Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, August 10, 1873, Page 6

" THE CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUN AUGUST 10, 1873, noo o “er TERMS OF THE TRIBUNE, TRERMS OF SURACRIDTION (PAYABLE IN ADVANOE), “lll( by mi Trie ookt Partaof tho eawo rate, ‘To prevont dolay and mistakes, bo sure and givo Post Ofiico addross in full, fnoluding Stato sud Couuty, Romittancos mny bo mado olther by draft, oxpross, Post Ofica ordor, orin rogistorod loftors, at our riek. TERMA 1O GITY ATHROUIRTY, Dally, dolivered, Bunday oxcoptod, 2 conte por waok, Dally, delivored, Sunday Included, 80 cents por waok. Addross THR TRIBUNE OOMPANY, Cornor Madison and Dearborn.ats.. Chicaga, 111, s=Ooriios Madinon and Donchorn:gts.. Ghiongo, il The Chicage Tribune, Bunday Morning, August 10, 1873, THE COST OF LIVING, Inlis portontous lottor on the malary-grab, Gon. Butler enys that, rockomug Glon, Washing- ton's snlary of 26,000 por year as a fair com- poneation, and thon taking Into account tho ad- "vance of * woalth, population, and pricos,” Gon, Grant's enlary onght to bo $275,000 por yoar. Instond of this falr nnd oqual malary, liois put off with the pittance of $50,000. To monsuro the salary of o public offlcer by the wealth and population of & coun- try, is a new concoption altogothor. If it'wore made & part of the now Civil-Sorvico Ro- form, the compensation of tho Collector of One- toms at Now York would bo raisod to somothing oxcoeding that of the Shah of Porsia. It would b6 equnlly propor to fix the salaries of public of- ficors according to tho number of square miles of torritory in tho United States now, ns com- pared with tho number of square milos in Wash- ivgton's time. The impudonce of Butler’s plea is simply gigantic. But the protouso that prices have advanced uo greatly that an ndvanco of salarien is oquita- Dble, has enough planeibility to caten a cortain number of gudgeons, And yot it is nearly ns Dboscless as tho othor protonso that salarics should be measured by population and wealth, That prices in gonoral have advanced in any considerable dogree sinco Washington's timo, is oxtromoly doubtful. In Prof. J. E. Cairnos* recently-published volume of ¢ Esanys on Tolitical Fconomy " we find tables of prices of forty of tho leading articles of Luman consumption from 1841 to 1850~tho poriod ine cluding and following tho gold discoverics of California ond Australia, This period embraces by far tho lnrgost advanco in prics that fina takon placo during tho past one hundrod yoars. Wo fiud, by an examination of theso tablos, that tho following-named articles, instoad of advanc~ ing, have actuatly declinod in prico : 4 Timber, Hemp, Splees, Tar, Rice, 8ngo. The following-named articles have remained stationary in prico, or have advanced so slightly that the incroment is imporcoptiblo : Ten, Sitk, Hides, Wool, Wheat, Rugar, Darley, Soda ash, Conl, Cotton manufactures, Linen manufactures. - Tho following-nnmod srticles have advanced in prico by the percentage named : Adrance, Advance, Articlea, Articlen, “per centy bi Lea Lurpentine. ... eueees o020 T 93 ‘Thied aro prices iu a freo markot, oxclusivo of customs dutics or othor taxation, and at a pomnt whero tho cost of transportation is reduced to a minimum. The cost of transportation, wo may add, hins declined enormously sinco tho begin- ning of tho presont century. ‘Whon we comparo these pricos with thoso pro- vailing in Lngland st the begiuning of the present contury, we find that they wero genorals Iy higher “in Washington's time" than in tho poriod ombraced in Prof. Cairnes' tables, The data for such comparison aro furnished by Tooke's History of Prices. From 1799 to 1803 tho prico of wheat ranged betwoon 52 shillinga and 118 shillings per quarter (8 busbels), whila in the poriod 1841 to 183 it ranged botweon 98 ehillings and 79 shillinge, tho avorage price being 44 ehillings, The price at tho prosont time is about 52 shillings. Tho pricos of beof, pork, mutton, tallow, iron, copper, and lead wero liko- wite higher from 1799 to 1803, but they wore porbaps subject to some exceptional influences. That which is called in a general way the ** grest advanco in prices” Is roally an advaaco in tho stylo of living, Whon pooplo say that it costs more to live now than it did a hundred yeavs ago, the saying is true in tho sobso that poople hawo moro wants to be suppliod now than thoy did then, It is not truo in 2oy othor sonse, People can livo a8 chieaply to-day ns they did In Washington's time, if they are content to live in the samo way. Tho proper comparison to muko of salarios of President, Congressmon, aud other public of- ficors, is botwoen thoso of the present timo and thoso of Lincoln's Alministiation, whon gold ranged botween 150 and 280, Any change in the stylo of living betweon the years 1803 and 1878 has been in the way of ostentation and use- loss luxury, and not in tho way of comfort. If sularies wero high enough then they wera high enough before tho grab-bill was passed. 2 THE COMMON LAW OF MARRIAGE. Two cases, involving difforent points in the law of marringe, havo recontly been decided, illustrating tho uncertalnty which attends that , rolution. IHenry VIIL., some hundreds of yours g0, married his brothor's widow, and, after liv~ ing with her over twenty yonrs, was troubled in his consciouce as to whother tho marrlago was not within tho prohibited degrees of aflinity. Tho marriago was sot aside, and Honry had as meny wives as ho pleased thoreafter. Lyor sinco thon, tho marriago of u widow to hor de- seatied husband’s brother, and tho marriago of a sidower to a deconsed wifo's slstor, Lave scon prohibited in England, Of thoso marriagos, that of a deconsed wife's sistor Is tho only onoot froquont occurronco, but it is 80 froquont that tho protubition has raised groat outeries in Eng- land. Buch o marriago is prohibited in no other country, nor I it forbiddon, though perhnps dis- couraged, by tho laws of auy othor Church than that of England. Persons standing in this rola. tion to onch othor who have the meana go to the " Continont and got murriod; but smong the working classos, whero such marrisgos are the mont numorous, tho coremony . takes placo at homo, and the law troats the partios as unmar- nod and living n disgracaful life. The case rocontly decided in Inglaud, though it did wmot Ilegalize such inarriages, plocod them , under i tho & protoction of ~ & court of equity, Capt. Willlam Ifardingo, in 1862, transforred