Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, January 26, 1873, Page 7

o g e -accordingly ho sddressed the gorgeous clerk ! THE CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, JANUARY 26, 187 5 i e, PERIODICAL LITERATURE. The Galaxy, Harper’s Nagazine, North American Review, and Catholic World, - Tmpoliteness as 2 National In- stitution---Women as Companions. South African Diamond-Fields--~ The Mont de Piete---Life of Eastern Women. The Rise of Napoleonism---Capital Pun« ishment---The Causes of the Com- amune »-- Who Made Our Laws 2---ctc., efc. ‘THE GALAXY. #Car] Benson,” in his * Casual Cogitations,” in tho Galaxy for February, talks in his pleasant woy sbout DIPOLITENESS AS A NATIONAL INSTITUTION. o doos not agree with English critics, *“ one of Whom haa recently asserted that any incivility obeerved or suffered by a tourist in America is provoked by an sssumption of superiority in the wording of the stranger's address. How- ever polite his manner, tho words have implied that he was in a social position above that of the native; henco tho Iafter's ‘self-nssertion,’ 23 one of our own writers ouphemizes it." Nor does he coincide with what he calls the Trollo- pian theory, that the democracy, being told they are equal to all men, and finding by ex- perienco that they are inferior in many respects ‘of culture and rofincment, try to reassert them- selvea by being brutal to every ono apparently richer or better educated or behaved than | themselves: . The Trollopian theory equally fails to account for the Jack-in-office nuisance,—s huisance, we may re- anark, common to all or nearly all civilized countries, up 19 certain point, but which Las sssumed most siipendona aad all-pervading proportions on our The overbearing insolenco of the Jack-in-office, throngh all his varietics, from the hotel boot-black to the d anything-you-like, 18 carried to 8o gro- tesque a pitch that the suilerer, oven if blessed with lots * than he average mational allowanee of humor and good-humor, is often tempted by the sbeurdity of the annoyanco to overlook is wickedness,” The . fixed {des of » large ‘umber of theso persons—certainly a majority of them s, that their digeity requires them to mislead, saul dlschlige, or in some peity Wy auNOY EVEry person, o whatever class or sex, who comes into business contact with them. I have heard a otel-clerk utter three plump falsehoods, in order to escape tho humiliation of being supposed to have performed an ordinary piece of duty, which ndeed he could not bave refused or avoided ex- capt at the risk of alawsuit. I have heard an express clerk lie with equal coolness, solely~for the purpose of giving unnecessary trouble. - “Carl Bongon” gives explanationsof his o for American incivility. First is the constant hurry of the American; then, tho foreign ele- ment: % Thero are other causes,—sorme general, some applic- ablo to particular classes, Thus, our Jack-in-ofice basattained his full-blown development through combination of influences. AL a mot very distant period all the country was in_the condition which we still find its Western Territorids, where the lack of yublic accommodation is such 'that every man who serves tho public really confers a favor on it Thus, 1lie landlord, driver, transportation agent, ‘ofc., ac- quired a traditioual importance which Temained after the progress of civilization and competition had broken up his monopoly. A foreign diplomatic friend of mine was last summer detained by business in a New England State bordering on Canada, This Btate_enjoys s great reputation for virtue snd Puritan traditious. The inbabitsuts are said to be nearly all aquerians, and to bave no pub- lic amusements except unlimited lectures and an oc- casional horse-trot. Nevertheless, I suspect it 18 a, disagreesbloplace of residence, - My friend D— found it zo. The hotel clerk began “trying it on B (a8 fa ususl in the care of @ Bew-comer), by giv- iog im the worst of everything, The most undesir- abie and uncomfortable seat in the dining-room was ellotted to him, znd 50 on. After several passsges of £rma between them, which gencrally ended in- drawn battlee, for D—— was an obstinate man and apt to fight it out on that line, he thought that the situation might perhaps be simplified by an explanation, and wy ehould like to understand our position. Are yon here for my pleasure and satiefaction, or am I here for yours7 If the latter, and such is the custom of the ‘conntry, I don't object to it; only in that caseit seems ‘but fair you should pay me instead of mfi p:yini ou.” The clerk couldn soo it in that light, bu — waa made comparatively comfortable during the Test of his sojourn. * ‘This prestige of the Jack-in-officawas sustained and furthered by o particular reault of democracy, (Here we have found a placo whero the democratic does ac- tually though' indirectly tell) The point has been mentioned once beforein the Galazry, but it is worth repeating, as it shows how tho public involuntarily contributes (o its own_oppression. Whenever an in- dividual is bold enough to complain of or resist in- sclence or extortion, tho mass of his fellow-sulferers, instead of backing up the man who has taken the firs step for them all, are rather inclined to see in his con- dist an adfeclstan of eupaorty. 17 we can beat { wky can't ha?” {s heir thought; and thus they ai the common enemy, in » negative way, by not support- ing their champion.’ Add the palliations and tempta- tions common to the same class 31l over Christendom, snd we may slmost wonder that our Jack-in-office is Do worse, Some of the European specimens certainly Tud him very hard, The Parisian concierge is nearly 9 to the level of the Washizgton express clerk. After all, he says— Thoreader msy aek, *What's the use of discussing A5 matter7 What Liave we to do with manners, any- Dot I Are hey 0t institutions belonging to the offete Sockeaaches o the Old World, na 1. Blowe felicttously ot G 3 Reader, at the Halk of boring you further, T must ssy that you are grest), wistaken if you think the subject af 15 consequence; True, the aitempt to make man-. Ders supply the place of morals always has been, and Thust be, a failure ; but it is just a3 trus that manners Are vontinually mixing themselves up with morals, aye, and with politics, too. Take this Woman Question, for instance; the element of manners enters very largely intoit, 3, will find one of the chief reasons why 80 many edacated and refined women shrink from the 1des of female suflrage to be this: Respect for women i (they say) tho last stronghiold of good manners amongue, “Beat that down, and we shall all be vul- garizos and brutes together. And female enffrage ill break down this respect, and thereforo we oppose it Here is one obvious instance; were time and space T could produce many more. With all his pleas for better manners, there is oue kind of civility * Carl Benson” will none of. Itis that false polileness— which, from moral cowardice, or lazy good nature, or wank of capacityto Ax moral responsibility, or all theee causes together, recelves blackguards and knaves with the welcome ducto honest gentlemen, Lhave £een more of this right thing in the wrong place among our enlightened citizens than I ever did amorg the effete cockrosches, And the disreputablo persons Xuow this and act on it, A fellow shall have billings- g3ted you and your relations, male and female, and cirenlated falselioods nbout you by the yard, without even the ehallow palliation of a partiszn Decedsity, but merely because he thought you would serve to point 2 paragraph ; he runs against you on some semi-public oécasion, where the company 18 a trific mixed, and ¥onders'if sou refuse o fraternizo and hobnob with Lim; thinks, -indecd, that he is rather dolng you an Bonor by