceived. Aflantic for December (H, Q. Houghton & Co., Boston). Contents; ** A Foregono Con- clugion” (concluded), by W. D, Howolle; “ Contrasts Between English Scencry and Quir Owv,” by E. 8. Nadsl; A Rebol's Rocollec- ‘tlona" (continucd), by Georgo Cary Eggleston : “Ar Aldrich's Pootry,” by Edgar Fawoett ; #01d Treon,” by J. 8. Borry; **'Tho Righteons- ness of Money-Making,” by Edward Ackinaon ; “ Water-Color Paintiug"” by Honry 8, Mackin- tosh; “About & Barcol of Lard,” by Ajax T. Lamon; *Some Results from My Bpiritual Studies,” by Tobert Dalo Owen; * Martha's Vineyard,” by N. 8. Shaler; poems by Henry W. Longfellow, James Iaurico Thompson, A. R Grots, G. D. Lathrop, Psul H. Hagne, and 1hram Rich. Scrtimer's for Decomber (Scriboer & Co., Now York). Conteats: *Tho Gieat Sonth— Notes on Kentucky aud Tonnesene,” by Edward King; * The Mysterious [eland,” Cbnpters XV., XVL., by Juloa Verno; * Victorian Posts—Rob- ort Brow: fug,” by Bdmund Clavence Stedman ; % Tho Transit of Vepus,” by David Murray: WPhe *Probabilities* of Rivars," by Frank'Y. Cammargera; ** Tha Silver Ago.” by William C. Congnt ; * Nambles in AMadoira,” by 8. G, W, Tioujnmin ; My Tovrmalne,” L'art II., by Saxo Iolin; * Jo: " by Constanco Fenimore Woolaon ; ** In n Trumpot—A Story of Thunks. giving,” by Tnabella 'I. Hopkins. The pooms ara b¢ Colia Thaxter, L. W.J., Anna 0. Braclk- ott, Will Wallace llarnoy, William O. Riclards, nad Josoubiue Poliard. . Tuo Galaxy for Docombor (Sheldon & Co., Now York), Coptoats: ** Leah: A-Woman of Fahion " (Claptars Vs, VL., and VIL), by M, Annio Edwards ; ** Emile de Girardin, ‘1l Jour- nalist,” Dby Albert Tthodes ; * Was It Katlo Riog?" bv T, J. Lippitt; *With Acid end Needle ¥ (Part IT), by Goorge Lowell Austi ; WA Norsoman's Pllgrimage® (Part L), by Hijnlmer H{crlh Doyoson 3 ** An Oriental Mongrchy,” by .Fannio Ropor Peudge p ** Tho 0ld Agoney,” by Constanco Fenimora Woolson ; * Duratlon of_the Lxeentive Term,” by In.aen Q. Howard; * Woddng, Intorvionlug, etcetera,” by Ttichard Qrany Whito ; * Apropos of Tyndall," by Jomes Freeman Clarka ; pooms by Mery B, Dodge, Tohn 'G. Baze, Lydin M. Millard, Rachel ‘Pomeroy, William Winlor, I, 8., and Mrs. 8. 2. B. Pintt, ‘ippincof's_for Decerbor (J. 1. Lippiucots & Co., Philadelpbin). Coutonts: * Tbo Now Hyporion ! (continnad), b‘y Edward Strehan ; A Tourists Paradise,” by Cherles Dimitry ; #Thrao Ilenthers™ (continued), by Willinm i1 * Physion! Effocts of Imotion on ihe Henrt,” by 1. 0. Woad, Ji “Huvg and Un- bung," by Robert Witson; *Somo Recailcctions of Charles. Lover,” by 'T. Adelphns Trollape ; “faleolm * (continued), by Georyro AMacdonuld 3 4 Biotch of tho Political Life of the TLate Lord Lriton,” by bis eon, TRobert Lord Lytton; “A Vit to the Studio of Meissonier,” by Lucy H. Hoopor ; poems by Obarlotta T, Tates, Emma Lazarus, aud Jumes Maurice Thompeou, 0Old and New for Decamibor (lobeits Brothers, Boston). - Contonts: ** A Lifo of Lottora,” by £, E. Halo; * Onr Sketching-Cinb," (concluded) by the Rev, R, 8t. Joho Lyriwhitt; ““The Way Wo Livo Now'" (Cbups, LL-LV.), by Aunthouy Trotlop A Chirp trom n OConservative ‘Cricket,” by Laura D. Nichols; * The Protestant Fpiscopal Churels,” by the Rev, James Martin- on, Lis D,; *Againit Time,” by Ernent Papou- diek; Collego Directory; pooms by Coilotis DPerry and ltobert Grant. Calholio World for Decorabor (Catholic Pnbli- ention Iouse, New York), Contonts: *The Poraecution of the Churoh'in tho Gerinan Bm- piras” “The Voil Withdrawn ;" © Church Mu- lo * Aeunutn Howard;” “Swinhurne and Do Yoro;” *‘flequics Men;” *‘Ontologlsm and Psychologinm:” * Rominisecuces of n_Tile- Fiold;" **''ha Tngenious Device ;" * Tho Rigl " ' Chrch Bong;” * A Dlseusslon with an Infi- ;" $1The loo-Wigwam of Minnebahas" “A Russlan Biator of Clnrity,” Aldine for Novombor Qva York). INustra tions : “ Dinner-Timo ;" “Northern Wall of the Alliambre, Gransda ;" * The Itoseno 3" ** Hall of Linderejs, Granada;" “The Hmrm\nfi Stones, Upper Deluvaro 3" * Under_the Ttma ;" ¢ Maa- tor's Slippers;? #Phe Woodsldo ~ DBrook;" York Miustor™ (three engruvings). Weatmingler Tedlew—Ootobor (the Teonard Bcott Publishing Cowpany, Now York). Con- fents: “The Rovolt of the Ttesidnum 3 “*Tho Choracter of Archiltes ;" ** Prinolples of Political Heonomy;” “Fho Origin of Lerguago;” ¥ Chinrlos snd Macy Twmb--Thole Edl{um and Riographors ;" * Indian Publio Works ;" ** Amar- fenu Womon—"Uheir Ioalth ond Bducation ;" *'Fe Dest Food for Blou,” Lliusirated Jowrnal of Agriculiure for Novem- bor (8f. Louin). American Litw Reglster tor November (D. B. Cuntiold & /0., Philidolphin), Cem af o YWes! Tor Novenivor.(Cliloago), Dayaf drst, and Strahon's Saturday Jovrnal, for Novempner (Alosaudor Htraben, London; the Wilmor & Rogors Nows Compnuy, New Yark), Amevican_Agricullurist for Novosubas (the Orango Judd Cohipany, New Xorkx 3 17 IBUNE: SATURDAY, NOVEMBER e S e SPARKS OF SCIENCE, LEAF-CUTTING ANTS. Mr. Bates, *‘tho Naturalist on tho Rivor Ama- zon," whilo dovaloping the history of the fauna of Bouth Amorica, mado somo intoreating dlucov- orles concorning tho babits of the Banba anta (Occodoma cephalofes). Tho immonso numbors and tho tirelods fudustry of theso littlo crenturos olavate them to a groat importance among tho antmals of Brazll, . Tuolr most striklng propen- slty la to dofolinto trees, and thls makos them a torriblo scourge to agsoulture. In somo segions wheto thoy ato unusually populous, it is fnpos- ibls to cultivata cortain troes and vegotables, na