Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, August 29, 1874, Page 9

CHICAGO' DAILY TRIBU E; SA URDAY, AUGUST 29, 1874, e e e ‘9 T T AMSTERDAM TO FRANKFORT. Utreeht-=-The Jnnsen!sls---fl‘fm Ca~ thedral-Tower and {ho Public Nall, Cologne—Its Mistory—The Great Cathedral ~lloly Relies—Tho Kloven Thousand Virgins, The Rhing---How the Germans Have Fought 1,900 Years for Its Possession. The Intercsting Portion of the River, Botween Bonn and 3 Bingen, 014 Feudal Castles--~The Robber Barons, Their Depredations, and Thelr Overthrow, The Vinoyards of the Rhine---Frank- fort, the Cradle of the Rothschilds. Spectal Correspondence of The Chicaan T'ribune, FRANRFORT, July 20, 1874, After leaving Amstordam for Frankfort, which §1 about 500 miles distant, tho country is & low, flat plain, striped with ditches filled with stag- nant water, a8 far as tho eyo can penotrate in evory direction, The surface of the soilis 16 foot bolow low-tido levol of the ocoan, and moro than 40 foet bolow the highest tides. On ap- ‘proaching Utracht, 26 miles frum Amstordam, tho country presents slight undulations of sur- faco, which are ancient sand-ridges thrown up by tho setion. of the ses and winds when the shore-line extondod that far inland, vrnECHT is situated at the forks of a branch of the Rhine: arno fork, called the Vecht, flows to Amatordam ; tho othor, called the Old Rhine, flows past Loi- den futo the soa mear by. Iofore A. D, 839, tho main atream of tho Rhino flowed pnst Utrocht; but, after a great inundation which destroyod 100,000 lives,—it tuined its oourye into ite presont main outlats, the Lek and tho Waal, one of whioh flowa pust Rotterdam, and the othor past Dort. Utrecht containg about G0,000 1nhabitants, and the residence of mauy of tho Dutch aristocracy, on acconnt of not belug subject to dangor of inundation, The Hoiland Mint is thore, It ia also the headquarters of the Jansenists, a sect of dissenters from the Catholic Cliureh, who objected to a buli of Pope Alexau- dor VIL which condemned ss lLerstical certain doctrines taught by Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres. About 20,000 persons adbered to the Bishop; but tho scct is decaying, and is now grenily reduced, not numbering more than ,000. Negotiations are going on with & view to join the O1d Catholic soct, recently started by those who refuse to ac- cept the Papal-infallibility dogma. What the particular point of dilYerence was that soparated tue littlo Jansenist sect from the 3Mothor- Chureh, nobody has been able to inform me, a8 the point seems to bo forgotten, while the mchismstics continuo thoir system of worship from the force of long habit. - The most conspicuons object in Utrecht is the TOWER OF TIE OATHEDRAL, which is 827 feet high, and 70 feet square at the bage,—bwilt in 1382. From its top can bo scen nlmost the whola Kingdom of Holland, on a clear day. Amsterdam, the Hague, Rotterdam, Bred, Dort, Loiden, Arnbem, tho Zuider Zie, the chiof outlet-branches of the Rhive, be- #ides hundreds of villages andecanals, and thoa- #ands of rovolving windmills, are ull within view from this oxalted look-ont. Tue high lands mway to the eastward, constituting tho ancient slore-lino of the ocenn, ean be traced for a long distance. The Public Hall is stll standing, in which was signed tho Act of Confedoration in 1579, which declared Svo Soven United DProvinces of Holland roo and indopendent of Spain and all her ovil deeds, The Dutch Toverence the old Hall even more than the Americans do Indopendence Ilnll in Philndelphis, and it cost their forefathors a nch bloodier and more dosperale struggle te achicve thoir independence than it did ours. Utrecht is at Lhio goographival contro of Hol- laud, but the Dutch Government. proforred THE HAGUR for the Capilal on account of ite more secura lo- eativn [row invasion, and s ereator sslubrity, being near the ocean, and _sheltered from the west winds by the high sand-ridgo along the sea- shore. Oo thin * dune,” or sand-ridge, 8 milew distaot, is_the famous Dulch watering' or sen- bathing place, called Beheveningen, to which thousnnds of the wealthier clusses of Holland- ers resort overy summor. Thespaca between it and the Hague is plauted with pino-trees, which slone can exist on tho buiren sand-plafo, and thoy linve a hard **struggle for life. From Utrecht to the Gorman froutior is about G0 tles, This tract of couutry is called Gueld- erland, the Capital of which is Arnbom, & town of §0,000 inhubitants, and the districs’ around which is tormed THE ‘' DUTOI PARADISE," ou_ account of tho remarkablo fertility of ite 8oil, aud 1he fact that the stroams in tha canals Oow of their own accord, without the proputsion of windmills, The water iu thoditchos is, thero- foro, Jets stagnuny and stinking than that in the fower lands farthor towards the ses. The flelds are densely populated with fat cattle and long- wool sheep, aud the crops of grain und {1088 are of the moat luxuriant desoription, This part of Bollund is not below tho ocean-land, except at vory bigh tides; but it i In constaut peril from the spriug-freshets of the Rbine, which often, by reason of ico-barriers, overflows its artificial embaukments, and eweeps away inhabitauts, cattle, aud habitations, At the lllmut where the Rhine, just after en- tering Holland, divides into the Waal aud the Lok, uro erceted GREAT NYDRAULIO WORKS, tonsisting of dams, dvkes, und jetties, construct- od of wickor-work and earth, which are thrown up along the shore or iuto the Rhine, The ob- 1ect in to so distribute its_curront thut, m sll Buutos of its flood, two-thirds of the water shall bo couveyud iuto the Wual branch, and only one= third into the Lek. Itis (he duty of the engi- neaw to watch the variutions of the curront and ‘tho loval of the Rhino, and to puard sgamst clisnges and preserve the proportions, by throw- Ing out the jetties, and ratging or lowering tho dumi, aud otlier contrivances to deflect tho ‘water, ‘tho safoly of great districts of conutry depend upon malntaining the proper equilibrinm betwaon theso two main ontluts to_ the soa. Eternal vigilance is tho price of freedoms from growning in Holland, Tho Prussinn Loundary begins quite clore o tho point last desorived, and whore the Rhive siill runs iu ono chanvel, Holland uccupies merely tho Dolta of the Rhine, aud adjoining distriots wrosted trom the aoean. Tho rullrond londs along up the right bunk of the Ithine to Dologne, where nearly sil tourints lvave it and Jaka the steawmer Lo Mayouce, «t the junction of ibo Main with the Rhiue, Trom tho Irussian frontier to Mayance, the conntry in uninteresling and deslitute of acenery; but the land sooms to bo foruile und productive, Tho surface is gon- stally level ; but, 1 pluces, thers are hills uud ridges coverod with trees, which brenk the monotony. At the Town of Wesol are oxtonsive lortifications, forming the bulwark of Prussia on Ahe Holland frontier, Twenty miles farther up Lo Ithine, tho traveler comus to THE GREAT COAL-FORT, salled Rubrort, siwuated at the Juuction of the River It watk the Rblas, This Yttlo wtrean wxtenda awny up among tho hills of Wastplilia, which are underlaid with coul, it being wne of the largest coul-tiolds in Luiope, Four to fiye millions of tous ure annually bropght down Lo Rubirort in barges aud by tail for exportution to rurious conntrios and provinces, IHolland gots bulf Ler supply of coal from this point by boats o tho Rhine,” Lurge quantition go up the river fo Cologuo, Lonn, Coblonz, Mayouce, ant * Frankfort, and a considorabla portion of Noyth Bermany 18 ulso snppliod from thore. Noar tho rallroad-utation aro the vast Phanix Company Iron-Works, which opemte nine blast und 140 puddling farnpces, The whole vicinity glows with furnace-firos, and the tower ia enveloped in, b daune cloud of ovnl-swivke, The plave cous taing “mrhu A 60,000 inhabitants, who aro sup- portad by :Kn conl and iron businoss. Thirty milos furtber up the Rhine is Dussol- dorf, tho Capltal of the Ithenish Provincos of Pruesia, containing 06,000 inhabitants, Although itis tho hondquarters of an oxtensive schiool of pumters, many of them artists of considerable celobrity i Gormauy, fow tourluis tarry thare uince ita famous gnllm{ of