offering to make your acquaintance. Yhen I come across such creatures, I turn my back on them Fromptly, and don’t care what Tom, Dick, -or - Harry msy 633, Ho illustrates this sori of thing by a very clever parable, with which his article ends:- The records of travel tell us that an sdventurous Englishman in the interior of Africa suddenly found himself confronted by the chief of the region which he was traversing, * King Quashee, in all his exuber- mncs of gresseand scantiness of drapery, walked up o the stranger and—spit full in his face. The Briton's firet impulse was to hit out straight from tha shoulder, but pradential considerations restrained him, and by s happy inspirstion, which he could never quite ex- himsclf, he returned the salutein kind. Imme- e was roceived with open arms 28 the chicl’s friend and equal, supplied with whatever he wanted, and forwarded safely on his journey. That English- &0 was wise in his generation ; still I faucy he was ot sorTy to take leave of King Quashee, and, for my own part, T do not fancy such society. Idon't choose my friends among peopls who begin by epitting in your face, Jutins Henri Browne is as entertaining as in his easay on - _** WOMEY AS COMPANIONB.” - Bomo of his masculine readers will, it is to be ::;;fld, consider him o traitor, to his sex. He N It s not consideration for women, that, induces us to € them in the border-land of fcqusintance with ourreallives. It s consideration for ourselves, It i Tupreme selfishness ; it is engrossing egotiem. -We Akrink from tho thought .that tho gentler and: purer beings who lave ns, and whom we love—when we have Baught else to do,— ehould have & perfect understand-, §“’ A clearrevelation of whet we are. It s an article £ oursocial creed that they. prefer pleasant .iliusions bt ble facts, -~This is not without its verity ; thg s the falee education of women, and one of - Lo omenkncetes which should bo removed. 1n this ve, or ought {0 live; above everything else, 'vrn-nu‘.,h “;hfi;ew: mdul: tdhémlo mgm be Tolowed, e following dispel every deception which, 2rom the first, has boen our most gratefal food, the compenionship grows less, the marrisge bo- Comeg uniruthful, lores its eariiest - spring, dwindles h‘hom Iia apex. The dcepest expression of lovo is long- fox tho object loved, Wheu the longing decreases, love has decreased in the same préportion. Compan- fnnship 18 the realization of the longing; and the re. alization which does not produce satiety touches and blends with the ideal, All the romance of tho freshest emotions tends to and demands companionship, The most ordinary lovers are as Daphne and Apollo when first they cafch the soft infeotion. The sentiments with which they aro inspired warm thom with poetio fervor, and the common things that compose their life assuma the hues of remembered dreams, The nstinct of compenionahip ia strong upon them, They glide to each other like concurrent streams, and, once together, thelr rustic silence is more eloguent 'than moulded words, ‘Thelr sole thought, their one desire, is com- panionship, whose presence and infuencelénd color and warmth, rhstbm and rhyme, to the rude prose of thelrbeing, 'For hours they will sit beeido a stagnant Bo, ud sco tho heaven of their hope mirrored on fta turbid surface, They will walk hand in band through Darren felds that are to them as Armida's enchanted garden, They will be surrounded by poverty and meanness, and personal contact will conjure these in- to afiiuence and splendor, In all such externals, com. panlonship ia the transparent power, the cunning cre- ator of beautiful illusions, the spirftual sorcerer that compels the ontward state to_reflect tho inner mood.. As with coarse, €0 it {a with finohumanity. Like s0eka liko throughont the universe, and this seekin sttains its end in companionship, The masculine an feminine in all the kingdoms strivotoward each other ; wenting rest until conjoined, ond waniing development until contiguity be secured, While com- ‘panionehip continues, eatisfaction lasts : but both are nsually temporars, from the absence of congenial con~ ditions. Marrisge, 1 repeat, is companionship, and with the termination of companionship veritable di- Yorco begina, Wedlock, 85 generally scen, s o cum- Dersome volume, with ‘s sweot preludo of verse, fol- Towed by tedious chapters of swkwardls-constructed prose. ‘The poem represents_companionship, and the subsequent part is withdrawal. If thecompanionship could but be preserved, each month would prove & honeymoon ; discords, bickoringe, and misunderstand- inga would diminish rether than Iacrease, because tho notion of contsct wears off angles and adjusts uneven Burfaces o one snother. fen would not sulk; women wonld not regeet ; nor would both turn to tho pest it tho nnavailis wish to uado the prosent. Thelr burdens would be lightcr by thosharing of them ; their discontents be goftencd by sympathetic unfolding. ‘Thelr ways might be dark and devious ; but tho con- sclousnoss that they should walk. wherd'er they went, closely nd tenderly together, would shed such light upon their patliway that the darkness would bo pelled and the deviousness bo made straight. It is never too late to resumo companionship—would that they who need i most might remember this {—and et they who have surrendered it rarely look for it again. When they step apart, the alightest channcl of theit separation brosdens sud déepens, unlil what was a crevica becomes a yawning chagm, which few have the strongth or courage to leap. If they would but strotch thelr yearning arms across, Wounded faith, broken affection, bruised tenderness, could pass over tho natural bridge, and be made whole once more by To- celving back what had becn thelr own, and must soon again bo mutually possessed. 5 He illustrates the imperions need of tho mas- culine nature for the companionship of the other 86x by & story of tho boy— whoso fathor, & woman-hater, had determined to rear him in completo ignorance of the opposite sex. Ho was placed at_school with the trictest injunctions from his parent that ho should never go beyond the Ligh inclosure of the academy ; that he should nover, under sny clroumstances, fesagirl o woman, oz b mado acquainted in any way with tho fact of their ex- istence, After tho boy had been leading this cloistered 1ife for several years, the father wont to visit him, and, to the paternal ‘amazement snd snger, found) Lim ouiside of tho inclosure ' playing joyously with three or four girls, Straights Jray the youth was led back to his restricted confinesd and received as onswer to his numerous inquirica about thoee strange creatures ho for the first time had met, that they were nothing but dovils,—only capable of Larm, and to beforever avolded. The juvenilo an- choret was kept in the school until, his education tin- isbed, ho was qualificd to cnter the world, 1is father Bought him again, and asked what ho had liked bedt of all his studies. Ho replied instantly: * Tho devils, father 1 O, let mo seo the devils ‘The youth spoke for Natureand his eex. Call wo- men by what namo you may, they will always be dear tous, Bo they angels or devils, 88 good as ono or a8 tempting as the other, they will cver be wWelcome, ever be charming, Over the temple of Hymen should be written, #Enow thyself, O Man, and her thou wouldst wed, era thou entor hers ! The inscription can be obéyed only through companionship, which, continued with sympathy, must reveal that mutual knowledge whereon Tosts tho quality of content. Communion of the sexes begets community of advantage and happiness, and transmits it to posterity forover, Wo benefit sic- ceeding generations moro than wo can tell by allying oursalves with Nature to procreative ends, The beni- £on of congenial mating is produced for all timo; it