Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, March 8, 1874, Page 8

8 THE OHICAGO DAILY TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, MARCH 8, 1874. —_— TERMS OF THE TRIBUNE ERME OF EUBSCRIPTION (PATABLE IN ADVAKCE). Daidy, by mail, 2.00 | Sunda; s'n".'gin o Slu.uu!Weekl: Parts ot a yearat the same rate. To pravert delsy and mistakes, bo suro and give Post Offca address i fall, including State and Couaty. ‘Remittances may be made either bydraft, express, Post Office arder, or in registerod letters, at onrrisk. TERMS TO CITY SUBSCRIBERS. Tally, delivered Sunday exceptca, 3 conte per woek. Dadly, aeliversd, Sunday included, 0 conts per week: Address THE TRIBUNE COMPANY, Corner Madison 2ud Dearbora-sts.. Chicago, Il TO-MORROW'S AMUSEMENTS. HOOLEY'S THEATRE—Randolph _stret. between Clark and LaSalle. Ei mentof Jarroit & Palmer’s St S ACADEMY OF MUSIC—Halsted strost, betwoen led- 1 Nt onroa S ngnseiment of ata Fushor. * Mazeppa.” ER'S TH E—Madison strest, between ”nguqs AT ommat of Edwin Bootb. *“Hamlot." ADELPHI THEATRE-Comer of Wabash syendo and Congress stroot. Varioty entastaizmeat. Beven Blsters.” MYERS' OPERA-HOUSE Monros street, O ate. Anlington, Cotton, and’ Kumble' Brarbom oy Siaeiey “ind- comicalities. Barnam's bamt. lep) 3 'k street, botwees KINGSBURY 3 MUSIC HALLGlark strest, batwees . Lectare by Prof. R. A ‘Tho Wouders of tho Siar-Depths.” ’S ANATOMICAL MUSEUM-No. 143 yrect. Scicace and Art. The Chivags Tibune. Sunday Morning, March 8, 1874. FACI8 FOR TRADES-GNIONS. In the yesr 1359, the British Parliamont or- dered an investigation into the condition of the 1eboring classes in the different nations of the world, Lord Clarendon therenpon addressed a circular to all English Diplomatic Agents and Consuls wherever stationed, directing them to report to the Foreign Office, 1, the rate of wages; 2, the cost of living ; 9, the sanitary condition of the isboring slasses, the character of their wellings, an? &1 quality of work executed by them in thedi#ant quarters of the globe. Bo- fore many months had elapsed, corplete reports wwera received from thirty-one different countries. The results are to be found ina large volumo of 1,000 psges, entitled * Further Reports from Hor Majesty's Diplomatic and Consular Agents Bespecting the Condition of the Industrial Classes and the Purchase-Power of Money in Foreign Couniries,” published in London & few years ago. The book ia & book of facts and figures, not of comment or declamation, and it teaches a lesson which trades-unions and others will do well to ponder. It shows that the laboror and mechenic in the United Btates is better fed, better clothed, and better housed than anywhere else in the world. It shows, too, that his relatively ‘better condition in this country is owing, among other causes, to the greater security of capital here, to the higher averagoe education of the ‘peopls, to onr political and social security ; snd that these are the factors which everywhero de- termine whether the laborer skall be well or poorly paid, comfortablo or wretched. It de- ‘monsirates that the only way to better his lot is to do away with all antagonism to capital and capitalists, to allow cspital to accumulate, and fovest it with every possible safeguard. When the American laborer compares, or rather contrasts, his condition with that of the lsborers of other countries, he will be more satisfied with it. When be learns the cause—if ho will learn it—of his rolatively greater comfort, he will talk lces of trades-unions, strikes, lock-outs, and identify his prosperity with that of the commnnity in ‘which he lives. Starting from Turkey, in the East, and travel- fng towards the West inan almost direct live till we reach Californis, we find the condition of ths laborer steadily improve. In Turkey, we find the maximom of misery; in California, the maximum of comfort among the lnboring and induatris! classes. In Kurdistan, the laborer is found uniformly in & mud hut without windows. His poverty is the most abjcet, for if his native village affords him no employment he is forbid- den by the Turkish law to go beyond it in search of work. The sgricultural laborer earns about §42 » year, his son msy earn 215 more, his wife and dsughther together £9 a year. His food is entirely vegetablo. His clothing consists of a few rags. When the barvest is good, he manages to eke out an exist- ence. When it is bad, he goes into debt, which failing to pay, he becomes s slave. The tax nssessed on every such family is 87a year. In the cities the industrial population is divided into three classcs,—hand-weavers, millers, and artisana not embraced in either of these two divisions. A hand-weaver earns from $55 to 125 a year; the average is £65. If a young ‘woman or a boy of 15 years of age, the remunera- tion is €12.60 & year. Taxessre2 per cent s year on the income earned. If the tradesman 1alls into debt and is not able to payit when due, he becomes the chattel personal of his creditor, and transmits that character to his children. Like the agricultural laborer, helives in a wretched hovel withont a winaow. In Anatolia, every laborer or tradesman is a {ack-of-all-irades, earns 15 cents a day, has no Bxed habitation, sleeps 1n the open air, in the entranca {o & mosque, or amoog the ruins of past magnificence. Capital leaves the country, for there is no political or social security. Those who have saved s little money either hide it or invest it in the shape of costly ornaments for their wives; or, if they loan it ont, so great is the rivk thatit isat 60 per cent interest. In Turkey in Europe, the Jaborers are divided into guilds or corporations, their wages varying from 25 cents to 65 cents & dsy. The quality of their food is none of the best. In Albanisa, the work- man labora with the musket on his shoulder, and the merchant tends to his business with 8 brace of pistols in his belt. In Russis, the labor- cris out of work for half the year, which half he spends in getting drunk in his repulsive home. He wears his sheep-skin all the year round, dsy and night. Very often holives in s garret or & oeliar with a herd of his fellow-laborers. Still, Rnssia is growing out of this condition of things. Bhe is entering on & new career. In Germany, the laborer works twelve hours & dsy. Children of both sexes work. Livingis extremely frugal. In the cities it