pnluungu were ro- moved to Munich, ~ Au honr's run of the train through well-cultivatod and fertilo plains brings tho travelor ta tho famous old city of COLUGNE, the largost and woslthicst city on the Rulne, contalving now 175,000 inbabilanuts, of whom only 25,000 ato Protestauts. An the railivay Dasses nlong {n front of tho city on the opposite bank of the river, a fino view Is prosonted of Cologno with its many towers and stooplos ; but conspicuous abovo il olao in the vast Cathodral enllod Domkircho Ly tho nativos), which, af & (histance, resomblos a groat rock or small mouu- :;:r::.l dwarting everytuing else around 1t by con~ “Cus origin of Cologno dates away back to tho poriod of tue Roman veeupntion of this portion ot Gormany. A logion was quartared here for two or threa conturics. Agrippina, the mother uf Noro, was horu horo, in the oamnp of hor father Gormanicaa; ond, balf a contury later, #hio wont luther a coiony of Roman veternns, au gavo the’ plrca hor own namo, ealling it Colonie As:rh‘vPlua; the first part of the nrwo is atill re- tained, but slightly alterod in the spelling, 'Tho inlbltants cluim to bo the descondauts of thone Italiun coloniste, and_are very proud of their Roman blood ; and, while the common langusge is Gorman, tho Fronch tongue is spokon by por- Laps half'the populntion, 'Tho vity has always been noted for the devotion of the inanbitants to the Church and their roveronca for holy rol- ics, In these respecta they aro more like tho Lronch and Spamords than tho German Cntho- lies, who, while devoted to the Clureh and ity creed, havo long since diacardod beliof in mod- urn nuracles and futh iv medieval lpositions, Between A, D. 1260 and 15669 Cologne wus ONE OF THUE MOST IMIORTANT CIT1LS ) in Europe. Atowo time it conld woud forth 80,000 fighting men. Wuen the Reformation wwopt ovor, Central Enropo, It gained a strong foothold in Calogne,—nearlydno-tiird uf tho pop: wlation ndopting tho Protostant faith, Then camo oruel nnd relontless persccutions, in which tho Jews suffered as badly as tho Protestaunts, The lutter wove finally marsucred or expolled fn 1418, and the city was givou over to the sway ot bigoted ecclosiusiical rulers, Bt whilo tho city wan thua purified of Protestanism, its businoss- proepority was ruined, and Ha population dein. died to lcss thun half of what it hud beon bofore tho persecutions began. From that period nant tho French Ilsvolutior, 180 years, tho cily was completely domjuated by tho ecclesinstics, In overy rolabwn of 'ifo, sud fow bosides them could oeither read or writo; Int chiwrches and convonls, monks and bogears, multiplivd. Tho nuwver of buildings devoted to religious purxlmu»u axcoeded 200, and it was Loosted that Colognn had a3 many steaplos n3 thero wora davs in the yoar,—many of tho churches having pinsacles wt each corasr, When the Frouch liepublicans captured the city, abont 1793, thoy found 2,600 prieats and mouks and 6,000 profeistonsl boggars 1n Cologua and not a school-houss for tho children of the peoplo In tho city. Tts strects and alloys wors kept in such flithy condition that the tourist- oot Coleridge, who visited the city sbout that time, declared that ho could dotept BIXIY-AND-NINE WELL-DEFINED 8TINKS! Tho smeils ware so slioug and unmerous that he was provoked into giving vent to by fuslings the following verso : Aye, nymplin who reign o'er sewera aud ulnks, Iho River Raine, it 14 vell known, dotls weeh your City of Culogue; But tell we, nymyphs, wint power divine Blnll heuceforth wash th Rver Rbine? While the cityis byno mesus a model of cleaulinoss now, yot the nose of the strauger wili not be moro ottended than fu snveral otber Luropean eitics, Tho French, during thoir twenty yomrs' occupation, wrought great chanpes for tho betier, not only in ennitary matters, Lut in religlous, Lho ceclesinstics had ab- sorbed pretty much sl the property*worth owniug fu tho city, oud most of tho lands nround it. Thoso tho Fronch confiscated and sold to the people. The 200 churches and con- Yonts wera reduced to twenty-nine, which have been tound ampie to accommodate the setunl religioun needs of the nopulation, A couple of regunents of lazy monks weie eithar rologated to privata life or couseripted into the army. As soldiors, they ate suld to have behaved nnd fought well.” Withiu the lnst twonty-fiyo years Cologne oy steadily incressed in~ population aud business, under the fostoring care and su- vervision of the Prussian Governmant, The groat object of {ntorest to the trayeler is TIE ENORNOUS CATIIEDRAL which way commenced in A. D. 1248, and hps re- muned up to tho prosent time untinished, aud at one time hnd nearly becomo a ruin. It took oighty-four years to orect the watla sud put on a wooden roof. From 1322 to 1509 tho work slowly progressod, and then completely stopped for 300 years. I was not {ill 1830 that the origi- nal plan woa resumed, Sinca theu £3,000,000 or 4,000,000 bas beew oxpendad upon it. Tlio vast columps bave all been roared to support the iron roof, which ik finished; the great windowa have been painted with Seriptiual seenos i the bost stylo of art; tho walls have Loen embellished with pious paintings and por- itaits of satnts, The length of the Eady of tho church is 511 feat ; the broadth is 251 feet; and the hewght, from tho floor to the roof, is 161 fect, Ouly the interior of St, Pater's. in Rome, excecds it in ho ght and other dimonaions, of all the cathadrais 1n Iurope. ''hio arrangement of tho bLutiressss, pinuscles, pillars, narolios, chupols, and ' exquesitoly-colorod ' windows, added to the enormous height of the columnd aud sizo of thoe windows, hopart to it an alr of grandeur that must be seen to be appraciated, 08 no description can couvoy n proper cancep- tion of it, When it ia finally complotad, 1t will bo the most stupondous Gothie sunrch In the world, 'The two enormous towors have now at- tained an altitudo of about 250 feoty 150 feot more is 1o bo added to each as fast as the work- 1men can pile up the stona, In the chapal immediately behind the high nl- t:u"i is & rcom set apart for relice and jowels, an WONDERFUL OBIECTS OF WONSIIID, IMaving heard so much about thom, Ipaid for solf aud famity-prity several florins to ‘obtain a peop nt them, The portly, good-laoking, and Dious old Saeristan watched my face closaly as Lo oxplained the wondorful nature of the holy ubjects, to seo whother my faith way equal to the tnek of credonce, I iried to preserve an uspeet of cradulity which would sbsorb the whole catalogue, Lut thought I dotected s twinklo in "his eves as he prosented ono astonishing relio after another. That the reuder may undorstand what was required to b belisved, here aro a fow of the genuine articles and objects exlibited in this greatest Goshie eathedral v Garmany: A thom from tho crown thrust on Christ's heac pieco of the cross on which he wus eruciliod ; & flugor- bouo of St. Paul; part of tho naplin with which Jesus wipod the sweat from His brow while suf- ering under the welght of the cross; the links of the chain with which Potor was fastoned; a locker of the Vurgiu's * hair: the leathor girdle of Br. John tho Baptist; ono of tho thirty pieces of silver Judas received for botraving his Master; nud, flnnlly, as the calmination of the oxhibition, the celebrated goldon shrine of tha Threo Kiugs of Cologue(?), or Magi, who camo frum the Wost with presonis for tho infant Savior! The shrine contains tho skulls of those Kings, ineexlbed with thoir names : Gspor, Melehior, and Baltlazer,writton in rubies, which si6 shown through an opening in the shrino,—crowned, or rathor encirelod, with dindems. [bis the buck of the wlulls, and not thio grim (ronts, that are presontod o the vide itor; but it is & ghastly exhibition, (What the nnmes of thovs throo medioval monks ware wiho thus woor tho dindems, is forover lost to an tn:th-Xus: ponterity.) The Hacristan oxplained thnt tho Magi wero buriod in the Chureh of St Eustorgio, in Milan, Italy, aud carrlod off by the German Emperor Fredens Bmbarosss whon ho took that elly by storm iu 1102 (aid buteh- orad all Ity inhabitants), and wave by Lim pre- souted, on bin return from the wars, to thoe Archbishop of Cologue, aud sinco then thoy lave boen