Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, July 18, 1874, Page 3

"Daiiubo, _Bmérgo into w0 BAVARIA. Populntion, Extent, and et sources of the Country. voo e gl ) ; Gotteral Division of thy Taiid ‘Athong. the People, : ighty DMiilion; One Tlundred ‘arid y .} Gallons of Béer "Produced Yoarlye Tho, ‘Rallvdads B, Gwned, and ‘Oporated, by the Government. Wuith Not o Wistorie ‘Gily—Works of King Ludwig. A SN . ar ol o 2 The Public Prrlc---Pinacothel--- Glyptothek---Triamphal Arc¢h---Hall of Fame. Xho “Cdlos"énl 8tatrio of Bayar In- ; 1o Library---Nationnl Muscum. . The Valhalla, and Its Statues and Busts of German Worthios 1 - The 'O1d ‘Protestant City of Nirom- "berg. “Spectal Correspondence of T Chicago Tribicne, i . Moston, June 22, 1874, The Gérman namo of the Capital of Bava- ta is s MOENCREN L .And, whon one calls it Munich in_tleir prosenco, & bowildored staro is tho'consoquonce, Bub the Fronch pronotinco, atid ‘spoll’it **Munich,” and. English, and, Amorican, niap-maltors ‘follow the Fronch spolling, and leave tho reader to, guess at tho correct name, or find it out. by special in- quiry. Unless the touriet is botter informed in xcgatd to Munfch thidn I wis proyiois tovisiting, it, ho, will cxperience an ogreeable wurpriag. X bod. formed, the ides, hat it -was B sloopy-appearing old . place, of. 75,000, or 80,000 inhabitants, surrounded by_ ‘thn ‘custompry high wall and daop ditch, yvup Bar- xow, crooked strpots, clogely \.v_ul.ll with ‘quaint old houses of tho middie sges, But, on.tho Gon- trary, it provéd to bo o clty without walls, ‘mproad ovér o large spach, thio majorily of ‘tho: streqta wido-aud straight, and, tho houses, high, xodern,,. snd hmidsome, with mapy splendid publio bullaings ; and,.instoad of a population of 76,000, it contsins rathor moro thinn 175,000. Thplittle Rivor Tudr, which fs about as Iatgo as: the Fox, River in Illinais, flo\vq.tlujm'x‘gh_qup side of it, and, Wends its wpy across tho plain from tho Tyrol Alps to tho Danube. Munio is sit— uated in tio midst of o gront, high plain,— THE KIGNEST TABLE-LAND TN EUROYE, composed ,of , gravel,—just .puch, wator- stones ag are found 1n tho Joliot grayel-pit large districts of Bouthern Wisconsin, around. Oconomowoe and Waukesba, Over this gravol ia o thin stratum of élay nnd loam, 1n some districts ouly o fow inclics in thickness, but inothera decper.. This enormous hed; of gravel covers not less than 17,000 or 18,000. nqiaro miles of, the area of “Tavaria. Tho Danubo gwaeops round from west .40, onst ip a ourye, o Jlittle nortu of tho middle of this plain, which is mostly lovel, but in somo parts undu- lating, and, towardg tho north, boyond.the, s broken snd ‘billy. Tho, Bavarian: plainis bounded op thosouth by iho'Tsrol Alps, mome of whose peaks, visible from Munich, are N TEN TIHOUSAND FEET HION, | Thoy aro"penotrated by “ndmerous ,gréen and, fertilo valloys, terminating n boutifil lakes, - whilo pliove thom arp glaciers and, gnow, and thrpugh thom floy Impetuous | torranth, which' aubside into gontle. little rivers when. thoy tho ‘great plain. The enmyt- brn side of ‘this ‘plain s bounded y .8 clmin of, mop which séparates Bobemip,from Bayarin ;, and ‘scross, Northern Bovatia rms a low chain of mountains, on . the north side of whick flows the River Main, into the Rhine, and on iho’ fouth ‘tliereof the Danube. Towards, the west the'plain oxtends’ werogs the bordor into. Wurtomberg, without a. mountain-boundary on that gide. . .. . ‘Tho obiet agrioultural products of Bavaris are Iye, bitloy, hops, potatocs, ind hay ; but, some whoat, gats, and bucliwhioat, nro *proguced, pnd Also considerable tohiceo, for domestic consump- tion.. Bovoral important. manufactures aro car- riod on, such a8 bronze-castings, brass, painted Blasa for clurch-witdowi, ohildron's toys, léad- pencils, mirrors, and works of art; but, above all, & 4 THE MANUFAQTULE OF BEER, . Thore ato 1,600 licoiised “broweyies, which “pro-, fivice 180,000,000 “gallons of beer per avnum.’ More boor is consumed by tho Bavanans per, head than. by.any othar people in tho world, Bavarig. contains 40,000 squaro miles, sud has Roarly 5,000,000.inkabitants, of whom 70 por cout. ro Catholics nnd 80 per. cout are Protestants, -But Tavaria is divided.into two uncqual parts.. 'he Pulatinata is ;n..separete . province, on :the. anch side of thoRhiue; containivg 6,000 aquare fniles .and 620,000 -inhabitants, and. can only be; osohod from. Bavaria propor by. crossing..100 Plues of Wurtemborg and Huden territory, .Omite: ing tha lsolated Palatinate: Provinco, the King-+ flom of- Bavarin containa:, abont. 25,000 square miles, .and numbora 4,860,000. of inbabitaute,— whioh 18 » population fully equal to that of tho oat Stato of New ,York, willvits National Mo- opoli of 1,600,000 .ponflx\n..innlmlinu Brooklyn, ~saubsisting on & space lous thun half tho srea, »f Ilinois;..on & thi, poor soil, as: sompared «. with thot, of - the .. Western, -E:nixius; with 8. severo : winter-climate, .. on. count oftha. sltidue of tho Davarian plain ; fentitute . of . both' coal. aud. .jron oro: . the agricultural prodootions lioted to. . marrow. fauge of orops, of whioh corn is not one, and: Wheat but soanlily grown; without seaports, rhavignblu -rlvers, .or .lukes, and Beparated from 0: seg or ocoan .by.a distanceof hundreds of; E““';"{x‘“ this littlo patch of territory to which: atura -has. boou 80 parsimonious in her giftis, ubsists & population. equal. to that of the groa mpiro Btate of 'America, not in afiiuenco and juxury, it 18 true, but in | Sl ' - COMFORT AND ¥IUGAL INDEPENDENCE, .. Fhoro aroas fow pnu“‘wm in Bavaris as.in any: ‘Ilblnn in. Europo, aud I have yot to moot with hio firas mondioant, ofter. travoling .mora than: 400 milos fu:different directions, nud visiting the shiof cities of the Btato, .. 1., .. . e How oan this condition of thtnigs bo accounte for in a country w0 populouy, and whoso; joil - ia. mo poor, climate. o severo and’ natural resources o fow and: lmitod? . In- searchimg for tho solutlon, I found the following E’lnllnu - foct, which explaing it :. The soil of lhe King:dom of Bavaris,exclusive of the Rhenish alating: Provincoe before wmentionod, ia divided kmong 718,000 propriclors, who-own the land in. ke simple, ' 'fhero aro- very fow large.ostatas, o guueral .avorage of the farms is about 40 +Jeren onoh, while:fow contain more.thyn 0 aoros, Around alf tho - cities. are numorous patchss of ud tillod as vogotablo and smoll-fruit gardons,” u-the vieinity of. Munioh thore.are.mora than 0,000 suok gardens, - Hut, whether.the .**hold. mg" Y farin or: yardon, 1618 o- freediold, and ‘OWNED-IY THN QOCUPANT WHO TILa& IT, & Fot-bue famor {u twouty in-Bovarin ia & torian® working othor men's lands and. ‘pnrm away the pooscxds of-hig luboraa ronts to landlords, asfs the im0 i Grent Britain and Iroland, [tuly, snd some ther pacts-of Kurogo, . Aud.this. facs acoounts Jor tho thrifly, well-to-do, and probperous op- Rition of tho massos of tho peoplo ocoupying this slevatod, ‘Fm_\‘flu}'}‘]llhlll. with its thin nufi oagily- sxhanstod soil. ‘Nothing but the most careful nultivation can mako it continue to produce juflicient orops to kustain sn dense a population, md contribute the tuxed nocesnary to support a Military Government, as all UGorman Govern- nenti are, al H:u farmery clj!nurh woro Vrmesets e g bt oo v | tilo ‘| Iands of the monastotios and churches,: i| rives_about 20,000,000 of: the proceeds of their toll to_support ;n landlord. | o 1 .-flqmqru‘y.ln luprlngn,‘pmuom‘; aug. xndq‘ll::‘t ozl | ldlnnnssfi e s oy would bo ‘migerably, poor,.and ju- dlgont, Tike the Teiah. tortanisy mid fup ey fann-laborers, - Biit thoro 'fa biio - Infge Innd-., mom:pognh:utghvnfim,‘ o‘\lvlnlnal{nthar ":lmn than one-tanth of thosoll of the eutire Kingdom, and i 1o tho Btto aot i 'rovious to tho conquest of Davarln by Na- poloon about the' frdt gf this contury, tho Monke and Josults ind absorbod, and thon possessod, , «! NEARLY ONI-NALY OF THE ENTIRE BURFAGE of Davarin,. Tholr influgneo and authority, woro 23 unlimited na thelr. wealth wau, ouormouss hile tho Bavariah 'ponsantry wora fiotorionsly ho most illitorafo and suporstitions In Germany. Tho. vant. ncquisitions of- the Chtirch: and mo- nnatlo ordora, exhibitod in the.numbar, size, and ;|:eplandor of tho,catliodrals, . tho number, of,tho monastoried, and lha,lmilmlmu of dronos who ocetipled thont, will oxeito ‘the, surpriso qf the politienl ‘econoniist, while filling its blind dovoteo with rogrot that thosystom e not still-in full .