rmeates the futuro as docs sunshine space, descend- Tog through dimmost dlatance in favor and fertilty. “The discords that lie between countless couples from Iack of acquaintance with cach other may be cxorcised Dy the adjuration of compsnionship. They msy mako amends for tho past in the present ; they may begin, though Iate, their spiritual studies ; they may come to a reciprocal compreheusion by doing together what thoy have dome apart, Attentlon o one sido may awske interest on tho oiher. The heart answers totho mind, and affection springs from consideration often. By steady communion they may fall {n love anew ; the honeymonth may come after years of united disunion, Estrangement _ends where communion begins ; the darkness of misunderstanding is dispelled by the ra- diance of intercourse. The paper closca with a fine rendition of the beautiful Greek fable of Lyrene and Protyrus. Lyrene was besutiful and Protyrusiwas strong : Descended from the gods, and reared in Psphot,they met in the temple of, Minerva when their south wes fresh, and their ronown had proceded them.” I know thoefor Lyrene,” said ho; “ for thy wondrous loveli- ness proclaims thee to the world.” “ And thou art Protyrus,” sho answered, ‘since in thy presence I detect tho éffluence of tho divine,” itWo wero born for one another,” exclaimed the yoiith. " Givo me thy hand, Lyrene, and we will wan- der ovor earth, suficient to oursclves, and sccking the will of Jove.” 1 believe theo, Protyras ; but we have yet to study art, and eloquencs, and poetry, Falr ond noble as wo scam, we must match ourselves with others, ero We | learn'if what we love be worthy.” Lyrene's connsel was acceptod. Thoy parted withont pasiiag timo o placo for et mesiing; convinced that, if thelr admiration and sffection held, the kindly doitfes would, in proper ecason, bring them face to face, . For -years they wandered -wherover wisdom might bo gleaned, and beauty viewed. They boro fatigue and toil screnely in causoof truth and love, favored of Olympus, their first youth remained, Men sighed for Lyrenc's smile, and women worship- ped Protyrus’ stalvart form. The philosophers prais- ed them ; even the Cynica forgot to snarl. ~Constantly they heatd of one another ; and yet thelr paths lay dif- ferent, na if the Moirai had 80 ardered, — Lyreno was ‘Desought on every hand to wed, and msidens strangely fair were wont to follow Protyrue, until he turned them bock with dulcet words WAlch would not be denjed. 3 Atlast, in Athens they entered, and their fame of beauty, grace, and eloglience was scatiered through all Greeco. The noblest citizena_crowned thom with gerlands, and begged them to harangue the multitude upon a certain day within the fragrant shadows of tho Parthenon. They spoke at the appointed timo before a mighty concourse, and even critical Athions was una- Ble to decido which ono ehould bear thie palm. Much 28 they were worshipped, when seen together, the men who adored Lyrene, and the women wlho pronounced Protyrus Apollo's son, proclaimed them destined by the gods for one another. Then Protyrus said, * Sec, Lyrene, the voico of mor- tals echoes Heaven's behests,” “With this they clasped each other closo sbout, Tho gelties approved; and, that the noblo pair might bo henceforth as was _decreed, Jove launched a_bolt that ‘melted them in ono. They siood transfigured to the ‘Athenian gaze, Lyrenc bad Protyrus’ strength, Pro- tyrus Lyrene's beduty owned ; but which was hs, snd which was she, Do human eye could tell. John Burronghs, in his paper, From London to New York,” givos a sight at = S CABLTLE, «grand, gloomy, and peculiar” Carlyle. Ho found him in a sweot and genial mood, which has not always been the fste of American vis- itors. Instoad of finding him a wrathful and stormy poronago, brewing bittor denunciation for America and Americans, he came upon him in the character of— TR entle and affectionate grandfather, with his de- Ticlous Bcotch brogue and rich melodious talk, over- flowing with reminiscences of his earlier life, of Bcott, 2nd Gosthe, and Edinburgh, and other men and places Do had known. Learning Iwas especilly interested in birds, he discoursed of the lark, snd nightingale, und mavis, framing his remarks about them in_soma episode of his personal exparience, and investing their eongs with double charm of his description and ad- venture, 1t only geese who_get plucked there,” said my companion after we had left,—a man who had known Carlylo intimalely for many Sears ; “silly persons who have no veneration for the grest man, and come to convert bim, or change his convictions upon subjects to which he has devoted a lifetime of profound thonght snd meditation. With such porsons he has no pa- tience. £ Carlyle had fust returned from Scotland, where ho hzd spent tho summer, The Scotch hillsand moun- tains, he said, had an sncient, mournful Iook, as if the - weight of immessurable time had eettled down upon them ; and, as I gazed upon the venersble man before me, aiid moted his bomely snd, rugged, vet profonnd snd melancholy expression, I knew thst their look was upon him also, and_that a greater - than Osslan bad been nursed amid those lonely hills, Few men in Lteratare have felt the burden of the world, the weight of thoinezorabls conaclence, as has Carlyls, o Arawn: gtich fresh inspiration from 'that scurce. - However we may differ from him (and almost in self defence ane must differ froma man of such intenss and ayer- weening porsonality), it must yet be admitted that ho ‘habitually spesks out of that “primitive silence snd eolitude in which only tho heroio 'soul dwells, Cer- tainly not in contemporary British literature is there ‘snother writer whose bowstringhas such a twang, In the * Bcientific Miscellany™ are given some of the curious- results of the “studies of Dr. A. Dufosse in the sounds mede by-fishes, which Le call ~ ¥ THE VOICE OF FISHES. His discoveries havo ' been examined by a Committce of the French Academy of Sciences, whe report— - - that the suthor has ¢ discovered new facts and thrown light on several obscure questions in ichthyol- ogy.” -Dr, Dufossa recognizes three classes of sonuds produged by fishes : 1. Irregular sounds, s he calls them, ‘produced by the lips, by tho lids .over the gills, or by ‘the movement of Certain ariiculations. Tho fshes producta theso sounda ars tho carp (cyprinus), the Toach, the gurnand (dacfylopterus), and the sea- ‘horse, gwmp-u). -2, Regular sounds, produced by the rubbing together of the bones of the pharynx: énufiufls, ‘scombe oids), or :ir the {n(ergmxl]hrxhueth (sunfish, orthagoriacus), o by forcing the aophagus e air fram the s lsdder (Gnhes of tho carp class, siluroids, “ete). 