sacrodly prescrved in Cologne, 1T gb- served to hum that tho collestion of sacrod rolics was cortaluly an admirable one, but thot {6 did not oxcel the ono which I nag scon in the Cuthedral in Aix-la-Chunello ; whereupon ho shrugged his shouldors, and took # pinch of suuf, and offered me ono also, which wus deolined, as lond snd violont snoozing in the presence of the Mlagi would be wndignified, iy- rovorent, and disrespeotful to thelr Sucred Majostios, THE AIX-LA-CHAFELLY COLLECTION of sacred rolics contaiu the following objects of worship for ttue bolievors: A Inr{mr fragmont of tho *true crows ™ thun that ac Cologne; a locket of tho Virgin's hair; nlso some of the Infunt's ; # Htring of beads which the Virgiu wora; the loathorn girdlo of,Christ, on whish Constanting alixed his soal fn uttestation of ity gouninonoss (160 yeurs aftor the Cructfixion) ; tho cord which wai attached to thio rod which smote hin eral of the thorns; u fingey-bone of Ht, # nwil of the cross; the sponge whioh was flled with vinegur; the arin of ub, Bimeon on which ho bote tho Infaut; some of the blood and Lones of §t. Stephen, and one of the bowlders with whish he was stonod to deathi; and somo bits of Awran'arod! In sddition to the faregolug Loly propersy, whiok lé oxbibited *of the countiy, and n for b francs, thero 18 shown, onco In overy soven years, “tho Oraud Roliques,” from tho 10th (o tho 24h of July, cousisting of the lollowhl% articlest 1, The robo worn by tho irglu at tho - Nativity; it Is of cotton, nearly ton yards long. 2. The swaddling-olnthes in which Josus was wrapped, composed of goarsa cloth of a yallow color, 3, e’ cloth on - which the hend of John the Bap- tist waa laid. 4, Tho searf worn by Christ at the Crucliflxion, boarlng stains of blood. 6. T'he spear by which His side wns plorced, Al those volicu woro presonted to Chatlomogne, tho story” goos, by -the Patriarch of Joru- snlom and by Haroun-al-Hnschid, They aro presorved 1n a aluino of silvor-gilt, the work of arlists of tho niuth century, In 1801 more thau 500,000 dovotoos made o pligrimage to Alx-la- Ohapollo to worship thoso rolics, The number who attended the luat exhibition was less, bub still onormous, The Cathedral also contalus many jowels, gems,camoos, ennmets, ote, though ot as large n collavtion sy that at Cologns; but tho Frouch carried off ssvoral mulliony of do'lars’ worth_ from tho two churches, and sold them to the Jows to raisn monoy to prose- cute thoir wars of conquest. Tho gold aud ail- vor ornaments, candlus: , and erncilixes, thoy trausforred to the melting-pot and changod thein into coiu, Tho next placo of most Interest to bo ueon in Oalogno 18 th Church of 8t, Ursuln, whose walls m"u “*frescoed " and ornamonted with the bones o ' ELEVEN THOUSAND VIRGINS, the compantons of S, Ursula, who, necording to tho logend, wau a Princess of Groat Brituiu 1,500 voars ago, who set sail with har V"‘li"' train (of DPagnn ;ilrhu) destined as briden of a Pagan army which had’ murched into the Iihine conntry under Moximus, from TRome, to ounquer that part of Pagan * Germany. Che vir- gls, by some mistuke, landod at Cologne, * which was in the hands of the Huus, who masencrod the whols party fn exasporation at tholr rofusal to brenk thuir vows of ctnstity! 'I'ho hideous volies meot the gazo sl around the walls of Lhe chureh, overliead and everywhore, They are built into the walls, buried under the floor, encircle tho doors and windows, und il glasy cases. The bones of the Bnint howself ropose in s contly cofiin behind tho ahwr, while the skulls of a fow of her favorito maidona uro deposited in the golion chumber, ivvased in mlver, along with other relics, auch as the stong Vousal whigh hold thio witer thrned into wino. ag tho marringe-feust, plecos of the true cross, nails, thorns, eto. The worst of the whola mats tor I8, the clo:gy of Colorne utill lond tholr kancs tion to all these pious frands, bocsuse thoir ex- Inbition contmucs ta bo & vource of revanne to them. Multitudos of the poor, deluded, supor- stitions pensants come long distances and pay thoir seanty monoy to gos a might of the sacred humbuge, ’ from Cologno to Mayenco' {8 120 miles, -at which poiwt the River Main cntors the Rhino (it i8 20 miles up the Main to Frankfoit), A rml- road leads along each sido of the river, on which run numerous traiva daily, while the river itself I8 covered with steaboats, barges, schooners, and rafts, Except on the Ihiamss, thore is no river in Emn‘m ou whioh thero is so much cou- moree nud shipping, A TR RMNE in tho favorite Gorman rivor,—atmost an objoct of worship. Thoy Lave fought for ite povses- sion for 0 yoars,—evor sinco tbe days of Julius Cieasr. Thoy have clung to ite valloys and its wmonntaine with u tonacity and despora- tion woprecedontod in all history, The Rogman lezious drove them away from it & short distance, after tnauy s desperats and bloody battle ; but the Clermans contiunally renewed tho u!rnfiglo {or its raponuension, Ciesardrove thom buck nboit 69 milos to the east of it, and stationed soveral legions along ite line at stratega points, wl ptanted cotonien of Romuns at ali tha favorable Hpots, His succeasors carried out the same line of polioy, aud the old military camps, fortifloa- tions, and walls, coustructed by them, may Lo seen and traced ulong the east side of the Rime Vulley, from Utrecht, in_Hollaud, to Bale, in Switzerlund, and.up'the Main for'a long dis- tance, Muny of thoso fortiflcutions are 50 to 60 miles back from the Rhive, where thoy proteot fortilo valleys ‘or commercial stratetio pnints, Savoral of the Germsu fortilications are pluntod on the samo ground of thore ancient ltoman worky, Towards the oud of the first century, theso lords of tha universe were inpart compelled to surronder thelr conquosts to the Toutonic tribes, who bud made an- irre- nistible ounluught upon them; but the Emperors Prajan and IHadeia recovered tho torcitory formerly possomse:l by Rome, and rastored tho walls and fortifications which the Gormans had dostroved. However, it was ouly after long and toush fighting that the Toutons were forced away from their doar Rhine. The Romans maintained thoir swav uatil near tho beginning of the third century, sbout A. D. 270, uithough continnonxly aseailod by the untamablo natives. At that time the Allemanni Mattinci and Franks united their forcen, advanced ngainst tho Roman chain of fortificationy, broke through it. domolished forts, tumbled down walls, mas- sacred colonies, defeated the Ingions, nud drove thom acioss tho Rhune, sbolished the Roman yoke, and RECOVERED THEIR NELOVED RHINE, Tho Romaus 1enewed tho strugelo for & hun- drod years, under the Emperara Probus, Diocle- tian, “Constantine, Valontimiun, and Julian I, ; but all thoir efforts proved in vain. Bovoral timoes thev rognined a foothold on the east bank of tho river, bt conld not rotain it. The fierco Teutgnic bacbarinug drove thom back, and fol- Towed them across, ravaging Inrgzo districts of Easg Gaul, Fiunlly tho Romana were swopt clear ont er roturned. Trowm that day to this tho Tautons have kept their * Watch outhe Rhino" uuromittingly. Sometimes tho Tronch got tho up&ler band of them, but in tho end they remnined in possssston, aud now hold it with a firmer grip than ever sincs tho fust lto- man invasion, sud sra lkely to rotain it to tho ond of time. The portion of the Rhino which travelers most admire excendi FIOSM NONN TO BINGEN, & distanos of 80 miles. IDelow Bonn to the mouth of the river, it llows through a gonerally lovol country, wich tane sconery, excaflent for praiu-growing and eattle-graz'ng, but preranting uothing grand or remantic; aud, above Bingon ‘tho hitla are low, the valley wido,—a pleas- ant, froitful laud, flowing with oil and wine, but not sounl-inspiring, nor dotted with old castlds and porvaded with knightly traditions, The acenery and romance of the rivor, as befors stated, nro_embraced in the 80 milew between Bonn and Bingen. This is tho part which Byron calls * tho mujostio Riune, ; A blending of all benntles: streams and dolls, Fruit, foliage, erag, wood, cornflold, monntain, vine, And chioftess cantles, breathing sterh tareweils, T havo hind two views of this part of the Rhine, —one by