| blogeom,. \In Bwabis, at tha.fook of the Alps, among a clustor of bonutiful lakos, wora no, less than, tweler . monnateries, surroundod énch by & “largo estate in . iho ‘most for- - district of . Bavarin, - which _ tho monldsh -ownora called *'Dor Plaffonwinkls," —tlePrioats’ Cornor.: But, whon Napoleon con- quered Bavarls, ono-of his first administrativo actd was to isstio n decreq conflsciting all tlu: XG0P #itch a8 wero* actuslly noeded for ohurch-pur- posos ; which landa ho o VEATED- DY DEOREE 1N TIE STATE. Tho Bavarinn Govornmont divided them into small parcels, aud eold them to tho peopls in foo-simplo, resorving the tracts covered bi' for~ csts, aud somo of tho arabloiland, which Intter is rentod on long leases at moderato ratos. From tho annual salo of fire-wood and lumbor) and tho rontals of the farmelauds, the Government do-, florius, .or - §8,000,000. por) annumt,—thoreby lightoning. the burden of taxotion,...and, : at:.the .same. lime, : presorving {ho 8’ upply: of.fuel from. destruction. ..:The monoy derived from those Crown-lands is chiofl; . dovoted «to.tho support .uf .the -publie. schools ond univorsities; and to. paying tho. salories of, tho clergy, both Protestant and Catlolic, A -1t doos not scem to ba gonerally:known in tho : Unitod Btates that tho railways of Buvavin. wove, Dbuilt and are owned and operated DY THE GOVERNMENT. .. i 4 ..., Indeed; I was not aware of -tho faut.until I.camo -horo and found -it: so...1b.98 woll known in tho .United States that half tho rallronds in Belgium ‘ar0 owned and . oporatad by tho Stato, in.compo- tition - with, or mather’ in. regulation - of, those owned: . by - privato . companios; -. it.. .{a.+ also-"known' that tho.Gormau. Goy-: ormnment _purchased ~ the Fronch :..rallways in Alssce-Lorrzine, and-that it is operating them auccossfully ;- but tho intoresting/and important fack of the Stato-ownership :of.all tho railways’ in Bavaria, .excopt :& fow. shart.local piecos of; road, has boen gonorally overlooked by tho Amori-' can-presd and.writors on ratlrond-subjects, ... | | “Ihe Bavarian systom of railroads belonging to tho Government fisd: sn axtont of. 2,130 miles in’ 1873, and hnd oot tho Government for.their congtruction 146,000,000..of, -florins; .to . whigh, ‘must bo added, for diaconut on -bonds sald, aud, for-right-of way, and othor oxira. costs, tlio' furthorsum of 17,600,000 floring,—making a grand: total for ovérthing which ecan- bo- clinrged to “ capital " account, up to tho bogluning of 1674, of -tho.. sum -of - 108428800 - {lorius, or; in ‘American onrrendy,. $66,830,000,. wvbioh amount has beon added to the publiodebt of Ba- varia in tho siapo of bonds drawing 6 por cont’ intorent. 0 coat of -tho Btate ronds was about -$28,000 por mile; but, adding. the -discount .on. ‘bonds and right of way, thoy stand the -Govern- ment in 881,400 'per milo.. Those ronds are built, however, in the . - . v 0BT BOLID AND BUDSTANTIAL MANNER, Curves have'not been Indulgod in to avoid deep cuts, fills, and tunnels; all-the oulvorts ara of stono ; all the ULridges aro solid stonc-urches, or construeted -of iron with' stone-abutments, 8treots, and evon country-roads, aro erossed on |. viaduets, Throe or four of - the principal lines Lavo double. fracks, and all the roads baving, much- business to do are Inid:-with, stool rails. "-All- tho stations, both pnssen- gor and troight, aro built . of. atono or brick, and are as nearly fico-proof as'possiblo. Tho work was ail performed undor the direction of military enginaers, - As far a8 can bo’ judged by appontances, the amount of -Inbor and valio ox-, \ponded in the consiruction of those State roads must'bo at loast doubloe that exponded por mile ou yailronds fu Ylinois and the “Statos" gonorals 1y.”As noarly as-I can sscertain, the Government, c{\ rges from.1 cent to 134 cents por milo per ton “for moving freight, tho rates in wintor boing tho' Bamo ‘88 in summer.: As the currency, welghts, and distances sr all ao.different, reck. oned from the American standards of dollar, ton, and mile; T find it somewhat difficult to equats “Bavarian into American equivalonts, and there-, fore may not be very oxact in {he h—nnu]nfious,, and oan only give £ oo . 1 ACLOSE APPROXIMATION: i Howoyor, the passenger-fares aro about as fol- lows: ‘For first-claga tiokots on exproms-trains, with 50 pounds of baggage free for each passen-; “ger, tho elmrgo its 43¢ couts per mile; for gocond-, clngs cirs, which are as clesn and comfortable as, tho average Amoticon car, 8 cents per milo; and; for third-clasg, which aro moderatoly comfort-; ‘ablo, aud far-botter, than tho"bard, perpondicu.. lar-back, wooden scats, snd: fllthy cars ealled, Memigrant-cara” in the * States,"the farq is about 1}¢ cents permilo. On the slower way-. traing, {ho cliargo s about 20 por cent lass "thuu the aboyvo rates. Thoso, charges ars sub- stantially the game as thoso exected:iu’all parts. of Germany, Austiis, Italy, ‘and Belgium. In, Tranco tliora {5 b Government - tax - of somothing like 10 wpor cent added since the 'disostrous war with Germany, for tho purpase of defraying tho iuterest an tl; “iridemoity ! paid to Germany, and to support. the uscless * army of revenge." 3 o ‘Tho not profits froin all tho railways belongiug. to the Btate, paid into the'Treasury during tle, yoar 1873, amousted to a }ittlo over 81,000,000 of uloh auparted o ‘poverty n populition o 40,000 whois o (’i‘ud,‘. uurfflunu yoara,Intor, it contatucd, 120,000 pooplp, lving I frugal com- Jfort, umidst o profusion.of works of, ‘artn. ‘Eis +Ron, “Maximiliah, who, Inhetited "oma ,of i Jathor's tnatos, followed hita oxaniplo, biit' turnod i nitention,, rathor, mora ‘to scioutlilc than to netinbia purmitte, L ... o first’ l]|lnn,l\in[§}l'.mlwlg (Lowln) aia aflor :thio war was ovor, and Bowapartp sifoly " juggod" Jn St. Ioloun, ws to ‘pull, down) . the .unslghtly old wall, and il tip the . doop ditob,, whicl liad cireumeeribod ntd, conflncd -hin Gapital ; -tho -next, .ta opon sovoral ,wido stroots, lmmgin .tho ‘old. town, ‘and ‘to Iay out, the suburbs into ?v(dn syaya, , Mitlo porlis, and ‘mquares, and fargo, buildlrig:lots..on which the cillzgng wero “onconragod to_ aredt dwellligs in modoru styla. His 1ioxt . work ,was to, supply.tho placo with .[)Innly of piira, wator, “fér pirposea of purifica- ton, public fountalps, and greater rafoty scainsb :fires,. Then Lo copverteid a forest which bo- longed'to the Statg'into . , i vge A GREAT\DUNLIO PARK, . .. . .. 4, This.waw s trip of bottom-land adfsiving tho ‘clty, through which flowed the littlo River sar, Itiwas 4 ailes long by hnlf s milo wide, snd <honvily covored with n vatioty of,, forout-trocs. Ho lnid it, out in tho English siyle of parks ;. ox- . caynted sovoral“theandering: fivors 'in, It and o largo :luko. or _hoaling-pond ‘at .ono . oud, by drawing Ulio,. . water.. from the 'Liar, building . mounds,, and plovations... yith "the .removed ‘enrth ; and Tuid ‘out . humerous drive- woys,, bridle-puihs, ,aud walks,,. through it Taking advantigoof | thy fall in.tho Tuar, ahich 8 o Tapidly-llowing;stroam, . lio eslablished sov- pral bosutifal casendos and falld on Lis nijsiiatyre tivors, ., Btatuary wora |ntorsperasd, and stono . B0nty wora gouvenlontly placo ‘fu{l Lired pedes- trlaus, ,On the higlicst ~attificial hill hio orested 1 n “bonutaful little taiple, , modaled aftor. .the . fapm ot.tlo Temple_of. Vostn lanomn. Sovoral other toniples ayo, Acattered through , thio,park, and p Jinndsoia pagoda was . erected, whae tho militaty band plays severa) Hmos o waelk und on Bunday altornoon., Bath-houxes 'wora = erdeted on tha Isdk, for .the freo, uso of ‘tho dusty or peraplring cltizens. At th upper oid of tho paik,dn tho edgo, of., tha . town, was Iaid otit n “ [lofgarten " for the sinokets and beor-druikers, Whera thousands of them .maybo found, oyery ploasant evening, ‘quafiing " thelr . favorito | bovorago, ... awl.. puling “their plpes to .tha . “accompinuiment. .of . ‘a, newspapor. | Diiring » sumnier aftornoon and eyeving nfi‘ u- “nlely niny, bo soon riding aid promonnding in' tho . cool aud rofreshing ghnde of tho graud old troes, many of whicl aro of prodigioug,izo, and con- turics old. = There are’fow