is seldom that the laborer has more than one room. Here his family lives, sleeps, eats, cooks, washes. Faw poople have less to spend for amusement or loxury than the German lsborer or tradesman. In Belgium, the condition of the laboring class {3 not remarkably good, considering the wealth and indestry of the people. Its one great evil, however, is over-populstion. Fresh meat is eecn on the table perhsps ence or twice s week. What has just been said of Belgium may be said with equal truth of Holland Both countries wro altogether too densly peopled. Coming to the Uaited Bistes, ws find the Isborer bettor off then in any otler pary of the | civilized world, Work is plenty, wages high, | the necesseries of life cheap, Tite trades-unions, | tho report shows, have » bad eifecton tho ! country, driving many into a vagabond life. Ouo of the remarkable facts brought to light by thess tables is the almost uniform rate of wages the world over of certain mechanic classes. Thus tho carpenters of Trebizond ana Erzeroum, Saxony, and the small towns of France receive very nearly the samo wages. Tho tendency of civilization, it will be seen, is slowly but surely to raico the rate of wages, 2nd, 28 wo said above, tuat, ns political sccarity, tho security of capital, increase, tho laborer is benefited. From alt of which a very usoful lesson may be learned. Tho countries of the East, now 80 poor, and where the lsborer is so wretched, were once rich. The cause of their decline is the insecurity of capital in them. Their soil is fertile, their climato mild, their geographical position unsurpassed. Security alone 18 wanting. Says the editor-in-chief of the Economiste Francaise, M. Leroy-Beaulien, spenking of France: ¢ Let tho disturbers of society go on, let them apply their loveling doctrines, let them subject industry to arbitrary legislation, ana we shall bogin to sce o state of things analogous to the actual ‘condition of Asia.” This cannot be the case in this conntry. e will continue to progress. It is nome the less true, however, that our progress iy impeded by every attempt made to bomper the liberty of industry, by every strike, every luck-out, and every trades- union in the country. It were woll if the mo- chanics and laborers of the United States conld bo iaught that they aro bettor oft than ever me- chanics and laborers were before them, and to connect their greater well-being with the har- oony of capital and labor. That it is posgible to imagine a better condition than they have yeb attained to, cannot bo denied. But all the agita- tion in the world will not produce that better condition. Let them produce more bread, but- ter, meat, clothing, by being honest, abstomious, industrious, and saving, and they will have more bread, meat, and clothung to consume. More must be produced before more can be had. PROF. PATTON AND MR. C. H. M'CORMICK. “Thero are soms who doubt, and we are among the number,” whether Mr. H. G. Millar and Mr. Jobn Forsythe, whose letters appearsd in Tue TRioUSE of Fridsy morning, can invali- date the statement that Prof. Patton is the im- portation of Mr. Cyrus I. McCormick. Itis well understood by the Presbyterian ministers of this city that, in the election of a Professor to the Chair of Theology in the Seminary, Mr. McCormick's desire was secretly canvessed be- fore hand, and that there was no Committes of Nomination appointed, no goneral consuliation, 28 usage and comity require in such cases; ins word, that the nomination was eprung on the Bonxd. The fear of Dr. Duryea's declinature, if he should be elocted, was all & part of the play, as appesrs from tho ealary afterwards offered to Alr. Patton. That the Rev. Mr. Mitchell and Mz. 8. M, Moore (now elected by the People's Party to the Bench) went East to assore Mr. Patton of the goneral good-will towards him, ia nothing to thequestion. The ministers hudhoard, and believed, thatir. Patton wasman enough to take in the situation, and especially to keep him- self free from an infiuence which they have long regarded as the bsne of Presbyterianism in Chi- cago and the Northwest. How far be has re- sponded to the conciliatory inclinations of oth- ers, the course of the Inerior, in making itself the trumpet of any shallow-pated parson who shouts for the McCormick dominion, and by its remorseless attack onProt. Swing, hes sufficient- Iy indicated. The Presbyterians of Chicago and the Northwest desired Dr. Patterson as the Pro- fessor of Theology. They regarded him as the,, AGttest man in thedenomination for that responsi-* ble position. Mr. McCormick, and othors of that ilk, opposed Dr. Patterson as unfit for the place, on acconnt of New-School views in Theol- ogy. The idea that the true-* blue” pastor of the Second Church is loose in theology will doubtless bring & smile on the face of paople less ekilled in the subtleties of the divines than Ar. McCormick. Findiog he would be sure to have s minority against him, and more par- ticularly that his position after election would be the repose of a hornet's nest, Dr. Patterson and his numerous friends gave way. They are now reaping their reward. We said that * Immediately after the election of Mr. Patton to the Professorship, Mr. McCor-~ mick secured the control of the Inferior.” Mr. Forsythe objecis tothe word *immediately.” For his benefit, therefore, we rovrite the para~ graph : Immediately after the election of Prof, Patton. the matter having been canvassed before his arrival, and canvassed again after his arrival, Mr. McCormick began to demand that Mr., Pat- ton should heve an editorial position on the Jn- terior. This being opposed by Dr. Swazey and others as an injustice to the stockholders, Mr. McCormick immediately began his efforts to get possession of the Interior. A FREEPORT LUTHER. In these days of theological dissensions and squabbles, when churches are tossing about like ships in a storm, and some are tugging violently at their cables, aud others have broken them and are drifting out into unknown seas; whon the Coptains are countermanding the orders of the pilots, and the crews are growing mutinous ; and when recklessness i8 at the helm and blind- ness on the lookont, it is refreshing to find one mun standing up for the good old doctrines and talking right out in meeting. This man is the Rev. M. B. Patterson, of Freeport, IiL, we be- lieve. At lenst, s pamphlet has just been issned by him at that place, setting forth s preamble and resolutions which he offered Quring the session of the Synod of Northorn Illinois, North, at Sterling, lest October. These resolutions ate a8 follows : Resolted, That it is tho solemn conviction of this Synod that tho holding of church~fairs and church- festivaly—as Btrawberry, ico-cream, oyster-suppers, ete.