rail, which givoes a lying glanco or pano. tamic view, but loaves no timo for closo obsar- vation ; tho other from the stesmer's deck up slrenn, from suurise to aunset, as the boat veat its way ngainst tho strong curront. | With a good chart before me, theis was time aud opportunity to notice every crag, precipice, penk, castle, wvillage, vinoyaid, sud bend of the river. The impression Pl‘atlucud was Ihia: that it was very bonutiful, charmning, postical, and in places verg- ing on the grand in Nature, and actunlly ro- wuntic in Art ; but nothing was awe-inspiring, or hardly austere. There was nothing, in my viow, superior to what is scen on the lludsnn, awmong the Highlands, or Lake Georgoe, and very few pacts of tho river surpaused, Ol EVEN EQUALED, tho Potomac at Harpor's Ferry, The mountain- soonery commonces with the Seven Mounlsing (Siebougabirgo), just nbove Bonn, whore tho plain censey, and the river-valloy suddenly con- tracts to a narrow space, They are tho higlost ou ity banks, but look low and small for moun- toing, being not moro than 1,000 feos above tho surface of the river, They stand ag sentinels to tho entrance of the narrow, craggy valloy, . ‘'ho most notal one is called the Drachienfels (Dragon-Rook), which rises sbruvtly from the water's edge, und iscrownod with & ruined onstle, of which thirty or forty more can bo keon on the precipices aud cragh alony tho viver to Bingon, At tho lattor placo, the river suddenly enierges from u wall of rock, und witds about through a beautifu) plaiu, bounded by low, rotiviug hills, and thon dividos' into tho Ithing null} b’lum,l i 1 3 by looking at o gnod topographical map of the couutry, tho reatlor \lepurcu‘l've that & low ringe of mountaing crosses the Rhine, at right auglos with it, at {he point where the Little Ttivor Nahe unitos its wators with those of the :Illllue.—dmt In, at Bingon, This raugo Is callod io “ TAUNUS MOUNTAINS," In prehistoris times they formed & wall or dam acrows the Ithine Valley, und backed its Wotors for 300 miloy, us' far as Dasle, in Switzerlund, causlug u groat Iako, of rregnlar outling ana with sovoral lone bays, covoring as tnuch spuce, howovor, ua doos-Lake Michigun. The old whore-line of this lake hus boen traced by the goologists of Gormuany for hundrods of miles, Its oxintouce s rurthor proved by find- Ing frosh-wator doposlts and shelln alung the Valley of the Rbine, Maln und Nulio, which wora then ooverod by the lake, Homo voleanio or oarthquake-con- viulsion mast have burst through this mouu- tain-wall, which is soveral mites mide, und creut- od for the viver & pankaxo Lo tho oa in this di- rection, through whioh it Lus torn und worn Korge tu the courdo of ages, Tho whola extent of country from this wall to tho Baven Moune fwny”, a0 Lonn, L s wplifs of valoauls oroation, whith has au elovation df 500 to 1,000 feob above the plain country to the north and gouth of thom. Tho Rhwe winds about among those hills or low moutitainy, and has punk “itsolf s chaunel soveral huudred faot Jowor Lhan the original Lod of the rivor aftor broke through the Taunus chain " at Bingon, At n dozon placas whoro ridges of rock cronsod tho pathway of the river, the chinunal is worn baroly wido cnough to allow passage room for the rusli- ing water. Tt {3 at theso nolnts whoro THE OLD FEUDAL CARTLES nro porchod, like ongle-nests, on tops of inmc- ceesible rocke. And Indeed thoy wera mero rob- bors' nosts, placed thore for aggressive and dofonsive llllrlmnvn, and not_for those of ro- manco, Tho libino, in the Middla Ages, fur- nished the only chavnel of communication boe- twoen Coutral Gormany nnd the Low Countries and the ses, Thousands of Loats and barges sailed up or floated down the river and ity afilu- ents, Indon with morchundise, produch, and val- unbles of all kinde. Aatrong wind’ from the west or north noarly always blows up i"m river- valley, enabling vesscls of considorable tonnage 10 8ol ol the way from Nottordam or Amatordam to Dnaln, G600 miles. It waa wpon thin nscending and dosconding morchants’ floot that tho robber-Barons, located aloug the river at ity narrow and drngorous parts, pouncod like birds of nrey, Each lordly ownor of a casile fiad his hundreds or thonsands of fighting'j rotainors, who wora supported from tho apolla of the river- commoroe, or the blackinail lovied on all passing vasnola, Jvory castle claimed thie right to levy toll or transit duttes ou all craft which pasacd n purticular point on the river. A’ vesél going un or down was thus ** blackniniled * thil ty or forty timos in a distance of 80 miles! At domo bondy nnd gorges thoro aro bolf-n-dozen of thewn thioves' strongholds in sighe at ence,—perched on eliffs on the sides of the monntain, 800 to 800 foot ubove the water. The binckmail and rob- berien bocame at longth so insupportable that all tho cities above and "below the infosted ports of the river, to the number of mixty, ontered into solumn loaane for thoir total extermination, whioh was known as tha ‘! CONFEDERATION OF THE RIINE," whose numerous and formidablo nrinfes, attack- 1ug the castlos from therear or the helghtaabove them, captured ono aftor another and burned or dismantled thsm, Tho contest with theso Jand- sylrnl.os na8 o long and dosporate one, but tho Law-and-Ordor party was finally .muccoesful against Porsonsl Liberty in uprooting and de- stroying the bandits, as'well ns i demolishing their nosts, and frocing the river from their dupredations, which had continued for soveral conturios, commoneing about the time of the fivst Crusndon and lasting natl the snd of tha fourteonth centitry, Somo of tho etrongost of the eastles were nftersarda ropairad and con- vorted into fortrosses by the German rulera: that of Rhinefols, tho moas extensive ruine oun tho Rhine, withstood n long siogo by & French army in 1092.- A fow of thom have, of recent yeara, boon ropaired and rostored for romantio summor-resldonicos of Gouman nobles. Ono, enlled tho ¥ Eagle's Nost,” s occupjed a short portiou of the yoay by Prince Chiarles, It stands on & jutting ?oinuu & most pictureanue position, Dut, aftor all taat has boen ‘writ aud rhymed aboitt the romauca and beauty of thoso ancient wastles, they have boon greatly exaggorated by tho poots and rowancers, and it requires eon- widorablo stroich of the imagiuation to arouke mauch onthusiastic wondor ever their blncx and brolten old walls, crumbling turrets, oc villainous orimn and pupases, All tha way up the Rbins, from Bonn to May- enco, tho Lill and monntain vides, whore the sun fulla at aocon, are coverod with VINEYADS, ; The atoep places aro uced. an one sees along the Valley of tho Rhine, in France. In somo places Lhoroaro twonty-five to thirty terraces, one above another, like flights of stairs, At one point I connted thirty-two, extondide from tho river's adgo 1,000 foot npwards. Eadh terraco is supported by a atronsr wall of solid masonry, nud the heicht from ono to the other, as well as the width of the strips of ground, varies in acourd- auee with the steepncss of the mountain-sido, Some of them aro 30 foot hixh and' uot 10 foot broad, nnd otliors ara the roverse gf these fig- ures. At somo places the vinesars plauted in bnszots, which are set o littlo niches cut out of tho face of the rock. All manure for thewo torrace-vines,is carried up in baslots on the hoads of Lho cultivators,—gonor- ally by women,—and earth innlso conveyed thith- er by tho sawmo means, From all which tho rendor miay form some iloa of tha lator re- quited to cultivate the far-famed Rhine vine- yards. ‘The best wines are produced from tho erapos grown on the right bank of tho river, s the rays of the mid-day sun fall perpendiculirly on tha slopes on that side, but of liqualy on the other side, Tho slaty debris of the mountain- sides feems to be poenliarly favorablo to rotain- ing at night the heat of the sun's rays, and tho finest-fiavored aud richest red wines are only vroduced under such circnmstances. For 100 miles up and down, aud for 50 on each sido of the Rbiue, among its mountainm, and along its aflfuents, on sunny hill-sides, tho grape is urown, Within this broken and mountivous district of uplund is produced, porhaps, four-fifths of all tha wine made in tho German