3. Begular snd voluntary sounds, produced by the contraction of muscles in fialics whose swimming-bladder does not *side claims s deposited on thia, open into the csophagus (malarmat, trigla, and others). The chief merit of AL Dufosse’s obsérvations conalsts in showing that this latter class of sounds is voluntary and expressive. Somo fishes can emit a sound which may bo heard st the distance of several yards: but when a number of them utter their sounds at once, they can beheard atafar greater distance, 2nd thia circumstance has given riss to many fabulous storics, In flshes having & swimming-bladder not counccting with the @aoplagus, Dufosse has abscrved that this sirchamber is cgitated while the sound con- tinues, and he has demonstrated by vivisections that the muscles of the swimming-bladder directly produce the vibrations, the bladder itself acting the partof o sounding-board in sugmenting the soand produced by tho muscles. . TIHE YOUNG NORWEGIAN PROFESSOR, of Ohio. Hjaimar Hjarth Boyesen, makes two contributions to this mumber; one, & poem, “Norway;" the other, a touchiog story of **The Norse Emigmnt." General (3. A. Custor bas another chapter of “Lifo on tho Piains,” in which ho dispels a great many of the delusionsof distant philanthropists about THE INDIAX NATURE. Ho eay: My finn convicilon, based upon an intimate and thorough analysis of tho habits of character, and nat- ural instinet of tho Indian, and strengthcned and sup- ported by the almost unanimous opinion of all perzons who havemade tho Indian problem a study, and havo studied it, not from a distance, but in _immediate con- tact with all the facts bearing thoreupon, is, that the Indian cannot be clovated to that groat level whers he canbe induced to adopt sny policy or mode of lifo varsing ‘from thoso to which ho has over been accustomed, by any method of teaching, argument, reasoning, or coaxing, which is not preceded and fol- lowed closcly in Tescrve bya superior physical force. In other words, the Indian {s capablo of Tecognizing no controlling influence but that of stern, arbitrary power. To zssume that ho can be guided by appeals 1o his ideas of moral right end wrong, fodependent of threstening of final compulsion, 18 fo place him far above his more civilized brothers of the white raco, who, In the most advanced stsgo of refinementand mo- rality, still find it necessery to employ force, some- times resort to war, to exxct justico from a neighbor- ing patlon. And. fet thore aro thoto wlio arguo that thie Indian, with all his Inck of moral privileges, 15 so superior to tho whito race as o bo capable.of 'being controlled in his savago traits and customs, and in- duced tolead a proper life, simply by being politely roquested to do so. OTYER ARTICLES. There are, besides, articles on *Lifo In- suranco,"—snggested by tho recent futile at- tempt of the New York Mutual Life Insurance Company to change its rates ; on “ The Lifo and Writings of Emily Bronto (*‘ Ellis Boll "), the sister of Charlotto Bronte (“ Currer Bell ”)’; and several good stories. = HARPER'S MAGAZINE. . After travelling for thirty-five days throngh treeless, stormy plains, or over barren hills, with nought but a flock of shoop hero and there, or a dirty and dilapidated boer's house, to break the monotony; aftor having been alternately pinched by cold and scorclied by heat, baving shot no game but en ugly baboon, and tho hos- pitable boers of the coumntry, with whom we triod to bo friends, calling us “dom” English- men, and slamming their doors iu our faces, Al- Lert E. Coleman tells us how he, withhis frionds, entered the great central camp of Da Toit’s Pan, in the SOUTH AFRICAN DIAMOND FIELDS. 3 They went to work like the other industrious diggers they found there: Adsy or 50 after we commenced digging, 28 I was busyin our claim preparing to sink a shaft, T was startled by hearing s most_tremendous shouting and yelling, 2nd on looking around me T discovered ail the diggers, Caffres, and Hottentots making for o distant claim af the top'of their apeed, whilo their unearthly “hoorsys ™ and cries inspired all outsiders with curi- onity to know what was up. Upon reaching the centre of attraction I found a farge crowd ewying to snd {ro around ehallow holo. Tn this hole was red-shirted man, and in his mouth was the exeiting causo— dia- mond—over which his lipa scarcely closed, while his checks swelled out with its size. Tho crowd kept shouting Throw it up, old fellow I? “LHow big is 127 “Init off colored 2" ete. Tho lusky man with dificulty squeezed it out, and held the glittering gem in his palm a8 a gencral Answer toall inquiries, his big Dutch face beaming on all around with child-like com- placency. He could rise superior to all common troubles, now fortune had becn 80 generous, His silence was more expreesive than words, and foronce I saw & man 40 years old with a perfectly satisfied face. Tho calm oy of that countenance is what our artista sesrchafterinvaln, , . . ‘The appearanco of this plsce when all are at work i wonderful, It {8 like 5 hivo of bees swarming over tho comb, whils the noise of countless iron buckets bang- ing agalnst thostony walls of the claima as they go up and down, - the squesking of blocks and pulleys, the nolso of wheels and cries of men, make an uproat like that from the Tower of Bsbel. One said, * “Tis Babel upside down.” The immensa sizo of the excavations strikes straugers with amazement. Imagine twelvo dry-docks from 250 t0 300 yards long and 45 feet deep, whilo their width varies from 25 to 80 feet, affording room, if filled with water, suflicient to float twelve Groat Easterns, and o number of other ehips besldes, 2nd you can realize the amount of work which haa beed dono in nine montha, All the dismondiferous soil from the inside claims has to be removed in car and generally goss to the owner's tents, whoroho an his family sift ond sort i, Around the edge of the mine runs the reef, and thie dirt from the out- Month by month these mounds increased, until now they are miniaturo monntains, and, when' T Iast visited the spot, from their elevation I commanded a fino view of the sur- rounding country, the diversified camp, and could look directly down into tho galleries aud pits of the different diggers. Along through the bottom of each excsvation Wwas o toiling mass of blacks, looking cs though slaves in eome Orfenfal Svltan’s employ. Oc- casionally one would # hooray,” and, holding up bis Band. shout ont, “ Dismond, boss ! ‘Tho others would take up the shont, and s grand yell would echo and chorus back and forth from one road to another as the happy aigger descended to take possession of bis find, Once upon a time, though, & man’s_happiness on such an occagion was turned 'very speedily to mourn- ing. “The story i3 as follow : “ A Iamentablo instance of the fraflty of human kind ‘was evidenced at the Now Rueh last weck. Tho judg- ment of the wrathful Fates followed most rapidly on the offence. Contrary to the Horatian theory about punishment tracking crime with a lame leg, punish- ment bustied along Wwith peculiar alacrity. A digger had just discovered in the bowels of the carth a large diamond, estimated at from fifty to sixty carats® weight. He put it into his mouth, and proceoded gayly to ascend the ladder out of the cavernous depths, While 80 doing a nigger at tho top happened to shako tho machine. Perfectly nati ly, and according to the usual custom of tho fields, the gentlemsn spako slarply with his toogue, and favored our colored ‘brother with a few of those flowers of langusge for which the diggings are achieving a reputation, ~Alas ! 28 homade these cursory observations the dismond escaped from between hia lipe, fell into the adjoininy claim, and was seen no more of men] We have hea of Indies droppirg pearls as they spoke, but wo kavo o still rarer instance of & man cursing dinmonds{"— Diager’s Gazctte, g From careful calculations it is found thatabout four thousand diamonds and picces of diamonds are uncarthed here overy day, However,.out of such a ‘mass of gems but fow are ‘‘pure watcr brilliants.”