twonty-slx sharos of bank stock to certain porsons as trustoos for Isabolla * Duckton, s slster of his doconsod wifo. A fow days after, ho wes marriad ta (het laly, and Jived with her untit i by his logal ropronontatives to have thi tratisfor of stock mot astdo, on tho ground that tho con- sidoration thorefor wis ilegal and opposed to publie moralg. Tho' Lord Chancollor, in decld- Ing this caso, doclarod thnt ko know of no obll- gotlon on a court of equity to discourage such marringos. Rogarding thoe tranafor of proporty 8 voluntary ‘one on tho part of the donor, and one tuat ho lhed o legal right to mnke, Lo rofused to eot it ‘asldo. TFor many yours, tho question of legalizing these marringos has beon bofaro tho English Parlinmont. On one, porhaps two, oc- casions, tho bill has passed tho Commons, but has boon immodiatoly rojooted by the Lords. In our own city, & fow daya ago, a cnge involy- ing tho quention, What constitutos & mnrringo? was dotormined by Judge Wallace. Mary Willig, claiming to be tho widow of Gottleib Willig, ob- tained lottors of administration on his estato, and Oharles Willig, an heir-at-lnw, potitionod for lhor removal, on tho ground that sho Lad not boon married to tho decessod, Judgo Wallaco oxplained tho law of this State on tho subjoct of marriage. 'ho statuto Iaw of Illinois declares that porsons may celobrate their marriages ac- cording to tho rules and principlos of their ro- ligious mocloty, church, or denomination, sud cortifieates of . much marriages, signod by the ininister, &o., shall bo evidonco of such marriago? Tho Court hold that this was o pormission and not a requirement. Tho samo statute authorizos porsons to be married be~ fora ony minister, Judgo, or Justico of tho Tenco, “and colobrato or declare thoir marriago in such'mnnnor and form as slinll bomost agroo- ablo.,” This statuto does not chango or ropeal iho common law, by which marriagos may take placo by & direct promise from one to tho other, and en agreomont to bo husband and wifo, fol- lowod by nctual living together, In tho caso of Willig, tho partios hnd boon living togother por- Liaps o ear, whon, on one Gecasion, in tho pros- once of threo other persons, thoy mnrried thom- #olves. It appeared that Wiilig clatmed that, nccording to a book on Amer- con law which he had, he had faltilléd overy roquirement of a legal marriage, and that, thorofore, thoy were married, Tho noiglibors, not recognizing this form of marrjage, troated thom s unmarried porsons, Thoy lived to- getlior, had sdveral childron, and during his old sgo and docropitude she faithfully labored for his comfort. In soveral instances, whon ho sold proporty, sho was named in the deed as his wifo, and joined in tho oxecution of tho paper. Upon all these facts tho Court hold that tho partios had beon logally muorried,—had complied with &l tho requiremonts of tho common law. Persons who are shockod at the facilities whicl tho law affords for shufiling off tho marriago coil will loarn from this deciston, thiat, whilo & man or woman may be divorced without any porsonal knowledgo of the proceeding, it is equally trno that thoy may becomo legally married without apy intention of the kind. Thero Is a wide- sproad notion that to constituto marrisgo ro- Quires's corcmonial bofors some” porson au- thorized by law to colobrate a marringo; thero arerthose who think that a cortificate of mar- xiage signed by such ministor or officor ia os- sontial to sustain such marriage, whoen by com- monlawthe evidence of marrisge maybocomplote without any of theso forms and couditions, Judgo Wallaco's decision is only onoof anumbor of similar decisions that have boon rendored in the Tinitad Stator during $ho pact ton yonrs, from which it appoars that tho facilitios for gotting marriod bave at lenst kept paco with tho facili- ties for getting unmnrried. THE DEATH OF A MISER, ‘The gold maggot is the worm that grubs about the roots sud gnaws at the blossom of human life in our day. Tho sad story of a blightod ca- roer s told in half-n-dozen lines that the tele- graph brought from Philadolphia yostordsy. It simply says that a lawyor of misorly and eccen- tric habits—thoy are often eynonymous terma— hod just dled, leaving an estato worth $1,000,000, A brother and two siutors survivo him, but he cut thom off with a shilling, o willed the bulk of his property to cheritable insti- tutions, probably with the purposo of buying posthumous famo with the sordid hoardings of & miserablolife. o deprived himself in lifo only to bp thwarted in death, for his will is inopera- tive. Homado it only ove. weol prior to his doath, whilo tho law of Ponnsylvania roquires that charitablo bequests shall bo mado at lost o month bofore doath, This is a rough, practical skotch which suggests & familiar pavorama of toll, and greed, and personal privation that lead to nothing aftor all. Men must toil and women must weep in this world, do tho best wo moy; but lot us, at lonst, toil and woop to somo botter pur- poso than the hoarding of monoy for money's sake. Thore are more people ongagod in this purenit than would acknowledgo it evon to them- selves, Avarice is an absorbiug and oxhausting vico. Men woar ont their brains, thoir health, and their lives with no botter result than tho fato of tho misorly Philadelphia Inwyer. The ambition for money-gotting is Protean in som- Dlanco, but roally always tho same in naturo. In an oxaggeratod and morbid condition, itis always a lovo of money itself, It may Le an ambitlon to be rich for the sako of futuro dis- play. It may bo with the purposo of establishe ing & family on & busis of nssured prosporily. It may bo to buy aplace in Congress, It mny Lo to manufacture porsonal capital by post- mortem ondowments of clurchos or publio institutions, But all variotios of tho Tuling groed for woalth have this in common: They constantly look forward to something in thn future as tho consummation of their absorbing passion in the presont. Mon never grow too rich nor too old to chorieh the delusion, The Philadolphis miger and millionaire hold on to his monoy to tho vory last. 1lomay Lave hiad tho notion that he could take it with Lim, The idea Is not uncommon. The donatious in Lis will wore a8 solflsh as hls wholo lifo had beon, Thoy may havo boou suggosted by the suporstition that comes upon such men us dissolution ap~ proaches. They may liave beon rogarded as g sort of compromive with Ieaven on a mis- speut life by tho contribution of