tho coffoc-plant, and orange, and lomon, No barriors oppose thelr progross, and they will strlp o treo of its folinge in & single night, Thoy cut tho loaves in clroular ploces about tho #lze of sixpence,—out ** ollest inbabitant” will remem- ber thio cofy,—tshich thoy transport in n vertical Ennmau, tho lower edgs seourad in tho mandi~ u{‘%‘heu ongogod in the work of cutting loavas, tho nuts mount o troo in muititudes, ~Enoh in- dividual takes up his stand on the surfaco of a 1eaf, ond onts, with (s sharp, acizeorlike jaws, o somi-circulnr ncision, It then {alkos tho edzo In ita-jaws, aud, with & eherp jork, dotaclies tho plece. Bomotimes tho pioces ato dropped to the ground in littlo houps, which are enrricd away by another rolay of workers ; but genorally cach outtor marchos off with the picoo it has sovered. An tho procossion of carriors movos along s uni- form path to tho oolouy, it has tho appeatance of o train of animntod loavos on tre march. "Tha track over which tha ants travel with thewr burden becomes in o shiort timo as smooth aud tare e If & cart-wheel had passed ovor tho sround, Ad the auts troop wp to tholr domioilo, ench one dopogita” fta burdea on tuo hilloul, and nuothor talkes It to its place of final de- poait. ‘'ne use which the nants makoe of these leaves is to thateh thu domes which covor the entiances to tholr subterranean dwollings, thoroby pro- tecting the broous In the nears boucath fromtho ralo, Thoro aro scveral spocles of the germa Uccodoma, vl pecwsiar to Troplcal Americs, and all leaf-cuttors, building nosts or formicaries of unonons extent, ‘L ontworks which yprateat tho underground galleries do not rixo abovo 3 foot in height; but some of thom cover & Bpaco of 40 yords in circumforonce, Wncso mounds uro compused of vory minute granules of undorsoil, brought up from pconsidorable acpth, and formed 10to Bnmerous ridges and Lurrots, The outtauces to tho gallovies aro manifold, and all converge, at tho depth of about 2 feet, into o brond, smooth gallery, or mine, eeveral iucizos in disme- tor, nnd desconding feom 3 to 0 foet. o Oechodomas aro known to earry thelr minos sometimes to n wouderful langtn, They will tunnel undar s ditch, 8 river, or a patch of grage, that fnpedes thele progross nbove pround. According Lo the Rov, Howmlet Clark, ono species excavated o tunne! undar tho River Parehvbo at o placo whera the bed waa ns broad as tho Thames at London Lridgo. Near Para, the Sanba auts onco pierced the embankment of a largo tesor- voir, cauging the oseapo of thoe entiro body of water it coneained, Dr. Lincecum, who has ob- served o opecies which abounds in Toxes, statos that they often_car:y their subterrauenn rosdy for sovaial undred vards, when obstiuctions lio in thelr patson thoe suriace. **On ono occnsiou, to kceura accoss to & gentlomau's gavdon, whore they wero outting tho vegetubios 1o pieces, thoy tunneled benonth a ervek, whirk was at that placo 15 or 20 feet doop, hidl from bank to bank aboat 80 feob.” Mr. Bates found the Banba ant troublosomo, not only from ity custom of _dostroying vogota tion, but from its hiabit of plundering the sulab. stauts of taeir provisions. Whilo ho was resid- fug on tho Laprjos River, ho was sronsed ono night by his servant, who aunounced that the m{zu were dovouriug bis stock of furmba, which acticlo chanced st the lima to Lo exceedingly searco and exponsivo. On goinu to tho store- room, it wed fonnd that the robbera wera Bauba ants inatead of rats, A broad column, com. poscd of thouanndy, wag steadily passing back and forth batween tho door sud the Laslksts of furmba. Those passing outwards were ludon sitlh tho grains, sometimos largor than the indi- viduala that boro thom. Somo of the smallar ants gctually staggesod undor theload, which comnlotely bid theot. The baske's comlaining the :o1nbin, etanding on high tables, were cov- etad with tho lusects, many of which wore busr cutiing the laves which served a8 & hniug, ‘Chis operation produced tho rustling noise wuich first d:aturbed Mlr. Batos' bouiolold. An offort was mado to put a stop to tho dopre- duationa ot the ins=cts by xulling them ; but fresh hiosts cama to supply the pirces of tno dead, aud tho attemut was found unavasiling. The uvext night, trains of gunpowder wera luld nlony tasic tino of mareh, and, asler thoso hiad veeu fred sevornl times ovor, Lo ants scemod to be inthni- dntod and ceas:d their invasions, A gentlemuu u Pora tried evory mesus be conld ik of to exterminato the pesis which wore dosolating his gudens, Euwmally ho mado fires over . the en- traucan to thelr formicarics, and blow tho fumns ot sulvhur down iuto the galleviea with 2 bel- lows, ‘Tho smoke frsued through outlets ninoty yords dirtant froou the uoint of 1its eutrauca, shoving Low oxtonsively the gnlicrios rumifled but whether it exteimunated tho inoabicuuty i3 Dot reluted. TIE BAMUOO, Among the infinita varioty of plants with which Nature hus clothed the enrth, tho bamboo is one of the most uscful to uncivilized man, Tho number of valuable purposes which it sorvea can searcolv bs enumeratod, and ig almost with- out limit, Itisanative of tropical and sub- trogical countries in both homispbores, and flourfshes In varied soils and situations, Al- though diiferont species sttain tho hoight of 1ofty troes, and might proporly bo rogarded as sueh, tho bamboos in reality ara meraly grauses of » gizantic staturo, Thora are sard to Le as many a3 170 distinod specios, ranging In sizo from & switch to a tree with o trank 18 inchea in dismotor, All tha spacies have n sabtorranuan root-stock, from the Joiuts of wlich 10 to 100 stoma shoot up into the alr. ‘The stems aro hollow nnd jointed, 28 In all tho grasses, and riso straight and ovect fo their full height, withont sonding out a branch. At their summit thoy emit o savies of horizontal bonghs, which, futeilsciug, form o douso thicket, The stoms of soma specios aro armed with spincs, and, growing thickly sot, torm an almost impon- etrublo barvior,. The smolier spocios are often plantod fur hedgos. Tho yomug shoots of cer- toin kindy, a8 the B. Tulda, are valen like aspar- agus, or plekled in vinoger, Euronoans, as woll £a nativos, aro vory fond of those arlicles of food. ‘Uhe'tow shoota grow with amazing ropid- ity ndding soveral foot to their hoight in a single diy. Ther development ocan bo plainly soen tinough o mioroacops, ‘Iho bamboo renches tho ngo of fitty yeors boforo it blossoms, When 1t has borno scod it dios, us do the olber pradses, ‘a0 secdn of somo of the specics zro used o rico and for makiug o kind of hoer. Tho Joftiest of Lho bamboos 18 the Sgmnot, shich sometimes rives to tho hoight of 100 feet, with o stem of only 18 inches in dizmeter at tho base, tho bollow wall of which s but 1 inch in thickuces. 'Pho nuxt lagoss gpecies is tho Jily, which usnally tenches n hieight of from €0 to 70 feot, Tho third largost pravails throughout the continent and [slands of ‘Southorn Aws, dud erows to tho holght of 50 fect. Ad the stems of tho bamboo are hollow, and yot divided by strong partitions at the joints, thoy avo readily convorted into cups, Water-vos- sels, boxos, and casos of every gort, and even into bostu and borrels, ‘Mhoy aleo mnko oxoel- lont cooltlog utensile, as thoy will admit of water and vegotables Deing boiled in them. Tho stemn of tho B. Tobaccarta, which isso havd thnt it will sirlxo fira undor tho blow of a halchet, is polished and used for the stalka of tobucoo-pipo, Ou tho wost coast af Sonth Amorica and iu the islunds of Asin, bamboo furnishies all the me- terlals for tho gonstruction of bousca, Mr. Wal- Jace saye of thuke wmado by tho natives of Dotneo s Thoy ore all rained on poste, snd ate often 200 or 500 fect long, and 40 or 60 foct wito, Ilo floor &y always formed of utrips spHt {romn lurgo hnmhoos, o that oach may be neriy stat and nearly 3 Inchea wido, and thers aro firmly ted down with ruitan to the jolsts boucatti, When well made, this 18 o detighttal floot to walk uyion barefooled, {he rounded surfuaocs of the bamboo helng very smooth and agrecablo o the feut, while, at tho waio Lne, affording o frm hold, But, What s more important, they fori, with o mat over then:, an oxcel- Jont bud,—ths clasficily of tho Lamboo, uud ity ratinded nurfaos, being far nuperior to o mure rigid aud wilattor flooe, Whon, howeyer, o flut, close tlour iaree qulred, excellont boards are made by splitlug open Tirge Latbaos on oua side only, nod flatteufoy thou oul 50 aa ta form alahs 18 {nolies wida aud 8 feot long, Theno, with constont vubbing of thn fost wnd tho amoky of years, hecona dark und polishad, Lke walnut or old oak a0 thut Lheir veal muteriol can Lexdly by rece . Tho bamboo ia aleo employsd in buldlog bridgow, whick are strong aud safo, yot oxtrome- 1y slonder and shoky. The foundation consisls of two ntout bamboos orossed like the lotier X, and bound tightly togothor, Upon tbis asingly broad bamboo is 1aid for u pathway, und snothor, elevated & little ahovo, mervos us o bard-roil. When asiver is tobe crossed, the bridge in puri- Iy flm.vp:r:?“ Irom nuamahovasgmughfi :ruf, an supported llagon: struty from the {suk. b“i‘l.mn hrfmn 'fuu sustain Toorteavalers carcyiog heayy. burdant, anid. th AR SAckAS Rarva tusan Wik, pertost frendomn growing every day greator, 21, and foarlesenegs, In climbing the unked trunka af lofly trees, tho Asiaticy opt pogs of tho Liamboo, 8 foat In lougth and sharponed ot one ond, nud, driving thom into the trunk as thoy nacond, nt regular {ntarvals, constructing o lnd dor, or stnircase, on Which to go up or down, ‘Lo insuro its satoty, long bamboo ntems avo tied Lo each of tho pogs nuacessivoly, 5o that, It any ono peg lodsons or gives way, thoe weight of tho climbor will Lo thrown upot several pogs abovo aud below it, s About mxty spoclos of tho blnmboo are native to Clung; ond throughout tho Ewpire it i cul- tavatad [n the gardons of tho poor and the patks of tho wonlthy, and put to overy concelvabla ugo, Tho tubes form oquednctd for carrylog wator, and bandlea and rivs for fang and um. brollas, ‘Tholoaves arasowed into raln-clonks for farmors and bostmen ; are mado futo sails, wat- ted into thntehen, and sy ept into hoapa of mau- ure, Cut info splints, tha wood ia made *‘inte baskats awvd trays of evory form and. fancy, twistod futo eabies, plaited into nwnings, ane wovon into mate, for the sceneries of tho theatro, for tho roofs of boats, nnd tho oasing of goods, Tho elinvinga aropacked into onkum fo bo stuffod luto matirensen. Tho bamboo frirnishea the bod for sleoping, the couch for retiving, the chair, for sittiug. Lo chop-sticks for entiny, tho pipo for smoking, the fluts for entostaining, o curtain for tho deor, and a Lroom to swoop arouad it Tha ferula to govorn tho scholar, the book ho studies, aud the paper ho wriles, ail originated from this wonderful grass, The tapering bairels of the organ, and tho drondinl instrument of tho lletor,—ong to strizo harmony, and