Empire, A GREAT CENTRE © for the manufacture und stocago of wine in TFrankfort, 'Thero aro scoras of wine morchants in this aity, who have stored in their yaults mill- ions of gallous of what in commeroa is known ns. Rthino wings. Soine of the vintago dacos bok to tho Limo of the lust campaign with the French, in 1814, The bost denlers du not pretond to offer ou the market or recommend their wines until they aro flve yoars old. A certain per cont is addod ench your to tho price of wines, Thus, a vintaro of 1800 will cost double s much ss ono of 1870. It is by this monus tho denlors aro on- abled to hold thoir wines for an indofinito period of time. Thoy feal no particulur desiro to sell so long a8 tho privo of their winos_is inorassing by 10 or 12 por cont snnually, as they can make 10 battor use of their capital Lhan to lot it for- mont and riven in their wine-vaulta, Some obsorvations intended respecting this great hendquarters of Jewinh bankors aud the ' GRADLE OF THE ROTHSOHILD PAMILY,” as Frankfort g called, must be postponed, with the single romark that it is ono of the finest- looking citios in Germany, and 18 filled by Ger- nans from America, who, havine mado thoir for- tunes in Now York, Boston, Philadalphia, San Francisco, Chicogo, and other American cities, havo roturnod biere 10 spond aud oujoy them, while, at the same timo, they hold fust ™ to their American citizenship for tho sake of the privi- ]upn; and exomptions it affords thom. Is chis iy SIHORT-HORN CATTLE. The Hmportation of 1517, From the Mloominaton (1) Puntagraph. To the Editor of the Pantagraph : Ploase give throngh your columns an” expla- nation of the importation of short-hom cattlo into this country in 1817. There i s0o much #aid abont thia importation that many of your toadors would liko to ba poated on the subject. ¥ Youxe BREEDER. REPLY BY AN OLD BREEDER. To the Editor of the Pantuaraph; 80 oarly in short-horn history as 1810, Charles Colling st his brothor Robert wore among: tho ntout celebrated broadors of that valuable bread of eattlo in Bugland, Duving that yeac Charlos Colling made a publio snlo of ia herd ; reslizicg tho bost pricos that Lind over been paid for cat- tlo up to that time auywhoro, Comot (165), soll- ing for 1,000 guineas. ~This salo was hoticed by breoders of stack, and by the newspapers of tho country, in all agricultural districts thronghout the wold, Baled wero mnde in England of thia noble raco of cattle yoar after yoar ut tuch bigher prices than any othor cattlo sold for without any ono making an importation to thiscountry until 1817, During thut vear Col. Lowis Sandurs, of Kon- tucky, sent over a draft for &1,600 to tho come minsion house of Buchan, SBmith & Co., of Tav- orpool, aud ordered the purchase of three paivs of cattle,—Huldornoss short-horns, Durham shoit-horny, aud a puir of long-horns. "Tho rosult wan that his agent, or n Mr, Etches, who was sent ont by tho commission-bhouso to mako the purobuse, bought six pairs of cattlo instead of three pair for the money, roserving sunough 10 pay commission and frefght. As my objoct {4 only to give & briof his- tory of the short-hornu of that fmwortation for tho beneflt of your renderd not famihar with it, sud that thoroforo do not understand why it is that animils buving o oross of that blood in thelr veiun do not soll ko high as those that ara free from wuch crossen, I will confine myself to those auials of that jimportation that were pur- chadod as Durhuw shovt-horus, Hau Mnrtin (2509), Teonmseh (5409), were the two bulls ; Mra, Mott and The Durham Cow, the twocows, Ad I have siated, this Importation was mado in 1817, During tho .yeur 1822, the fivat voluma of tho English herd-book was pub- lishod, 'Tha podigrovs of thoko cattle wore not rocorded [u It ; neithor had Col. Banders pedi- El'b&ln for thom, In w fow years more, pedlyren 0z to bo of some value avervwhora that thero was short-horn blood ; consequontly Col. San- dars sont over to England _for pedigroes for hiu short-tiorny, aud obtained somoe stutomonts in 10forencs o each of thom, but nothing that eliowed thut thoy wore among tho best cuttle of Englandat all, . & Han Muartin aud Tecumaoh stand recorded Lo sl day with only & name and numbor, whila the 1wo cows a16 really [u wo betar conditlon, for thashort atutemouty thas cwne wyer ab the e , rough edges smoothod down, thoy dld biad to bo applied to the cows at ran- dom, 8. noithor had & nome whon they loft England, and bnd so ohlnsiml by growth wud age that the purchagor bimaolf could not at that time huvo idontified them. Thoso cattlo woro ood auimale fu thoir day, Thoy mado s flna mprovemont in the native cattlo of Kentucky at tho timo, Col, Sandors has always beon on- titled to the gratitudo of the whole Hiato and the Weat to momo oxtent' for his entorprise, It was an ora in bovine history that haw led to vary grand resunlts, It s, I think, to be regretted that those interosted in the blood of this importation have for yonrs on~ donvored to forco brecdors of short-horus, ime norted to the country undor much more favora- lflu cireumstancos for obtaining the bost blood of Englaud, nud at » much groator cost, to admit that they were ae woll brad cattlo ns woro In En- gland at tho timo, or a4’ have beon imported #ince, ay tho tondency has boon to croatos preju- dico agninat that biood that hoa followed it turougn generatious, aud i to-dsy im- pairing tho valuo of animals containing romots orosson of it to an extouk that it shonld nat or would uot, except for tho agitation that has hoon kept up by these inter- ostod parties, Thesa cattlo suould havo always bean allowed to stand on their morits alone, and not on tho morits olaimed for them by thess par- tien in consoquence of the valunble crossos that linve beon made with much more meritorious aud oxpengiva blood. These animals of tho importation sand their iwmediate do- acoudants aro doad long since. There is not now ocnough of their blood in tho veina of any animal liviug to 1mpair 1ts value oxoapt for this prejudice, but it exists and cau- not now ba eradicated from the poople’s minds. For this reason broedors profor to breed calile freo from this prejudice, na it can be douo quite a8 convaniontly, and with no more expense. Alt intelligent busincss meu sryage iu_busincas for the prolit they oxpoct to derive. AR r general rnlo profita are howt whon the beat and most yun- ular commodity is dealt in. D.W. R el el THI FARM AND GARDEN, 2'he Economy 4f FarmaLabor—in Re« gard to Farme=Wells—A Now 1lox to Supersede tho Use of u ffasket in the Gathermg of Apples and Potutoos— ‘Lhe Weather, From Our Aaricultural Correapondent, Cuastratan, Tll.. Aug, 27, 1874, If thore is any one thing of which the farmer i laviely; it 18 labor, whethor that labor is hired, of hig family or bimself. Ho g DOES NOTY SIUDY IT8 ECONOMY or reduce it to o system, Inured to bard work, bo has no idea that it may be flanked and its The man who haoge a bucket in the well has never figured the cost of labor botwoon tliot and o’ pamp. Maybo hie will tell you that the water that comes in con- {act with the air 18 sweeter, though the open woll may invite crickots, graseboppers, frogs, mice, aud other vermin to its wators, that do not serve to improve it. It did not oceur to him that s Little mortar amoug the top-courses of tho brick would keop out all this vormiu ; that, with a closo-fitting platform and pump, the annual woll-cleaning could be dispeused with ; and that tho wator, in flowing from thio spout of the pump, would bo fully aerated. 