an ungpent forlune. They wmay have boen adopted a8 a monus for working out a potty ro- vongo on surviving relativos, In any case, tho lifo thus devoted to piling up monoy for monoy's sake was thrown awny. Gront woslth almost inevita- bly brings groat disappolntments. It is always to bring forth comforts, enjoyments, aud pleay- ures that never como. ‘I'he professlonal monoy-gottera of soclety, who include all those, whatever tholr vocation may bo, who have no other alm or desire in lito, are tho most wrotohod mortals on oarth, In the first place, thoy nover got enough. In the noxt place, ovory natural inclination and sympathy Iy tho slave of thin ono passion. Aathe Y p ‘hemy the monur for atiufy- ing it aro loss clomoly inmpectod. Mon with plothorie parsos and in old ago will adopt agon- olos for incronsing their fortunos that they wonld bavo indignantly *rejocted’Ih youth and povorty, Monoy-gotting per se fu n vico like oxcossive whisky-drinking or opium-enting. Anold misor will domore to gratify his deep-rooted passion than an old toper. Tho othics of commorco sink into iusignificanco by comparison with the profitsa, Drond nacres of roal eslito are accumulated at a timo of lifo whon = man must look forward to tho oxclusivo ocen- pancy of not more than six feot by four. Mon grow alok and haven't tho timo Ln‘go away from thoir businoss for tholr henlih's sake when thoy got enormonely woalthy, Watored stooks aro n symbol of tomporance and virtuo in men's oyos when thoy attain the wealth of a Vandorbilt. Congross is o thing to bo bought and gold when they becomo as rich as Onkes Amon. Obarity i n monns for buying glory, a8 Bon Butlor buys lis ¢ butchor's meat." A corner is securod on salvation by bo- quosts in & will. Monumonts aro reared whoro they will do tho donor tho most good. Ghildron aro reared to awalt tho good time coming whon the old man dies. In tho moantime, lite is n sandy dosoert, though tho sands bo of gold, and thoman is ronching aftor momothing which ho nover geta, " It is & duty which evory man owes himeolf amtl Lis family to moke provisions for keoping tho wolf from the door whon strongth sball fail him and old ago como upon him, Reokloss oxtravaganco nud Iavish display aro rather elomonts of this samo greod for gain, which is the sourco of nenrly all our privato and political woos. Bat life need not bo ono pro- longed enactmant of strugglos and privations to aftain tho dosired protection ngainst futaro want or tho mesns of future gratification. Tho poor-honse does mnot stare many mon in tho face who ronsonably enjoy lifo as they go. Tow of us outlive our duties and responsibilitica, Mon who'ars favored with great gaing owe' gomothing’ ‘moro ° to socioty, governmont, and progress then can bo eatisfled by posthumous charitios, which aro fro- quently a spacios of vanity or sclishness. If the decensod Philadelphia miser now posscsses tho faculty of looking back on his carcor, the prosont disappointment of his hopéa must con- vince him of tho empty folly of his ruloin lifo. The only good - ho has done mankind iain fure ‘nishing an oxamplo of somothing to bo avolded. Nor aro tho millionaires nnd eccontric misors tha ouly peoplo who can profit by it. It doos not tako o million to make a misor, THE WOMAN-BANKER OF MUNICH, Mauy of our readers will remombor the dotails: of the Dachauer Bank frauds, which wero por- potrated a¢ Munich in Novombor last, by Adele Spitzoder, tho actrows, and which, at tho timo, cronted a world-wido sonsation, both from thoir magnitudo and from the fact that thoy wore do- sigoed and carried ont by a woman. Tho Siwiss Times rocontly gavo the only full necount of this advonturer's remarkablo operations which Liag yot boen publishod, from which wo condonso tho points of most gonoral interost. Adels Bpitzeder, born in Berlin in 1832, was tha daugh- ter of Merr Spitzoder, court actor, and bis wifo, Betty, court singor. Huving finishod hor odu- cation, she dotermined to devoto herself to the stago, -and mado hor dobut ns Dcbo- rah in bor ‘twenty-sixth year with -very littlo succoss, For ten years she appeared on varlous stages in Switzorland and Gormany, but succeedod in leaving nothing bohind her, oxcept har debts, which woro numerous in evory placo sho visited. In the yoar 1808, sho roturnod to Munich extremoly poor, hor enrthly possessions consisting of ono euit and fifly florine in money, Iu tho spring of 18G9, however, matters bogan to look up with Adele, She had commenced bor- rowing mouey, the intorest of which she paid in advance, out of tho principnl, and in 1870 hor buginoss had become o thriving that sho was ablo to give costly dinnors. By July, 1871, tho rush of business had bocomo o great that sho was obliged to hire an extra room in her hotel, a8 o couniing-room. In August, 1871, she romoved fo an olegant houso whicn sho had purchased in the Schonfeldstrasso, and lived in fiue stylo, hnving purchiased & horso and carriago. Bho ropresented hor business as an undertaking for the bonefit of the poor, and about this timo undortook numerony sponsorships, In one year, sho was godmother sixty-four timos, making valuablo presouts on each occasion. TFor a cousidorable time, the avorago of daily de- posits amounted to 60,000 florins, snd on ono oceasion they went up to 100,000, Sho succoodod in 8o far imposing upon the Catholic clorgy and press that thoy hoeartily indorsod hor or recoms monded hor bank to the pooploof Bavaria. ‘Tho rosult was, that ouo bank could not accom- modate tho businoss, and it bocamo necossary to establish three moro. The daily pross and tho. Minister of tho Interior issned ropoated warnings to the people of tho character of these banks, But they wore infatnated with the mania for making money, and tho warninga were usoless. DBusiness poured in from every part ot Bavarin, the dopositors beiug mostly peasants, laborors, and sorvant-girls. At last, the orash which had been prediotad came. Boforo logal proceedings commonced, somo distrust woa awakonod, On tho 8th of Novembor Isst, 16,000 florins were deposited, whilo 40,000 woro paid out, and on tho 11th, 8,600 florins woro paia in, against 05,000 drawn out. Bpitzedor sought to stom tho run on hor banks, which was com- meoncing, but, flnding it uecless, one morning sho disapponred, taking with hor all her availa- blo funds, and leaving nothing but her enfos and pomo of the books, s part of them having boen burned. Tho authoritics toolk posscasion of the banks,and found