the other to strika dead ; tho rulo to measura longthe, tho cup Lo gsuge quantitios, and the bucko: to draw water; tho bollows to blow the fire, and the bot- tlo to rotain tho mateh; tha bird-cago and crab- net, the Mali-polp, the water-wheol and eave-durt, wheelbarrow and hand. cart, aud o kst of other things wo havo no room to mention, are the \xtlhl]fles’m which this magoileont grass is ocon- vorted.” A coarse, but (icmd, aart of* pavor s manufac- tured from tho tipsue of tho bmnboo, in India. Thero somotimos tesues from tho joints of this plant o eaccharine fluld, which, whon dried from oxposuta to the atmosphore, was ocalled, by the Groels, Indion honoy. A remarkablo subsianco, cnliod tabasheor, occasionally forms in the juints of #pacios growing {n dry situations. It cousists chicfly of silico. with & littlo llme and vegotable malter, It is much used by the Hiudoos as u tonic, ond i8 often chowod with botel to renovato the system. ‘Lhere aro sevoral varisties, tho rarcat of whioh is oxtromoly bmulltx\, being of n delicato azaro by rofisctod Hight, and of a palo yollow by trans- nutted Hght. Of all kuown substauces, tabagher has tho loweat reflectivo power. A speeimen of bamboo growing in Erazil may Do cailed o liviog fountain of swoot aud rofrosl- iug watsr. 1t grows from 80 to 40 feot high, with o diameter of § inclies, 'Tho utems of Lo shoots are filed with a ool liquid, which ailays the most burning thirst. The planc ie » gratoful boon to a hot country, whore it supplies the nutives, who may bo afar from water, with » delicious boverage. PAPER, A recont report on * Paper-Making aus Con- ducted in Western Massachusolts” contains o list of 112 different materials for making paper, from all of which an articlo of fair quality can be produced. Amoug tho list ara onumerated asparagus, beet-root, cabbage-stumps, spittle, hop-vincs, hornete' nests, 1i valley, leathor-cuttings, mummy-cloth, sawdust, thistles, aud willow-twiga. Of tho utility of Trog-spittla ns & matorial for paper-moking, tho roport ktosos that, in 1800, P, Do Labigano, of UpperRed Hook, N, Y., broughitabag of frog-apit~ tle to ths papo:-mill at Cataliil, wLich was manu- factured futo o paper of inferior qua'ity. ‘Tho oxoeriment was ropardod as of sufliciont impoit~ auco lo metit tho nume of **o giout disoovery,” In consideration that tho uses for paper are con- slautly incrensiog, nud that tho domand is it is poouli- arly nterosting to uote what'and how many materinis may Ue employed fu its manufncture, 1t a elntod that tho total anunal production of paper in tho world nmounts to 1,800,000,000 pounds, Of this, 200,000.000 pounds nra cou- snuiod by Governmiont offices, 180,000,000 by archools, 210,000,000 wm commotce, 180,000,000 1o industria] manufacturos, 100,000,000 iv privato correspondence, aud 990,000,000 :n printing. In addition to these ovteblithod uare for paper, it is belng consumed a8 a substituto for wood and metel 1n sevotnl dopartmencs of manufacture. Papor-veunsls for holding watur hnve heon gen- ornlly_introducad; whilo boats, billinrd-valla, car-wheels, and cven houses, wa constructed of the matarinl PROPERTIES OF THE COLCHICUM-TLANT. An intorasting paper on the peculiar propor- {les of tho Colchicuin Aulumnale—tho meadow- saffron or Autumn Crovus—was road bofore the Trouch Academy of Boionces, 2t Caris, at it nmooting in Septomber, by Mr. Isidoro Piene. When the blossoms of this plant aro opening, thoy emit & poisonous exbalation, which ailec.n tho human skiu a¢ & cousiderablo distance, I hio flowors aro touched st this time, they im- pavt to the siin a livid yellowish-green, such ay characterizos & human_tody in the ecrly stages of decomyosition ; but, ‘aftor somo ten secouds, it resumen it8 painral color, 1f the handlug of tho oponing blossoms be continaad long, thoro follows g numbness -in the hands for somo bours. Lv las long been Joown that tho Col- chicum acts as a strons nlicahing poison whon eatou; but that it exhales, m blossoming, & poisonous offtuvia, 13 & navel fact. ‘'ue Col- chictun {8 o nutive of Europo, nnd sends up its protly blossoms in uncultivated flelds in the autumn. WOOD SEASONED WITIT SALT. It has boen founa Ly long experienco that immorsion in calt water while wood i uensoniug provonts or rotard its decay. In Holland, whoro active shipbwi!ding bas boan carricd on for conturies, this fact i3 univorsally sduwitted sud utilized. Other niritime nations have also known aud taken advuntago of it Itis found, too, that piles sunk in salt water laut for en unlimitod timo, Exteinul causes of decay may bo noulralized by vaiuting the wood; but, againgt the internal dvy rot, this s inolfective. I order to prevent dry ror, wood must bo sub- jected totreatment whoaseasoning,andsalt scems ta ba tha most availablo of tho sfnole aud cheap antidotes. Even aftor dry roé hus commenced n timber, immersion in salt wator cliecky tho decay aud presarvos tho 1omatndor of the wood. Tt 15 snid that, v the sale mives of Hungary and Tolaud, the gatleries are supportod by wouden pilarsy whicli Inst unimpaired for ago4, from eing imprognatod with snlc, DINORFNOUS CUTTERLIES. Mr.W. It Edwards, thooatonologist, has fonnd, by & seriea of esperimonty, that certain specioy of butterflles, of tho genus Grapta, ara dimor- phous, For exatnplo, & Grapla Dryas which ho had secluded in o net thrown over o branch of ita food-plunt, laid & bateh of oggs, from which thero bintehed = largo numbor of Grapla comma nud els