moro clinrniing parke in Europo thinn tho * English Gatden,” us it ia called, and nono whero'a ulmu}ur can enjoy & fow hours' stroll more pleasaitly. y But King Ludwig'a “greatost offorts 'wero do- ‘voted to i S Y ..o - ADCHITECTURE AND FINRART. -, . . With t1io“assistanco .of , im odingut , pighilect named Klouzo, ho proceeded to consiruct a mnas- ivo gallory for the recepitlan.of n, Vast colleétion jof puintings, culled the Pinacothok, andunother for seulptura, named tho Glyptothek ; n Natlounl -Jlusouw of Antiquitics ational Library; a 6w, palaco for, modern, paliitings's o splondid opera-hotse,. and & capacious thvnlgs. asidon | {hoso, Do, erocted, two ‘or thrao great, elo- -gant churcheg, surmounted by lofty spiren, 1lo: olug Lind govoral public monnmepts, chlofly in - bronzo, p?uuml tn tho “public squares, fothe .momory .of, eelebrated ' Bavarinus, A .great . bronzo obellsl, 100 feat high, was orected in tho .cantre.of § clrcular ** platz," to the, memory of tho 90,000 Bavaripns Wha Jost their lives in ‘tho " dignitrous juvnsion of. Ruasia, in 1812, The in- seription gayy, */Thoy died. for the doliverance: of. their pativo lnnd! " . One lg puzzlad . to -sub- geribo. tp.tha truth of 'thin statemont, as they wéro helping Nn\samou 1o conquior Russfn, which lind noithor invaded nor . barmoed Bavaria, and vore frozen 'in ‘tho attompt,. But 1 snppose somothing had to ba fuscribed on the monumont In. justification of that ill-stavéd aud wicked: invasion. fo i . Across tho Ludwigsirasse,—the ivifeat and hest sitrect which ho lald'out, and whicu is_alo- gaatly built up, aud ocoupied by many of tho- uristocrioy,—he ‘oreated ., . i o A GRAND THIDNPUAL AmCwW, ., ¢ ‘an imitation of,.tho . Arch ‘of Constanting at Romg, but it is Iargor aud moro uaposing. . Near: ~this great arch, and on {ho opposita sides of an’ .ciabellishod publie’ quaro, are two tomples of .urt, one, of the :Ionie. stylo of archltectire, is ,uflqd thio, Glyptothek, and is'tilled with anciont aud modeorn seulptures, and bronzes,—hundreds of, tho plecos from Greseo and Egypt. .. The thor, .of .the Carinthinn ofder of urchitecturo, is'a muscum for. tho safo keoping and exbibuion of modern worke of ait, iucluding engravings, .otchivgs, drawings, dosigns, ete,” LTho latior adifica was orected by Ludwig's son Maximilian, wlio elso founded a gront Polytechnic School in . Munich, which is filled with studouts, . . THEDAVAIUAN HALL OF FAME another noted monumont or temylo, orected by, Ludwig. . It stunds in the suburbs,.on & xldge. of ground ‘overlockuig tlie city, nud is compased of . three angles or sides of, a Bquaro, Touviug tho fourth side opon for u speclfia pir- paso.. . It . rests on lofty . Dorio, pillus, and tho olact, 18 grand and striking.: Lho mdrblo " busts of a, lundred Bay rigng ‘who, lave .beon moat "~ colobrated ingciance, art,.mnusie, literature, statesmansniy, « .and.war, aro piaced in nichos bebipd tho columny, Whoro they can .bo seon ns ouo’'sppronches the :temple from the frout, . In front of this Hall of Famo ia placed the colossal bronze atatue of ..., . TIEGODDESSOF NAVARIA, . , It stands on & grouite. pedestal 80.feqt high, and the figuro itsolf s 05 foet high, It is supposod t0 roprosout the Protectress, of Bavaria, accom- anied by a bropzo lion, soveral timoes the size of tho largost elophout. In dier.right hand is a drawn sword for protection ' (but ono wonld sup- ;pose #o Jargo mid ferovious-looking a lon would “wmply furuish it); ber,left, band, rnised rloft, iloriug, or about £13,700,000. - Aftersotting aside, a sufiiclent sum to cover wear and . tour,, and re-. . nowals of tracks, the esrningy wero about 10 por. cont on the- capital invested. :The interest ou the bands lssued to build tho rouds.is '$3,840,000, Tho clear' profit to the Government, over and above "all expendes, ropairs, and ronowals, {s, eatimated at £8,500,000.to 4,000,000, .'Tho Government makes no effort to reducs tho ‘freight - and fare charges as. low s thoy might bo safoly made, but depends upon the profita of its, railways ns ono of its. chief sources of reveuns, and the oxcléo ion, Loer and tobadco as thoother, I conld hedr' of no complaint on tho part of thoe poonle of high. chargos, or-of mismanagoment:or irrcgularity, on the part of railway-oficers. It {s not allegad; in the Bavarisu Parliament, or by the pross, that; thore was fraud, or nuxmrfion, or Qredit-Mobl-; Mer villainy praoticed in the coustiuction of the ronda;, nor is it charged thab_ thoy are opornted oxtravagautly, dishouostly, orunfaithtully, Tho, peoplo uppoar to be ‘satistiod with-thor State-! railway ‘systom, and exhibit no dispoeition or. iutention to have thom sold to_sorporations, fo bo operatod by privatg capitaliata for their own intorosts, on such terms as umr chioose to exact {from thio public, a8 was foollshly done in Italy a fow yours ago. i Fgt B ; THE TELEONAYNIO SYSTEM , . . | 15 180 owndd aud oporated by tha Davarlan Gov-, ernment .. but Thave not baen able to oblain ex-. act fuformation in relation theroto, oxcept fhat .the Governmont darived.na handsome .revonyo. therofram, -and that the, oharges’for messages, - woro half, & florin, or ebput 203¢ ceuts for emah eanogo Of twenty. words, including addross sud, ignaturo, irrespoctive of diatancs, whioh, an’ eomo, lines, extonds nosrly 800 miles, . Tlio: linos 1 aro pparated in conneotion. with the Post-Oflice,, tha same a8 in Groat Dritadn.. . ... . g . The total debt of Davaria, including that in-, - currod in tha building of railways and tolograph-! linos, I8, 8174,000,000, and the total gross rovenno: - {rom all sources is abaut $41,000,000 por. annum, or, rather .moro thon 88 . per.. iutiabltant, -which sum “includos thie 812,700,000 dudvqcl; from . .the . Btato .. railway syatem, and; 62,250,000 from tho postal and.telograph .sys-, tom, whial, . togethor, .contributo .about two-; Afthsof thogroys raceipts of tho Bavarian Trens-, ury. . Tho stunding army mainfaloed 1 In'tlma of flauco, 88 her contingent, of. army.of “tha Gorman, Empira,. is 48,600. mon of all. arms, which, -in “proportion o 'population would bo tho samoes, ... . .. 4 «oc 1o 0,000 ¥OB TUR 6TATE OF JLLINOI, .. - \What would our citizons *think of the. sitntiqn, .of rnbllq wffaira if, in addition.to all their other ‘pubilic burdons, thov wora requirad to support Kotauing vy SF S0.000 mbocon e of pors Dut | Buvarin * ja mo . worge off u this regard : tban .all . the rost’ of Rurepp, ‘Which is almout devoured by enurmous atanding Armies,, . s ™ o » « . MUNIOR J8NOT.A 1 Tato,. dull Geyman town, .whicl owed. ith..ongin: to some storohouscs eracted on tho spat far.the. re- ,coption and sele of salt brougbt from Salzburg, -ou. the. Austrian- Lorder, an . movks who.ownad them. (iloenuha) itermination of:the Napoloonio. Lewls, who himsolf was a poot and artist, s had s cnnnumlmu-nalon for painting, statuary, bronzos, and arohlseoturo, dovoted the remaindor of his life, aud all tho monoy he could upare from his own {ncome and take from the soant; ravenuocs of the Htate, to the establlehmont an dovelopment of the flue aria in his Mitlo Oopltal, It is m-lly amezing to sea what ono - e, fabeard im Wt Lt " amaamme % mhas W " |- writon on_papyrusabout A. D, 850, Tho..on Jholds a.cheplet to crown merit. This fguro was, modeled, by Bchwantbnlor, and east .8t ‘the Bavarion _Royal. Foundry,, near ‘Munich, ‘and s . probably, tho largest | piece , 0f . brongo that over was mado. It E.d(mvmt to cauyoy an idea of its Luge propor- jons und.imposing apporranco. A circulur stuir- leuds up into thio.placo where the large la- iug ought to be, m which theroe {6 stand- room for cight peisous! .Pogn-holes .aro cut in.tho lsurel. crown worn by " tho figure, . through which the visitor obtalug commupdin viows.of tho city, of tha vast green plain gpre: out liko a sge, aud of tho hoary-hended old Alps of 'Eyrol ip the distanco.. 8o onormous, o, god- ‘doss” aud hngo .. lon scom wholly dispropor- tioned to such a, .potly, Littlo, subordinate,.wso- Inted Stato ais Bavaria, ana would bo more in har- mouy.with ‘proportions and fitness of things it ‘etanding in. Hydo Park, London, and intoud- ed .19 symbolize . Fich.. Aud.. powarful Butaiu. with . her protecting lion. “Thero, it would . moan . something;. . here othing . oxcopt :absurd vanity.., Ludwig ought “ta lisvo beon Emporor of all Gormany, instend of King only of s little corner of it. le pouscusod “the “ambition and ability to play such s part to admiration. 