that Lor dobts amountod to 8,125,768 florins, dus to the poor-and hard-working people of Bavaria.] Hor motliod of carrying on business, although on a vory extonsive scalo, was 4 very simplo one, AL firat 10 per cont intorest por month was paid on all doposita. Afterward tho rato was roduced to 8 por cont. Two months' interost was im- modiately paid on all investments, and a bill at threo' months given for tho amount of tho do- posit, with tho addition of anothior month'a in- torest. In addition to this, eaok person daposit- ing for anolher recelved & foo of from & to 7 per cont, and thus tho largor part of tho businosa wag dono through agents. Tho rosult wau, that tho amonnt of - intorcat and gratuitios which she paid oxcoeded tho total of doposits,—a fact which sho kopt conconled by covering all obligations with the first doposits, Buch of hor succoss in Imposing upon tho poo- plo resulted from the religlous protonsions which. shomade, In front of tho Lousoand on hor note-heads wero tho motto ; Thue Tocht und Boheuo Niemaud,” 8ho never appoared in pub- 1o without a largo goldon crosa about hor nock. Hor philanthropy gained her the good will of tho Ultramontane party, At that timo, the Ule tramontanc olorgy woro hard pressod. by tne Docllingoritos, and thoy gladly acospted Spitzo- dor aa an susllisry speclally sont to ald. thom, By liberal gifte"to tho Ultramontano pross sho managod o oouro Its upport alao, and thus tho clorgy aa woll as tho ignorant population woro complotely dupod. Aftor hior flight, the polico woro placed on hor track, and soon' apprehonded hor and hor nccom- plico, Ross Eliningor. Bho was brought to trisl in July last, upon tho chiargo of frandulont bank- ruptoy. Bho was found éumy, and the Court condomnod her to threo yoars' imprisonment and hor accomplico to thros months, Thoro iaa word of warning in hor history. Sho exercised tho mamculino right of running a bankina fraudulont mannor, and hna rocolved,n masou- line dogroo of punlshment for it. Sho sooms to havo caleulntod, oven in hor palmiost days, whon sho was living ih palatinl stylo, that, bolng o woman, sho colild carry on hLor operations with impunity. Tho quostion of sox, however, was not taken intoaccount at all by the unim- prossionablo Court, ~ Sho was tried liko & man and punished like & man, nnd noither hor graco nor hor henuty lfniugnucl Lor sontenco. In usurping the masgulino prerogative, thereforo, it 19 slways to bo Aken Into nccount that, whilo tho neurpor is ontitled to enjoy the advantagos, shio must also bo propared to tako all tho disad- ~vantages arising thorofrom, — Tho Committoo of tho Uppor Houso of Convo- cation ‘of tho Provinee of Oantorbury, Englana, which' was appointed to considor aud roport on tho tenching of tho Churol of Englond o tho subjoct of confossion, has mado s roport, which i just. now. of moro than ordmnry intor- oat, ns tho whole subjéct rocontly brought out an oxiraordinary dobato in Parlinmont, ‘Tho re- port gets forth that, in tho twonty-Afth articlo, thio Ohurch affirms that pensnco is not to bo counted for o sncrament, and that tho Ghurch knows no.such words a3 ‘* sacramontal confos- slon.” In two oxcoptional . ensos, howovor, spocial provisions havo beon made. Tirat, in the coses of . those who cannot quiot thelr con- scionces beforo'receiving tho Holy Communion, thoy aro allowed to rdceivo-tho benofit of absolu- tion from tho inistor ind {!ghostly gonsol snd advico;" but no particnlar form of absolution ‘has boon prosoribed. - Becond, in the order for tho-Visitation of- tho Sick it s directed that the' sick man con mnko o spopial confossion of his sing, bub.tho specidl provision *doos .not nuthorize tho ministers - of ! to roquiro from -“any ! who ‘' moy ropair to thom to opan ‘their gricf in particulsr, or o dotailed examinatfon of.all thoir sins; or £o ro- quire privato confession us”a condition previons’ to rocolving tho l{o]y QOommunion, or to onj oln,: ©Or oven encoirngo, sny practico of habitual con- fossion to o priest, or to toach that such practico of habitual conforsion, or the boing subject to what has boon tormod tho diroction of o priost, isn condl_tldn u'f‘qttnlning to the highost spirit- ual life." " This guthoritativo dofinition of the lirita witliin ivh!}lx confession moy bo practiced was ovidontly announced to auswor the inquirios muade in Parlisment, and will’ decldoe tho ques- tious thoro brought up. Health in Mnssachussits bas included in ita recent roport a vigorous de- nuneiation of tho hurtful offects of sowing-ma- chines on women. It s stated, aftormature in- vestigation, that tho: stramod -and. unnatural movemant of tho foot upon tho treadle always aggravatos and- froquontly produces the utorine Jond ovarinn disenses, This hoa long boen ' sus- poctod,and tho Massachusotts roportacientifically and offlcially confirms the suspicion, Stoam powor has beon very gonorally introduced into Inrgo factories, whore sewing-machines aro used, with benoficial result ; bat this affords no reliet for tho hundreds and thousands of poor women throughout the land who rely upon ma- chine-work st homo for their support. Somo experiments havo already been: made to supply a romody, but none of thom have sat” iefactorily met tho difoulty, Thero bave been cortain modifications of the troadlo ; thoro was algo an appliance of eloctro-magnotio motor ; and, still moro recontly,’ thore isa miniature stoam engino, which is described ag boing small onough to ' bo earrlod in the pocket, and yot capablo of genorating great power. This littlo englno gots its stoam from a_half-gallon boiler, through an Indis-rubber tubo, andihe wator may be leatod at the gas or by slamp, ' The power is rogulatod by a wiro running from tho throttle- valve of tho engine to the trondlo of the Eowing- maching, Wo should thinle that, if this contriv- ‘anco can be made choaply and assurod against the dangor of oxplosion, it would moot great want, Tl;o Btate Board of .