Granta Dryas. A similar exporintent whych bio tried with the Grapla commw 18 de- soribod by bimy in the Canadian Entoinologiat. Ou ths 10th of Nay s iuclosed ono of tho kpo- cies in a ot fastenod to & hopevine, She luid pout forty ergs, from which emerged {hiity- nino catorpillars. lost of theso reached the chryealln state, and botweon the 301 ond 1ith of ‘June thare emorgod thirly:four buttorfioes, ovary ono of which wes a Dryas. CURE FOR DIVQTURRIA, The ravages of diphtherin have boon 80 ex- tensive In Australin within tho last few yoars thit the Government offered a large reward for ony cerlain mathod of cato. Among tho re- sponses was ono by Mr. Groathoad, who at firat Lopt his mothod a sevret, but nfterwards com- munjeated it reely. It consista solely of sule phurle neld, four drops of which ero diluted in thrae-fourths of o tumbler of water, to bo nd- minlstered to an adult ot intervals not specified. In cwo of chilldren tha doso is mmellor, The ro- sl of this remody s enid to bo a cosguiution of tho diphtheyilio menbrane, and its ready romovnl by coughnigr. 1t is nuxertod that, whoro the cawo thus treated has not advanced to the vory lust stago, the pationt racovers in ncarly evory lustauce. NEOICINAT, PLANTE. Tt 1a nunounced that Prof, Bentley, of King's Colloge, and M. ‘Lrinen, of the Brilish Musoum, are proparing covjointly an illustrated work ou modloloal pienty, It wilt ombrato full botanioal doseriptions, and su ascount of tho propertios and uxoa of tha princivel plants employed in médicluo,—cspocial attontion Leing pald to thoso which aro atiirmed in tho Britjali und United States pharawoapaing, Thore will also ba n- cluded u dovoviptivo Hst of the plants which supply food and substancos required by the slok and convaleseont. BKMOVISG DAY PLITY, According to an English jowrnal, hard putty onn bo removed from & wiodoweneeh by gimply applying w ploce of hasted motel, wuch us o sl duriug-iron or other_silaller implamont, Whon hentod (nob rec-hot), tho ivou 1w to ba pasked slowly over the putts, which 1 theroby voudered un‘l‘h }"" 16 “wall pat from the woud without Ly, 1874--TWELVE PAGES. 9 —— FAMILIAR TALK. . INNA OF COURT. Tho agsoolation of the members of tho varlous trades into soparata Gullds, for thio purposo of promoting the common intorests of thelr ro- Bpoative fratomition, and of mutual axsistanco in rloless, was of anciout origin In England, It waa in practico durine tho Ssxon rulo, and was continmed with growiug popularity for sovoral contuglos aftor the Norman conquest. Enolt trado had Its Guild, and no porson was allowad to onter tho ono until ho had becomo & membor of the othier. In proportion ns tho irados roso In importance, tho Gulilds incrnased m prog- perity, unlil many of them becamo soclolies of great wealth and influenco, nud roceived specinl nriviloges from the sovereign. In process of timo theso privilegos wevo sbollsbed, and the assoolations thomsclves beeomo extiuct; and now tho only warling inatitutiona to Englaud which nreservo the constitution of tho snclont Qulld are the lawyers® sociotios ontitlod tho Inns of Conrt. Thero are four of thess Inne In London, viz.: the funcr Lomple, the Middle Templo, Lincoln's Tnn, and Gray's Ion. Thoy woro established prior to the reign of Edward 1L, nud i tho roign of 1lenry IV. numbored 1,800 studonts, In 1850 thoy numbored abova 4,000, These so- clotios olaim tho oxclusive night of conforring tho degreejol Darristor-at-Law, which iarequisito for practicing as an advocato or counsel in tho suporior Courts, In order toobtain this dogree, 1t Is necosuary that tho' applicant should entor cither ona of thn Inns avd keap commons.~that ls, dive fn its hall for twelve terms, four of which ocenr ench vear. Practicallv, any porson of good charactor can prootie admisalon to an Inn; yeueach Inn has the power to dony an ap- plieant tho privilego of memborebip, should 1t chooso ko todo. Thiw power inherent in tho socioties ta, however, scldom used. Each Tun also baa (ho right to disbar its members. and of Into years the right has beou sovernl timen ex- erclead in the case of Insyors who abused :’pelr profossion and indulged in dishonest prac- ices, In ordor tosecuro ndmission toan Inn, tho upplicant mnst obtain o cortificnte of tio barrig- ters—in tho Inner Tomple, of & bencher alio— testifving to his fitnoss to be received for the purposo of boing callod to the Bar. Tho ox- rnnncu of artudont on entranco ore & little ris- ng of £40; on bis call {o the Bar, they aro about £43: ond his commons Lill may bo 8et down nt 412 gnnnally. No etudont ean bo eallod to tho Dar who is hot abovo 31 yours 0'd, and hrs not. been & member of ongof thoInns for threo Feara. Tach soclety ia entiraly distinct from tho oth- ers, though all enjoy tho samo privilegon, The separato Inns are governod by scparato Commit- tees or Boards, called the Bonchers, who are usunlly Quoen’s conrgol or sonior connsol; and oacl Lias o local habitation, consisting of a larce collection of ehnmbors, occupied almost exclus elvely by barristers or attornovsent-law, and vielding "o _largo mcome. A Council of Legal Tducation bns of lato years baen ostablished by the Inne, to superintend tho subject of tho odu- cation of tho stidents for the Brr. Law-lectures ziven ot any of the Tunu are free to the students of nll tho rest, end tho members of ench have thovgo of tho library of the Iun, n meat inits churob, and necommadation in its chambors, The Innor Templo comprises several