3 LUDWIG PATRONIZED ARTIETA, sagociated with fhom, and attraciod to Afunich hundreds of them from all parts of Euroge, and #illed bis palaces and ' galleries with their besuti- ful productions. His agoeuts ransucked Itnly, Greeco, aud Egypt, in search of seulpturos nud suclent ‘;urlmqu“'f;ps< which ho displayed in 'his museui-halls, Howought aftor, printings of .tho old mastors, ang socured many hundreds of thom for his publie’ picture-gallorics, Whoro he obtained all t?m money Lo make 8o many expen- sivo purchzaes of works. of art, In addition to the cost of constructing so many groat and splondid public buildiugs and monuments, must forever Temain 8 myatory, Hofoundod =~ .. . | +., . . .. TILEGREAT TURLIO LINRARY, A .which now coutaing 800,000 . volumos yud 22,000 annuusoripte, It has 12,000 books printed.before A. D, djflll. ‘Fhis Munich. National Library zanka tbird, if not socond, in.the world, in poiut of extent. Among thp ruro thiugs in it I noticed, tho * Codex Alaricus,”..,or lnys . given to . (ha’ West Goths by Alarfe, whq ravaged . Ituly 1,400 onts ago, . Thoso barbarian Goths. werp mu&uly -Bavarigus, and ontored Itnlf through Tyrol via Tonspruch, followitig tha Yalloy of thoIuu to the ‘Divide" af tho Alps, und thon down to Adjzo into the Valley of tho F'o, 1 also saw.manusoript ooples of the Now Testamout, of tho soyenth. angd cighth. centuries, Oune .of tho, oldest of .printed books, A, D, 1454, cantaius an'dppeal to -prms sguinat tho 'Turks, " 1loro aldo is Luther’s . Biblo, dovorated with Lis. own and. Molanetlion's . nortraits, Auother manusoript volume contuing ollootion.of churgh-graditions from Navenu: .llous ,of Domonthones, . on cottpn paper, from, -Clilos, 18 & volume supposed to dato Lack to the .ceonumoeuncoment . of. g.{m \Christian era.. . Tho, structuro . which .congping this vast library Is o : maguiticont buitdiug, and s capablo, of coutaln- ing, whon It {s complotely filled, suothor million . of volumes, At tho front ontrancs stands ¥ awox& of " Ariatotle, Hippocrates, ; ilumor, and - ‘Thuoydidos. ¢ THE NATIONAL MUBEUM Is_one of the mout remarkable of Ludwip's wohlevomonts, The buildmg s sn ouormous structuro, 474 fool long by 350 broad, aud 5 foot high, 1t is llod from basoment to garret with overy fmuginable ouriosity of Art and Na- turo, ancient and modorn, 'the walls aro cov- orod with historiesl frosco. alutings, Eoveral e deede e msmibom e mamas s ad Blggo of Blrsbourg in 1870, whigh has.scventcen sovere geara on {t, four of thom squargly on tha muzzlo, caused by * tine-shots " from a Bavarian sloga-battory, Tho. contonts ‘of this National Munoum eonstituton most remarkablo qolloction, Tut the moat oxtonsive of all King Ludwig's works in ) S ges s NAUIALEA, hoy By or *Tonplaof Fame fdr Getmany,"” orected noar Ratiahon, in the northoast of Bnyatia, oo au emi- nenco or bt oyorlooking the Danubs for a long dintancs, aud o wido expahdo of ‘country, Thia zum{)lq 18 almont o fac-siinile of tho. famous Par lloqr“ of Athous. 1t follgws tho same Dorio atyle ju'tho'architectitre, and’ differs chiofly in tho “matarlaly, of tho nilints, whiok nfo'not of . marblo, but consiat of blucks of white limo- .Btone olosoly ‘redembling marble in toxturo'and quality, . Tho Valunlle f5 218 feot long by 102 “broad; tho shafts of tho colimns are uofiot long, and tho hoight of the pedinent ia 60 foot, Thoso nro almost, oxactly the mensuroments of ‘tho Athoulan tomplo. Iho Valtlla is approsehod by oyelopian flights of stonesteps wp throe torracos, {ho uppor ono belng 100 foot high, and the other two not thuch loss. . In this Tomplo of Famo Ludwlg placod statucs and busts of | . ] .. ALL TI(E WORTIUES OF GERIANY, from Arminius, who defonted tho Roninn legiona in'n gront battlo, doyn to Blucher nad Schnartz- ouborg, wlip gave Ndpbloon 4o muak.trouble, All tho ‘grontest. horoes, statosmon, pages, . poots, historinne, orators, nvflmlnm, Holoutists, nrtlsls, niusleinny, ate,, whtich Germauy las. produced sinca Chilst'a _timo "to tho present geuoration, Jhave “their busts or statuos in this ‘Teniplo of Tama, Tho chicf sculptors of Geérmany irero erhpldyéd for ‘many. vearn in decorating tho Val- Dialla and filling its nlches with marblo ropreson tatives outschland's great mon, Tho work tied by Maximilinn nftor his fathor's denth, and ean ‘yat soacoly bo eallod comploto. It- wad ‘an excoodingly ~bold and ambitlous undortaking on-:tho” ‘part of n King of n small. nation; bub of --course ho - rocoived aid and assistance from #ll parts of Gormany, elso ho novor could linve carrind out_ his plans with-tho ueanty meaus under his control, Ludwig was ‘A VERY REMARKADLE 3{AN, 7 and, hnd e ruled ovor_omio conmerciat natlon, with ccous to othor parts of ‘the world, his fame would bo vastly ‘grentor. ‘But ho was buried away out of sight In. Contral Burope, and attract- od but littlo attentlon abroad ; however, ho fllus- trated to tho fullest oxtont tha'truth of tho assor- tion, Potca’ hnth bor tritphs a8 woll as war.” Had ko been Limperor of Gormany with the ro~ sources of tho Empiro atbis command, ho would hnvo achioved tho reputition of boing tho gront- st patron aud mout }iboral promoter of tha uso- ful ay woll a8 ornkmontal arte, of literaturo, music, and soienco, it aver wore o érown, and would havo gone down-to an sdmiring poufority a8 ' Ludwig tho Magniflcent.” i If ‘space pormitted, I should like' to describo Wwlhiat I gaw in tho cuilons and intoresting old PROTESTANT ‘CITY OF NUREMBENQ, situated in: the northom part of ‘Bavaris, ‘and -gontaiiing about- 90,00 fnbnbitants, of which +87,000 are Protestants; tho city which manufac- tures nonrly ali tho lead-pencils and all ths chil- drou's toys purchased: in Furopa and Amorica the ety which changed its roligions connoctions and its crecd “almoot in n ‘day, by a'common, spontaneous, universal impilso, in whioh-priosta and congregations tapoused the Roformation cn - muneso, and for nenrly 400 yenrs have continued t0 -bo stanch Protestants.’ They still “worahip in the ancient Catholio churches ‘and_éathedrals which_thoir fathers had built centuries be- foro: Luthor's: Lime, and they bavo removed nothing therofrom. Noicouoclasm- wag prac- ticad.”. The ideritical "old 'pious, pictures stitl adorn’the walls and Gothio windows; the soulp. | tured Crueifixion scones yot remtain; tho'p turos and imngos of -tho Virgin ‘and 'Infant nre untouched; tho boly relics continue in their anclent places; ‘tlio sopulturos and monu- monts of tho ‘long-dopnrted Saints aro still there; ‘and, when looking through thoso old churches, it was hard fo ‘beliove that -tho congregationa wiiich: worahip “therein aro Protestunts and not Catholics, . . In the'courso of timo, some Citholics migrated into Nuaromberg, who, ndded to tho origiual handrul that .rofused to join tho Reformers, made up u congrogation of a foww thousand por- sons, - Béeing their wunb of a suitable cliuroh, aud having moto thian were ueeded for thoir own -uses, tha Protestants assigned binck to thelr ex- brethren, sixty or soventy yoars sgo, oueof the Jargest aud- fincat .of° tho old cathe-~ drals, called tho Frauonlkirche,” and in it tho Catholicsof Nuromborg huve worshiped sinco tho early part of this contury. . ... Less chunge has takon plico in {he appenr- ‘auco of Nuromberg within the past. 500 years than iv any.city of Europe, Tho vistor feels that ho is carcied back to the middlo - ages, be- foro the &‘ od:..whou Columbus discoverod Amorica, . Everything v o .. :.LOOKS NOW A8 IT DID THEY. . Genoralions Lave coma and gono, but_anchang- .iug Nuremberg. runs . on forever, welly, with their 305 towers aud turrets, stand intact, inclosed., by o ditch 80 feet wide.and 40 deop, facod througliout with magonry, and crossed by, twelvo bridgos, loading through. as many “gites,—ono for ench Apostlo, The fortifications ‘romain exactly.as they were whon they succoss- -fully. withstood -the terriblo sicge, during the +Lhirty-Yoars'. War, by Count. Wallonstein, 'in 1083, Tho citizous. were roduced to tho lowest -stage of famine, notwithstanding tho great Gustavus Adolphus, with . 