—tor pecuniary gains for church purposes is highe 1y provoking to the Great Head of the Church and in- jurious to the spiritusl interests of His mystical body, ‘and ought to be suppressed by the wholesomo applica tion of eccloafastical discipline, . Resolced, That the encoursgement and support of fashionable worldly smusemonts, such 28 promiscuous dancing, masquerade balls, theatrical exhibitions, and especially the scting of cpera, cantats, znd oratoriosaf Scripture truth, are high misdemeanors, and call loud- Iy for rebuke and censure by our ecclesisstical tri- bunals. Now here was a valiant man of God, boldly prociaiming trath, and inall the Synod there was not & clergyman who had the courage to second the resolutions and thereby give an op- portunity for discussing them. Not being sec- onded, they do not appear upon the records of the Synod, and we therefore gladly give them the benefit of the circulation of Tax TRIBUNE. Furthermore, we regret tat we have not the space at our command to give the whole of the good brother's argument against thess prec- The £ ticea. ringing way in which this or supies wib iy xamile of Froeport ) i 15! Look at churek: aepict, mercly 18 ocal substitated in tho } aning the temple dedizated to Johov pleasure more tiaa lovers of God : wails prayer-mect- ings, the appropricto husiness of the savciuary, havs room enough and 1o epare, and surely every sound, un- tramumeled mind and well-uformed mau must write Tekel upon them. But what ehall we say of church-faire, when wo con- nect with them those flagitious sppendages which led Jesus once to call them a den of thieves? Think of church-lotterice, church-rafling, the grab-bog, the post-office, the fishing tacklig, the big stocking, and all the other iniquitous devices invented by tho church to humbug the unwary and rob them of their money for ecclesiaatical gains | That lest is a centre shot. Now ehall such a man as this, who in closing his pamphlet says that ho could have made *tho OId Boy tremble inhis boots,” if these resolutions had been adopted, be put down, crushed, and suppressed, for want of a gecond? No, a thousand times no! Tur TrisoNe seconds the resolutions, and is ready to join the Rev. M. B. Patterson, of Free- port, not ounly in making the Old Boy tremble in his boots, but in snsking him out of them, it necessary. or: objlesifounblo rs fn thoic nrtic DE., EDWARD BEECHER ON ETERNAL FUNISHMENT. The Christian Tnion of the 18th ult. bas an elaborate article from the pen of the Rev. kd- ward Beecher, D. D., on the doctrine of eternal punishment, or, rather, tho Biblical authority for that doctrine, go far 88 it is derived from the Greek word gion. This word hasbeen commonly translated to mean elernity, and its dorivative adjective aionios to mesn elernal. Dr. Beecher shows quite conclusively that the word aion did not originally mean elernity, but life. He traces 1t from Hesiod and Homer (300 B. C.) to the New-Testament wtiters, and shows that it never id mean eternily, but that it gradually came to mean tho eter-living One~1. ., God—and was 80 employed by Aristotle, Plato, and Epictetus. The point in the discussion seems to be that, if aion does not mean efernify, then its derivative, aionios, which ig invariably used in the Now Testament to define the punishment of the wicked, does not mean efernal. OQur State’s Attorney, Mr. Charles H. Reed, having got Rafferty off his bands, has found time, 88 Mr. J. Proctor Knott remark- ed, to * take a blast ai eternity ” himself, He critically examines Dr. Beecher's paper, and con- cludes with him that the Greek word aion does ‘not mean eternity, but that its derivative, aionios, doos mean efernal, capnot mean anything elso, and that the Greek language has no other word to signify efernal or everlasting,—hence that, while Dr. Beecher's examination of the word may bo interesting and valuable asa philological exercise, it has no bearing upon the doctrine of eternsl punishment. We publish Mr. Reed's article in another place. THE BESURRECTION OF TROY. Dr. Schliemann, the excavator of the Troad, is not, a4 the Aflantic and the New York Times have cal'ed him, an * American German." We cannot ciaim such credit. He was born in Meck- lenburg, in1822. He was vory poor and had Tittle education. At 14 years of age he became & grocer's apprentice, and served in that capacity for nearly six years. One day a drunken miller came into the shop and declaimed part of the “Yliad" in the original Greek. Young Schlie- mann hired him, with three glasses of brandy, to suy it thriceagain. **From that moment," hesays, * 1 never ceased to pray to God that He would epable me to learn Greek.” He worked on, studying ever, until he found himeelf, in 1863, rich, and, in 1869, an accomplishedecholar. Hehad o passionate love for Homer, and he started out to excavato Troy. Our sketch of bim and his work is mainly drawn from sn admirable summary of his book, which Bayard Taylor bas seat to the Now York Tribune. We must, of course, greatly condense in order to give, in & single ar- ticle, tho batest idea of the results of five years’ digging. Dr. Schliemann found in the Troad the tradi- tionary sites of Old and New Troy. He suvk a few pits where Old Troy was supposed to have stood, but struck the bed-rock without discov- ering anything. Then he decided, from carefal study of thelend of Homer's text, that New Troy had been built upon the Old, and that the platean of Hissaelik contsined within it the ruins of both cities. He has been excavating there for five years, now hindered and now aided by the Turkish Government, He has laid bare three strata of ruin. The first was sbont 6}¢ feet deep. It began some 7 feet below the surface. It consisted of stone and cement walls, ashes, calcined earth, oyster and muasel shells, vertebrm of sharks (there are now no sharks in the Egean), remains of other animals, and rude pieces of pottery. Towerin this same stratum there were quan- tities of stone weapons and