? A perfoct white stone of any size is indced o treasure,” They are rarely seen without blemish, and the major- ity of finds consist of flawed, spotted, or discolored stones, angular chips, or small fragments, which latter are noarly volueless, The immense quantity of theso and flawed stones thrown on the market has nocessa- rily caueed atremendous fall in their values, Unliko other commodities, diamonds are imperizhable, - «_ A few, geucrally the first owners of the Ni Raush Claims, male large fortunes., Thoy got their ground for Dothing, found one to twenty dismonda every day, eold out when claims realized from £500 to £2,000, and their diamonds bronght o very fair and remunerative price. Oue Smuts made £11,0001ina month, then divided his claim into sixths, sclling each - sizth for £300, and departed a wealthy man, A Captain Behrman was wrecked o tho coast, lort hia ship, and in the end luckily came to the New ‘Rusk, from vhich placo hie departed in three months with §75,000 in hard money. i A boor, by name Wemmer, tarned out n one day 31 iamonds, welghing respectively 33 carats, 18, 15, 9, 714, and other smaller ones. He had only feturned to thioflelds a fow days before, after an’ sbaence of o month, and upon his arrival vas _quictly prescated by ‘his black servants, whom be hoa loft in charge, with ‘upward of 300 diamonds! He is now decidedly tho richest digger in the camp, ond although worth his thousands, still works hard in his splendid claim. His good luck will end no one knows hor, as his section is ot half worked out, and ero this. he may be a sccond Stemart or ‘Rothschild, and a diggor prince among hia ow, Mr. Coleman once had the pleasure of holding in hie hands & 150-carat diamond. He says: ‘““It is impossible to adoqusately describo it. There ‘it was onmy band, a great dropof dazzling light, at the least motion throwing ont quivering roys and flashes which seemed to bo as powerfal a8 those from old Bol himself. ' No wonder the ancients worshiped them, that the Asiatics used them for the eyes of idols. They atrike mam +ith surprise and awe. Adamant itself, myste- riously formed, . unassailable by acids, and un- touched by tifne, it is not strango they ate the most valued of “earth's productions—our . ideals of beauty, and caskets of condensed wealth.” THE MONT DE PIETE . is a pawnbroker's establishment, and yet it is not. It was founded in avowed and deadly hos- tilicy to.the pawnbroker. It waa designed to re- licve the poorer and more helpless class of vic- tims—the peasants and working-men, who often lived in a species of horrible” servitude Aio the greedy. pawnbrokers, The first establishment was opened at Perngis, in Italy, in 1464, during tho reign of Pope Pius IL, and in s few years branches were found in every city on the Penin- suls. The necessary capital was” obtsined by ions appeals to the rich and the noble. For a ong timo these institutions were practically “nnder the control of the Church, but they are now generally connccted with some branch of the public service. Their original mission of benevolence has also pretty genorally disap- ared from view. The ofice of the Yont de Piote isin Parir. | de basin, o Herbert Tuttle, after tracing the origin and history of the institution, relates some of its anccdotes and statistics ;—tho latter perheps the most significant of its nnoels. Ono of these stories,is the cxporience of an American stulont 1n the Latin Quarter : £ with large silk cloaks, with only s bright~pair of wieked-fooidng eyes 'isible, and guarded by su oid woman or ssblo ounuch, They are quite as eager snd. 33 anjmated in shopping ss any Western woman can be. Tho richer ladies have also goods brought to their housca by female traders, who make & very profitablo trsde out of their fancifal customers, who are entirely John X—— was tho name of this student, and he had | regardless of expense in gratifying any whim or c3- a friend, also s student, but less oxperiedced, named Petor 7——, Now Jobn counted up his mosy omo moraing, aad fonnd that b had only a fow sous 1ot while his next remittance would not arrive for soms weeks. He had credit st the Testanrant, but b conld only subsist there, and subsistence for a atadent in the Latin Quarter fa riot life, While he was trying to solve the problem of the next budget the door opened, and his friend Peter Y— entered in o free and easy man- zer. “John,” said he, “I'vo come to borrow some money.” price that selzes them. expenses of a msn's hirem in Turkey far sur- paen all thoss for tho rest of his household., It is hia most expensive luxury. The out-door amusements consist of thelr visits to the bsth, 1o shop, and chiefly to the sweet waters of Turkey In Asia, nesr Constantinople, or to tho gardens of Caifo or Aloksudria, Hero they ses men, though they may not accost. ot conversa with them, and aro equally pecn through tho gossamer tissucs which pre- tend to veil and conceal charms whoso efect they only enhance, Many a stern tragedy is commencod in “Come to borrow some money " replied John, | these smiling gardens by the Rosphorus, snd man: smazed. ™ | 2 tale" of "crliao romaios tnkcaows sad usiolt “Yes. You eee I'm invited tos partytomeet some | Which had its origin in theso gay resoris or charming American girls, and I want {rancs enough | Dear those babbling waters, For | jealousy 10 buy s pair of gloves and hire & carriage.” in the Exst 15 a5 watchful and eleepless as “And you come tome for money! Why, my dear fellow, T waa just going to borrow of you, for I have only seventeen ous.” “The deuco!” . Tha two impecunious friends stared at each other for & few moments, and then, in spite of their position, burst into a hearty laugh. ’But Peter ended witha sigh, for he longed to goto tho paity. 8o Johu i, “ Don't give it up, wven't yon got something that you can mettre au clou?” “ {u what 7" answered Peter. A “Haven't you got something that you can patau clou—that isto say, something that you can pswn at the Mont-de-plete 7" Peter reflected a moment, took out his watch and balanced it in his hand, and agreod to sacrifice it, John cxplained the modus operandi and. his friend, promis- ing to share thoreturos, siarled for tho iloatde- plete. . Now the watch in question, thougha valuablo one, did not bear the stamp of a French manufscturer at- testing s qualty, and (e sppralser offered o very small sum for it, ' Still Peter was obliged to accept, and Be counled on redeeming it in nfew days. Ho entered tho Cashier's room. “What s your uame?” demanded that urbane | official, * Pierrs Lefranc,” replied tho student, wko, through shame, had determined to give a false name, 4 Your. residence 7" 3 . ‘+1tue Monslous lo Prince, No, —." ‘“What papers do you carry 7" “ Papera?” inquired our friend. “es, papers ; comething that will identify you—a recelpt for_your lodging, certificato of birth, passport, or nomething of the sort.” “But,"” stammered Pufer, T am an American, and I have no papers of any kind, though I might get b pass- 3t at the American embassy. Can you wait for that 7" f course,” replied the ofticial, Very woll,” said Peter; “Tll tako the watch, and bring it back when I returs.” 3 * “Ohno; the watch is already entered, and cannot Do rel You must get your passport. before you can huve your watch or Sour money,” - Then the truth fiashed through Peter'smind, He could not get s passport on a false name, and ho could not get his money or his watch on his frue nme: so thiers was 1m0 eacaps. Ho hisd lost Ms soiree aud his watch, A number of little anecdotes show the tencity with which persons will cling to articles that they’caanot redeem. On one accasion 8 woman called to make th fitteenth renewal of an article that had been pawned originally for threo francs. behind its fol m tor son’s “One Quiet Episode. Argue, and as remorseless and pitiless ns the grave. Snort 'ia tho skrift 8ud garo 1 the punlshment which awalta_tho frail Zuleiks #hen once her lord has reason to suspect her, and the harem curtain which shuts Ler out from common view ofien serves as her shroud when sho disappears suddenly and mysteriously from , a0d is heard of never more, For no one has the right to make such inquirics, and, if they id, even -tho oflicials of the law and the minfsters of Justice must respect the mystery of the harem, nor carry their inquiries into it, Impunity forthis classof eximosis therefore insured {o the mastor of tho harem, aid Le scruples not to avail himself of that license.’ 