25,000 brave Swedes, came to thoir. asgistanco, against Wallonstein's army of 60,000, The latter tormed an intrenchod camp near the.clty, and pationtly waited for in- . exoruble hungor £a open its gates to his army of massacro, for Lo was waging a war of extorminn- tion agaiust. Protostants, such . as Mahomet's followors waged against the Christians, Ho gave them.only the cliolco of doath or apostasy. Adol- Elmu was unable to.foree .the intrenchments of is terriblo adversary, and the- latter dared not -asgault his invinciblo Besndinavians, -And thus ¢ theso two.. consummato mustors of *the art ot.y7ar sat watching ench other for threa .long months, Adolphus, - drivon tnduurnlr by hungoet, muds . » toviitle. attack. on the fincs of his epomy. Five timos be led his brave troops undauntodly .to. the assault, only to be mowed .gnfi'n by musketry and torn to picces by eaunon- slls. - FOR THR FINAT -TINE IN WIS LITL. he was unsuccossful, and way oblijzed to march »way in search of food with the remnant of his -army. - Buz Wallenstein's army Lad consumod all tho provisions for 40 miles around, and was al40 on tho Eni.uc of starvation ; and, five days days aftor.the battle, ho was obliged fo Taise tho saioge and crawl away in scarok of somothing .to ont, Thus Nuromborg, the stronghold of Prot- ostantism in Southorn Gormany, waa eaved from annibilation, J. M, —_— KISSES. Tho preasea kissea on my brow, A8 softly as tlie rain-drops fall, ‘Liko fragrant blossoms of the Spring, And swaster, sweeler tban them alll And froahor, purcr than the winds That lift the potalaof the flawors, ey laddon all voy fovored ife Wit now und rexoyatiyy powers, Bweot kiaaea from fliolips I love, . - +_ Blrung on fhio hieart's most feuder chords, Lixe pearle, that tremblo with my foy, "Too beantiful for hyman words | 80 preas them evor on my brow,— Thoy saotha the pain tliat's throbbing there; They aro thericheat diadom . ., - ATy wo 's soul asplres to woar | ~Helen M, Cooie, i tha Golden Age, | ‘Ourious Norwogian Dislioss Bill, in most countrics.there js something to ba learued,—somo _peculiar dish .(not unfro- quently the. quecrest-looking) which will ro- ward iuvestization, Ocensionally, -1ndeed, tho inquirer will moot with a robuft; "but is nof thiu the, oage..in all origiunl. research? Neyvor alinll wo forget our firat .nnd last acquaintauce with. that northerngst sud nastiest of foods oallod.. stookfluche.. We had srrived at. a. ot tler's bLut. far away in tho Arctlo reglona of Norway, hupgry. a8 starved wolvos, and. lo! ona set- bofore.us what looked and folt like a large.spliulor of piue wood, As wo raisod it to. our lips,. Lhowevor, we. bocamo . fully aware by tho' perfume, which. oan only .bo doscribed 86 noispmo, . that it coveisted of animal mat- tor ; atill, undaunted, wa anaged to bite off a portlon. . At first it soomed’ tasteloss, but a8 it .bocame. slowly roduced: by notivoly- working jaws, such a slokoning flavor uufold. ed iself that-in horror. and amazement wo {led from tho food and the hut that could harbor it. Our fooling on first tasting tho plum soup of Norwny, served at tho'commencemant of dinuor, wad.ono of indignant surprise, not much inforior to that of the bicolio gantleman who bit into an olive under . the. impression that it was pro- sorved graourgnge ; and though it lsnot in {tsolf absolutsly nauseous, we confoss wo. could neyor abido it,. " There s, howovor, ono excallent. dlsh which tho Norwexian travoler moets with at evory littlo inn, - Itis callod “curhonado,” und .con- \ulats,.of .minced .menty, : oggs, . and..fne. horby made up into a kind of cako, snd thon fried or Laked, "The mout, pobably, if cooked in au ordinary way, would dofy mastication, but thue trontod it iy ronlly o dainty plate, Equally com- mon at the post stationy is sahmon ariod and proparcd fn ome subliwo manngr, far superlor to (o kippered valmon of comnjsroe, and enten raw in the thinnost possible Wllcon.—~Zyaser's Wecmnina o Tho feudal® Droining — SiltItisine — Onuno of ratlure in Molo and TilosDriins— Jobbing of Earmefledgos, and Job= iy bing in General—-Growth of Inver tionw. 3 4 From Qur Aaricultural Correspondent.. 5 . CicatrazaN, Til,, July 10, 1874, ‘Wo have not as yot ronchod tho poiut of CHEAP ROOFING., Evory farm noods & largo amount'of shod-room ; but thia'roofiig of thin oonts 8o much that most farmors have to do without the stables aud open |, sliods that are so much needed. It sppears to mo that somothing might bo dono in this diroc- tion to solve tho difiioulty. The papor-felt roofs aro not durable, snd aro morc or loss losky; a bonrd rodf i not satisfactory; shinglos cost too much; and'slato or tin for this purposs aro out of tho question. § 5 Thua far, choap roofing Las boen a failure; and yob thore lsno renson why it ehould not prove a guccess, Tho othor day, an old friend told mo of a choap roof that ho hed used for sovoral yoats, and tliat gavo no signs of failure, Tt i almost flat, and yat it has nover lenked, and ahoie no signs of docay. It was made as fol- Tows: A QUEAT ROOF. Tho foundation wus mado of -old boards, fIttad clduoly togothior'; ana ovor this iwa lnid ono_thickuess of Tock River papor-folt; and || .on this was appliod a good cont of conl-tar, warmed go that.it could bo put an with o com- mon whitowash-brush; and over this a socond thigknoss of papor-folt. This_ws battoricd _dovn with lath, tncked on six Inches apatt ; end oyer all waganothor coat of the. oonl tar. No sand, gravel, or othor matorial, was usod; but once a yor,'s cont of tho warm tar bes: .boon silded, to raplace tho loss, by washidg off, Ho bos full confidenca in this kind of roofly, nud 1 havo agroed with him to put mo. up sbout 8,000 quiare foot of this kind of roofing. And yet, boforo proceoding with the work, T wish :to hear from othors, to know if thers ia ‘anything bottor'or nbnnkmr for the purpose, - Lhavo ono shed with o -span roof of boards thint-is 28 by 38 foat; but this has soveral leaks in it that vory much lossen its velue. For aont- tlo‘abiods, this roof would nnawer a vory ' good purposo; but, for implements, it is of ‘much less value, My old friend M., who has tho papor-, roof, thinka that tho annual application of tha raw goa-tar 1s the ssving graco in tia kind of roof, snil {8 'very enthusisstic over it, Hois about buildiug s new dwoellin.ghouss, and is to putthis kind of roofing on it, with the addition of Lavhig the ‘roof-boards drossed to a thick-. ness, 80 &8 to malko [Emoro avon on the surface. “A mochanioc et Galesburg who has boon largoely engaged in roofing, and who has taken out, or applied for at losst, TWO PATENTH ON OHEAT ROOFIN(, one of which is a composition of coul-tar, sorghum-sirup, and ground soapstono, to bo ap- plied to papor-folt,—~writes mo as follows : Gavrsuuna, TIL, Juna 18, 1874, ¢ Mn, “Runar”—Smn: Yours of tho 10th i at haud, In regard to roofing: My exporionco. in_ coal-tar and, !:aymr (callea fclt). bas not becn suck as to warrant tho Ughest commendation; and I should prefer-for a #liod-roof Lwo thicknesies of wtuck-boards, with ono {uicknens of tho felt-paper between them, I would hiave tho tar-poper coverod with » mixture of ‘conl-tur and common road-dust,—onc-third in bulk of the former to two-tnirds 'of the latter. This will muke & very good and chesp t roof;. that s, one _too . .flat. for: .common . !nlmfllnfi‘ This kind of roofing will Jast a_long time, and will need.no” annual ooklng ofter, - It will. require 16 ‘pounds of the uaturatod tar-feltiug for o square of 100 foct, and this, at & centa por pound, will bs 60 contas ‘whilo one barrel of uoal-tur will cover 20 squares, costing -about.10 cunts por aquare, Tho coal-tar and dust may bo: mixed- in warm.weather wilhout heating, but, in . 0ld, must liavo thoald of tho fire, -1t j8 mixcd with o~ lioe, ke thin martar, and §s appliod to the felting with . a common whilownsh-brush, and the top .conrse of Toards Lafd on nnd nafled down, Tt 1a hottor to havo the voards run through & plaver, in order that they muy 1t close, . Alter hoaring so much in rogard to this cheap felt-roofing, ard of ity virtues, to have this ! ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF IT8 PAILURE, § 18 ot forth abovo, is # sad disappointmont just now, when I = had ‘decided to ‘put” it to wse. Whon I ‘moet with such an ob- staclo, I ‘have to ‘resort to my slate and poncil, in order toget at the roel facts. I want ong roof to covor'a shed 24-hy 40 faet. one of 16 by 40 fuet, and two of 1 by-82 feét. I can man- nge tho 16-feet sheds with "16-feot stock-boards ; put I find that A stock-boards cost, at the yards in Chicazo, 838 ; B, 60, and O, 16 porm. A raof 16 by 40 feat would reiquira1,360 feot, Bup- vosawo uso B stock-bonrds at $26, to which must bo added say 85 per m for freight, wo hidvo the cost of tho bourds for roof, £42 ; folting and conl-tar, §5; or a total of £6.67 por square of 100 feet, i IF WE USF, SHISOLES, tho cost will ho as_follows : 714 fedt roof-boar ot 817 per m, $12,14 ; 5 1-10 m shingles, laid 5 inolies to the weathor, will cover tho roof, nik- ingg 1t what corpontors call & quartor-piteh shin- glo-roof ; cost of ehiugles, $20.50 ; 20 Ibs shin- fln-llr.(ll!, §1.25 ; total, 833,80, Wo mny offsot -the layiog of ono n?“‘"“ the other, and, count- ing only thio cost of matorial,: we havo n diffor- enco. in favor of slingles of 813.11. I have wado no montion. of naila for putting on tho roof, a8 tho differenco betweon the tiwo in that respoct wonld = not be matorinl, the ob- jock of this. investigation -boing to got at tho relative cost and value of rooflng, It will Lo secn that tho szock-bonrd roof, with the felt- ing and coal-tar, will cost more than shingles, nud it {s not probablo that it will ba any mors “dosirable. If wo put on a roof of fols and conl- -tar, as proposed by M., the cost will bo about ns follows: 672 feot roof-boards at §17 por m, 811,43 ; felt, $8 ; conl-tar aud 13¢ m lath, 4,50 ; shingle-nails, 81,58 ; total, 25,60, This Iattor roof must have an annusl cout of tar puton it like whitowash, - THAT WE NEED MORE LIGHT in rogardto_ chenp roofing, i¥ quito cortnin. Thus far, shinglo-roofs. are ahead, asg 1,000 shinglos, 1ald 5 {uches to the weather, will cover 108 fest'of roof. This will require 4 pounds of nails ; and, as the farmer cau do the work him-, 8olf, tho roof is mot vory expensive, If tho felt- muu can ' give ua - figures of cost, not figures of rhatorio, wo sball bo plepsed to havo them ;. or, Af any othor party oan give us moro light on thé -gubjeot, it will -ba ncoeptablo to tho readers of # Tho Farm and Gardon.” A farmer’s Hon sonds me a ciroular from a firm halling from Broadway, Now York, oftering A GOOD BILVER WATCH ¥OR $4} -tho, furrows will bo losti but, whon in large and he wishes to know if it would be safo to sond the money, and also in regard totho re- spousibillty of tho firm, . It would bo safo to send the money, for the ohancos, aro that the follows would got t; but the chance for gotting & watch of any kind in retwrn is slim indeod, and one of any valus as a timo- Lecpor is quite out of the quostion. The Bun- dinl man, who advertised a good timekooper for .a dollnr, sont out s vory good sun-dia), but, s & pocket.timepiocs, it Lad no great valuo.. B - Farmors, aud farmers' sons, who oxpoot to get gomething for notling, or something for less than its valuo,.shonld".deal. with some parson whom they know to bo responsible, and not par- :tios at o distanco, 08 their chances are not good for fair Jealing.: In ordor to make o watch by machivery at our.best factories, it roquires o lite tlo over threa duya' labor. to. comploto {t, and thia without the case, which, if of silvar, is worty more then §4; ond the ohunflaut works ars sold in laxga quantities at $12 ench. 1t can bo scon that no good watch can bo. made for $4, much less sold” for shint sum, aftar poying Inrgoly for advertisivg. The probabllity 18 thet thessmon Lliave no watek for ealo, or even an ofiico t tho place dosignatod; and that, aftor sonding the monoy, it 18 the laat that will be heard of it. In some of tho southorn countles of the Btate the farmers fight - 3 TIE OMINON-RUGY ; by plowlng a furrow, aud hauling a log through this furrow with a sluglo horao, for tho purpose of pulveriziug the soil, #o that the bugs cannob orawl throigh it, and also to destroy them whon attompting to cross It. This roquires conslder- ablo labor and rathor conataut attention, A very good way is to plow uuder a narrow strp of corn wheu thoy firat. loave the whout or other grain, «which they do whon It beging to nipen, They caunob pass . over . this nmrow nm}n, and,. for tho . wanl of . food, porish, It tho corn. is mot lIargo whon. first at- tacked, thoy can be chiocked by turning o furrow, with a common ono-horso coru-plow, ou +the rowa of corn. 'his will cover thoso ut tho baso of tho stalk, and most of thove paesing over numbers, the boat way lg to plow a land somo rods wido, and ?'lvu 1t ropoeatod biarrowings,. This will provent the groas. army of winglosa bugs puuuln[& to tho corn, and_ only. loave it for the 1alnted colonios that may fly over. but, as they mostly movo in bodies, thess will not prave very dostructive, . Spring.whaat. sawn enazly.on well- prepared land seldom suffors; i i tho lnto sown that comes in for damage. A cold rain is cortaln to oheole these pests; but oarly meoding and thorough oulture aro the bost provontivos, In Qontral Ilhnols, spring-whont at bess is an ‘imoortain orop ; wud, as it 18 u good harbor for tho chinch-buge, 1 have discarded it from my farm-crops, and do wot suffer from the inrasde af $hia (ncack tn anw annranishia aviant \opaned only suficioutly to sllow tho water to ,pass off, aud thoe small or lateral drains aro, then SProvA aro thousnuds of miles of good Onage hedges, 1 have yot to loaru of s mile of % by contract with theso hodge-jobbers, !hw could not mako & good Liedge, but the faot 1 th hedge; snd aiman nansis TILE-DRAINING, NI .+ | Mrxnora, Iil,, July 9, 1874, u the Kdllor of ‘The Chleaya Tribunas.. ! Bin: I wish (ihrotigh your coiumtia) to eall the stton- fon of ! Rural ‘{0 somo polnt in tie-draining whero- in T.thfrk hio 44 mistakon, . 3 +_ Firat, " Rural” claima a # gag " or depreaston in tho drnin will itimatoly 0l with sand, hecatse. 4110 molos draftu diid. In (ho tole-draln, (hb water cnmo In con tact. with tho dirt, and, fn many canos, waslied out Hil Al mrfaco foil fu, Thils wn carricd fon point below, ‘wliora tio Aol wan of & femor notiro, ind tharo odgod stopping thio drain, and, whiore thers wad the mont fell tho soonor the draln Alled up 5. therefore, .it. wad nof Decatina of any depression in.the drain that they fatled, but ol dopended upon the quality.of tho soll throrgh yhich (o nolo pawsed n miking e drain. frad (horo Leon tllo i Uiem o keop Lo walar from wisbiing thom it argor1n places, they would all be carrying off waler o-day, B Ve « 1 The Hle-drain ul\'flelunl!{ accomplishien what was fn- tended to bo nccamblinbied by the mole-drain, Thotilos konp the dirt to ita El»na. filtoring the water -through them and keeping tho dirt out., In all cases, the watar will flow fromn (L tlle Inid with my machine us cloar ne Apring-water, in threo hours after thoy ure in the ground, If the dirt could get jnside of the tile, tho- reverse would bo the case, 2 S . ;Agnint As to tho cost of Tnying tho filo by.hand, fRural™ gaya: - If Mr, B, 1o correct in his ctimalo of Iaying by lisnd, which in lesa than 40 conts. per rod, hoard and hanling of tho tle included, the mnchines— ot least one of them—inust elther moko a good, round , tmm, or machine is more oxpensivo than hand labor.” o will look ovor Mr. I statomont, and.sea if 4 Rural " {a carrect a8 ta the 40 couts per rod, Mr, B, gives cost.of tllo per rod at tho kitn as followa s 140 conts per rod <44 couls yor rod, + e then nfatcat “11oid tho, tilo myself, paying 22 ks couts por.rod for. oxcavaling . tho difch, ' The prica Tiere fa 2 to 28 cchts por rod for. waking the ditch, Iafug fho tife, and filliog in the ditch,—board to b inclnded.” Tt will baseen tiila mokes thio cost of from 4710 83 conta a rad, besldes bauling thie tile, 3r, L, J, G, of Millington, whoas lettar in publishod with the reat, moans ta nay that 60.couts airod Includes the cost of the tilo and freights, besidea {ho- lnying, . Thus it il bareon that tho machincs aro lnylng tila at abont 0 conts per rod for the Inbor, Thie machines ho fa- néiug or0 of my patent, and T am familiae with hia. prices for Iayhig tilo, ' ... T % Anto the machine ninking of ita own woight in any soll, this in mposwiblo, bacziso it s controlled wholly by tho surfaco; and, when tho unevenness of tlio pur- £ico { too great to regulate tho drain by tho set scrows, wo are thon compolled to grado the surfacos but fhla soldom ocetirred in onr oxporience in laying at. t four car-loads of flle, 3 i S Tural, thinks Lo, can sen nothing new. in ' thess machinos, . T