noblo stono structures, fucluding the Chambors, the Hall, the Church, and the Library, situated upon Inuer Tomplo lane, and with ou’ entrance from Tleot strect by n gateway bullt in the timo of James I, ‘Tho Middlo Templo, comnosed of a similar suite of imposing Luildings, 18 slso located upon Inner Tomple Iano, and reached by o gate-houso on Tloct stregt, built by Sir Coristopher Wron, in 1684 Lincolu's Inn, ong tho west mido of Ousacery lane, occupies, as a part of its domain, the wito of tho town-howrs, or inn, of tho Enrl of Lincoln, Affor the death of thin nobleman, in 1312, hia palace wnd transformed into an Inn of Court, and named from him. Tincoln's Tun. Its precincts comprise soveral fino bulldings of rospectable antiquity, and o number of n quite recout date. The Library of this Inn was founded in 1497, and ia the oldast in London, Its books and MSS. oxcesd 25,000. Tta cniloction of law-books js the most comploto in Englwnd. Many of the old volumes eull votain the iron rings by which they wors onco artached to tho shelves, and tho early Year- Books nra mastly in their origin\l oak bindiugs. Tho New fall and Library o Inanguratod in 1845, by Queon Victorin and Prince Atbort, with olab'rate coremoninls, Tho principnl ontranco to Gray's Iun, on the north side of Holborn and wastof Gray's Inn lane, opens from Holborn by o gatmway erectod o 1692, All tho funs bave gardons attached, which are I:ogt with care, and formerly, wheu open ta the public, wero_pinces of fashionable resort. The Garden of Giny's Tun (Gray's Inn Walks) was Inid out about 1600, nnder tho direction of Francio Bacon, and ncnulya-uoo ia etitl shown that waa rawed from ona planted by kim. Those grounds wera for mauy years considerod tho pleasantest promanade in London. The gardon of Lincolu's Inn wasin high cultivation whilo still tho property of the Earl of Lincoin, and was titerward enlarged by tho socisty. Tho *walk under the lm.” was colebrated by Bon Jou- son. ‘Tho Middle Temple gardon used to boast of its avenuo of limes, whilo tha Inner Tomplo garden was fumous for its Provouce rosos. Shakspoare bas lntd in *The Templo Garden™ the scone of the origin of the cmbloms of the red and white roses for the houses of York and Lancaster, Richard Plantagenet having plucked o white rose, and tha Eurl of Somerset & rod one, an altercation onsncs, and tho Earl of Warsick addressos Plautagonet in tho following 1n slqualot my lovs ta thee, Agolost proud Somer-et aud William Poole, Wil X upan thy parly weur thie roce. And hiore £ propbosy s Tulw browl to-day, Grown $o thix faction, in the Tetple Gurden, Shall send Letweon thio rod roso wid the whito, A thousaud eonls to death and deadly nigh : Among the cminent membors of the Inner Tomplo wore Littlaton and Coleo, Sir Chxlstopher Hattou, the learnad Selden, Judse Jeffroys, aud tho poers Beaumont and Cowper. { ho frmous names enrolled on tho cataloguo of the Aiddle Templo ato enumerated thosa of Sir Walter Raloigh, Sir William Blackstone, Edmund b} Rictiard Dnnsley Sherdan, Jobm Ford, Wyenorly aud Congreve, tho dramntists, and the oo Moore, Oliver Goldsmith had chambers in ho Middlo ‘Towmple, whero be dicd in 1774, o the emly ngo of 45, Livcoln's Inn has adorned its hall with life- slzed figwos of somo of ita distinguislied mom- bers, as Bir Matthow Halo, Archbishop Tillot~on, Lord Chief-Justice Mansfield, and Lord Erskino, At Gray's Iun studied Hall the chronicler, Gas- cofgno the poet, Fir Nicholas Bacon and his son. Froucig. ‘ho latter hodt chambers in this fun winle Lo was Lord Chaucellor, and aftor bis downfoll resided fu them alitogetbor when in London. Southey was enterad ot Gray's 1un on leaving Oxford. The ;[:e-nuomnn of the Inns of Court wora famous in olilen times for their ravels, plavs, mnsques, aud sumptuous ontertuinmonts. Lhe foutnl dnyn of the year woro regalarly kept by thom in therr respective balls with gront splen- dor, Tho ficst thentrical represontation ex- bibited by ong of tho woclaties, of which history bus preeorved n vecord, ccourred nt Gray's Tun on Christmns, 1637, It wos tho performaunve of ncomedy writton by Jobn Roog, The plecs con- tained #omo_sovera roflections on tho pomp of the clerey, wiich gave gyeat offense to Gardwnal Wolsey, knd tho suthor was in consoquence de- raded and imprisonod. 1n 1601, Snclvillo and orton'n tingody of * Ferrex and Torrex " was performed befora Gueen Elizabuth by the Bactoty of the Immer Yemolo, In 1001, Bhakunenro's 4 Dyelfeh Night * waa played in tha hull of the Midglo Tomplo, Tho fonsts hold by this society wero ospecintly oxtravagant, rnd ‘their rovels wild and riotous, The onken tables {u thelr hall extouded from end to oud; and, untll Queon Ellzaboth's time, tho studeuts * cut {howr meat on wooden treuchora,” and drank out of aupen-wood cnps 3 but, after that, groon oarth- on cups woro {ntroduced, &ome pocimens of which atitl survive, Tho Inna of Court were cspoolatly colo- brated for {hoir roprescntation of musques, In 1681, tho Sociaty of Liucolw'n Tun exhibited one of thoss spectacles boforo James L, at White- hall, in honor of thoe marrlugo of his daughtor, o Privcess Klizaboth, Pho cost of this enter- tomment was abovo £1,080, But tho most splon- aid entortainment of the kind wus & murque whiloh the societios ropresonted bofore Charlea I, on Candlomas-day in 1033, at au oxponns to them of £2,000, Tho King and Quesn were 8o delighted with thia pecfornance that they in- vited 120 of tho gontlemen-uctore