Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, March 16, 1873, Page 6

7 | i i | 6 THE CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, MARCI 16, 1873. — TERMS OF THE TRIBUNE. TERMS OF SUBSCRITTION (PATABLE IN ADVANCE). Sl%b’gi 82.50 To preseat delay and mistakos, bo suro and give Post ‘Offce address in full, including State and Couaty. Remittances may be mado either by ératt, expross, Post Offcs order, or in registored lottere, at onr rlak. o ., T8 To crTx sTscamEns, 211y, delivorod, Sundey excopted. S conts . Pelly Coiveny, A el B e pe ek Addross THE TRIEUNE COMPANY, Corer Madison and Dearborn-sta.. Chicago, L BUSINESS NOTICES. (HOYAL HAVANA LOTTERY—WHOLE TICKET, Circulay it seulars went; tnforma iven. J. B, 5. ors, 10 Wall-st.s B. O. Dox 4685, The Chicags Tibune, Sunday Morning, March 16, 1873. THE BELIGIOUS CORFLICTS IN EUROPE. The religious developments in Europe, espe- cially se involved in tho pending struggle bo- tween the Church (Roman Catholic) and Stater 1ve beginning to sssume cxtraordinary impor- tance. Wehavo already seen their effect in Eng- land, where Mr. Gladstone's Irish University bill, which was in reality only a compromise of- Tered to settle this vexed question, has resulted in a defeat of the Liberal party, and probsbly #lso in a dissolntion of Parliment. In Switzer- land the struggle is mging with extreme bitterness, and has resulted in the banishment of Monseigneur Mermillod, the violontly Ultra- montane Bishop of Genova, as woll 28 in & furious controversy between rival parties of Cotholics in Basle. Tho Geneva difficulty is an interesticg one, During the aonexation of Geneva to France, under Napoleon L, it formed part of the Fronch diocese of Chambery, but, on its restoration to Switzerland, it was transferred to the Swiss diccese of Lausanno and Freiburg. A few months ago, ovidently with the purpose of rewsmding Mgr. Mermillod, who is an altrs infallibilist, tho Popo mado Geneva n ecparate Vicariate, without consulting the civil suthoritics, tbus scparating it from tho episcopal jurisdichon of the Bishop of Lausanne. The Council of Stato refused to recognizo Hgr. Mermiliod in his new eapacity of Vicar Apostolic, whilo tho Bishop of Lausaune was compelled by orders from Rome to decline to exercise episcopal functions in Genera. The Council of State retaliated with a bill, which enacts that no episcopal or parochial jurisdiction ehall bo allowed in the Canton, without the ap- proval of the State, and that, in tho future, all parish priests shall be olectad by the Catholic inhabitants, and shall. be removed br the State for suficient canse. On tho 16th of Janmery, 1873, a Papal prief wasread in the Catholic churches an- nouncing the -appointment of Mgr. Mermillod. When this brief was announced by the Papel Nuncio st Berne to the Federal Council, they declined to acknowledge it, or the right of the ‘Holy See to dismembor a Swiss diocese, without the agreement of the civil power according to the Concordat of 1619, Mgr. Mermillod was in- formed of this decision, and was also told that ho must cither resign his now appointment or leave the country. Saturday, Feb. 15, was fixed 28 the time by which he must quit the exercise of his office. On the Sun- day aiter, however, he preached at Genevs, 2nd on the next day was arrested by the police and conveyed beyond the frontiers of Switzer- and to Ferney, where bo is now staying. In the diocese of Basle, the quarrel is between the Ultrsmontanes and Old Catholics, the former represented by Mgr. Luchat. His flock has pro- tested against tho publication of the decrees of the Vatican Council, and the civil sutboritica eapported them in their remstance. The Biskop ot once commenced suspending sati-in- fallibilist priests by wholesale, snd thus brought mstters to & crisis. On Nov. 19, 1872, the Diocesen Conference of the eoven. Cantons condemned his arbitrary proceedings, &nd on Jan. 29, following, they sn- nounced the deposition of the Bishop. The Federal Council was roquested, in connection with the Holy See, to take steps to fill the va- cauey, and their docision was also communicated 10 the Chapter of the dioceso at Soleure, re- questing therm to namo a temporary adminigtra- tor of tho diocese, which they declined to do, on the ground that the Seo was uot vacsnt. Tho Bishop hes made & protest, which, with the com- munication from the Chapter, was to be laid he- fore the Diocesan Conference an Feb. 14, the results of which have not yet transpired. Meauwhile, the thaological war in Germany continues with unabated ardor. Its latost dovel- opment is a remerkable articlo on the subject of tho Pontifical position of Rome, publiched by’ Bismarck, in his press organ, tho National Zei- tung of Berlin, in which he indulges in the fol- lowing philippic sgainst tho Popo : f curse and ban posscesed en impuncdiate magical £gency—if the conjuror of the Vaticsn could let fiy. the little stone that would smash the Colossus—the oppressed Church would change itself into s tri- amphal one, and that in the proximate future. Never bave more objurgations fallen from the lips of any Fope than from those of Pius IX. Therels no State with which he has not fallen out. He has solemuly cursed the fundamental laws of Germany, of Austria, of Italy ; he has commenced open war with Switzer- land; he conspives ‘against the constitution at Ppresent obtaining in France: his anathema has fallen upon Spanish arrangements; seversl years bave elapsed since he expeiled the Russlan Envoy with wiolence from his Court ; such matters, even in Papal bistory, are not by way of being rarities—at least during the last three centuries, The understanding must accommodate itself to many incomprehensible things; but hitherto, when the Church’s nced has risen to its mazimum point through the vagaries of a ‘Pope, help has always been hard at hand.' The savior Death has appeared, snd has bundled off the old con- Jjuror; and, {nspired by the Holy Ghost, the Conclava bas raisod to the seat of the Apostle-Prince a man of diametrically opposite principles, ‘The Chencellof then goes on to maintain that, through the syllabus snd dogrua of infalibility, the Church is wWorse off than it was under tho Pontificate of the Thirteenth Cloment, and that, coneidering the “temper .of the age, it is of no consequence what the Church thinks sbout. the theories it has announced.. He closes by saying: “In the end this