weights, and, a trifle lower still, besutifal pottery, with tho owl's head of Minerva uponit, knives of flint, needles and spoons of bone, nails of copper, emblems in hon- or of the gods, etc. An ondless number of coins, medals, and decorated terra~cotta disks were scattered through the whole stratum. The most beautiful thing found was a Greek bas-relief repreeenting the Sun-God ariving his four-horse chariot. The sculpture 18 said to be as fine as that on the Parthenon frieze. This stratum is supposed to contain the ruine of 1,050 years. The first Greek settloment was made in 700 B. C. The most modern coin discovered is one of Constans II., who ceased toreign 861 A.D. The city, which was destroyed in the fourth con- tary of our era (probably by tho Goths), con- tained about 100,000 inhabitants, The sccond stratum begins 17 feet below the first. It contsina Troy,—the Troy of Homer. The towers and walls and houses of the City of Priam bave been brought to light. Stone and tilo walls, plainly-shaped but brilliantly-colored vazes, copper lances, holmets, battle-axes, dag- gers, shields, aud swords, skeletons, altars, s golden flagon, golden goblets, silver vases and bowls, o gold coronet, 56 gold earrings, 8,750 gold rings, buttons, etc.,—these aro gomeof the relics of Troy. Dr. Schliemann believes that be has discovered the Scran Gate and the House of Pricm, Homer has fized tho position of the former so exsctly that the re- ported diecovery 18 probably true. The alleged House of Priam was evidently a chief's dwelling. 1t is large and bandsome. Much treasurs. was foiind in it, and at the door ley & heap of human bones, the relics of 2 desdly fight. Two skulls still wore their copper helmats. There are traces of fire everywhere in this stratum. Wood ashes and melted metals sbound. Tho stone pave- ments and walls are cracked and calcined by hept. Dr. Schliemann socured their preserva- ion by telling the superatitions workmen that Christ once camo to see King Priam, and that tho placo was therefore sscred to him, The story speedily spread. The tuins are nowre- 12 Tistio exbiact, Lowever, in o | vered by Moslem and Christian slike. Doth fear cecle | thom u3 quarrics. explozer found more than ho sought. His ou's picks strack tlrough Ol Troy into I more wnucient. This second stratum is capposed to cover tio three centuries bebweon 1400 and 1100 B. C. The third is prehistoric. Wo only kaow that some Aryan race built up the city or citios, the remains of which form the 20 feet of crushedruin that makeupthe third stra- tum. Tho vases of thislowest depcsi! left by the ebbof thetideof Time are glezed and ornamented. The sign of tho cross—especially that form of it which rofers L0 tho myth of the origin of fira— occurs frequently. According to the Greek mythology, Prometheus brought down fire from ! heavon. In the Banscrit, Pramanths was the fire-bringer. Nothing certain can yet bo said of the dates of these cities of the third ers. They are literally prehistoric. Dr. Schliemann's book gives two'clues to the Isbyrinth of historical puzzles into which his discoveries lead us. First. some of the terra- cotta desks found in the lowest part of tho first | stratum aro fac-sumiles of those discovered in the lake-dweliings of Northern Italy. Second, an ancient vose, which had around it what was. supposed to be a mero belt of ornamental cary- ing, ia declared by M. Burnouf to bear an in- seription in early Chinese, which reads, * For the earth causes to spring from ten labore ten thoussud pieces of stuff.” “Stuff,” the reader will be apt to add. It is certainly o pity that the artisan who carved the motto did not makeits littlo more practical. Yet these two clues may guide o patient thinker to somo great discovery. FOOD-ADULTERATIONS, Tho averago British eater, if Lis stomach be ot all sensitive, must be in a state of tribulation Just now over recent revelations of the tricks in trade practiced in that country by venders of food. Drs. Hassall and Tidy, of tho London Medicnl Health Board, haso rocently been ex- amining the subject of adultoration, end their roports are litilo less than appalling. It bes long been known that the **heatben Chines adulterates his teas, and colors them with tur- merio, Pruseian blue, and & white mineral pow- der, but we were hardly prepared for tho as- surance that the tea dirt or sweepings, which solls at & very low price and is ' largely usel for l mixing, is the purest and best tes in the market. Io connection with the tes, it is furthermoro ehown that the sugar is well sunded, the milk adulterated with water poliuted by infiltration of sewage, aod the water which is mixed with the tea begins to show several new and large specimens of living organiems. Much horse- flesh is sold for beef. Even ‘‘double super- fine" mustard is flonr colored with turmerio and ‘seasoned with capsicum. If this be the condition of ‘“double superfine,” what mast “guperfine” and ‘“fine” mustard be? As to ‘“ordinary,” the mind shrinks from contemplating its poseibilities. A practico similar to that of “facing™ tea is whiten- ing bread with alum. Sulphate of iron i put into beer to give it head. Pickles aj greened with copper. Confectionery is cologpd with poisons. Cheese is improved with red lefid. The latest horror is the discovery that mnsh- room cateup is adulteratod with the juice'ex- pressed from horse-livers. Straw pulp is largely used in making jam. Plain spirit is made from grains at tho distillery, and becomes gin, braudy, rum, or even wines, at tho pleasure of the rocti- fier. With rogard to butter, Dr. Tidy says: % The cheap butters are far more closely related to tallow, and lard, and paim oil than they are to cream, sour or sweet. Samples of eo-called butter have been submitted to mo in which there was not a trace of butter. Purified tatlow (and that not very pure) would bo an infuitely more accurate name for it than butter.. This is what our poor are supplied with at’8d and 1s per pound. And even this fat is probably more than 25 per cent salt and water.” All this is sufficiently dreadful, although it does not probably begin to exhaunst the cata- logue of adulterations. Novertholess, as adul- teration has been practiced sinco the world com- menced, and always will be practiced until some method can be devised which will make a gen- uine article just as cheap as an adulterated