would ask bim if the principlo of patting: tho tite In thio difch with this machine 18 not new to Lim? Ifnot o Lim, it was st tho Patent Officodn' 87, i Jaxes1, Mxrrien, It iavery avident.from tho above that Mr. M, ‘8, vary ‘imperfect idea of tilo-draining, and thint ho'fnils Luvnomlxrohuml what I hrye snid in rogard to it, His lotter is so full of errors that "1 reproduce 'it_hera in order to give it a caroful examination. In the firat place, I atated ‘that tho lovelin of. tho ‘Lottom by apparatus for raising and. lowering the coultor was not new, ag such dovicss hiud boon used, and T suppose pat- outed, in the'mole-drains ; und, 1 tho next place, that the lngirig of tilo by machinory had wlso hoon , dono years ago, . I did not call'in question the valuo of the invention of Jlr, M., but simply caflod attention to cortain dofects in tho system of mole and tile draining. I also suggostod that tho work could bo done as cheaply by hand as with the machine, according to tho figiros given by L. J. G. Br, R, I, givos tho cost of laylg and filling at 28 conts por rod ; add to this the co8t of 2-inch tile, 24 conts, and we hava 52 conts or rod, "o this must bo added board and haul- .ng, which wll bring the cost up to the 60 cents, I find that, when those machine-men worlk ac: ditching and similar work by the rod, tho prico charged I8 exclusivo of board for both men and - tonms while dolng the work, & . t“l’thua on this enbjoct wo may as well look o ot IN ATL ITA BEARINGE, o not in any hyporeritical mopd, but from the real faots. I'am sulisfied that this now machine for the llyinr of tilo, in tho hands of incompotont mon, is Nable to do very inferlor work; and. no man knows this bettor than the inventor. . Wo must algo hear in_mind that, for many years, molo-drains in clayoy land wero very Fcuulnr bug’ time also praved. that they wore dofective; and the sama dofeots, accur in tilo-draining,~tho “sog " in the bottom causing tho mischiof, But, seys 3r, M., * In my drain there can bo no aag.” ‘Well, perbops not, but wo shall noed furtbor proof of this fact. Molo-drain. mon hayo mndo tho seme statomont, and yot thoy falled. In Innd that bag, considerablo fall, sag may bo u\-uid\fi;l; but, in flat land, tho thing is more Gificult. In the tile-draining of ~flat land we may nced silt, or sand-basins for the _lodgment of 'tho &ilt below the ile, or in_ timo this mn{ fill up the 5. Mr. A says that, with bis machine, “gagy " are lu{)zusmblu; and then adds that, in mfo Flnueu,.“\ 0 aro compelled to grade the sur-' aco," What I3 this but an adimission of what I obarged in regard to.tho safo places ? ¥ ... If 3Ir. 3L, will examino & drain Jaid with tilo, Lo mil find that fino sand is carrled into the tilo, and deposited in tho small sags or unoquel places along thoe bottom of the tilo’; and that it accumulates in tho silt-basins, whora those aro used ; and that it ia E . . FATAL TO THE DRAIN v to allow of o nng that is equal to the diamater of thoe boro. The boro of s well-made tila is not round, but rathor ogg-sbaped, £o s to have the Dottom presont & narrow channel, that the water mnF tho more rendily carry out this flue silt, which, once sottlod and compactod, is immovablo ,t)l'; the ourront of wator runming through tho o, : : . i In Inying tile by hand, tho main drain 15 firat g\lt iy, and’tho , drain completed duwnwarde. That is, in digging, the .work is commonced. ot the lowest point. or . outlot; and, in Inying and filliug, tho work is .commonced at tho upper.end. ’l'h{n ia to secure an even gradoe for tho flow of tho wator, and to fvsurs & propor counection at tho mains, When thera is dangor of cnving-in of the eide-walls, it iz sometimes Inid In soctions. In our goils we find thin'shesta of quicksand; and, whors these occur, we must lay tho tilo on picces of narrow bonrds, in order to prevont tho vag. That this machine is capa- blo of doing goad work in most of our clay soils, wheon in tho bands of good, careful workmon, is 1o doubt truo "yet thera aro other placos whero hand-labor i8 tho most economical, . That the work may bs donoe cheaper is very evident, as the cnpstan and couller cna open a ditch 4 or 5 inonies wido chenper than it oan bo douc by hand, These machines must bo used on tho same plan that draing areluid by haud ; tbas s, the main draln must be first oponed; |, thon, beginning at the upper. end, put in the “latorals and comont - them proper): aud thon Iay tho tile in the main drain hand. This appears to me to bo the bost and + ONLY NETUOD of doing good work; No farmor should Iot out the fob of put- ting In Lis drains to & class of men who do uat thorouglly underatand thoir business, or, in & fow years, he may haye to inour large cost In tak- luxi up and repairing defeotive placos in the work, T'ho failuro of tho mole-drainsis duo to tho '*snga " nnd to sheets of quicksand.' In tho flrat placo, the sngs ao filled withs silt; and, in the second 1i)lm:u. tho walls of tho molo, disinta- rato and full fn, Thoe tilo s to corroct tho nttor, but it cannot do the former, The uso of tho silt-basiu is to allow tho silt to fall in thom at rogular intorvals; and, when illled, thoy are cleaned out, thus preventing the aconmnulation. of ailt ou long lovels, With a rapid fall, these ave not required, as the rapid flow of tho wator will carry it forward, and dis- chargo it at the openings, *, THE *BAGH" 2 were the firat thing toconfound the mole-drains; and {he levoliug-up by monns of a ecrow and spirt-bonrd: wando a porcoptible fmprovement ; but nothing could overcome, the solt spots ar spring-holes that oozed up. along the sloughs ; aud pvon now tho machine thut 18 clalmed to bo porfoot must nesds havo tho surfaca graded in gomo locationi in ordor to avold theso segs. . As tile-diuinivg by hand rugulra\l tho atten- tion of the engincer, who had had some years of tralning in the businoss, so it-will be fonnd that, Iu the laying of tlilo bgv machinery, a large experlonco ¥ nlso required in order, o insura good work, Tho water may flow in thros hours after the tila Is Inid ; but Will It contiuuo to flow éu !hn;u o4 to come & 16 ought to do If well ona ? I UOHT IMFORYANT INQUIDY. ; . Whon wo geb nreal Agricultural College, with roal praotical, und . seientitic toachors, we' sy toach tho tarmors' spu the iudinonts of druiue ing, wo thut Lo may bo capable of superintend- the worle .on. his “own furm, or at loast kuow when it I8 properly done, R Luva a strong, susplolon that, in. laylng tilo [ —— e I nioheg alzo,—nnd whigh ‘are 'works of very con- Hhy of ot PArmbra grdw o fow dores of aprig- | tracted n t ', not | doplotd bya long and blocdy war, | &idorablo Taofil Nu‘m?flmlmniuntmnun,?mmm & e T T | ot for family-uay bty 88 & ponoral S, | Cmrioiet iy im0t mile of whiah wag éouiity of “auch, limlted , resourcos, | 'n wultitudo of military, trophiles, is u braas 24 Olienp MRoofang—Conl=Tar ve, Shinglon |#0mo othor way will, ho found to purehse moro ifor tho work wore amplo to fsuro a good limrgn;, o, hogan his,.impravements, In 1\!10i pounder cnuiion, takon. from; tho "Frengl at flio | 2% 94 - Watch—Uhinchefugs—Tiies | 19UF for the samo outlay of land and lsbor, but tho whola thing was In tho hands of Jobbors, not (-rnnucnl Ledgae-growors, -With all theuo warnings, I-am growing consorvative on thie Iind of worls, thnt requiren a thorough appron- ticenhip in order to sticcan .+, Formors who intand to.Iny.a largo ‘quantity. of 4ig, eithar by hand'or with macliiuory, wold. do woll to conkult- s little_worl entitled * 'arme Dralnngo,” by Henry ¥, Fronch, 'T'ho work mn{ be ind through the book-stores for nbout £1,60, I trust no ono will tniputa to me any opposi- tlon to tho uso_of muchluery for the iaying of tllo, but rathor'ita,.. . . 0. 