to & famlliur entortainmont ot Whitolull on tho following Shrove-Unosday, On this_occosiou, it is related by an sye-wituosa that *‘Tha ulasquors came in a'mora glorinus show, with all tha viders, which were inoreased 20, ta Merchuat-tuytor's Hotl, and thero porformed “f“ " In Part 1L of Homy 1IV., A 11L,, 8, TLE, Bliokupente atludes in sov- oral prwagzon 10 the onstoin of perforiming inters Tudlay, or wwinuos, in the Inns of Conrl Drawatio wpectasies i tha lav-societios, A8 ovarvwiioro also, wavo suppreased undor tho rila of Cromwoll, 'The luuk vovol buok pluco iu 1733, in tho toner Towyplo 1all, in houor uf My, Tal- Vot, u houcher to whow thie Groat Heal Lixd beon doliverad, Plays wore euaotod aftor divvar, sud, at the conelusion, Lhe Lord Chaucoellor, the mnn- tors, Judgos, and benchers, 1ol by the Manter of Rovaln, tormed o ring and danced ayound the firo-place, according to tho old eustom, threo times, to the muaio of an anciont song, Tolluw- ing this coromony, thers was danciug, in which Indles jolued'; nud, to ctoso all, & Hnllt collation wag sorved, Tho Princo of Walos was present abthis goy feslival, Whon Queen Victorin par- tuok of nbanquet at the inaugurition of tho now IIall of Lincoln'a Inu {n 1846, 1t waa tho firut timo b soveraign Lad visitod the socioty for noni ly two conturios, acic Chashiniag L cortarhell 29 ho evening Iy st1l] Tow aud Gray's Inu, B ey et Liuolu'e EDUOATION I8 FRANOE. We gathier from Prof. Adoms’ recont work on ! Domaocracy and Monarchy In ¥raneo * some vory intoresting facts with vegard to the condi- tlon of education iu thal contry for tho last cone tury. At tho incoption of tho Grent Rovolution, TFrance Lind & population of 25,000,000, The gol- logos or scliools in the conntry, in which ‘the clarsion wero tanght, numbored 563, with an at« tendanca of 72,747 punile, During the Ravolu~ tonary rogimo those institutions were all swept nway, the Professors woro disporsed, and the proporty sold. A few private soliaols wero aftor- wards cstablishod; but, for moro than forty yoars beforo Louis Phillppe nsconded the throne, the gront mass of tho French poople had 1o moans of eduention whatover. During tho cightoon yoars of Guizot's ndministratiou, edu- cational privileges oxporlonced a groat inorosss ; yot, In_ 1818, with a population of 86,000,000, thero wero only 09.841 papils fn the high schools of France. In othor wouds, the proportion of tho pupils in theso schools was 1 {a avery 619 gf‘,:ko 'm!;'lhlgmlsl; u\mllu‘ifl 1789, at _tha out- rosk of tho Rovolution, the b boen 1 fu overy 342, prepostlinliad T hig work on the **Progressivo Situation in .I"nmcn In 1627," Baron Dupin states that, of tho 40,000 communes ov townanips of France, 14,- 000 wora ontirely without schools. Iu oonneco- tion with tlua fact he eaya : France will have to put forth thy b sales hersulf, by meany of Gmemaly” natruetion, (o o slmplo lovol of thoss poopla whiom wo have besh i thio hnbit of regardingaa ignoraut, 1 any boldly that, in thts rorpoct, wo nro bolow the Irisb nnd tho Aus- trians, Thisinferlority fs capecially noticosble in the Boutl, which fa far leas advanced than tho North, Franco (with o population of some ,000) Liad 30 I ber primary schools only B87,713 olars ; nnd, in 1820, the nuniber had only Ineretsed iow ad 3 e licseaod (o 150bods, ¥ \ho”mumber haa From this wo loarn that, in 1827, ont of & poy ulation of 34,000,000, ohly 13,000,000 of ' the Fronch could road. ‘Tho repart of the Fronch Miuister of Puble Instruction for 1865 shows that, of tho vonscripta drafted in 1864, 80 to 40 por cent could neithor road nor write. In 1872, M. Taino statos In his work on * Universal Suf- frage,” in all Franco, of svery 100 male fuhabit~ ants, 80 can neither read nor writa; and hondds thut the ignoranco and intelloctual apathy of tho Tiench peranntry aro indoscribable. Hamorton o>ufirms this testimony. In his ** Iotollectual Life," Lo romarks of the French peassutry: Thoy read nothing, they loarn nothing, think of nothing, but monay and the sotistaction of tlelr appo- ites, Tholr iguorance posses bolief, and in accom- panfed with au absoluto satisfaction, ' Bf. Renan come Jlsius thiat tho country s sinking deopér aud deeper ato vulgariy, forgl ngflfl- past and s noble onthu- . STheen ninsms, of the Lourgoolslo com= Inonces, " 81¥a ‘Flaubort, *elnco it is coming 10 enlers tain tho seniimonts of the ropulaco, T da not soa that it reads othor jonrnals, that it yogies itaelf with other ‘music, or thut its pleasiures nre mora clovated. With both clarses thera §8 tho same Iava of monay, the same rrapeet for nccompifehed facts, the same necossity for idols fn order to deatroy them, tho samo hotrod-of nlf superiority, tho sme epirit'of disparagement, tha sama clnss {guorsnce,” Joined to thie above exposition of the ignorance of tho lower clasacs of France, tha followin, fncts, which wo convey in the language of Prof. Adams, gssume an increased signification: In 1843, there wero in Paris 1,050,000 {nhabitents, af whom'moro than ouc-thikd bed boon born eut of wedlcok, To bo oxact, tha population, necording to tho census, Waa 10 Hliegitimate to overy 185 logitimnto, Iu Purls, then, ticre were, whon e Revolution of 1818 Lroke ouf, 350,000 people of illegitimate birth. Eince thio Grest Revolution, every third chfld in Paris voceived ita firat lessona of Iite in foundling-hoaple . . .