one, and a8 no law or system of laws bas ever yet been sblo to prevent adulteration, what good 18 sccomplished by these analyses of doctors and tests of experts? Solongas the adulterations are mot positively barmful, and the victim supposes he is eating or drioking a genuine article, why interfere with his pleasure? Why bang over his chair aa he sits down to his meals, and whisper into his ear suspicions that his but~ ter is tallow, and his buscuit is whitened with alum, and his tea is colored with Prussian blue, sud his slice of cold beef is equine? If he thinks his supper is genuine, and his supper agrecs with him, why dispel his happy allusion ? Why not let him eat in peace? Until the doc-~ tors can inform us of some plan which will stop the practice of adulteration, they might, out of mere pity and commiseration, cease informing us that our food is adulterated, and allow us to enjoy our meals without tormenting suspicions and aunoying after-thoughts. THE FACIAL ANGLE, ‘The paper on the Facial Anglo which was read & ghort time ago by Dr. R, Dexter, before the Chicago Academy of Sciences, has been pub- lished in revised form in the Popular Science Afonthly for March. The following extracts, containing the res gesta of bis conclusions, are of great pailosopbical interest : In the lowest of the type, the flsh, wo find tho brain least doveloped, and the cerebral hemiapheres, or in- strument of thought, bearing the smallest proportion, elther to its own concomitant strcturcs, or to the rest of the body. The actual weight of o common codfish was 14,875 grains ; tho brain weighed only 93¢ grains ; thus making the ratlo of 1 01,565, In man, the aver- ago weight of the brain ia about $ pounas, the medium welght of the body 150 vounds, making & ratio of 1 to 60. The sbovo is = correct statement of the relative weight of tho brain to the body of the lowest of tho tspe, the fish, and the highest, man; showing the ratio of the weight of the brain in man, tothatof th body, to be over thirty- one times greater than the same ratio in the fish, But, if we estimate tho proportionate welght of merely the cerebral hemisphercs,or the instruments of thought, t0 that of the body in the fish and man, we obtain o Qifference of 124, which expreases ihe number of times the cerebral hemispheres of man nre greater than thoge of tho fiah ; in other words, if the body of a fish and that of man were of equal weight, the carebral hemispheres of the Litter would weigh 124 times more than those of the former. Farther, the relative weight of the cercbral hemispheres, as we ascend from the fish through the vertebrate sub-kingdom of antmals, will be found to correspond to the variatfon of the faco-line from » paraliel with the dorsal surfsce, “To recapitulate ; 1. The size and weight of the brain will be found to increase with the angle of tho face to tho axis of the body. 2. The expansion of the bralp. case, with a proportionate diminution of the facial bonee, is an invarisble accompaniment of an {ncreased factal angle throughout the vertebrate sut-Xingdom of anfmals, 3. The mental manifestation and power have 3 Qirect relation to the angls above indicated. 4. The positicn sssumed by the body of the animal in its change from the horizontal to the perpendiculsr atti- tude, also very generally agrees with the facial angle of ita subject, 8. The projection of the jaws, in front of the ocuisr orhits, {s also a correl:iive index to tus | ove data, 6. The relative ascendency of the two factors, tho physical and mental, with thedr numerous phenome: anindex toall of the above relations, aud zhows very conclusively tho gradual turning from the lowest instinets of the brato {0 the most complex meutal powers of man, The fundemental principle that the baso line from which the facial angle should be measured is correlated with the axis of tho body, is orig- inal with Dr. Dexter. The hithertc-accepted idea that it is determined by the rormal or ab- normal curvaturcs that may have supervered in tho type of the snimal under consideration, is evidently untenable in the light of well-admitted facts. The spino assumes abnormal curvatures | very readily, in sddition to the so-called normal curvatures. In the adult man, the spine is bent | forward in tho regions of tho neck and loins, devinting to s marked extent from the straight position assumed in carly childhood. Ia many of the lower animalg, as in tho horse, dog, and bird, the normal curvatures are grester than in mav, while in the fish, the ox, and crocodile the curvature is less than in the adult homo. The curvature of this axis at the point botween the skull and the epine (in the neck) is subject to even greater devietion than in any otner rogion, according to tho habits of the indi- vidoal, Hence, it is absurd to take any particn- lar part of the axis of the body aa & starting line in measuring the facial angle. We may add that the views expressed in the article have already met with unqualified in- dorsement from very many of our ablest think- ers in the field of physical science; and the theory bids fair to furnish tho starting point _for a naw modo of investigation into the impor- tant relations that exist between mind and its material envelope. BRADLAUGH AND ODGER, Intho caseof Charlea Lradiaugh, ignomin- Jous defeat has followed close upon glorious victory. He came to this country as the ac- crodited represcutative of English Republican- ism. He wos applauded for ali that ho and his fellows and his lcader bad done. Ho made ‘movey. He gained famo. When Gladstone -dissolved rarliament, Bradlaugh embarked at .once for England. Tho night beforo he eailed, ke wrote a curiously-bombastic letter to the New “York Tribune. This screed hinted, almost -openly £sid, that the reason of the digsolution waghis (Bradlaugh’s) absence from England. It ‘this rampant Republican were thero fo manage ‘the campaign, Monarchy might perish, might ‘be elain in the house of its friends by an adveree vote of Parliument. The crafty aristocrats ‘saw their chance. With diabolical cunning thoy -waited till theirarch-foe was 3,000 miles away and ther ' suddenly ordered s new election. So, 2t feast, Mr. Bradlaugh thought. He thought, 100, that this idea of a Conservative resction wus & ““farce.” A century sgo, the partisans of the Stuarts were singing what Charles Brai- ilaugh’s friends might well troll out now: “Alag, “alas for Charlie!” The farcical reaction brought a tragic end to Republican hopes. 