+ The announcemont iis General Croswoll will ronow his recommonda- . tions in favor of & postal tolograph in his noxt annual mosenge, and that ho has sent a spocial Commissioner to the Vienns, Exposition to gath- or additional atatiatios to support his position. ‘The valuo of thoso statistics, whataver thoy may show, is vory considorably modifiod by two cir- cumatancos : (1) 'Tho workings of » Govornmont telograph for o small territory can searcoly form o eritorion of puccoss for & country as largo ‘as all the Buropean CGovornmonts put togothor ; and (2) a Govornment tolegroph is a more natu- ol condition in ' tho provailing form of Europoan Governmonts—monarchy—than in 8 Ropublican form of govorument, With regard to tho first consldoration, it must bo re- monbered that a thickly-populated torritory of limited dimensions is particalarly favorable for tho concentrated managoment of tolographs, railronds, tho exproes business, eto, With re- raxd to the’ second consideration, thore is not the danger of corrupting tho civit gorvice, and thereby the political systom, that is to bo found under our form of government, What may bo rogarded as benoficial undor a patornal systom of governmont may be very dstrimental undor a popular form of governmont, ‘Phore iy o pros- poct, a8 our Washington corrospondont BRYyE, that Mr. Crouwoll will “rido this hobby to it doath,” and, n this would bo the vory bost thing thut could happon, ho should be ‘given full sway. Tarlinmont from4ho Groouwich District in Eng- land is regarded oy significant of a rovolution in tho politics of Groat Britain. Greenwich hoa beon rogarded ns one of the great Liboral strongholds. Mr, Gladatone atood an a candis dato for that district at the partloular roquest of tho coustituency, and was olocted by a largo ma. Jority, Itisnow anuounced that Mr, Gladstone will not be & candidato tor ro-olootlon, and will probably rotiro altogothior from Darlinmontary life. It bus bopn gonorally supposod {hat Lib- eral triumphs wont hand in hand with tho oxtons sion of suflrago, but the Groonwioh election ia elthor an excoption to the rulo or proves tho contrary. Tho eloction of 1r, Boord, tho * hurch’ at Postmastor-- & London distillor, s tho first inatanco of a Con- sorvative trinmph sinco 18562 Yot it in oatimatod that, by reason of tho artisans qualifying ng votors, tho coustituenoy at tho recont oloction waa twvico an lorgo as it was in 1867, just nftor ho pasango of . tho Roform bill. 3 e Tho Greon Bay Advocate rathor takos tho wind out of the horoio achievomont of tho rovenuo- outtor Androw JSohnson, which solzod vessol upon Lako Michigan *salling without papors,” and tolographod tho fact to Washington, and had tho * prompt action” ofclally approved by tho Govornment. Tho Advocate siates tho fact to bo that-the North Star runs from Groon Day to Escanabs, two polnts at tho ond of a Innd-locked by, about ono hundrod miles apact, wholly within tho Unitod Btatos, and: whero thoro was no posaibllity of smuggling or any othor violation of law. Tho only result was to broak up n voy- 8go of tho vessel, and got tho soizure roported in tho nowspapors. ) ———— THE ARMITAGE PICTURE. The Armitngo ploture, presonted to the City of Chicago by tho managors of tho London Graphio, commomorativo of the Firo and the subsequent Iavish nesistance sont from England to tho suf- forors, hus atrived In the eity, and i now on ox- hibition at the Art Gallory, corner of Michigan avonuo and Van Buron strcot. As s gracoful suggostion of English sympathy and good wishos, and a8 o mouvonir of that disastrous time whon Ohicago was tho World's ponslonor, thin picture is invested with an historieal intor- ost, aud tho ‘mannor of its treatmont and tho largo scopo of its dosign show that tho'artist in- tonded to moko his work of a Iustorieal character, and has painted ib with roforonco to tho future rathor than for the moro purposos of oxhibition, or to gratify the ciirlosity of an art- gallory loungar or connolssour, Whatover may bo its' distinetive - artistic charactor, theroforo, tho friondly splrit which suggosted' the gift, and the nesoclations which cluster abont it, domand that its final location shall bo ono of Justico to tho ploturs, of convenioncs to tho public; and of cortalnty n8 to its presorvation: Tho sublime atory thich ig told on tho canvas will noyor grow old while thoe ploturo xomains to boar its sllont witness of genorous Euglish honrts, It dosorves o placo of honor and promincnco, whore tho story mny be read for all tho yoars to como. - 1t in always an ungracofal act to look “ n gift- «horso in tho mouth,” but in thisinstanco s decis- don upon tho artistio merits of the plcture ean- not affeot'the gracoful ohnracter of tho Ppresenta-~ tion, or tho good feoling manifestod by tho artist and tho proprietors of the Graphic. Tomost peo- ple, and eepecially to connoisgeurs, tho pleture, in an artistio sonso, will prove a disappointmont. Inita'design, tho artist has shown approciation of & lofty ideal ; in tho'excoution of that design, Lowaver, ho Loa not beon so fortunato. * Tho story is woll told. Tho partially nude fignro ro- - clining in. tho foreground, supported by two. othor figures reprodenting, rospeotivoly, Colume bin' and’ Britannis, is tho prostrate Chi ongo. . Bho rosts. Lor hend upon Colum- bis, ond tho loft arm is thrown over Columbin's knce, in & vory paintul position, bringing tho shoulder out in g short, sngular nnnor, Colnmbis holds in her hand o cup which Chioago has just drained, and Britonnia bonds over hor, as if watching to seo hor revive. At the left of Columbis, the Englo sits bolt up- right, and looking avway a8 if not ot all intorosted in the scono, and, on the right of Britaunia, tho Lion is couched, looking into tho dlstance with o very storn-and strong glaro, At the oxtromo right of tho picturo, the. clty is bumning, its vmoko obscuring about_ono-halt of tho sky, and at tho oxtromo loft is a plué forost, A bastily skotchod foreground, rolloved horo * and thors with clumps of pinks and enctl, complotos tho picturo, Tho origioal conception of tho artist was somowhat differont, o4 is shown by the photograph which was sont horo for inepection somo months ago, As first painted, the figuro of Chicago was entiroly nude, Tho slight’ drapory whicl now' covers hor tas added at the suggestion of gomo of the fino-art connoisseurs of tho Common Counell, whoso modesty was shookod, and the result is that the drapory is now much moro suggostivo than anything about the original figuro, It is ovidont that tho paintor bhas hed somo difficulty in arranging it, baving firat nainted the figure without reforence to it, and tho purposo for which the drapory has becn added &trikes the eyo at onco. In tho firat ekateh, also, tho fignro of Columbin was proffor- ing the cup to Okicago, and tho Eagle was watch- ing tho oporation ns if quito interosted in it. Tho oxprossions and draperics of Brit- annin and Columbis were also materially difforont. © The foroground was