« Tho enfant trouvo, when grown: up, bo- comes tlie gamin do Parls, whoso pecnliar naturo js so raplically described by Victor Hugo fn Len Misera- iloa; and tho garutu, when atill further dovolaped, ia {he proper tenor of any truo clvilization, Ile hias, generally, the rudiments of an_ educstiun,—enough to ‘enablo hifn to read the worat liter.ture,~that s to eay, guougl tacunblo it o Imbie teniplation 1o overs form, without ennbling Liftn to combat it. His parents nro unknown to him, and his offspring are a8 strange to Lum ax hin parents; for thoy s thelr father Lad Deen beforo tliom, are sont to {20 Foundling-Hospital, —_—— LIBERTY. What man fa thera 80 bold that be should say, #Thug und thas only wonld T hava the sea7? For whether lying cilm snd Leaubiful, Glasping th carth in love, and throwing back ‘Tho Ao of Loaven from wave of nmelyt ; Or whether, fresbened by the busy winds, It bearw the trade aud navies of tho world To enda of usa nnd stern activity : Or wlhethor, Inahied by terupests, {t gives way To olemental fury, bowls aod roars At all its rocky barriers, in wild lust g! f‘Mi:l llfll;‘&l tho I;'l-lm‘n,la\'hfl living Ih.lam nd strows ‘wrecka o'er leagues of desalste P ‘Always 3¢ 1 the ses, 1nd all bow down, b Tefora it vast and variod majeaty, And 80 fn valn will timorans mon exssy “To sot tho metes and bounds of Liberty, For Frecdou s 1ts own eternal law, It makes ita own conditions, and in storm Or ealm aliko fulfills ite unerring Wil Lot us uot then desplae It when it lies $11!1 as a wleoping lon, while A swarm £ guat-iike evils hovor round ite hoad : Nor doubt it when in mad, dinjoluted times 1t uhiaked tho orch of terrar, aud ita or Shrills o'er tho qu.king carth, and in the Aame Of riot and war wo ses it8 awful form Riss by the seaffold, whers tho esimson ax Teingn dawn ita grodves the kaoll of shuddering Kings, For ulwaya in thioe eyes, O Liborty | Birlnes tint high Hght wheroby tho woeld fs saved ; Aud, though thou glay us, wa will trust in thee ] —Joln Hay in 4 Lotos Leaven,” Von Moltic’s Mabits of Lifes A Fronch tourist in Germany gives an accound of Von Moltke's daily lifo in the country. The chatean and yfllnfiu bolonging to tho old i{-r«nn} ura situated in Silesin, whore they lio amid fertile lunds_diversified by plessant “sconery. The dwelling-housa iy moro spacions thau clegant, its whitewasboed wall and groon shutters moking it louk like the proporty ol somo poneant grown rich. Tta solitary ownor rises regularly at 5, warms his coffeo, which is propared over mght, on Lus lamp fed by epirita of wino, and then gocs out immedintely into tho park, His meditative alr o8 ho walks up and down the alioys, his close~ iy-slinven faco well-furrowed with wrinkles, his EtMT black cravat, long cont and slouch bat, give him the nir of somo old Luthoran minisier pre. paring bis Buuduy sermon. At 7 the Morsbal comasouces a genoral ronnd of inepection throngh thostables, gravary, mills, and distiliory, until fiu arrives at tha orchard, whero o lovos to linger, Lkntfo in hand, now pranivsy somo umuly branch, or anon rewoving doad twigs, At 10 he break- fasts on a bowl of soup or glass of wine, with a wlico of bread and butter. Tien he ruus through his correspondence. Walking follows, or n drive to visi some neighbor, and the return doss not take Plum until 8 o'clock for tes, On Sundsys alone Lie abatnius from worlk, but after golog to ehurch bo sponds the romaimng hours among s workmon aud laborora in pious rea:tinm, for ho iv sinceraly roliglons, Ofton at night he vis- its his wife's tomb, which luconcealed by a row of cypresces, on s lulock in the park., Bho died ou tho Christmna night of 1868, Bae way young and chnrmmfi. aud they sppear to have baen Londorly attached to ench otlior, sitbough ho might havo beon her father. Whonever bo arrives at e seat, his first care, prior to ou- tering his houso, is to go and pray at bhor grave. il Bow Stutucs are Mado. ‘The bronza statuary just now go populsr s manufactured by & simplo onough process, Over tho olay model {8 pourod a coatlng of plaster of Pariv, whion having boon nowed to sat, is takon off in sactions, thus slording a hollow mold of the figure, TFrom sucha mold is produced a stuceo duplicate, eithor of tho ontirestatuo orot stich o portion thorcof as is intouded to be cast at n timo, and on this again 18 formed & socond mold of groater thioinoss mdvnalxdnly for the recaption of molten motal. ‘Fhe materlal usod for tho final mold I8 8 composition of #iuooo and brick-dust, This Is spplied in a plastio stato 10 tha stucoo model, from which ita lunor sur- faco takos the form of the tiguro. Woro statuos cust golid, it would nmow only be necessary to separato mold from modol, and ruu metnl into b formor Lill its intorior waa Bldud. 'This,how- avor, would fuvolve absurd waste, and [n orderto economizo waterial, o solid coro is placed inslda the wold, luaving ouly wuck space all around ns will recoive tho thickucss of moatul deomed nec- essary for tho work in hand, The mould with its coro having been thus completed and flemly hooped_ronnd with bands of iron, i8 placed in a kilu to bake to pertect dryness, This precaution Is nocesnucy from tho circumstanco that even a tinea of mofsturo might on the appiication of molten metsl occasion & dangeroun explosion, 1n tho casa of (ho casting now la quostion the drying ot the mold ocenpios somo weeks, On tho rsmoval from the kilu the mould is butfed in «iry carth Lelow the floor of the foundry, only thn aporiure for tocelviug the motal ond the yanteliolo for tho escaps of uir romainlug visible.