'he bucket in the woll is solected cither for its supposed economy, or its wuperior value as regards the water, both of which aro EXPENSIVE FALLACIES &8 regards labor and value. As o goneral thing, weuse acommon wood pump ; but for tho house-well & force punp is the best, o« that briugs the water direct from tho bottom of the well, and it caunot stand in the pumnp-stock to get warm in summer and to freozoin winter. In case asmall vent-holo is loft ut tho upper valve; when s common pump is used, this wator leaks out, and tho vont-hole thus answors a vory good purpose, Lhe family that hos long been nccustomied to nse the old well-hucket, if given agood pump, catmct bo easily &eruundud to return to the old love, In shaif, the old oaken bucket, a8 compared to tho pump, has bo valuo, save to tha poct, or the farmer who never cousults the valua of figures iu the economy of labor. In this matter of wator, an immoense amount of labor aud sufforing s sslf-inflicted on the farmor and his family. "The wifo who has to go 10 or 20 rods to the edgo of the nearcst slongh to get water for domestic use, and tlien hauls it up with tho nid of & ropo in ber hand, is io be pitied, to say nothing in rogard to the slinming off of cricket and grasshopper that bave been so unfortunato as to fall in. Itis ouo of the pro~ visions of Naturo that theso insccts should fall into such places as woll as stroams, for they are tho natural food of fishes nud frogs, nud the lutter could not live in these open stough-wells without thoir aid. A large sharo of TIE YICKNESS ON THE FARM comes of the uogloet of farm-welly, cisteras, and wutor-closets, Wo often hiear the remurk, * My woll bias cuved in, and I must dig suother.” Iow deop was your well, may I msk? ‘* Twolvo feet; but then it wus iu the edge of the slough. Isupposa that, nesr the house, 1 shall have to dig 20 feot.” How far from tho house way your woll? “For that matter, tho distanco wns uot great, only 10 rods,” Aud haw many times a day do you bavo to go atterwater? *‘ Ou an average, sny ten times,” = Teu tunes, at 20 rods of traval, makes 200 rods n day, 43§ miles u woek, or 225 miles a year. Now, suppose that you could put that labor into oue job, aud go to a well 112 miles distant, aud earry back with you & singlo buckot of wator, Low would you like tho job? At 21 miles to tho hour, it would require ninety hours, ur ning duyn of ten bours each, Now, lat mo inquire if thoso nine days' work would not have provided a good well at the door, where you could, at any timo, got your water by stepplug out on tho porch, wheu the sun was pouring ous ith hont iu_August, tho slorm ragivg iu wintar, or tho rain pouring down in the darkness. Juat think of the differouce, sud consider if your slough- woll was not A UREAT MISTAKE ? But this extra labor,—this 225 miles of sunual traval with water-bucket in_haud,--is thrown on tho wifo or childron, or, if performed by tho husband, {s at a time whew he should b resting from iy fleld-work, or have the time for tha reuding of - bis dmly or weekly paper, Then, again, the stock-wolls are ofton lovated at a dis- lunbui.lna involve a large smount of uscless tiavel In the purchage of a farm, its wator-supply is ono of the flist things Lo bo cousidored, and oo of tho chief itoms in its value. Tho spring that bubbles up at tho foot of the hill, sud mukes a broad groen track across the flat land, aud the broulk thus goos babbling through tho pasture, are not alwaya duly considorad in making up the value; for these furnish not only water for the stock, but thoy furnish the heuvy dow that gives su extra valus to tho inendow, pasturage, or crons, that grow near them, It 14 these coono- wicy that the farmer should atudy if ho would wake tho Lost of Lis Iabor. Here, on the GRAND PRAIRIZ, wo must dopend largoly on wolls for the water for our stock und for ‘domestic uso; but, thus fur, the great majority of our furmors have not beon wie in obtating » supply. But thoy cau pload in extenuation that the great change in the water-supply, caused by culture, has lud some- thing to do with this stato of things, Wa now have the fourth year of drought, or the sinking of the watcr in our soil, and tho wolls have had to bo sunk doeper year after year, and, ut this timo, muuy of thom wro dry, aud (be bLiue clay bottom offers little eucouragoment, A well i wy atock-yard, that lnst year furnished u full eupply for the uwckbm now dry, and, after siuk- iug it bolow whore the water came in' sbove .tho steatum of biue clay, it oulfl Bives two or threo buckets of water duily., Thisis not an nncom- mon cuge, but lae its duplicate on muny farnm. Aud thus losds us to w further invostigation 1 rogard to the ECONOMY OF WELL-DIOGING. In the northern part of the Btute the blus cla: ia near tho suriace, when not supplemcutod witl bods of wand or of gravel; but here a clay lonm drift, or yellow elay, ovorlies tho blue cluy, und in tho former aro pockets, ehicets, or sontus, of quicksaud, and these avo slways filled with wator, and, whon the well reaches theso saudy doposits, we huve & wupply of wator m propor- tion to tho oxtont of this yuicksaud, If the body of sand is lurgo, the wator is in proportionalsup- ply: and thisls the dependence of onr shallow wells, usuy of which aro practicatly Inexhaustl- blo for farm-use, Fallug to strikio oue of theso waud-pockety, or & stray veiu of water that tra- vorses this yollow clay stratum, we must dig through the band ot biue cluy diift thut overlics the wodifled drift that is noxt in ordar below, and that holds a lavger amouut of waler, Whou tnis blue clay deposit wus laid down tho surface must buve been very uuevan, as thu lowor, or water Atratin, is resohod AT DIVFERENT DEFTUS 1u tho wame uoighburhood, Ouo well was sunk 4o tire depth of 63 feet, and walled up, whon the suger was puc down soms 40 foet sud struok the water, which risoa in the woll 7 feot, and caunot be lowerad by pumping, On the adjoining block ;hn‘wuhdw;n “:i“l‘: l‘ud mueu lhil' thg dopth urA 80 eot, sud borad Lolow thls, without water, Ans othor well was wallsd 72 1 t, aad Lored R0, sttiking wator and gas, but both in mited amount, the water coming into the well 2 foot.' Another woll of 20 foot, not far distant, was gunk ln the blue olay, and bored 18 fest; tho wator camo up 8 foet, and cannot bo reduced by nmping. Auother, at 81 feof,” and boring 41 oat, liow 8 aupply that caunot bo lowored in tho woll by n 2-fuch sleam-pump, These wells have demoniatratod that an abundant supply of wator 18 to bo had bolow tho bluo clay, and that it will rise mora or leus In the wolls, ‘but not to s uni- {form lovel ; but tho rouson for thia io not so ap- paront. A groat varlety of augors ara nsod, but tho beat form for a woll-borug auger I that of OUR COMMON ‘TWIST AUGER, w‘uh similur collar, to Loro into tha hard clay, The stotn for those sngars should be of BN nipe, and may b turnod {n the boring by the uso of tougs, such aa aro used by the gas-fittors. This, with o common dorzletr, windlnss, and rope, with n sand-pump, aro all tho tools tliat tho fmimer requives for this purpose, Any black- ;flnlllh clnn 'jmlnku tho auy m;,hwh ich may bn3or 4 inchion in diamotor, an 0 gae-pips and tongy nny bo had of thio doglors, = L ) Aftor the boring in complete, and, tho well 18 suuk down tp the wator, o gne-plpe or wood-pipo must bo inserted in the hole, sav 10to 12feot, with Itw upper ond projocting a foot sbove the bottom of tho well. Without this precaution the holo will bncomo flled with sand and cley, and in time closod up. Augers are used as large as 11 fuches in dlam- | tor, and the hole casod with oypross-strips of 1 inch by 8inchos, mnds to st lhyg hole. I‘lm:u- of o maching that CUTH A HOLE 3L PEET,— y the appnratuy boing like a kettlo-bottom, with an oponing in tho side, and a lip for cntting tho eutth, Op nllllnn;r(ls H#tone, tha operator can go dowa into tho well'and take it out, in the ordi- nacy muanner, Itis Llprobnlqu that something of this kind may be mado to oporata in our commion }u‘nmu-uoiln. ‘The working by horse-power will ormnrlcnmnmz of well-iigging, aud thon tho walls of the well will bo €0 ovon for bricking up, In tno walling, most peoplo lay th brick on the faco, put gomo farmors lay thom adgowise, which, in ordinary wells, may answor a good ury:(oun, sud thus save ono-half tho quantity of rick. 3 1In pursuing this queation of the economy of Iabor in rogatd to tha wator-supply, wo moy ap- ply the samo svatem to many other necossitios of the farm, Among these that are prossing on our attontion at the prosont time, I8 baskots or boxes for the gathoring of apples or potutoes. Two yonrs ago I described N . A NLW BTYLE OF DOX, for this purpoyo, and will again deseriho 1t, as those who bave testod ils vulne have fouud it among tuo Inbor-saving impleents of tho farm sud tho orchard, This picking and market-box holds a bushel, heaping mensitre, aud is of tho most convenient form for the handhng of apples and vogotablos, for storiug in the cellar or for takmg to maket, Yhe onds ate made of common stock-boards, 12 inches wide, plancd on both sdes, and sawod to the oxact width of 12 inches, and then cut juto longtths of 14 inches. n these, Loles are cut for the hauds, ‘P'hin is done by tho use of an inch- bit, baving throo holos, aud triwnming them out with a jackinmifs or common chisol, The noxt thing is the Inth for the boftom and ends. Thoso are cut 17!