ontiroly uorelioved, and the loft of tho ploturoe was filled with shipping, reprosonting English commorco, instead of the pino forost which real- ly disfiguros tho presont work, Considored as & wholo, tho first skotch was bottor than tho socond, not that tho story waa told any moro graphically, but tho troatmont was moro eareful, As ofton happons, tho firat thought was the bost oue, The Intoreat of tho pioturs contros in tho three figares, and first of allin Clicago. The criti- cism of this figuro might bo suirmoed up in the ~romark that Ohicago is o bettor-looking woman s than the artist has painted. Thore is good color on the flosh, but the figuro {a masculino in its effact, Tha beautiful sweop of ono of the arms lost by tho painfally hard mamnmor in which it hanogs, forcing the shouldor slmost up to the oar. Tho lines of the'body aro siob the beautifully-rounded ourves o expoct to e in an ideal fomilo figure. The muscles aro flat and tho hips and limbs com- pact and strong, rather than ronnded and plisnt. Only ono of tho feot is viaiblo, nud this partly, but {t is 8o broadly out of drawing as to bo pain- ful. Estimating tho longth of the foot from its width, it would bo half the longth of the limb itself. Tho figure of Columbin is better-drawn, but if tho Unilod Statos had had no more con- corn for the fato of Chicago than its roprosenta- tive in this pleturo, hard would have Leon tho fato of poor Chicago. Tho face s a cold, hard, oxprogsionless. ono—tho faco of ‘a Modos. Columbia apparently Liaa no moro interest in tho: prostrate, collapsod figure baforo her than tho stupid fowl at hor sido, The dra- porica do not holp- tho figure much. - Thoy are of throe low colors, which do not harmonizo woll, and thoir offect is killod by tho flming brick color of Brituunia's robe near by, Tho uso of the Ameriean flag as a sort of neok-tlo for Co~ lumbin is o plossant eop thrown to American patriotlem, or {t may bo s quict bit'of satiro; but it rominds ono altogother too foreibly of tho country glrl who rides in politicsl chariots, ar- rayod in tho rod, white, and bluo, to save tho country nt Prosidential elootions, Tho fignre of itnnnin -Lns a pleasaut faco and I8 ‘lu a gracoful attitude, bLut ‘hay nono of that matornal amplitude whioh should charactorizo the Mother Country, Tho right up- per arm, In its drapery indeod, is ns broad ng Ler chost, The figure, howover, would be nn of- feotive one wore it not for tho flaming color of tho yobo to which wo lave alluded, which is mado all the niore pronounced by the English cont-of-arms vory prominontly painted on tho broust, rominding tho spectator foreibly of tha srwe rampant lion and unifcorn whioh figure sa oxtensivoly upon spools of thrend ond jars of pleklos, Noithor thia devico nor tho Amerlonn- flaggod nocle-tio of Columbin was needod. ‘Ihoy are national advertiseients, which may gratity chonp patriotism, but thoir use {s in no sonse ar- tlsslo, and thoy dotract from the dignlty of the figures, The Lion and the Baglo dofino the individuslity « of the figurcs with sufolont oloarness, A flowing over-robo of a curious fabe rlv; resombling tho masquerade costumo of the represontativos of Night, swoopa over the ground with somo vory angular broaks in it, which might Lo mado by an old:fashioned brocade siik, of that clnss which stands nlono, but could not undoer nny oircumatancos bappon to dross goods Buch s Mrs, Dritannin {8 now woaring. The Lion ia tho huost ploco of pninting in tho ploturo, Il is waoll drawn, tho attitude s life-liko, and tho taco fall of siernnoss and courago. Mo is, in fact, a much bottor-looking animal than bhis collongio, tho " Eaglo, who looks o8 if ko had been takon from o texidormists window to slt for this special occasion. Ono might naturally oxpoct oven an ongle, especially the typloal oaglo who doos so much shrioking for Troodom and othor things, to have somo little intoreat fn tho scene going on round him ; but ho sits thoro an otiff and rigid as Poo's raven cronking its * Novermoro,” If wo have (thig fault to find with tho. Englo, what shall bo snid of Columbin, etaring right on with an immovable exprassion as fixed ns that of the Sphynx , But littlo more romains to bo said,” as tho othor accossorios aro yery simple, Tho fira itaolf ocoupios but n small Bpaco on the canvas, and is_indiented by n fow bold touchon. Tho gonoral tono of the picturo, ospo- clally in tho foreground and sky, is low and cold, and against this neutrality tho pronounced tinta of tho draperies malko a contrast which s vory markod, 50 marked that tho harmony of tho picturo is marrod by thoso groat spots of color. Wo hiave looked at the pioture from an ertistio point of view. . Ita morits or domoritsin this ro- Bpoot do mot concern tho givors or the 8pirlt which prompted thom to givo It. Its valuo dooa not lie in its color, or ita drawing, or ita treatment, but rathor in the sympathy which inspired ite production, and it will always bo troasured for the sake of thia sympathy, and it witl nlways help tostrongthon the bonds of good- fooling, ospocially botwoon Olicago and London. In this rospect nlone its valuois priceless, nud the city should loave nothing undone which will guaranteo its proservation, PARTON'S LIFE OF JEFFERSON, ‘Tho sovorost criticism that haa yot beén mado on Gon. Grant's Administration is contalned -in Mr, Parton’s paper on “The Art of Boing Prosi- dent,!" s gathored from the oxperionco of Thomaa Jofforson, published in tho curront number of the Allantic Monthly. Gon. Graut's namo is not mentioned in the srticle, nor is the slightost roforenco mado tohis Administration, ‘Tho paper is & component part of Mr. Parton’s forthcoming * Lifo of Jofforson,” " It is not pos- sible to road it, howover, without oxporiencing n'constant suggostion of contrasts botweon tho Ropublican administration of tho Govornment {from 1801 to 1809 and tho administration, also Republican in namo, from tho time of Gon. Grant’s inanguration to tho prosont dny. Tho circumstances undor which Mr. Jofforson entorod the Prosidency wero not s favorable ns those that surrounded Gon. Grant. Tho Government was thon in its oxporimental stago, Thore woro traditions and rolics of royalty on all sides, . Tho opposing party, which was ono of groat .forco, roprosentod thnt kind of consorvatism which discerns anarchy and rovolution in overything tuat doos not prociecly conform to its motions, Tho Fedoralists had boon in power, and liad the control of tho oficos. Tho