3fr. Brad- Taugh reached Nortbhampton just in time to find that he stood at the bottom of the poll. His only consolation was a most enthusizstic recep- tion given him by the workingmen of the city. The American public have been duped by this ‘man,—perhaps through no fault of his. They | have believed that he was the leader of English Republicans. That place is held by George Odger. Bradlaugh is a fiery, sincare, eloguent, athoistic egotist. _Col. Higginson called him the most eloquent speuker he had ever heard. Bat mental narrowness is his bane. He can grasp but one side of a question. The man who believes in royalty or in & God is, to him, a fool. His arguments are apt to consist of abuse. He makes converts, not by rosson, but by raving. Odger is, in many respects, his opposite. He is 2 calm, sad man, & few years older than Brad- laugh, and of riper thought. Tho one is an ad- vocate, the other a judge. Odger plans the Republican campaigns. Persons interested in English politics cannot have failed to notice that duning the last year attacks on the House of Lords and on the aristocracy in general have al- most entirely taken the place of direct attacks upon the Queen or the system of rule embodied in ber. Odger announced his purpose to effect this chango and has done so. *f Attacking the Queen,” said he, “excites the strong senti- ment of personal loyalty natural to Britons. Wo shonld, thereforo, try to overthrow the aris- toeracy, who oppress the people more directly, and are thus more odions ; when they are over- thrown, the chiof bulwark of the throne will be gono.” It required no common nerve in a man to sy to the party he led : ““ Hitherto we have been wrong ; let us radically change our plan,’” but Ogder was equal to the occasion. He has never ehown lack of nerve; has never recmed to court popularity at the cost of principle. He was President of the International Society in the days of its power and pride. It was s po- sition to be coveted. When, however, the Gen- eral Council solemnly approved of the Paris Commune, Ogder instantly resigned. Ie has sincohad no connection with the Society. When e managed its affairs, it held together. When tho sceptre pasaed into other hands, the Inter- national went to pieces within two years. Let us give honor whero honor is dus. The lion's share of whatever praise the Republican partyin England obtains bulongs, not to Charlea Brad- laugh, but to George Ogder. KAPOLEOR THE FOURTH. The son of Napoleon Third, baptized with water amid & nation's rejoicings, aud, in the bombastic language of his father, * baptized with fire " amid the caonon-ghots of that nation’s conquerors, comes of age on the 16th of this month. He will then bo 18 years old. Thegrace of God by which monarchs reign awards them their majority three years sooner than more plebeian fiesh and blood attains maturity. Tiere is chance of crisis in France. The Im- perialists would like to mako their boy-Prince's birthday the birthday of the Third Empire. They have flooded France with photogiaphs of the Priuce imperial, which bave printed under- neath them: *16 Mars, 1874, Appel au Peuple.” Thoy have proselyted as energetically as tho re- ligious circuit-riders on our frontier. Their prees, held in leading-strings by 3L. Rouher, who may be a demagogue, but is, at any rate, an ablo one, has (conatantly preached of the good time coming, when the Napoleon blocd should have its own again. Such efforta have borne fruit, The recent elections in the Charente- Inferienr and the Pes-de-Calaie have resulted in the return of Donapariista. In tho latter dis- trict, the successful candidste received all but 8,000 of the 73,000 votes cast. AL Rouher has published sn important manifesto, in the shape of a leter to the editor of a provin- cial journal. Tt sets forth that the rule of Marshal MaclMshon is & truce which may be * temporary,” * ephemeral,” * shortened by unforesesn circumstances,” ete. Tt speaks of the Marshal a8 the victim of * paltry intrigues.” Itlurges the conatan$ advocacy of “our causo—an appeal to the people,® The l Orleanist prees inferred from this letter, in some inscratable way, the adhesion of . Rouber to the Seven Years' Government. Part of it even ventured to claim Prince Jerome Napoleon’s support. The latter at once retorted thatrespect for the name ho bore aud love for his country provented his supporting a Government which did not proceed directly from the people. This ides of appealing to the people is the trump-card of the Imperialists. They know this, and play it constantly. The party programme is gaidto be this: Coalesco in the Assembly with the extreme Right orextreme Loft indifferently, until the Conser- vative Cabinet is overthrown and its return to _power rendered impossible. AlacMahon has declared that ho will rule oaly through such & Cabinet. When this becomes impossible, hs will probably appeal to the country. TFrance will bo asked to chooso between President, Emperor, snd King. 8o far, most political prophets sgree. No two of them seem 0 agree about the result of the vote. One figmes a Bonapartist majority. Another says the party exists only in the Assembly, sndis ‘““nsed up ” in the country. Itis doubtless true that the Napoleonic® ides has but a beggarly following among the higher classes. A significant sign of this fact is found in the continued delay of the Academy to give AL Ollivier his formal reception becauss his in- sugural speech contains an eulogy of Napoleor 1II. But smoug tho lower classes, the peasant— ry and the emall shopkeepers, the men who want quict first and liberty afterwards, the al- leged reaction may have taken place. They were the mainstay of the father. May they not uphold theson? Tho plebiscitum of 1870 gave Napoleon III. 7,000,000 outof 8,500,000 votes. To be sure, he stuffed the ballot-boxes, but his majority would have been great without the fravd. Napoleon IV. belioves, or pretends to believe, that his candidacy for the throne would succeed as well ashis father's did. Only trial can tell. There are fow precedents to argue from, for France and the Sandwich Islands aro the only countries in which the people elect their Kings. If half the Bonapartists’ wild claims were true, the ides of March, which eaw one Cmear die in