¢ inches long, 8ix pieces ure used for the bottom, spacing thom so that tho openings botween them will be of » uviform size, and with averago-width Iath, shout threa-fourths of an.nch each. Five pieces of lath aro put on each side, when the box is completo. As one lath will make ton lengths for sides and bottom, it will roquire 8 lath to the box, or 800 lath for 100 boxes ; whilo for the heads wo shall nood 235 fool of lambor. For the uniling on of thie Iatl, Wo use a common sbingls or 4d nnil,’ The boxes mav be made without planiug, but they will be much batter for it. The lath is put on rough, without further preparation. The inside of common wagon-box s 36 inches wide, and, a8 theso boxes are 17} inches long, two' of them will go into the box : and the bottom tior will bold, in ordinary boxes, sixteon to eighteen ; and, &4 we can place ouo above tho other, aud ‘as thoy hold o bushel when lovel-full, we put thirty-two to thirty-six of these bushel-boxes in the common ‘wagou-box, which is as much a8 we usually baul &t one tima in bulk, IN THE PICKING OF APPLES in baskets, we wsually pour them into the wagon- box iu bulk, aud, whon wo come to huudle tem again, wa either pick them wp by hand or ugo the shovol,—in cither caso brusidg them more orloss, With the ox, aftor filling it, it is littod into tho wagon, and ngain litted out, without Lnrufigr labor, snd the fruit is not injured by andling. Ifoldivg only a bushel, & man, or two amall boys ‘or garls, canmove thom from point to point until tilled, whon they are left for tho teamater to gathior up, 1n potato-digging, they save no small amount of labor, a8 thoy aro filled, and the earth that rattles off the polatoes is passed through tho Inths, and thus prevented from going into the collar, Theu thoso boxes cost vo’ little, that we may alford (o cord them up iu tho collar, instead of putting into bins, and thoy aro then ready for market, providing that, attho time of putting up, they havo. boon properly masorted. Thg wazon 14 backed up to the cellar-door, and the boxes of potatoes placed in, nnd, on’ reaching tho market, no shoveling is required; for thoy avo reudy measured, and, if they nood weighing, it may bo done as fu case of being in bulk., ‘Tlhe dealer cun cord thom ur in his store iu less space thoo to put them in bulk or in barrels, nnd they aro alrondy mieasured in bushels for their cus- tomors, It will bo ween that the dealor can AFFORD 10 PAY MOIE for apples or potatoes brought him in those boxes than those in bulk; ab best onough to counteract the former in loaving them with him to be roturned at the next load, . ‘lho kamo managotuont may be applied to the londing of cars with potatoes or apples, In fact, it was {his that firet putit iuto shape. Mr. Robe inson, largo orchardist in Tazowell Comnty, plenned & two-bushol crate for the purpose of storing bis apples until roady to ship, and made sevoral hundrad of thom for this purpose. Tho,box naw presonted is a madification of Mr. Hobingon's box, ns mado by the writer, and, after Lwo years' trial, they aro confidontly pro- sented for gonoral use as A Isbo:-and-mouey— saving institution, I would find it very dulicult to do without them, and intend to imcrense their uumber sufliciently to store & Inrze share of my ;mpl_o and potuto-crop, tustond of putting thom bing. THE WEATHER. Ou Saturday last we lad un afl-day’s rain, It bogan abont 7 . m. with a gentle showor, with tho wind in the southwest ; but, before noon, the wind sbifted to tho northonst, showing that the atorm, from that of & mild summor-snower, kad growu intoa regular rain-storm, that would spread over & largo tract of country ; aud so it wan, until night, whon about ! iuches of rain had fallan, and tku thiraty soil had been wet down, 6 to 8 mchos. Thiu will Lelp out tho late potatoos and nid the late-planted corn,—the enrly plauted beiug too far advanced to be benefitod by the moisture. Tho weathoris now cool and autunn- liko, and, if we can have & good shower weekly for two or throo wacks, we may look for a fuir showing of patatoes and u good stand of fall wheat, Those who bave sown turuips will rejoico until the plants attruct tho grasshopper, whon thoy- will have small hope. ~Buckwhest, in this purt of the Stute, attracts vory littlo attontion, nud the boes will b #ad, for ut this umo they have no flowers, though the late ruin may bring some forth, NEXT WEEK THI FAILS BEGIN, and the farmer will enteron his sutumn bolidays. ‘The gond wife is lookiug fter bulter, proserves, pnmhwork«inilm, rag-carpots, aud othor displays for tho rural show, whilo the farmer and Ius boya aro looking for big ears in tho corn-field, sud washine aid fooding tho pigs for tha grand dis- play. 'The praminni-lists ate baing studicd, and tho chancos for the prizos discussed. Tho coun- by fairs have now boecome so much of & necessity that they conld not well be disponsed with ; and yet thore isn vust margin for their improvement. ‘The State Fair comos tho middle of the month, and promises to bu s great sua- cess. I'ooria is u central railroad point and an entorprising business place, that will do jts beat tu mako the fuir a_succoss. Of Infe, the State Bocioty hna given Horticulturo n wide flold, and tho show of gurdon and orchard vroducts 18 ex- pocted to be more mteresting than at suy formor show, In s Stato of such variud soil and climato as this, wo canuot fuil in having » fine show of its rural produots aud of its manufuctured goods, which ave now becomling n groat interost, eapocinlly Iu the departmont of agricultural fme ploments and machines, Russr, i A Novol Proposnl, Bir Stophien Fox had bson many yours a wid- ower, and amwonys tho favorite guests nt his pleas~ ant vills in Chinwick was Aisn Ghriscian Hope, the handsome young dwughter of a neighboring vicar. Ono day u ettor was brought in addresde ed to * Lady Fox,” ¥ Ludy Fox { who oan sho bo ?" waa the gonoral inquiry, * [ think tho lattor must be meant for mo,” wald Miss Cliris- than, Most likely this was ouly the guy sally of u lively vouug woman ; but it eima to ba a fact, for before long sha bacame tha wife of Sir Btophien, Notwithatanding the disparity of age, the mar- risgo was u Lappy one, Stont old #ir Stophon lived mora thun “a dozen yoeurs thoreuftor, aud begat sons and daughtere, "Ile survived all tha Voo 80ns by l_:{u Hvat marvisgo, aud his groat sataton dayolved upou Lls twosons by hu secoud marriagn, OF thoan, Btaphen tho oldor, booa Taorl of Tiohoster, abd - fouador of a faily et flourishing Iu ‘lm poorage. The mocond won, Houry, bosamo an_ominent statosmny hougnl Holland Honse, and was mado Laron llullmm,- :'l::! ll:‘nfi ‘l’l‘ Glm' l"ox-’llalrlnnlln, lno ntylud to diy- mauiah them from the former Rtich-Hotlaudy,— The Galazy for Seplember, e — FARMING IN CALLIFORNIA. Lurge Stories of Nheop and Corn Raising, A correspondont of ‘tho Boston Adrertiscr gives x very entortaining ncoount of whut ha Huw In Suttor Conuty, Calliornia, Wo make the following extraots : . A CALIFORNIA BUEED-NANGI, No plow has aver disturbiod this magnificant mondosw. Exeopt on tho bordors of oo lnkes niear thoe coutre of the diatrict, not n tron was to bo #oon on its surfaco 3 and not u weed olfendod tho oyo. Wa wors now upon a fleld of 16,000 acrow, owned by Mr. Parks, and ho spoko wita pardonablo pride uot only of the besuty, but of tho richuess of tho soil and the presont and coming walus of hLis Posvessions, He poluted to s ‘“alapenp” whanty o milo or wy ahoad of ws Upon reaching it wo found it s * wlap-up * judeed, A fow boards l‘lcknd togethier mudn a singlo room, whore s Ctiineno cook had his pots aud pous, aud hiy ovarseor a rough tablo, upow whictk Iay his ac~ count-books and nowspapor. ‘The steoplug- apartmonts consisted of the 16,000 acres outsido the kitcbon'and wilice, or any lewsor portion thotoof, whera somo ten or adozon men hud irrogulurly sot up their bedstouds, with blue mosquito-nolting around thom. 