couniry was closely divided ; Mr, Jefforson was barely olected after a florco atrugglo ; his opponents rogarded him as o sort of Jncobin. Theso woro trying times. Gon. Graut, on tho contrary, was carried to tho Prosidential chair on the shouldors of tho pooplo, with huzzas of triumph and words of encour- sgoment on oll sides. The Govornmont hod just given to the latter tho most proctical ovidonces of pormanoncy. Tho party which clectod him was in possossion of tho Fod- oral Govornmont aud of most of tho State Gov- ernments, Tho country was prosporous, ' Tho most perploxing questions of reconstruction in tho rebollious Btates had beon sottled. Thore wos nothing for the incoming President to do but to gnide the reins of Government stondily and ‘honestly, - There was no occasion for tlio activo influence of u great intollect at tho hoad of tho Governmont, as in Jolorson's time. Had thore beon, tho conirast betweon tho two Administrations would havo bocn none tho loss striking in itself, but there would have boon less rosson to bo surprised atit. No ono would over think of comparing the two men in point of atatosmanship, It was not nccossary that Gon. Grant should equal Mr. Jofferson in ability. Had ho imitated this illustrious prodecossor in lonesty of purposo sud decency of conduct, ho would havo satisfiod tho demands of the timo, Tho rules of Mr. Jofforson's Administration woro clearly writton, Ho sustaincd on honost civil sorvice without any advisory Board of Commis- sioners, and withoutregulations, Ha rofused to oppoint mon who hadno other claim to offico than that of conspiouous partisanship, Callendor, of Richmond, ¥as tho typo of the journalistio offico-sockor of to-day; but he did not got the TPost-Ofllce ho sought. Tho newspapora through- out tho country ware not subsidizod with tho ‘Ponsfon-Agencios, the Appraisorships, Collector- ships, or Post-Offices. George Rogors Olarke was a horo, but he was alson drunkard, aad ho could not socure tho manngement of Indian Af- fairs from Jofforson, though he was capable oth- orwige., John Randolph was drivon over to the opposition bocamso Mr, Jofforson would not liston to his diotation of unflt men, It was the rule of all Lis appointments to secnre tho right maan for tho right place, = Ho never appointoed a rolative to ofiice, Thoro were no Cnaoys, nor Kramors, nor Donth, nor Hudsons, in his day. His sontiments in this rogard were #0 well known that his kindred made no offort to securo Fodoral placos. *The public will nover bo made to boliove,” ho srid, *that tho appolntment of & rolalivo is mado on tho ground of morit rlono, uninfluenced . by family views." If thits was truo in Jofforson's day, it will henco- forth bo an axlom catablished by our experlence with Gen. Grant’s’ oflico-holding family, Two of Mr. Jofforson's sone-In-law were kept in Congross by tholr constituonts during his term ; but the Prosident striotly avoided an oxprossion of opinion on political subjects in their prosonco. Ho did not exompt his frionds from his rule of appointments, Ho sent no Jonesos abroad ; called no Borica or Robesons to his Cabinot; appoiuted no Murphys Collectors. o turnod no mon out of offico simply because they woro opposed to him in politics, though he was faithful cnough to his party to insist that tho Fodornlists in ofico should not uso thoir places for elcotioncoring purposcs. Ofi- clal midconduct was the solo causo for, romoval. Men might vote ss thoy pleasod. He could sco no differenco botween donying tho right of auffrago and punishiug a man for oxor~ ciging it, If Bonator Schurz had lived in bis timo, and gono ovor to the opposition, ho would not bave made s wholosale sweep of the Fedoral oftice-holdors in Bohurz's State, or gone into an- other Btato to romovo a brothor-in-law of the robollions Sonator. It waa Jofforson's conistang offort to koop down,tlio Govornmont patronage to tho minimum. ‘o waa always suggest- ing. to Gallatin (Sccrotary of the T'roas- ury) tho amalgamation of oflices or tho eupprossion of suporfluous places, " Ho would not™ lnve susiained sots of rovenuo officors ‘in various parts of tho country whoso salarios oxceoded the gross smount of their colleotions, Jofforson camo into ofllco at a tino whon the otiquetto was a8 strict and tho formal- Ity .ma opprossive in Washington as in a Enropean court. Ho abolished all this, ro- mained -plain Thomas Jofforson, and was to bo soon at gll-timen without ceromony. o rolloved his Cubinot ofticors from responsibility for the entortainment of distinguishod guests, which had proviously boon a soro trisl to their pureo-strings. o othorwiso used his anlary for tho benofit of the people. His noighbors in Virginia usod to think that, a8 Mr, Jofforson re- ceived nlargesalary, hoocould afford better than any of thom to supply needed improvements. o novor failed torespond to thoir demands. He wag oonstantly ongaged in projects for devolop- 1ing the country, exploring now torritory, import .ing bloodod stook, and otherwise fimproving tho ' condition of hiw follows; to all of which ko con: tributed genorously of his private funds, - This fack natufally suggosts: tho quory: Is thore ninglo instanco - on.xocord fn which Gon. Grant has given awny any of his porsonal fortune ig ohailty, publioor privato, or for the genoral good and advancomont of -his countrymon ? Mr. Jofforson' firmly and consiatently rofusd to nccopt poreonal .gifts . whilo in oflico, 3r. Parton montions but ono excoption to this tulo, when Lo rocolved o bust of the Emporor Aloxandor, of Russin, which'ho thought ke couh[ B accopt without projudico to the principle. He' Wwad 60 orupulous -in discharging his' personal obligations to tho Govornment that, on ono oo- caslon, whon ho had bought somo wine from the Bpanish Minister which had paid no duty under | tho Miniatorial privilogo, Mr. Jofforuon inclosed tho amount of the'duty to tho Collector at Phila- dolphin. Io hold ‘that it would bo im- propor for him to tako tho bonofit of tho privilogo, and he also suggested o incans whereby. tho duty could bo ontered on the books without mentioning hia name in the trans. action. Tho contrast which Gen. Grant prosents in this rospoot is too obvious to roquire descrip~ tion, Asif there wore no point of agrocmont botwoon tho two Admivistrations, it is rocallod 4 that Mr, Jofferson made tho moat eparing uge of the pardoning powor, yiolding only to *“extraor- dinary and singular considorations,” and, in evory onso, conaulting the Judges who sat in the . cakos, - Gon, .Grant has granted indisoriminate pardons ‘to thioves, Governmont dofaultors, revonuo swindlors, counterfoitors, ropoators at cloctions, roughs, and dangorous mon of all g clnsses without so moh 84 ssslgning a ronson. Tho statomont was onco made by o prominent TRopublican politician of Illinois, that he did not Lolievo Gon. Grant hnd ovor road 2 book sincs Lo loft Wost Polut. It is rensonably certain that ho nevor read a Lifo of Thomaa Jefforson. ——— Tho City of Quincy, in this Stato, has justhad o strugglo with o Horse-Rallway Oompany, and * ‘has boen worstod, and boncoforward it is vory likoly thot that Horse-Railway Company will bavo o lively timo of it. Tho facts are thoso : "Tho pooplo of Quinoy are anxious to establish an aonual fair in that city, and had mado afrango- monts for an oxtonsivo ono this fall. 