1tis a popular fallacy, the author observes— " that the elevation of woman is entircly due to Christinnity, and that outsis of that woman I8 buts toy and a brood-mare, wilhout any social infaence whatever, It is truo that the benign influences and the practice, na well as the teachingsof Christ, did much to elevate woman morally in the socisl sealo, but the trath of history compels the acknowledgment that' chivalry, which followod the Crusades and first ele- yated woman, wis borrowed from the Saracens and tho Moors of Spuin. Tor iu the Middle Ages, the cor~ rapt sge of Lous XIV, and in tho equally amous one of Charles 'IT., woman had huuk morally and soctally to a depth lower than that of tho female savage ; and aa {0 her rights under tho com- mon law-of Edgland, eho had none separate from her busbend, and all her property, real and persoual, was Let us not scoff, then, too hastilyat the Turk and the Arab, who from timo iminemorial have given their women full control oyer the properts given them oa dover, or ofherwise beyond tho contrul of the hus- ‘band—who restored to & divorced woman all the prop- esty she brought, aud compelled the husband.o pro- vido for her subsislence, and, in fact, eudowed hier ‘with all those separate thu and privileges whick it is the boart of our lster clvilization to Lave given hor within the last twenty years, 3 y . FICTION is not wanting in Harper to relieve tho instruc-, tivoness of tho heavior ariicles. Besides {he continuation of Mies Thackeray's chirming story, . of “Old Kensington,” Wilkio Colling' “New Magdalen,” which’ reaches s now climax, and Charles Reade's ‘* Simpleton,” thero are several stories of an excellenco far above the average of agazine etories. Among these are D. T, Custle- n's A Waif and Lutray,” and Fanny E. laag- John G.Baxo writes “YWhydo you not release that?” inquired the i | 88 ORo in love of Tector, “ Because I am t00 poor.” “Well, then, why do you not let 1tgo? ™ The woman burst into tears, “Becaueo it is the Last relic of my mother.” The kind-hearted director, moved by the filial devo- tion of the poor woman, gavo her three fraces and Te- deomed mHm(nu.u treasuro, Itwasa coarso jupon nder-garment, §4 There'ls a story equally touching of & man ¥ho_for soven successive years pald the interest on m article, which he was at o time able to_redeem, for tbirty sous! In 1849 there wus sold & watch which hud a sin- gular history, Ithad been pawned in 1817 for cight franca, Tho owner had paid the interest regularly 1ill 1847, the wholo amonnt thus paid being sboat twenty-five france, or three times the original loan, TWhen the watch was sold, some carious person traced it back toits owner, and learned why the extension bad stopped so suddenly. Tho poor man heddied in 1847, Gcarcely a day pusscs in which the Mont-de-pleto i ot tho sceno of Bome such pathetic littlo drsma, There is one sad tale kept in the traditions of the Alont-de-Pieto, which showa vividly the character of its usarious traflic: Tho Countess of N—, of the Faubourg St. Ger- main, had rescued from a lifo of misery, tending to- wards » Iife of shame, a young girl, Anloiastte. ~She gave Antoinette employment {n her household, married ber to an honect porter of the neighborhcod, and showed her many other marks of peculiar kindnes One day sho gave her a rich and rare robe, which sho Berself had worn. The girl guarded the j7esent with & plous tenderness, not daring even to wear it lest she soil it. Sho assured her mistress that sbe sould al- ways treasure it as & family trophy. Cut ono day iha kind Countess fell ill, and soon died. Aucoinctte's beart was nearly broken, and she clung more cloely than ever to the robe. Being obliged to seck other employment, she took; with her hus band, alittle room On the Afth floor of & houze occu. picd by the poorest sort of people, and there contlnued lier life of Lumble industey. Ond evening, on return- ing to her room, she found stretched out Lefore Ler door the body of a woman. “Tho stranger was aroused, and explained that she lived on the floor above; thai she had a sick husband and several children ; that she had gone out to got her pay for & little sowing in order to save her family from starvation; that tho party had put her oft till the next day; and that, on refurning, she ad fallen from exhaustion at Ahtoluette's door, The latter casisted the poor sufferer to her azertment, and found a most pittful state of things Then she returned . and got some food for the famishoed wrotches. But that was not all. Remembering the kinders which had rescued her from a fate even worse, she determined to raise some money for the nnfortunates. All her little savings were in the cars of a small banker of the neighborhood, Thithier she hastenod thenext: morn- ing, only tolearn that the banker had atsconded_the day befuro, with all the funds in his poss:ssion. ‘This ‘was a eerfous blow to the poor woman, less on ber own sccount than that of her moro wretchal neighbor. But ope resort remained. She took down the precious Tobe, looked at it tenderly, and sufd, *You ‘are not alive, dear Indy, but your ‘robo may yet relleve’ the needy.” The Mont-de-pietc loaned her eixtecn francs on it and this snm waa given to ber poor neighbor. But in the course of Umo Antoinette herself met misfortune. Ter husband was one day brought homo ina horribly mutilated state ; ho had beea run over by heavily loaded wagon, and’ neatly killed, The next day he died, and left Antoinette with four small chil- dren, and no money, She struggled aloag for a ehort time, alwaya intending to redeem tho rob, when sha found hersclf compelled %0 tako her child in_her arms and beg on thestreet. A cruel polico officer comes along, arrests ber, and sends her to prizons At the ‘oxpiration of her term she cmerges with sixteen francs which she had hoarded, and with her thonghts, 28 be- fore, faithfully on the robe, Passing along the 6tredt, ot o villsnous shop what should ehe 600 suspanded for salo but the robe itself Half frantic, she rusbed into the store, threw down her six- tesn france, and cried out, “ That 15 my robe—give it tome; here are your sixteen francs!” The merchant smiled. ** Not so faat, my good woman,” said ke; * I have been offered ifty francs for that robe; it fs o very Tare piece, and I will not sell it for less 'than sixty {rancs.” "Antoinette uttered a cry of anguleh— Sixty francs ! that is throe napoleons, and I have- less that onc.~ Ob, my God !"—rushed to tho door, and fell on the ibreshold—dead, Lyman Abbott recalls the much-discussed MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS, and envelops her with what is advertised 8s a # very thrilling namative, told with dramatic ef- fect.” , There are two delusions in the Westorn mind corcerning the lifo of the ladies of the Harem, —one derived from the glowing pictures of Byron and Moore, with thoir * Lails Rookl's, ” and ““Zuleikas,” and ‘ Dudus,” and Monckton Milnes with his' “Palm Leaves;” the other drawn from tho accounts of miseionaries aad travellers, representing . the creaturcs of tlie Harom 88 * cabined, cribbed, confined,” the upper elaves of their husbands. In ! THE LIFE OF AN EASTERY WOMAN," Mr. Edwin de Leon contradicts both these in- correct ideas. go8sip be untrue, the women of the Harem wiald s storner dospotism over their liege lords than most Westorn -women do, and patient Qriseldas aro ¢aid to be rare among them. Custom, which i3 stronger than law in those conn- trics, has given the womon' certain rights and privi- legee, which she ia not slow to assert and exerciae. Her Jeslofiey of her Lusband, who, by the religion snd law of Islxm may have thres legal wives besides herself, s over awake, and ressrving the right to take back her dower if divorced by her husband, she fecls sn inde- pendence of him. and asserts her own individuslity in 8 very decided manner, Whero a gentlemsn bas, or may legally have, many wives at thé eame