1:NCOURAGEMENT ON A USEFUL DASIA, 1 wish to point -out . tho dltiouitios to bo ovor- oomo that success may fotlow. There has boon too much monoy thrown away by farmers on usoless. invontions .to, tske ovorything for ranted, -and : wo, may ‘be. allowed: "to.look at things ns thoy really aro, notns thoy maynpponr. “ The Xarm and - Gardon ""bas dared to Investie gato for itself, without rogard to public or pri. Yato opinion. “Whon a selentific committos gavo s approval and indorsomont of the stenm-plow, and whon tho 8tato Agriodltnital Boclety awarde it o promium.as nusoful aid in tarming, * The Farm and Garden " gavo its reasons for dissont. ing, and pointed out jts cnuse of failuro; but the crowd shonted Euvoka, and declarod that * Rural,” not the stemm-plow, was a.fajluro, Aud now, after. fitteon yonrs of ‘ropantail trinls, we may look in vdin for a stenm-plow on tho gront prairies of the West, O ! you aro op- osed to tho stenm-plow, and writo itdown." ot in the least, but. havo: simply shown up ita defocts, And so it Is with tholaying of tilo- drain by machiuery, Whilo I think it ,may,bo dong, and done well, . aid perhaps cheaper than {)hy land-Iabor, yet ‘thero are cortaln dofocts ol t, in the hands of unskiliful mon, MAY MAKE IT A FATLURE, : Lot no inventor flatter himaolf that a patont i conclusivo ?‘DM that tho thing patentod is now, Dorxibly, it may be new to tho patentos, .but not &0 to others. And thon, agnin, Jmprove- moenta and changos may sorionsly affect a patent founded on s good basis. Inventions bave s growth, and sometimes aro, slow in comiug to -maturity... Of thoso are stoam-plows aid stoains road-wagons, N Runax, N LIFE 'AND 'DEATH. Doth Lifo mirvive tho tottch of Desth 7 ‘Deallys band alone tho eoorot holds, . Which ua to oach ono ho unfolds, ‘Wo prosa to know with bated bronth, A whispor thiore, a whispor here, . . . Confirms that liopo to which wa olirig § - But still wo grasp at anythitlg, d sometimes hopo and sometlmes fear, Bomo whisper that tho dead we knowy Hoyer around us while wo pray, . Auxloiis to sneak, . Wo cinnot vy : Wo only wish it may bo truo. - Tknow a Stole who has thought, “As healfliy blood flowa thiraugh his hud foy his iresont Lite suatains, Aud all this good Lag como unsought, “ For mora hio canmot rightly pr; Tifo muy oxteind, or 1oy shasos THo bides the lastlo, sirs of peace, Stire of tho bost in God's own way, 4 Perfection waita the raco of min; * 3t worling out this great design, God outa us off, we miust reslgn "o ba tha refuse of His plan,” But 1, for ono, faol no auch poace ; I daro to think I Lave in mo “Clint whioh Lad botter nover b, 1t lost beforo 1t can ducroase, Anit oh! tho rufnod piles of mind, Daily discoversd overywhoro, Built but to crumble in’ degpair T 1 dure not thiak Him so unkind, The rudeat workman would not filng “The fraymonts of his work awsy, 1f oviry usoless bit of clay o trad 0n were u aentiont thing, And doca tho Wiseat Worker take - Quick human hearts, instoad of stone, And how and earve.thom ouo by ouu, Nor hoed tho panga with which they break y And more : 1f but creatfon’s waste, . Would I have given us vouse ta yearn ‘For tho perfoction none can barn And Liope tho fullar lfe {0 toste 7 1 think, 1f we must cosso to be, 1t ia a cruelty rofined, o mako the nstincts of our mind Biretch out toward eternity, veins, Wherofore I welcomo nature’s ory, Axs carnest of a lifo.again, . Whero thought alail nover bo in vain, - And doubt bofure tha Lght shall iy, —Macmiltaw's ugazine, An Extraordinary Summor in Exe i -xopae, - # R From the New York Herald. Trom the other uide of tho Atlantic thero is Inoreasing intelligenco of tho most abnormi. woather, whioh will bo likely to mar tho pleasuro of Amorloan tourists and to affect ngrionitural interoats soriously. . When, within & weok or two of tho summer solstice, dsmaging froats aflict a country, a8 they have this yoar afilicted Great Britain, tho prospeats of tho husbandman must ho groatly joopsrdized. An English oontempo- rary tatos thut the temporaturo. for the weok ending Juno 20, a8 roported at tho Royal Obe sorvatory (Groenwich), foll .5 bolow tho monn for tho last fifty yoars, Thae-Tweed, it is sald, has not hoen 8o low sinco 1826, whon corn was 80 short iu the stalk it was pulled by band. Tho dmuihuhnvn been #o oxtousive that tho har- vest has boon vory .short, and the cattle havo sufforad distrossingly, while the unseasonublo -dryuzss bag been - volioved only by dostruative huil-atorms, - -, The alarming foaturs of the senson’is & da- flolenoy of tho temporaturo requisite for grain- nponlni‘ end thia l{:penm to extend beyond the British Iules. In the north of Italy, tho fro- quenoy of tromendous hail-atorms is anomalons, and indiontes an oxtromely low thermometor, which i auything but auspicious for health or hiarvost, Bome of tho old Italan churches and othor magnificent publio edifices have suffered -goverely in theso tomPesls, and we hiave reporta of ‘tho stroots of = Milan being covered with woundod and doad birds, finding no_csoapo from - tho icy olemonts, Indoed, it would scem that the whole Northern Hemisphere, inoluding our own continent, has 8o far, notwithstauding oc- casional outbursts of oxcosslve hent, exporienced an oxtraordivary thermal depreccion duriug'the suminer, Cannat our solontific men detormino whother this anomaly it in any degree ‘tracoable the cosmical ‘influonce -of the comot? ‘Whathor this can:be done or not, tho facts statod aro signiticant of thoso conditions which dotor- mino the harvost caloulations of the prosent yoar in Europo, . Xtemarkablo Caso of Crueltys by munchinory, uv lonst u purt of the work will.Le vory impiorfoutly done, 1n the firet place, these machines will *go into the hands of mere jobe bors, who care littlo how tho work is dane it zhay but got the pay for it. ‘Lhis ia but tho repoti- tlou of thie history of A JORDING OUT FARN-HEDOEY, which, tlmnghpm-umhsfin plausible theory, has a most docided failure 3 and, whilo thero vod hedge mado fi ot that at they did not, Iu 1855 tho Illinols Central Rallway hud 100 miles of bedgo st by contraof and at a veasomabla price fo inmire a go l’nofwl“ was failure, A few yoars milaw Al hadna am’aen From the Springfleld (Masa) Repudlican, + A'most shouking case of emnk‘y, porpetratod by Mrs. Dow, an operative in the Morrimack Mills at Lowoll, has just boen disoverad by the police. Faint cries woro heard coming from” hor houso -on Thursday cveniug, and the oflicers on break- ing into one of the rooms found two girls, 6 and 12 yoars old, lying on & bod, thoir hands tiod to- gother with ropes. - Both were very much e~ cinted, and their limba ware deeply marked by tho cords, Tho mother aaya that hor husband 18 doad, and that sho esrns & very scanty living, For somo time pnat she, on goivg to work in the morning at 034, has tied the children iu this way, and reloased them at noon only to repeat tha sor on going back to the wills, Somotimes she hns not roturned to lbe houso till 9 in thae evoning, ond tho girls, thus bound, hnve boen confined 1n o littlo room as hot and olose s nu ovon, with the windows uniled down to stitle their orios. Bome of tho nelghbors hearing the faint wails of the children hiave expostulnted with the mother, but to no purpose. 1t is diflionlt to diacovor the woman's motive; alie i3 probably insane, how. over, Bho gays that sho s boon adviaed to take this action by a city official, and at all evdnts she doesu't want hor chilldren sgsoviating with thess of the Irlsh people around her, BShois s hayd- working woman; end a membor of tho ahurch, and las hithorto beou considered rospeotuble, The Egypilnn Dwnrls, . . . A correspondount gives somo .added porticulars of tho * Aflkll!," tho dwarfs who hiave just bocu presented to the King of Italy. Hesays: * 'Thoy ara dolighted with European food, .and - ent Jurgely, When watcx ia olfored thom thay pusiy it ‘uway with contempt and ory ‘vino, mno/!' (wing, winel) Thoywatch the bebavior.of those with whom ‘they dino, aud make uso. of fork, spoo, and napkin like tho'persous who luvite thom.; but thoy are not yot. allowed to wwo Jkuivos leat they should hurt themsolves or thiviy neighbors, Thoy .have only picked up o few words.of Italian, but imitato the wooent of vheso with groat perfection, and take plonsure tn ro- nting the words which ara said in thoir hour- ng, Their own hnguni(o ia very soft, all. thuir worda onding in_yowals, . Haaselm, tho negro who has chargo of them, thinks he Lns riscor- tained the mnanlnq of & few.of thom. - Accori- iog to him-‘you! ls nemba, . *no’ ‘quoda; 1 has succeeded:in toaching ithem n fay. wor of Arabio, and it fs with the aid of thoso that ho gonvorses with them, Tho two chiliren talk togother in their own tongue ; but what this 1a 1o one knows, Thoy willingly danco, and try to imitato the bnllst-l,’h‘lfl at tho theatres to whicl they have Loen tukon. Dut theiraptitudo tor muslo is most remurkable, Thoy si‘n’:g uny air tgu;l{'nvln‘ hoard it nirr2t e fow thues ou the