'To ‘the succoss of such fair, the co-oporation of tho Iorso-Railway Company was necossary, it fur- | nishing tho only moans for the publio fo got to aod from tho fair grounds, Judging from" phat oxporionco, it was comsidored im- portant to lLnow beforchand what courso tho ‘Company would tako in enso tho {air was Lold, ‘and tho Company frankly stated that’ thoy would doublo their rates during the timo the fair was in oporation, Tho mansgers of tho far by ovory means sought to indnce the Horsa- Railway Company to run their cars at the usual ratos, but all appeals Woro rejacted. Tho manne" gors offorod the Company $100 a day; offored to pay thom at onco a sum equal to that which the Company oxpectod to recoive from the advancod faro, both of which, ns woll as several other propositions, wero rojected. 8o tho managors of’ tho fair abandoned tho schemo nltogethor, and. 0o fair will bo hold. A call lins boon isaued for a publio mooting, to bo held on tho Bth, to give oxprossion to publio sontiment concerning tho condaet of the Horao-Railway Company. —_— . The atatomont is mndo that the Mon. Fredoris Carter, the Promior of the Nowfoundland Goy- ornment, has boon on o visit to Washington to gecure o treaty with the United Btates Govern- ment, by which fish and oil from Newfoundland shall bo admittod into this country froo of duty. This concossion was madoe to the Dominion of Canada by tho Treaty of . Washington, and tho result hos boon that . the Dominion morchsuts, oro .absorbing’ tho Newfoundland fish trade. Nowfoundland has no desiro to entor the Cana dian Confoderation, and the mithorities of tho Iattor hovo beon using 'thelr advantage undor tho Treaty of Washington to coorce tho Nows foundland pooplo to consont to it. It is only fair that our Goverment should grant tho concossion which Nowfoundland nsks. It would, moreover, bo to our advantago for two ronsons: (1) Woshould enjoy compotition fn tho flsh and oil, trade, which is now'shutoff; and (2), a8 Newfoundland proposcs to admit American products into the colony fres of duty, our American morchants would havo a groat ad- vantage over Canndisn merchants in supplying tho Newfoundland pooplo with staplo goods, since the Canadian oxports would still bo required to pay tho Nowfoundland import duties. If this treaty can bo made, the Nowfoundland peoplo will vote for annoxation. PR e = RN 1S THERE NO REMEDY ? To the Editor of The Chicago Tribune : B : Last night, about midnight, residonts on ‘West Washington street, -between Leavitt and Onkley, wero roused by the erying of s child pacsing to and fro. Ho was a littlo Italian, 8 yoars old, carrying & huge harp on his shoulders. Tho little fellow was exhausted by traval, hun- gor, and wantof rost. The writor took him into his house, gave him o midnight lunch, and fur- nisbed him with a place to sleep, Ho excusod himeolf from going to Lis ** bosy,” bocauso gomo rough and unfeoling boys had broken his harp, and becauso ho had collected only 50 conts,—hia “boss " requiring $1 per day, or he would bo “licked.” I tho moraing, aftor broakfast, tho writer took him to' the Union Park Police-Sta~ tion, on Randolph stroot, with tho hope that somothing could bo done for such a case_thoro. But tho policoman in charge said * Nothing could bo'done.” Tha littlo follow was vory roti- cont, ovidently from tho foar of being *licked for communicativeness, Is thero no romody for such hoartlessnoss and inhumanity ? Where is tho * Sovioty for the Prevention of Oruelty to Avimals ?* - J.L.B, Citioaao, Aug, 8,173, oS e S APTS Aer INDIGNITIES TO CHINAMEN. To the Editor of The Chicago Tribuns: I Bin: I should like to call the attention of the propor anthoritios, to tho fact that bus-drivers are in the habit of grossly insulting Chintmen by paying no attention to their siguals. ' This is “an outrage that should bo stopped. Theso peo- plo, who hiave Iately sottled in our city in large numbers, aro unassuming, industrious, useful citizous, and worthy of our bost respect. Wo cannob.veo them thus publicly insulted w;u;louh ing- indignant. ‘To-day, ono poor follow {,i‘i{ou“nfl.}s’f and, emu:.f&ed by Yhe. ovident syupathy and frantic offrris of tho occupants to atop it, followod n wholo bloclk, but without suc- cosa. ‘The drivors blood was up, and **bo'd bo d——d If ho'd wait for that blaated nager.” I hnve no doubt » word will bo suflicient to stop this injustioo, C. BB, Cintcaao, Aug, 6, 1673, ————— THE BATHING QUESTION. To the Editor of The Chicaga Tribune: B : Why, amid all the agitation of the ques« tion of publio bathing-houses on the lnkn-uhym, lis not somobody suggostod & privato bathings establishment, whoro poople, for a small sum, could biro bathing-suits, have their clothing and valuables caved for, and tako o plungo in the wavos, as wo dowhon at the watering-pluces on oro of tho ocoan? ¢ <" ° b B elasticn 1o tho. profbat,. Wiy whi not somo man undortake such au entorprise ? It would pay, would bo a gront blnualnt: to those who wish to bathe in the lnke nnd not ho arrest- ed, and nobody could raise an objoction to its proprioty. B, 0110440, Aug, 8, 1873, ——— THE WHISTLE-NUISANCE. Y the Eifitor of The Chicago Tbune; By It in sumply outragoous that any elvilizod community should have sufferod as ours hau, during the past ton minutos, near the Washing- ton atroot tunuel. A sot of ponce-breakers on the tug Fauny havo nnurl{ distracted us with the continuous blowing .of their shrill whistlos, Iy thero no recourso for tho actions of those individuale? Tor common.doooney's eake lof our oity authoritios do somathing to stop it, Outoaao, Aug. 7, 1873, o W & Ca,