time, even by Isgal fiction msn and wifs cannot be considered as ‘“ono," and they make no pretension to it. A bedev- fled Blue-beard, & hen-pecked Turk, would seem 3 Btrang contradiction ; yetit ia said to be the common Iot of the race whioso men sport what looks like the pet- ticoat, nnd whose women wear what much resembles’ the broeches. For althcugh the wife msy not enter the apartment. ‘where the men enjoy {helr folitary pleasures or pas- times, and may not flirt” or even as: ber busband’s friends, she yet s absolute mis f her own domain, the harern, and when he_enters there be 1a by Do means the monarch of all he surveys. Ontho contrary, the wife, from the very isolation of thoharem, and the certainty of no intrusion when she commences & curtain-lectars, has the poor man at a dissdvantage, and improves the situation. The man, who on his own side-of the houso is despotic, and all of whosa sorvitors reply to him in tho establishod formula, “ To hear is to obey,” shakes i his alippers at the shrill yolce of his last and [svorite wifo 88 he enters *the abode of blias” at her summo: when undigested sweetments or sherbets have sour at once her stomach and her temper. ‘Theso ladies enjoy » much greater degree of liberty than {a generally supposed. They visit cach other & great deal, and en;oy all the pleasures of gossip and scandal which their freer wisters can do, Asthey never read, and never work, and have no househald duties 1o 'ocenpy their lelsure, talk, and eating and | drinking, and unlimited muaoking, are their ouly re- sources for killing ‘time. At home they vary these amusements by calling in th aid of the eingiug and dancing girls, as they do not conaider it dignified to practice or possess thess accomplishments t:emselves, The_ singing and dancing women are professionals, snd generally of very uncquivocal character—in factare almost_universally s disreputacle chss, Then, to0, on Fridays the Jadi day thero chattizg and goss with_each other." This is their club, and they enjoy it thoroughly coce s | ‘weelk. hopping, t00, 18 another of their pastimes, In the bazars you faoct them In great pumbers, either on 100F or jarched on small donke;s, musled up and catered anco fn all persozal discussios: 1ike many mining towns, a rude piace. down the main sireot there one evening- some years . v QUEEN:" T call her Queen"—tLe Lads of my love— Since, that in all ou scepiraless may clr Of trie nobliity to £uit the name, Bhe i Tight royal, and doth so approve 3y loviog homizge. Al that painter’s art ‘And poet’s fantaky delight to find 1n quecnliness ia hers: the noble mind, The stately bearing, and the gracious heart;+ Tho volco most musical ; the yrow serenc, _“And hesming benediction—liko a queen; And oh! such peerlues beauty, thut 1 swear (Rocalling each fair faco tEat Joud Reuown Tath found or fetgned benesth a jewelled crown) 1 fatter Quoens to call Lier * Queeniy fair.” - “Tho Recolloctions-of an OId Stager” this montl are of OALED CUSHING. With the single cxcoption of Jfr, Adams, I never met a gentleman, in Congress_or_out, wi:oze fund of information was' 50 extensive; coplous, and oxact ag that of Mr. Cushing, e writes and speaks , the languages of modern’ Europo with the ‘facility, purity, and precision of the most accomplished native, and hie is o thorough . clasxical scholar ss well. Mr. Cushing came to Washington when quito young, and Bis appearance was more youthful than his yoars, Al though a gentleman of great personal firmnees, his bearing wns ‘modest, subdued, and deforoutial. -He spoke resdily enough, and with uncommon accuracy ; but he prepared whitover he had to ssy with great care, and generally wTote his speeches out at length, He xppreciated the imgportance of being oxact in his statemente, and regular, consecutive, and logical in ar- rangement and argument. o was superior to tho ‘weakness guished ability of professing to speak from the inspl- xation of the moment, fectation of every kind, and never denied or concesled the labor bestowed on oral effor! read bis epeeches, and occasfonally, when discusaing questionn to which he hiad given mach study, he s ‘withont notes or anv evidence of proparation i bls first scasion Mr. Gusing read s caret ton argument on a subject of moro than_ordinary in-_ tercat. The great ability dispiayed, ond his appear- ance of extreme youth, attracted general intorest, It 80 Lappened that Lis visws ran counter to thoss of. most of the Western members, and old Len Hardin, of Kentucky, lectusl vigor, likoned by John Randolph to a “kitchen knifo plied to him in a etrxin i was mingled with argument, and which was inten- tionally cutting and ofiexs Cushing to be a mere bookworm—a man of - the closct —whom “he could gilence by ‘a earcoem. _ He knew Cushing's specch bad been written ont, and thought a banh imprompta reply would crush ‘the young man, Ent to his astonishment tho rejoinder, made on the Epur of tlie moment, turned the tables, and the House, which bad heartily enjoyed the vituperative eloquence l-of Hardin,reliebed etill moro Gushing’s tart and effectivo ALSVEr. mating a ror orf: G tho code duallo, and sesuming that a New Englend man wonld not respond to o demand for eafisfa the doct: I epecially csutions and reserved in their langunge. If their own prindip 1 uents prevented.them from sccording satisfaction, cex- tainly they shoull not give offence. o was admizable i tore, and unanswerablo in its deflant protestation. mation, and carried the House witly him from the cta He was not reszorsible for the sentiments of his cot stituentn, nor should Lo be governad by them in per- sgnal matters, Honorablo membors, not from spprehension of disa grecable catisequences, but from cousiderations of £0'f- respect and what waa duo to his f.cers in the House, While e wonld not_inteationslly wound the foolings of anybody, be shonld exact inetant reparation when remarks were mado derogatory to hig character or in- jurions to his feclings, ks most of often " cxhibited by mon of distin- In fact, he was free from af~ . _Bometimes he poke ity A a coarse, rude man of great intel- sharpened on 3 brickbat,” ro- . B in which invective Mz evidently supposed Hardin flow into & passion, inti- m; £aid gentlemen who did not recognize s of yersonal responeibility should be or the sentiments of their constit- Cushing's Toply Ho sroke with tlnency. with groat as e ehould avold giving offence to From (bat time forth, 3r. Cshing wns trented with marked respect and forbear- In tho *Editor's Drawer,” fomo recy ANECDOTES OF THE PACIPIC COAST are republished from Nordhofl's * California:™ & The fact is,” said the Arizonian, * that Havila Is, I was going #go, when I got among a crowd of Tough fellows, and T biappened o sy to Jack Thompson, whor I kuew, that i seemed to bo very quiet nowadays; 1 bad not seon o man killed for a long time. “ ¢ Haven't you? By tho powers! como along with me,’ said k;a‘mmhlng around to the back of his trowscrs for his revolver, and grasping my srm, ‘Ill show you how it's dons ; thcre's a whole billlard-room full of them up there!” and I believe i I hadn't qui- cted him down he'd bave gone up 2and_shot into the crowd. But that's somo years ngo, snd they bung that scoundrel o . Irec afterward, aud that scared most of Dis kind swey.” “ e same fellore told mo onee,” seid the General, 4 of a little disappofitinent of his. e had s difficulty with n man, xnd no arm at hand cxcept s shot-gun 7 &0 ho ¢ went for him with tho seatter-gan,’ bo said, ‘and the contemptible wespon missed, aud ho just grazed +Your Courts did not cxecute justice very vigorous- Unless the scandalous stories of | 1y in those days,” I suggeated., 4 Well, 10, replied the Judge ; “ they wero too often like o Judgo'they had in early days up in Taolumne County. 