battle must become a battle of intelligence; and upon that territory the Jesnits, ghostly -2 well 88 worldly, -with all their logmes and tho miracles of the saints to “boot, cannot but quickly come " to griel.” The Chaocellor, however, is meeting with fierce opposition’ from the Church. The Archbishops of ‘Cologne and Posen, in behalf of ‘hemselves 28 well as tho othor Roman Cathalio Bishops of Prussis, bave prescated & mamoran- fum to the Imperial Government upon certain pending logislation, in which they protest sguinst any measures which violate the oafural or acquired rights of the Church, snd eginst any laws to be issued In fature based wupon this legislation. They also claim thst the Catholic Churchin Prussia possesses ' the inalienable right to man- | 3ge its ovn affairs by its own legitimate organs In all matters of f3ith and morals, 5 well as of organization, administration, and disciplive. The conclusion of the Biehop's memorandum is minators in character, and indicates that they will nob yield without = desperato struggle. They eay in concluding : They have mado up their minds, with all legitimate ‘means at their dispossl, to defend their lawful free- dom and sinunchly to vindiczte the very emallest of their ecclesiastical rights. In the interest of the State, 10 leds than the Church, from the very bottom of our heart we entreat and adjure the rulors of this kingdom and all thoee having an influence upon the conduct of public affajrs to retraco thelr steps from Lhe fatal path entered upon ; to restore peace and the consciousness of sn scknowledged and lawful position to the mem- bers of the Catholic Church, numbering g0 many miil- fons in Prussis and the German Empire atlarge, and to refrain from forcing upon us a set of laws ‘which, while every Biehop would find them incompatibile with his oath of oftic, and every priest and layman con- trary to the dictates of hia consclence, would ental] codiess misfortune upon ous beloved country were they ever carried out by force, This great strugglo between Church and Stato which is now going on in Germany, England, and Bwitzorland, will be watched with more than usual interest, not only by religionists, but by all who are interested in political questions and the administration of govornment. Itinvolves the great question of freedom of thought and opinion. If the liberal clement is euccessful, it ‘must compel the Cburch to confine its Jurisdic- tion ‘to spiritual mattors; if unsuccossful, it preparos the way of that worst and most intol- erant of all forms of govornment—a roligious autocracy. BATICNALIEM VS, CHRISTIANITY. Mr. Hiram P. Crozier furnishes to the Golden Agethe most rational defeuse of Christianity against;tho assaults of Rationalism thathas lately appeared. It is nroply to Mr. Francis E. Abbot's « Impenchmont of Christianity,” published originally in the Toledo Jnder, and subsoquent- Iy reproduced in psmphlet form. Mr. Ab- bot's impeachmont embodies twenty counts, the more important of which charged that Chris- tianity is the great organized superstition of the Wostorn World ; that it is the great epemy of science, rotarding tho spread of tho knowledgo of Nature; that it is an obstaclo to civilization ; that it teaches that the virtues of the Savior can Do s substitute for tho virtnos of the saved; that it epreads gloom over myrisds of minds by a horriblo theology; that it commands supreme lovo fo Do rendered to a God sltogatber unlovely; that it proclims ideas of God which would drive every roflecting mind into atheism were it not that modern knowledgo furniskes the eleraents of o far higher idea of God, etc., ete. Mr. Crozier meets those chargos and many others by replying that, if ‘they were all truo (which he does not admit), they would prove notbing sgainst Christianity at its fountain- head, howover they might impeach tho channels through which it hasflowed. Theymsay impeach Calvinism, Catholicism, or any other iem going, but cannot impeach Jesus of Nazaroth or tha doctrines tought by him. To the specific alle- gations of Mr. Abbott hie opposes the sayings and doings of Jesus, with more perspicnity and less dogmatism than is usually found in relig- ious controversy, and the asgument thus far is sssuredly on his side. In gno point, however, he misstates, or rather fails o state, the real position of his adversa- ries. He accuses them of applying tests to Christisnity which are not applied toany other religion, to any system of philosophy, science, or branch of thought. “When treating of Brahminiem or Parseeism,” he says, they ap- ly the scientific mothod. Evon a few grains of wheat in Epictetus, or Marcus Aurelius, or Plato, or soma nnknown seer or sybil, thoy sift out of the sbounding chaff snd magnify =8 the sood corm of humanity, without which the souls .of the raco: would perish for want of nutriment. But when they approach Christianity the sciontific method is dropped. They look for chaff instead of wheat,” ete. Quite true ; but aro they not warranted in doing 80 when Christianity claims that the Scrip- tures are divinely inspired, in such way as to bo absolutely rue in all parts? No euch claim was over set up for Plato, or Epictetus, or Marcus Aurelins, whoso teachings, as regards human conduct, aro in harmony ‘with those of Jesus Christ, and as regards tho Deity are oftener in barmony than in opposition, and ought there- fore to receive-a joyfal rather than a reluotant recognition from Christinns. No such cluim i3 set up in tho Westorn World, at least, for Brahminism or Parseeism. Therofore, it is not without reason that Mr. Abbot and his liks singlo out what they deem the weak points, or, a8 Mr. Crozier says, look for chaff instend of wheat: If Mr. Crozier casts aside the tenet of inspiration; asitis commonly received, he can show that his adversary has adopted an unscien- tific method of argument. But if he holds to it o cannot. Novertheless, his argument is sufliciently novel and trenchant to call for attention in the columns of the sccular press, and accordingly wa give it a placo in Tire Triponz. ON THE RIGHT T0 DIE, | We have proviously made mention of the dis- cussion going on in England on the subject of “Euthanasia.” Mr. Lionel Tollemache is tho prophet of s modern English system of ethics, which he explains and justifies'in & Iate pumber of the Fortnightly- He has since been rein- forced by the suthority of Prof. Francis W. Newman. Tho