Rome centuries ago, might now see another spring into life in Paris. ENGLISH RAILWAYS, Jobn Bull, carcful, metkodical, exact, and withal usually esieemed eafo, has, nevertheless. much chronic difficulty with his railways. He has his own idea of the merits of his system as compared with that of cther nctions, and especially the American, and his standing criti- cism aund little joke i, that, whereas his own signal forstarting a train is * All right,” that of the Yankee nation is * Go ahead.” Some years ago the famous Muller-Briggs murder upon the North London Railway startled the British pub- lic, and thoy awoke to the facs that no means of communication existed between the passengers locked in a train of carriages aad the operatives by means of which disasters in the various guises of fire, murdez, robbery, ete., conld be prevented or mitigated. A hundred inventions were proposed, the columns of the newspapers were filled with suggestions, travelers supplied themselves with keys in defiance of law (ome Judge sentenced a prisoner for carrying a key while acknowledging that he himself was in the habit of using one), old women staid at home in dire fear of calamity, and—the matter finally blew over. A more serious difficulty now threatens the peace of mind of the traveling public. Acci- dents with the accompanying loss of life andlimb have increased in sn alarming ratio. A single month recently was extremely prolific in disas~ ter. Onthe lst, 24, 4th, 5th, Gth, Tth, 8th, Oth, 12th, 15th, 18th, 224, 23d, and 25th, wero accl~ dents varying from & broken axle to the dashing of & treight into an excursion train in s fog; and often two or more accidenta occurred the same day. In tho Metropolitan Underground Railway, not long ago, s half-dissbled engine broke down completely in a tunnel, and thereup~ on, in the emoke and darkness, came rushing in another express. Curiously enough many of the disasters—it is hardly to the point to call them accidents—happen in the station-houses or depot-grounds, and a large proportion of this class takes place dunng the switching—or *ghunting” 28 it is termed—of slow traing which are waiting for the passage of the expreas trains. Any one who bas traveled in a fast train on tho trunk lines of English railways will have 8 vivid recollection of the clouds of dust, the crash and clatter, the momentary glimpse of a platform with few or many people standing on it, the brick wall and the acrap of flower garden, the wild confusion of rails and signals, which crowd upon his mind a8 the traio: rushes through a town with no abatement of speed. Few, per- baps, realize how much their safety depends upon the system of switches and signals, the ac- caracy of tho time-tables, or the exactness with which they are followed. On our railways, ex- cepting perhaps a few, 3 morning and evening passenger train with & freight train or two comprises the entire traffic. Tho station- master at the intermediate staticms looks upon the arrival of the train as the evemt of the day, and the idea of one train 80 qiiickly following another thet the adjustment of* the track and switches is of instant and vital importance, would seem proposterous. Far different is it in England. At Retford (one of 1iho few *level™ croasings) 933 trains a woek arc passing aud re- paeging, and at Clapbam Juncti on an average of 800 regular trains—to sy nothit 1g of * specials and ** excursions”—pess durir \gevery twenty- four hours. To control and regulate this immense traffic over the complicated system. of tracks and switches, what is called the **1 slock system ” of electric signals has been esta blished. The ob- Ject, stated in & word, is to ir wure the safoty of a2 train by =& signal that the train precoding it haa amived st tho mext station (the Bverage distaiice between sta- tions is sbont two miles), tisus providing an absolutely clear track. Until o train arrives, the signal st sny tation, being controlled by tho signal man at the station ncxt further on, de- note ““danger,” and thugis created a * block,” a train being compelled to w nit till all is “ clear.” Neverthelegs, in spite of thiis olaborate and cost- ly system, many accidents take place on thoss lines upon which it is estab lished, which has led to a difference of opinion among railway offi- cials a8 to its merits. Sor e claim, it to bo an ab- solute safeguard; while others consider that, owing to the engine-drive ts and other servants relying too much upon its cosapleteness, they become careless and in«lifferent, in place of maintaining & eleepless. vij jilance. Exam- inations by the Courta hat-e elicited lit- tlo beyond the nssertions of th 3 higher railway officiale, that all mears bad been taken to insure safety, and the cdmplaint § of the servants thas they were ovarwarked and . rendared inca- pable of performing their duty by resson of physical fatigue. The President of the Board of Trade intimates to the companies the inteution of the Governmeut to look more closely inta their conduct, and the press insinuates that in a less patient and orderly society one or two of the Directors would perhaps be “lynched.” The causes alleged are, not the intricacy of the systerm or the speed of the trains, both of which far surpass our own, but the relnctance of the companies to keep their lines in good order. With a0 enormoualy-incroased trafic thers has Dot been & corresponding increase, either of em- ployes or of facilities, in the way of sdditional room st stations, and mew tracks and sidinga. A rise in coal, iron, and wages has made retrenchment desirable; new improvements have been neglected, addi- tional hours of- service are forced from em- ployes, and. in thus trying to force new wing into old bottles, we have a solution of the in- creased number of disssters. All things con- eidered, it must be admitted that the commonly- received notion that the English railways are as near absolute safety as is possible, and that ag accident is a thing of rare occurrence, is erro. neous. Whatever it may formerly have beon with the railvays of England as compared with those of the United States, it is evident that they are rapidly gaining npon, if; indeed, they do not surpass us in, tho perils of railway traveling. RICHARD ANTHONY PROC: CR. The position in Science attained Ly .r.T. AL Proctor, the English sstronomer, who will fasor Chicago this