'This was do- facing tho mondow {n ruthor w unique way, A squaro fifty-ton hayatnek, jnst buile from tho Bweot grassos, cut winco (he submdence of tho water,—the fragrance of which saluted vur nos- trils half s mile away, —disclosed the resson for this Bedoum-like encampmont. Mr, Parks will soan have 300 to 400 tous of ‘Wi succulont, nntive hay, cut on differont portie_ ;of his min- cipntity, as food for his horsos aud ‘mulos lator m tho soason, ** Now," said he, * don’t you_think this would make 8 splondid sheop-ranéhe 7 ** Finor than T oould ever bave imagined,” in Tosponse, ** Well, if you have loat yonr interost in thiz shanly, bo xood enough to'got into the carriave, aud T'll drive you dosn ta o band of shoep bo- 1‘;."“‘9“.!“ to mo, which I haven't seen for somo ne, ; In wo got, but where wna tho #band?" 1 thougiit 1 could weo oven a_singlo shaop any- wharo on those plaing, In driviug 2or 8 milog tho outposts of the ** bund " begay toshow thome selvos—then mote—sheop to the right of" us, shoep o tho loft of us, aud whoud-why, tho horizou weemed to bo made of miuute sheop. But just at this moment, the sun Ahine ing down upon us hotly, the tupponny sheop & mils ar two iu advance of our carriazos began to grow tall, andkept st it unul they ne. sumed the appearanco of a thin line of huee gronadiors, bear-skin capsaud pluines, all stand- Ing ou logs drawn out to o thrend. Thin cap vizod Lost of ghostly woldiers hnd « hackyround, & broad, white-surfaced lake, and on itk hitler shoro stoad magnificent oalkk treos attistieally plautod, some of thewm appatently rising from out tho lake's surface, Nniure always finishes her work. At this op- porlune inatant she cast over tho whole of this magio gcouo a thin, transpurent veil of mivery mist, modifying and reftuing all harshaoss and iucongruity, a8 tho intolligent and fecling panter tonches his picture here and thero at the last inspiring momont with atmo- Avherio glazings, to give air and harmony to tho whole, course oxclamutions of delight aud wouder wont up from us now-comers, but Air. Patks, in a very commonplaco way, informed us it was only & mirage, nd thut very likely wo should often soa its effocts during the day. And wedid. Whilat sitting In the carriage looking ot thiu display thero wore sheep all round and be- fore uw, atrung out for a couple of miles, and &ll quietly feeding vn the youuy grass. I noticed that the great majority wero merinos, the re- mainder Cotswoldy. Bhoeep und lambs wero, as T thought, fat and fit for the shsmbles. Not a bure could by possibility got into thoir flooces. Mr. Parks told me theio werv 10,000 shoep in this * vand,” sud that ho ehears them twico » year, and gets an avoerage of 9 pounds from each., lfo estimates his jucronso of numbars at 75 por cont per an- num. Iie has beon sheep-raising on these plaina ovor twonty yoars, aud has never seen a single caso of foot-rut, aud in all other respects his shoep aro healthy. Cortainly thoy appear 40, 'To drivo ovor tho miles that this ““band " twas seattered upon, in order that we might review lhum’ wasnot to be thought of 1n 80 ot asun. 8o Ar, Parks gave the word of command to have “hom mareh past s, in o pecatiar and long shout, and sure enough the whole 2-mile string start< cd on tho 1un in due order past our carriage, those farthest off appenring to start at the same moment a8 those wlo wero focaing quietly.with- ina fow yards of our position. 'Choy soon got into great confusion, and tho whole flock came to 2 stand-still, with mournful ealling of mothers for children, nnd vice vorsa. Idid not observe & lenn or unheuslthy shoop in the whole fiock. CORN AND FRUIT GROWING. Tn order that wo might examine the land and levees of the wostern half and lower aud of Dis- triet 5, it became neceswary for us to return to Sacramonto, and theuce to Knight's Landing by rail, which is in Loves Diatrict No. 108, and in Yolo County, on tho westorn bank of the Snc- rumonto River, and 14 miles fram the State Cap- itul, Crousing the niver iuto Suttor County, we found that the bunk of the river, which 18 hardly aver submetged by froshets, waa fully scttied upon by thrifty farmers, all wotl to do and do- ing, and many of them rici At the ferry-land- ing I eaw & remurkably cowfortable-looking homestead, shaded by very fine trees, with what appeared to mo an’ Oln corntleld some dis- tance in the rear. An 1 had bourd very often thnt Californin was & puor corn-growing euan- try, this vigorous looking sield of dark vich blndes oxcited my curiusity st once, aud L ro- solved to exumine it. Opening the gate of o nicoly kopt yard, wo wars 1 tie cool shade of origiual oults sud Obiv bluck-watuat trees, and, soelug o man_ packing nome finit st & litt! tanee, T wsked parmission to go jato bis co and tike a lonk at it * Cottain—cowe on go too." Paasing through pench, paar, und | trecd, tho limbs uf which wore ltorally breukiug down with an ovarloud of fruit, wo cume toa fiold of the swoet corn of Now Tugland, then to « feld of pop-corn, and enutered tuo _corntiold that hud tekon myeye fram the roxd. It wus re- freshing to get into tho shade of its tull stulka, Lyory biedo to the tussel wus & durlk rick green, and two good-sized curs on onch stulk—the tus- sels being from L to 14 foot from the ground, “Why, wy friend, I've ulvays heard i Ohio that you couxhl't 1airo corn in Califorms.” *“Woll, I didu't rate this—it's jest tho sun that did it.” “But I thought it nccessary to have warm showers and hot nights for good corn-growing. How,1ouch rain buve you had ou this tiotd since planiing 2 < “{lsvn't had any; wot adrop; nor it won't et any till it's ripe,” B bu{;nn 1o doubt if it wonld over got ripe, and gaid, * Huave you &ny of last yoal's corn loft 2" “Yos, Sammy (his Lttle G-year-old sou that had baon following us), you jaut ruu to tho cerib and get the woutlomau an ear; ran quick!" ‘Tho corn eamo while I wis chufting him sbout Lis coot nights und want of rain—uud uo Mismi bottom corufield aver pauned vut s better var of white gourd-sved coru. I have ot room to do~ soribo his pumpkios, water-melous, sul cine taloupes, lying in profusion around our feob; but 1 must say @ word about s plum-orchard, where the limhs wers being torn frow the truakd Ly the weiglt of fruit, Our civil eugineer, fzom Obio, who has been building water-works tor thirty vears thore and in sljoiniung States, fancing in nud foncing out wator by embauk- monts, could not roxst mearuring u swad of plums on a stau with two small shouta springing from 1, the whole 22 inches in lm:l',th, with nines ty-soven balf-grown plums, hiding stew ud shoots entirely from sigit. “ Why don't yon prop up the limba or pull oft a portion of the frist, und not huve your trec ruiued in this way 7" It doos 'win good ;s thov'd nnI{ Lear wiss noxt yesr if Ididu't lot "om rip uud toar tlus. T unid 14 wus o shome to permit such dosteue- tion, 2 ' Woll, what's tho use? It don't make no differanen; got plonty-—more'n [ waut, snyhow, * anil besidos I've got somothing elss tv "iend to" Wa ail thoupht we would lob this very cons tonted person wlouw, und we did, sfter gorging ouwrsolves with 3 greator yarioty of awaater frmit_ then L evor have eatou tu the fiuit or- churds near Nordwaux We drove s mile from the buuk of theyiver, and crossad the loveo surronuding District b, and travaled about in al§ dyrontiong over tha riehast bluak wouid imug- inublo. We duy denp. into it with 2 wpnde, and it appeared s musnure-houp, 'The sottlor horo uoy it 1 80 foot doop, und vnw purson hus Doon rusing whent on w 300-kere Aeld of 1t con- noontively for twenty-four vears, amd his lust crap s good w8 his first. No gavden in Massu- chubetts hus o squure ool of soil an fat na tho 40,000 ucres which wo wore upon und diving about ro onstly, 1 have diven soross and along tho valloy of tha Po, the Arno, the Thumos, wnd ueurly oll the vich Bwiss vellays, as well us of our own country, but Lhave seon nothing to dompure with this Dlatrios 8 for abuolute fase uedd of sally