purpose of this now school is to increase the mumber of self-murders. Mr. Tollemache's” paper merely domonstrates that there is “nothing now.under the sun.” It goes over the samo ground that some of the ancients took in referenco to the contral which they as- sortod every ‘man to have over his ovn oxist- ence. It was here that tho Epicurcans and one section, and of course tho least admirablo sec- tion, of the Stoics reachied & common result by diroctly opposite modes of ressoning and habita of lifo.” Tho Epicureans dofended the right of suicide on the samo ground that they would de- fend any other gratification of desire; o dosira to die witli them Liad as much claim to satisfac- tion s & desire to live. proved of the practics as & duty under certain cir- cumstances,andasthe only permanent escapa from wickedness and persecution which would onablo man to bear the slings and arrows of ontrageous fortune, So Seneca and Epicurus met hero on common ground ; and 8o Cicero, who did not approve of the practice generally, becamo Cato's apologist. Mr. Tollemache's school of ¢ Eg- thanasin™ s, therefore, butan imitation ors" revival'of & doctrine founded upon s rejection of heidoa that there is any sanctity in human lite per se. Mr. Tollomache's notions are thosa of the old school. He calls suicido “ the now cure forin- cursbles.” Those who have become hopelossly burdensome to themselves or others should put themselves out of the way. A men who' bas” the . testimony of two - or defend the right of suicide, and presumably to The peeundo-Stoica ap-- three physicians that ho only lives to (suffer may then rightfully elect to die. Wo aro the freo masters of our own existence, says Mr. Tolle- mache and his fellow-believers. They hold that if there js-any hidden law that & man must con- tinuo to live againat his wishes, then it is also & duty to bear pain without the employment of sedatives, to bo rained on and catch cold instead of using umbrelles, and to submit to all other and tribulstions which Naturo may without availing our- selves of any of the provenhives or restoratives - that have been inventod for the alleviation of mortal pangs. Mr. Tolle- ‘mache bas not failed to notice that those who have s horror of suicide frequently encounter death as s matter of duty without finching. This is probably the reason why he is anxious to establish duty as & moving cause for suicide, and thereby render it more populsr. It would not bo difficalt to demonstrate the falsity of 3Mr. Toliemache's reasoning. It would only be necessary to go over tho old arguments with which the Inter Christian fathers met the Pagan ides of death in general and suicide in particular. It is not necessary to do this, for tho reductio ad absurdem quickly suggests itsolf to most well-regnlated minds nowadays, As tho Londou Spectator obsexves, * It life is not a trust, which wo have no right tolay down st our own discrotion, a totally now and most dan- gorousclass of questions, which might acquire the most serious significance for any nation that entertained thom, would at once arise.” Prof. Newman instancesas a caso where Killing, or self-killing, would be justifiable, that of “a party forced to travel rapidly through forest or desert, where ono of them suddenly fails in strength. If tho rest stay to carry him, all will perish’ They reluctantly leave him bohind. Sometimos ho bogs to bo killed, lest ho perish by slow starvation or by vermin devour- ing him. Tho facts, 1 confess, lod moto the conviction that wo overstrain our reluctanco to ghorten life.” This caso occwrred to him, he trials impose upon us, says, in reading the travels of Mungo Park, or | accounts of tho North American Indians. Why bo ehould have gone so far as Mungo Park, or the Nortl Amorican Indians, is a puzzlo. Every battle fought by two armics leaves s multitudo of wounded mon who, the surgeons krow per- foctly well, cannot possible recover, and who suffer excessive pain while they lingor. Of course, they Lave tho ssme right to commit suicide that the helpless traveler hoe. Andif they bavo this right, then the surgeons bave tho right to furnieh the moans for suicido —a logical deduction which Mr. Tollemacho males a part of tho system of Eathonasia. And not to go so far as the batile-field, there are multitudes of cascs in the Lospitals whero the physicians know that death is the only poesible relief of the vatient, and that death ia inevita- ble. Should these, also, be furnished with the meane of putting an ond to thelr own lives? Yes, says ° Mr. Tollemache. From this point the inquiry estends to idiots and lunatics, confismed drunkards, and aged persons who lave become a burden to themeelves and others. - Indecd, it is hard to find the place to stop, and Lirein consists the practical refutation of the doctrine. Onceadmit that there is any place where suicido is justifia- blo, and wo enter upon a broad and ever-widen- ing sea of self-murdor, in which all notions of & Divine ordering of the universe and all concep- tions of human duty are lost nd dissipated. . FACILITIES FOR MARRIAGE. 1t i not so difficalt & matier to get married in this country as some peoplo suppose. Several docisions in other States, and now a very unequivacal opinjon from Judge Farwell, of the Cook County Circuit Court, cstablish the fact that it is not absolutely necessary to employ priost or megistraio to seal the bond of mntrimopy in tho eyes of the law. Bome wecks ago, 1t will bo remembored, an interosting caso was brought in Judge Far- well’s Court, in which one Nellie Post applied to be.appointed executrix of the estato of Silas Post, deceased, clziming that eho was his widow, thongh she had never boon formally married. The evidence showed that the man and woman Liad Lived togethor for years, that their relatives Tiad caused procecdings to be inatituted against them for open adultery, and they had frequent- ly represcnted that they wore married. But tho evidonce failed to estsblish the necessary connection betwoen a promiso or agreement of marriage and tho consummation of the vors as a sequence. Judge Farwell held, thoreforo, that there had beenno marriage in this cago, and denied tho plaiutiff's petition. He 100k oceasion at that trial, howerer, to stato it 8 8 well-defined principle of the law, that a formn] marriage ceremopy wasby mo mesns necessary to constitute the legal bond of matri- mony. Ho rogretted that