week with a course of lectures upog his special theme, is one of the marvels of our time. The history of men eminent in Literature or Science usually begins with a chroniclo of ‘precocious exhibitions ot genius almost as soon a8 they could talk ; prodigious achievements in learning beforo their *teons * were reached, and valedictories that would have shamed Demostho- nes himself, triumphantly declaimed beforo a wondering college, ere their “teens" were ended. Then come the congratulstionsof the faculty, and the honors and degrees with which * graduating firet in = clavs of seventy " 13 gon- erally rewarded: so the future great manis fairly Iaunched. Mr. Proctor’s biographer will find scant material of this sort. True, when a boy, he was passionately fond of resding, made s very creditable sverage during & course of echooling not remarkably thorouzh, and had a very decided taste for mathematics; but theee are also true of thousands of boys who carry their virgin degrees from collego to lifo- long obscurity ; and, iu young Proctor's case, no one seemed fo see in them any prophesy of fature greatness. Nor was tho lad himself con- scions that anythinglike a ** career” wasin store for him,—his genius béing turned into its proper channel by subsequent eveuts, of a character wholly foreign to youthful experience. In hix case, the boy did nat give promise of the man. He did not dovelop s penchant for studying the hesvens when 5 years old, nor did ho tranlate Homer at 10, nor discover new planets at 15. Ho was not a prodigy till after he had resched manhood; he was mot prococious till he had grown a beard and reared a family., Beanng these facts in mind, it is doubtful whether tha whole annals of scientific research contain an- other such instance of brilliantachievement. Richard Anthony Proctor was born at Cholsca, Eng., on tho 23d of March, 1837. Ho must waib snother fostmght, therefore, before completing his 37th year. His parents and grandparents, we are told, belonged to good old English fam- ilies ; but e do not learn that in any of them smoldered the latent fire of genius which was destined to burn 8o brightly in the person of tho eon. It cannot be eaid, therefore, that his talont was inherited. He could not look back upon the history of any one of his ancestors, and bo prompted to study by the thought that the ¢ ethereal spark” which moved them to great achievements might have been handed down (o their posterity, and perchance the germ lio un- developed in his own mind. The reflection is here pertinent: in how mem minds among us, decmed of an ordinary mold, may the spark of geuius lie forever undeveloped, simply becauso sccident does not fan it into & flame? For it was accident—or Providence, if you will—that first turned Alr. Proctor’s atten~ tion to the study of Astronomy. This was the death of his firat child, which so preyed upon his mind that he sought * eurcease of sorrow”™ by forcing it to such 2 tension of study that re- flection upon his loss vas almost imposgible. Wa have seen that he bad a mathematicai mind; he had algo & lively and brilliant imagination; and, resolved upon study, these two naturally led him to explore the heavens. How well bo has done his work, ali tho world knows. His personal loss in his beloved child was one which no personal gain ir. the way of fame conld com= pensate; but i sarely resulted in great gain to every lover of B:ience. That any one 'nan could have sccomplished so much in 8o shory & time is, as we said at the be- ginning, the marvel of our time. Ten years ago, be it remembered, Mr. Proctor had not com- menced his studies. Soven years ago he had not published a book. Bince then, in 1867, ap- peared his ‘ Constellation-Seasons,” *Sun- Views of the Enrth,” and *‘Charts of Mars,™ “Planotary Orbits,” etc. In 1868 he issued + Half-Hours with the Teloscope,” and in 1663 ¢ Half-Hours with the Stars.” In 1870 he pub- lished, through the Mossrs. Longman, of Lon- don, that most original and fascinating book, ‘“Other Worlds Than Ours,” which achieved instant and extraordinary success. In the same year appeared his ** Large Star Atlas.” Twelso months later came his worksupon * The Sun,” Elementary Astronomy,” and the first sasw,.+ “Light Science for Leisure-Hours.” Iny’ “'1 published five books: *‘Essass on Astronomy,” *“School-Atlas of Astronomy,” *Orbs Arovud Ts,” *“Elemental and Physical Geography,” ond “Chart of 324,000 Stars.” In 1878 be gavens the second series of Light Science for Leisure- Hours ;" and already, this yoar, **The Bordet- land of Science.” All thie in addition to d_most innumerable articles in magazines snd reviews. Did one man ever before build such s monument in g0 short a time ? At present, Mr. Proctor is engaged upon 8 work on *The Transit of Venus,’—an eveat shortly to occur again, and for tne observation of which the astronomers of tha world sre making the most elaborate preparatioos. It was on the subject of these preparations that }r. Proctor had his famons dispute Wfi-\-l Sir Goorge Airy, the Astronomer Royal of Jn- gland,—= man who had achieved eminence inLi3 profession long bofore Proctor was born. Sir Georgo had sdopted Delisle's mothod for ob- sorving the Transit; Proctor pointed out that Halley's method was by all mesus the most de- sirable; and, further, that, in selecting tho points of observation, Sir George hsd over- Jooked many of the most impostant. This, from Proctor to Airy, was audacity itself. Had be been a medical student attending his firs clinic, and signalized the event by coolly informing tho Professor that he was beginning his operations mpon the subject on the table in 8 wholly u- scientific way, he bardly could have astonished Dhis tntor more than he astonished Bir Georgo- We can imsgine this sacan!, venerable mScf: ence, taking his eyo from tho telescope to easé upon his youthful instructor a look which lhfl:fl, sy, * What presumption is thial” DBoY not long afterwards, all the astronomers of 53 United Kingdom met at Greeowich, sod 3t Proctor’s views were unanimously adopted— Sir George himself not attewpting to stem the tide, 8o stropgly did it set in Proctor's {favor. This waa a triomph, indeod, but it gaveriss ¥ much bad feeling. some of which found expres sion in the London Times and other newspaperk and we believe the breach is r~* hardly closod. Afr. Proctor's great ambition <tohavas