tho caso before him id ot offer ovidence that Silas Post and Nellio Post had taken each other to be man and wife, and then lived togother under this plain con- tract, but ho could not undertske to confuse adultery with macital relations. It was but o short time ofter, that another caso of a somowhat similar natuco camo beforo Judge Farwell, and e has just decided that there was a marrisge in this instance, though no formal ceremony had takon placo. Ono Jacob Schumidt, in the fall of 1871, inquired of some Danish people named Corson if thoy knew of & good gisl whom he could get ass wife. Thoy introduced him to Anna Jacobon, and the two agreed that they would be marricd. Then the firo camo and disturbed their plans. After tho fire, Schmids took & honse on tho West Bide, snd Anna wont to live with him, Lo promis- ing to mamy Ler. Sho repeatedly requeated Lim to fulfill his promise, and, one day, he’ brought a German to the house and held a con- vorsation with him, in the Gorman language, which the girl could not undorstand. Tho Gor- man then asked her, in English, if sho lited Jacobson. Sbe replied in “the affirms- tive. He then rcsumed the conversation in German, and went away. After the fricnd Lad gone, Jacobson represcnted to the girl that they hod beon married, and thence- forih they lived togother as mon and wife. Jacobson wrote a letter home to his mother in Germany, informing her, as he told Anna, that they were married, and asking *her to sign the Ietter conjointly with him, which she did, though sho could not read the lotter. A reply was sub- sequently received from Germany, in which the mother ssked for the wife's picture. Some time after, Jacobson, evidently tired of the girl, be- g to abuse her, told her that sho was not his wife, and drove herontof the house. There- upon she applied to the Court for a separate maintenance, and Judge Farwell, on Friday, recognized the marriage, granted the prayer, and fixed the amount of the maintenance. The eanctity of the marrisge contract has re- cently received anothor judicial confirmstion in Thiladelohia. Tho case was one in which the marrisge had boen celebrated in Ireland by & Catholic priest,—the wife being & Catholic and the husband a Protestant. Whon the wife sued for support, in Philadelphis, on sccount of de- sortion, the husband claimed that theyhod never been marriod, and sot up an xnglish statute of the time of Georgo II., providing that s marriage between a Catholic and s Protestant, or between two Protestants when celobrated by a Catholic priost, shonld be null and void. The Judge, fol- lowing the principle laid down in Story's * Con- flict of Lawe,” held that such s law was o viola- tion of sound morals, and of the settled princi- ples of public policy. He, therefore, doclarod the marrisge good and valid, and condemned the attempt which kad been made to ovado it a8 ono of the vilest things that had over come under his judicial observation. These, and all other judicial efforts to make ‘marriage s contract of the most binding legal character, without rogard to mero form, are en- titled to public commendation ; especially in & country and among a peoplo whero tho facilitios for divorcs, the doctrine of free lovo, and a hun- dred varietics of fantastio licentionsness, have threatened tho sanctity of tho marriago rela- tion eo seriously. THE EFFECTS OF NATIONAL CORRUPTION. Tho first English papor to bresk ground apon the recent Credit Mobilier dovelopments in this country is tho London Speclator, the orgen of the English Liberals, and alwaya o staunch friond of tho United States. In its comments upon tho corruptibility of American politiciaus it confines itself mainly to the effect upon democ- racy, and justly sssumes that nothing can bo more disheartening to radicals, or to any men who believe in solf-government, than those rovolations of corruption. From this stand- point it argues the inevitable results which must flow from such corruptions unlees they are checked. Assuming thet domocracy is in- corrupt, it it can mot or does mot care to find represontatives who aro honest, then domocraoy is doad before it hss well been bora. The men who will el concessions will scll con- tracts, and, * under our modern civilization, tho very life-of & pation may dopond upon tho honest performance. of contracts upon ship- rivets, and soldiers’ boots, and the quslity of powder, and the step from furnishing boots of paper to betraying an expedition is a very short one.” This practice having become general, the work of legislation is sure to fall to men who make a trade of it, and, profiting by it, give thoir whole attention to it, and create a huge monopoly. Thus the control of & great coun- try, liko the coptrol of s:city, may pass into the hands of n Ring, and all good or far-sighted men ia such an evont must give up tho domocratio causo as & hopeloss fallacy. Gloomy ss this train of reasoning may be, it is none the less logical, snd not only logical but practical. Tho Spectator is not propounding a theory but stating a fact, which must result from theso corruptions, saoner or later, if they are allowed to go on unchecked and gather head, as in the caso of Credit Mobilier, and the olection frauds, in tho faco of which such men s Pomeroy aro allowed to retain their places in tho Netional Legislature, and such men as Caldwell demand to be excused becsuso they did mot bribe 28 meny voters as thoybad votes. No one can tell how Tong the War of the Rebellion was prolonged by shoddy contracts and sawdust bombs, ut those were made at & timo when frand and corruption biad not beon legitimatizad by the formal action of Congress, and the National standard of moral- ity had not been lowered by votes of Congress- men and pablic banquets tendered to men proven guilty of corruption. It is imposeible at present to rogard tho 1des of war with & foreign power with any degree of complacency. Job- bery and swindling in contracts have al- ready reduced our navy to & comparative nullity. How much better off would the army be, in case of war, now that Congress has dono its best to debanch tho public morals, and estab- lish tho fact that corruption may be practised with immunity ? . The only gleam of hope, of conree, lies in tho incorruptibility of the people. If the poople sacquiesco in these corruptions, tho straggle is at an end; it they do not, thore is hope for better things.. Astho Spectatorsays: “ A nation ‘may fall into tho hands of a corrupt class as into the lands of s corrupt King, and yet romain itselt uncorrupted. That certainly happencd in England under Charles II, when King, courtiers, and statesmen alike accopted bribes which the electorate would have refected with contemptuous scorn; and under Walpole, whon Pcers spologized for rejecting Dribes which tailors would have thrown in tho faces of those who offered them.” If the recog- nition of the fact that politicians aro corrupt, and that tho obtaining of oflice is simply a mat- ter of bargain .and. salo, possces any weight, thoreis some hope. -The “people universally Xnow this, and wo believe if these corruptions could be dealt with by the people themselves; they would mako 8 summary disposition of them. Commenting upon this phase of the question, the Spectator eays: This ia so far satlsfactory, but we cannot deny that each of theso revelstions, necessary s they are if thers i8 ever to be reform, ja & sovere blow struck sgaiost . Grent the electorate junocent, and wo must still conceds thatit fs cxcessively stupid. It looks as if ‘average, balf-educated workingmen, such s make up the constituency of Kansas whils they can be trusted to fight for thelr country, and even to s0e that slavery is an evil, cannot be trusted to dis- cern the character of their representatives. They seloct in ordinary timess *bad lot,” and when s~ Jected do not lock after them with anything like adoquate keenness and intelligence. If they remsin poor, that {8 o eredit to them, and if they becomo Tich, that is Do cause of suspiclon, for they may have boen speculsting in atocks, We do not like tho outlook—for Englishmen and Americans are cssentially the same—any more than we like the deduction wo are forced to draw,—that thie Teverence for rank acts 55 an_antiseptic on the rever- once for money. ‘We never fécl sure, 35 wa read these stories in American papers, and French papers, and German papers, that the English guarsntes ngainst & Tepotition of them in this country is mot caste pride, tho strongest argument for aristocracy in.some sense or other 1t would bo possiblo to suggest. It is a dis- heartening thought from our point of viow, but we never deny s fact, and there the fact is thatany man who offered £1,200 07 £12,000 to sny English Peer or county member for his vote would be summarily efected from the room. Thero are lobbyers among us, too, but they refrain from putting temptation into that crude form, and they are powerless aguinst the caste, ‘The only remedy which the people have lies in tho expression of their condemnation st the polls. It mustbe a sovere strugglo, however The people have got to contend against an army of corroptionists, powerful in influence ‘and Javish in money ; against the intricate machinery of partiean rings ; sgainst a party in possession of office and power, wielding » tremendouns in- fluence through its widespread patronage; egalnst gigantio corporations and monopolies, end sgainst the official indorsement of cor- ruption. The next conflict at the polls must decide whether the people of this country sro prepared to. indorse corruption. If theydo not rebuko it, and it is allowed another four ears in which to fasten ita clutches upon the Governmont and the peoplo, tl:oro is little doubt tho waming of tho Spectator will bo fulfilled: #The vice is fatal, and, if it spreads only a little more, we shall yot sco tho fall of the mighty American Ropublic, nd of tho brightest hopes of the race now covoring tho globe.” PEILOSOPHY FROM YOUNG CHICKEXNS. The instinet of animals is & subject thathas been comparatively neglected by the peycholo- gists. Tho disposition of modern investigators haa been to deny the existenco of tho “blind eight” in which the world generally puts its faith, bocause it is held Lo be unscientific to sccopt 08 inoxplicable that which furthor re- scarch may sometimes traco to natural causes. Tho doctrine of many sacans, theroforo, has beon that what we call instinct is nothing but the result of experience, acquired in 80 short & timo as to mako it impercoptible even to the closcst observation. Yot this has been go far o mero assertion, unconfirmed by positive demonstration, and secepted simply because itis moro in accord with the exactness of science than the theory of intuition would be. Mr. Douglas A. Spalding has a paper in the Iast pum- bor of Macmillan's Magazine, based upon some éurious and interesting cxperiments which ho has mado with young animals. Tho thoory of expericnce a8 au explanation of instinct holds, for instance, that distances cannot be taken in by the ey, but can only be estimated by going over tho ground until it becomes familiar ; and that gonnd is but s meaningless eensation at first, tho dircction and character of which can only bo dotormined through reitaration and tests To test this thoory, Mr. Spalding resolved to take the youngest of animals, render thom blind and deaf from birth, and watch their actions un- negisted by their maternal preceptors. Tho most interesting of the esperiments wero made with young chickens, artificially hatched. Before escaping from their shelis, tho little creatures had their heads completely hooded, or their cars closod with wax, or both, rondering them blind or deaf, or both blind and deaf. The hoods were kopt on their heads for various Iongths of time, {rom o fow hours to threo and four dsys, and, when released, their ne- tions wero noted with tho minuteness of a court journal. Thoy were usually set free on o tablo, with insects desd and alivo istrib- uted about them. At first they wore gurprised, ‘but often at the end of fwo minutes their eyes would follow tho movements of the insects, “ tarning their heads with the precision of an old fowL” They pecked away, after & few moments, at the smallest specs, which thoy never missed by moro than a haw’s bresdth. Oneof the little victims, after being hooded for threo days, eat and chirped for six minutes, then fol- lowed the movements of s fly at a distance of twolve inchos, made a peck at its own toes first, and, the next instant, o vigoroas dart at thely, which it geized and swallowed at first stroke. It was then placed on rough ground not far from & hen with a brood of chickens of its own age. It stood chirping for about a min- ute, and then made its way streight to the brood, roquiring mo guiding, avoiding the stones, and leaping ovor the smaller obstacles that loy in its path. This was the first time it had over walked. Nine difforent chickens, hatched in a flannel bag, and ket there for two dsys, wero scparately placed somo nino or ten feot from a box in which wero concealed a hen and hor chicks. Each one of them, after standing 2 moment, set off straight for theboxin answer to tho hon's call,—a sound they had never heard before. Even chicxs renderod absolutely deaf by wax in their ears, went di- rectly to the mother a3 £oon 88 tho wax wWas taken away. The instincs of fear was tested with ayoung hawk. It wasmade to fiy over s brood of “sclf-made” chicks, which took refuge in the grass and bushes in the twinkling of an eye. A young turkey, which had been adopted while still in an uncracked shell, was sitting on tho table abont tho twelfth day of its existence, comfortably cating its frugal meal from Mr. Spalding's band, when it heard the shrill chirp of the young hawk confined in the closet. “Like an arrow, the poor turkey shot to the other side of the room, and stood there motionless and dumb with fear, until the hawk gave & second cry, when it derted out at the open door right to the extremo end of the passigo, and thero, silent and crouched in & corzer, remained for ten minutes. Sevoral times during the conrso of that day it sgain heard thoso alarming sounds, and in overy instanco with similar manifestations of fear.” Mr. Spalding has obsorved young chicks dressing their wings when but a fow hours old. “Scratching,” which might easily be a matter of imitation, is com- menced by chicks a ferw deys old, which havo nover seon that operation performoed. A pecu- linrity of turkess is the manner in which they catch flies, approaching them steelthily, after the faskion of & cat catching a monse, and then suddenly plunging at them. A young turkey, buta day-and-a-half old, was found to employ the same modus operands ; and a brood of young turkesa hatched by & hen did the ssme thing. This could not have been the result of imitation, for there were no other turkeys on the place, and chickens do not catchflics in that way. The chickens havo an iristinct of following, which thoy develop immediately, following & hand around & table, or following tho man who has cared for them. It is carious to note, however, that these young snimals scem to lose their oarly instincts if they sre kept blinded or deafened too long. Mr. Spalding notices Mr. Herbert Spencer's theory o inherited acquisition a8 a possible ox- planation of the mystery of instinct. This ‘means that instinct is tho result of accumulsted experiences of past gonorations, duly transmit- ted on hereditary principlos. This, howover, is afield of specnlation which neither incresses nor diminishes the value of Mr. Spalding’s ex- periments. s Some little time ago, it wss anaounced thab tho Rev. Dr. Newman, the pastor of the Presi- dent's church in Washington and the Chaplain of the United States Senato, proposed to tako & pleasure-trip around the world. Now it is an- nounced that this gentleman hag been tendered the appointment of Inspector of Consulaics. This appointment places the Rev. Dr. Nevman in the following comfortsble conditions: He draws o salary from the Methodist Church in Washington; bo draws avother salary as Chap- Isin of tho United States Senste; ke draws still another salary =s Inspector®of Con- sulates; and he hes his expenses paid for & pleisuretrip sround the world. There are few professional politicians who haveso good & thing. Yet the Rer.Dr. New- man’s public services may be summed up in his joint debate with Brigham Young, and his in- dorsement of the Rev. Mr. Harlan, and Lis roc- % recently, ommendation to the Methodist clergy of Iowa to send that gentleman back to the Senate. The extension of party favors to the representatives of tho meck and lowly Jesus is s practice that cannot bo commended at any time, but it is to be deprecated particularly in this instance, because the latest of Dr. Newman's emoluments is & ‘position which roquires industry and oxperience. It is notoyious that tho Consular system of the United ' States isin abad condition. In some ccses,” tho sbuses have become a positive disgrace, and in many others thero is tho usual inefficiency consequent upon mere political advancement. The entirs system domands thorongh inspoction, with a view to practical reformation. It is not to be presumed that any Right Reverend gen- tleman on & pleasure tour will tske tho time and trouble, even if he had thio experience and abil- ity necessary to such 5 task. The sppointment of Dr. Newman to this duty, therefors, is not simply & wrong in the light of using the public moneys to pay tho expenges of a pleasure-trip, but a farther wrong in thus neglecting the press- ing necessity for rooting ontnotorionsabuses. It i8 to bo hioped that tho nows of the appointment is premature, or, if actually mado, that the Sen- ato will see the propriety of keeping its Chap- Iain at home, whero, if ho doos his professional work well, thero is plonty of it to do. The Committeo on Arrangements for the Vienna Exposition have nlready discoverod ono important thing, if trae, in regard to the dispo- sition of peoplo in apartmont houses. *‘The unfortunately unavoidsble consequences of tho living of many in a emall spaco,” they say, “manifest themselves in the injury of health and morality.” Tho truth of all this wonld depend largely upon tho charactes of the people thus thrown togother, we should say, and of the arrangements of the apartment houses. The Vienna ides of morality would ecarcely bo accepted as & stendard for American morality, and sbuses might creep into Vieona flats which would not be tolorated in any bouse of New York or Chicago, in which respectable people lived. On tho other hsnd, it would be difficnlt to keep filth and degradation out of the tene- ment honses of tho conventional American style. If Vienna could have the Americsn idea of morslity, and Americs could havo the Vienna stylo of epartmont houscs, wodo nob bolieve thero would bo tho same cause of com- plaint on either side. As the Euthanasia echool has been rovived in England, with a number of advocates of the right and desirability of suicide under moving causes, the statistics of self-murder have a now interost. France has recently beon subjected to another periodical 5t of suicide, snd some cu- rious statietics have boen reaflirmed. These show that in a thoneand cascs of suicide by shooting, and a thousand others by hanging, the former mothod is tho favorite by large oddsup to the ago of 40, and the Intter regains its strongth by recraits between the ages of 40 and 90. Just why this should be 80 is not altogether clear, unless tho grester impetnosity of youth, gud the greater deliberation of ago, can sccount forit. It has also-been discovered that philo- sophical or deliberate suicides usually oceur in the night, while unpremeditatod cases are dis- posod of in the day timo, In the account of the inaugural ceremonies on tho 4th inst., it is said that “prominont in the procession was an omaibus containing o number of setorans of the Mexican War. Following them in the procession, men came bearing the tattered flags of many of the groat buttles of tho country. This part of the procession was con- tinually cheered.” k To show how few officers of the line are left in the United States Army, on_the active list, who served in the Mexican War, tho following is given: Gep. Sherman ; Anj.-Gens. Hancock and Me- Dowell ; Brig.-Gens. Cooke, Pope, Ord, Caoby, and Augur—8. - Cols. Palmer, Emory, Oskes, Sturgis, Gregg, Getty, Brooks, Hunt, Pitcher, Wallen, Floyd- Jones, Gibbon, Domford, King, Clitz, Wood, Gordon Granger, Crittenden, Sykcs, and. Jefr. C. Davis—20. : Liout.-Cols. Elliott, Brackett, John P, Hatch, Dovidson, French, Dent, Lugenbeel, Potter, Gilbert, Nelson, Kautz, and Bootes—I2. Majs, Green, Royall, Brannan, Allen, De Rus- sey, Gibson, Howard, Howe, Hsys, Andrews, Seymour, Wilking, Mason, and Whistler—14. Capts. Ball, Robertson, and Dunn—3. Only 57, all told. 0f thiis number, only one (Cooks) waa a field- officer in Mexico, and but four had reached tho rank of Captein, viz.: Grogg, Brooks, Bomford, ard King. Tho rest were oll Licntenants or in grades belor. i A serious complaint Las arisen among the New York librarics, especially in the Astor Library, relative to tho mutilation of books ; the groed of prints-collectors, oxtenders, and illustrators Deing such that thoy do Dot hesitate to matilate any book, howover valuable it may be. The Now York Tribuneesys: * Wo could mention soveral works from cach of which the portrait has been systematieally filehed, until it is quite uncommon to- find an oxamplo of it where it belongs. We have seon whole sets from shich tho portraits havo been takon, and in all the old book-shops bushels of these por- traits are offered for sale, every one of which wwas atolen from & volume. Unloss something is dono to restrain this mania, we shall soon_have 1o old illustrated biographics or histories at all.” The facts above stated furnish an_important hint to the managers of our own- Public Li- brary, especially as_print-collectors abound_in Chicago, and somo of them arenot tronbled with conscience. That knowing class, to whom nothing is new, now assert that the rumorcd separation of the Princess Louisé from her husband, the Marquis of Lorne, is 5 natural consequence of the cir- cumatances under which the marriago occnrred. They make public what they hdve known and kept secret 8o long, thab it was all nonsense aboat this boing a love-match ; and the rejoic- ing over the fact that an English Princoss was finally to be permitted to marry the man of her choice, was simply & cover for the real condition of things. This real condition was that the Princess Louise bad long since fixed her affec- tions upon sn obscure English gentleman—s clnxgfi!:n of the Established Church—and that the @ of Argyle's son was sccepted asan easy way out of the difficulty. It is now only necessary to have s complete refutation of the rumored 8 Bl‘z)mhm' tomake theee people un- repervedly happy,—for, of course, they wonld maintain that they knew it all the time. The music of the future is making a very de- cided impression in England. A Wagner So- ciety has been organized in London by Mr. Danreuther, which has a direct relation with the great Wagner Fostival to be glven at Baireuth in 1874. The first concort of the Society took place and was an immense smccess, some of the piecos receiving three en- cores. The programme consisted of the overture. to * Tannhausor,” the prayer from “Rienz,” four parts of “Lohengrin,” the overture and introduction to the third act of “Der Meistersaenger,” Siegmund’s Liebstied from “ Die Walkuere,” aud the Eaiser March. Franz Diener, who i1s to sing in tho pert of ieqfried at Baireuth, was present, and sang at th concer with great felicity and power, itia said. Wagner is st present advancing through Enrope with most remarksble stridos. - THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO, Com BY IROZ. WILLIAM MATHEWS, OF THE UNIVERI- ! TY OF cmieaco. Notwithstanding his blunders on the 16th ard Yitn, Napoleon on the morning of the 18th was fally confident of ‘succss. Believing that he would have only tho English. to contend with, ho felt suro of victory, and, on seeing them posted before 'the forest of Soignes, ho ex. claimed, “At last I hate them! There are nins chances {0 one in-my favor." Marshal Soult warned him not (o bo too confident, and Gen, Foy obsersed, *“The English infantry are the very dovil in tho fight;" but tho Emperor treated their romonstrances with contompt: *“You think, because he beat. you, that Welling- ton is s great Goneral” His whole air and bearing was that of one who scented s coming triump, and he indicated neithor by wora nor look that he feared such disaster 2s might follow tho arrival of & frosh army on hia flank. In his own narratives of tho battlo thero is no. allasion to any possible aid from Grouchy, nor any hiot that ho thought the Prussians near. From middey on the 17th to 4 a. m. on the 18th the rain had been poaring down in for- rents, the ground was terribly beaten up, and the troops on both sides had snffered much in their marches and in the bivouacs. Was this the reason that led Napoleon to suspend his at- tack till 11 o'clock in the forenoon? Did the niry state of the soil make it imposaible for his cavalry or artillery to manwmuvre till after tha sun had shone for somo hours, or washo trring to Btrike terror into a part of ths motley armyop ‘posed to bim by an imposing array of his forces? Did ho sccretly chenish o hope that the Belgiag reglments would quit Wellington in a body, snd range thomselves under his own cagles ? Boall this as it may, ho again lost hours, when every minate was procious to him, ard played into the very hands of his enemies. Had be begun the atiack two or three hours sooncr, he might have thrown his wholo army upon Wellingtos, and thus, perhaps, have crushed him befors Pulow crrived. General Jomini, an acate French critic, denies the validity of tho Em- peror's excuse touching tho state of the gronnd; and Brialmont, the able Belgian critic, holds this sama opinion ; * ground is o made much bet- ter,” ho saya, “by s fow hours of dry westher.” Bosides this, Napoleon himself tells us in his Hfemoires, that tho artillery officers who had ex- amined the ground announced st 8 o'clock that the guns conld be maneeuvred, though with some difficuliy ; and we know that Wellington, by the same hour, had made all his dispositiona for the battle. Tho position in which “the Tron Duke™ awaitod the attack of hisadvereary, and which ba had survesed a year before for this purpose, wea one of grest natural strength, and its solection was a proof of his military sagacity. Let anyone travorso the field, s we did, not long since, and, after o carefal survey, ho will find it hard torc- gard the battle, as delivered by Napoloon, as better than butchery. Jerk Braino, a villags and » ravino, secured Wellington's right, whila his left was less strogly protected by ¢wo small hamlets, called La Haoye and Papillote. Tho ke to his position was on old Flemish farm- house of brick, called Hongoumont, which, with its ontbuildings and largo gorden inclosed by & very high and strong brick wall,—also, its orchard and copse of beech trees, of aboat £wo acres, suz- rounding it, and pond serving as & moat,—was s small fortress, This stronghold, which fronted the British right, was strongthened by loopkoling the walls for musketry fire, and, by the erectionof scaffolding, to enablothe troops within thegarden to fire from the top of the well. Nearly in front of the British centro, at a less distance down the alope, was another smaller farm-house, called Lo Haye Sainte, which, like Hougonmont, was filled with English troops, snd not a litils strengthened tho Englich position. Daring the whole of this flerce contest there was no strate- {7,—no attempts et turning flenks,—but all was sirughtforward fighting, fiom the first gun to the last. Napoleon's first mistake, wo havo seen, was in. delaying his sitack til nearly moon. A fer greater blander wes his noglect to occupy witha small infantry forco the Wood of Paris, throngh which the Prussians hed to puss on their way from Wavre to attack his right wing. DBy this meglect, Balow was enabled to form therein and debouch upon his right, to defend which Napoleon was compelled to detach during tho battle not less than 16,500 of his choicest men, and 66 guns, which he had intended to employ against Well- ington. Of this wo shall spesk again in & more appropriate place. His noxt mistake was in throwing away S0 msny troops on the almos impregnable fortress—for such the English had ‘mado it—of Hougoumont. Napoleon began the battle by hurling Jerome's division sgainst that * post. Had ‘‘the Iron Duke himself chogen tho point at which he should be assailed, he would unquestionably have selected thst. It was the very strongest British bulwark., Column after column of the French swept down the ridges, and aesailed it with fiery valor; but it wes like butting their heads agsinst s wall, It has been well said that ‘‘all defensive positions would be successful, if the adver- sary wonld attack them on the points whero there are the best advantages for receiviog him. Fow defensive positions are successful, because the adversary is generally cruol enough to attack them in quite s different place.” Not 8o with Napoleon ; against Hougoumont he sent 10,000 ‘men, all of whom were placed, sooner or later, hors de comba’. Foy's division alons Jost 3,000 men ; 1,500 foll in a singlehalf hour. The wood which surrounds tho chatean, aod which was oo~ cupicd by somo of the British guards, was taken and retaken several times, and finally remained in the posaession of tho French; but the chatean itaelf wasimpregmablo to thelast. Why, atthe ont s0t, & strong bowitzer battery was not directed wpon it, as it was after some hours, nobody can tell. Only the upper part of the walls and build- ings, however, waa nasailsble by cannon ; they could be reached only by shells. There was no necessity, however, for making & for- midable attack upon this post, for it lay in front of the British extreme right, and might have been neglected by the Emperor altogether. His cim should have been to overwhelm the British left, where they were weakest, and where the Prussians were expected to join them. It has been said that this was precisely tho object of Napoleon,—that in the attack on Hougoumont he was only mancenvering to draw off the atten- tion of Wellington to his right, and thus to mask the main aftackon his left. If this was so, why did Napoleon scnd 8o many troops sguinst the chatean, when he saw that ho was only sending them to be butchered—to instant death? A very strange kind of feigned attack, surely! About half-past 1 o'clock, Napoleon perceived 3t great distance & gort of mirage, Or mist, which some declared to be troops in motion, some tobe a column halted; and others to te trees. It was soon discovercd to be a body of troops in motion, on the hill of St Lambert; but whether they were Prussiane, or a deatchment of Grouchy's force, none could tell. The apparition did not apparently alarm Napoleon, s he sect only two divisions of light cavalry, 2,400 sabres, to check the strange corps. He was not long in ignorance. A ¥rus- sian hussar was brought in with a lotter from Bulow, announcing his arrival at St. Lambert, about midway between Wavre and Waterloo. Bulow had been delayed for two hours by afire, breaking ont in Wa7re in tho narrow strech through which his corps defiled ; and ho wan kept back still more by the miry nature of the lanes through which he had to march. On hea= ing the alarming intelligence that 30,000 Prus- sians wero spproaching his flank, the Emperor sent off Loban with two infantry divisions to support the cavalry, thus detaching o force of 10,000 men to resist the Prussians, whilo press- ing ‘hisown battle with the rest of his troops. No attempt wasmade, however, {0 arrest the enemy in their passage over the deep talley of the Lasne: yet so difficult was this by naturey