'This Judge htd a quarre! with a lawyer, and thoresult was thst Ho used regnlarly to chargo the Jury ogainst any party whom this lawyor rupresented. At lart Tom gaid ope-day in Court, with some vexation, when'he beard the Judge begin o charge against him again, that he did ot oxpect o ‘got justice in that Courf, To which hig Honor replied proniptly, and with contempt, that ho' would tako — good caro -Tom abould get no justice in that Court.” * That fellow ought to Liave been 3 Tammany Judge in New York,” said. some onc, and turned the laugh handsomely sgalnst tho East, H “WIt's astonishing,” faid the Englishman, *how rough and how_ fgnorant men arg who go about these mountains prospecting for gold. Somic years ago, when the Temiscal tin mine was opened and found to contain eome valuable™ ores, thero wzs great excite- ‘ment around San Bernardino sbout tn. ~Dozens of people who knew nothiog sbout indiciti et out to probpect;.and up in the Bainbridge dis- trict & fellow ectually ret up an assay shop, and mado money for & month of two by pretended asars of the Tock which crodulous prospectors brought him. Of course he found tin in every kind of rock.’ It was dis- and gsveLim ahoe to chop down tho woody stalks with which they swindle the hot=es thero for hay. Tho third morning ‘the (ariner ailled bia man to come out an said, ¢ e donit 3o him a crow! ground, wherein to drop corn. They say Jobn left the | to country in disguat,” courageous womsn ia this connty, who was alone in a stage which Mason and one of his gang stopped. The driver threw down the treasure-box when the two robbers stopped his horses, and Mason thereupon opencd thoe stage door, and, leaning into the stage, ordered the woman to give up her money and rings, | cof pointing a cocked pistol at her at the same time, woman looked at him coolly, and zaid, ‘Look here, don't you sec that you’re pointing that pistol directly at me, and that it'scocked 7 _You scem tobe a little nervous, for your hand trembles ; I wish you'd point it away from me ; it might go off and Lurt me.’ Mason was 50 much struck Dy the woman’s coolness that, | I8 with an oath, he slamrhed the stage door, and told her to keap her valuables.” road agents you ¢al haw good-tempered they’ro going to be, or in how mitch of hurry ; and ll;fla“ who receatly, at 8an Luis Rey, in o wrilten notice, about to open o telegraph ofice.” another, we dropped to sleep under tho cléar sky of the ‘blankets over us, American Review for January is of immediato: ivtorest. . Nepoleonism has plainly fallen, than it was be- foro,when it threatoned theliberties of Franceand tho peace of Europe. samo author on the Fronch Revolution, Simon Kaiser's “ History of France,” Prevost-Paradol’s sur In Gouvernement de la France,” and Cour- colle-Sonenil’s “ L'Heritage do la Revolution,"— Mr. Charles Kendall Adams deacribes tho forma- | of tivo events of Napoleon's life, the means by which ho. impressed his will npon the French peoplo 88 their supremo suthority, and tho maxims in sccordance with which he shaped his actions, and from which, indeed, they could havg becn predicted. e discrimination of tation amounted Lo resl genius, s mllitary campaigm bo inauguratod 3 system of pil- ago un! famonis faking of Corinth by the Komans, Herobbed | to the nations not ouly of their power, but of thelr worka their glory Resitate {6 put to the sword in cold bl garrison to whom Le Liad just promised protection in case_of surrender; sought to rid himself by polson of his own wounded | g;. £oldicrs whom it wes convenient to leave behind, he was one of the most consistent of men. of this thero still exists an essay written in early life, in which Lis ideas of statesmanship aro developed. IE might have beon one of the finest essays of » Machia- velli, His phosophy was slready the philosophy af success, He profesees to havo heon in activo sympathy with the Girondists until their fall, when his sympathy | 2 was transferred to their victorious enemies, He argues of the mountain, because the mountatn Kad proved it - reader of the truth of his proposition, he atleast shows with what force tle idea had taken possesaion of his .Lord Altham, forced to marry somebody against her will, and _which was not their own, were hurrying away A hundrod-and fifty years ago this hsppened just outside of Philadelphis, quite ns a matter ‘butler, has turned out tho d——dest thief in the ons of tin - covered afterward that the scoundrel hsd stolen n penwier faucet, and made his ssssy buttons out of that, When that was used up, he melted the solder from. old in cans for Ll same use.” 4 He onght to bave been tho man who fold an Eag- Meh fourist pear Ban Bernardino that up in the moun- tain there they had recently discovered a brass mine— ¥YVery rich ore, too,’ beadded, when he maw the Eng- lshman open,hls ejes with amazement.” "4 e had such o fellow down in our country,”-eaid but he went of in disgust, He came {nto the hotel t Prescott ome night, and at supper the Isndlord aeked him If ke'd have some feal- — “¢What's teal? ' pays the fellow. #4Why, s kind of duck,’ eays the landlord, ¢ Had 1t wings 2’ said the fellow. +Certainly,' eays the Lindlord, ~-. “ihna could {t Ay 2 " maa the fellow, 4 ¢Tes,’ nayn the lindlord. ;i wivwell,! says he, I don’t want amy, then. Any~ thing that had wings, sud could fly, and dfdn't fiy on of this sccursed couniry, I don't want to have an; ihing to do with.'” st ““Do you know how they carry on sgriculture down. in Arizona1” asked the Judge, looking quizzicalls at tho Arizonfan. “Tierewas afellow who hired him- gclf out o8 3 farm hand in Arizana, and the first day Bis master told him to cut'some wood. o he asked for ies g spend the |- o the bath . anax, but the{srmer sald, ‘No, we don't cut wood with an oz here,! and gave him '3 slodge-Lammer to knock and hreak off the meaquit which they biwn down there, The nextday John was ordered tocut some hay, sod was looking about for 3 scyihe, whew kis ma-e %7 2ald, *Te don': cut hsy with a'scytho dows here, plant corn. Johu looked for a fice, bt his master lant corn with a Loo' out here,! an:l with which to punch holes in the “They bave a story here,” esid (he Doctor, “cf a The of 1aid the Californian ; ¢ with thess “ Slio was lucky, sometimas most-generally tell ey are not always as polite as Thus the stories went oround mniil, one after mountain, with our feet to the fire and abundance of NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. By a coincidenco which does not often happen with a periodical so indifferent to the sensations | jg of the hour, the leading .article of the Norih ‘*THE RISE OF NAPOLEONISXM ™ » far ploasanter subject of inquiry now, when | of In this paper,—the ma- terinls of . which are drawn from Lanfrey's ‘! Uistoiro de Napoleon I.,” an ocssay by the “Nourvello France,'”” the Duc do Broglie's * Vues The articleis too closely written to be abridged, | 1 but its tenor may be discerned from this ex- tract : 1 It might have been predicted with grest cortainty fiom the first that. Napoleon would turn out some- " {hing of a tyrant; but it was not too much to hope that he would be a tyrant having somo fixod belief, do- voted to some cause moro noblo than that of self.” Ho waa sure to bo narrow-minded and bard, but narrow: mindedness and_hardacss are not incompatible with fidelity, and even gonerosity. And yet, when we look, for these and other moral gualitics in Napoleon, they clude our inspection. We properly judgo of Jarat | ¢ end Robespierre by a moral code, simply because they | th aive evidence of eome understinding of virtue and uty. -But toapply a codeof elther to the life of Na- | o Toleon is aimply absurd ; o3 abeurd us to apply it to ino deeds of children’ who have mot yet sny | 1O Tight and wrong, or of truth and falechood. His despatches and cors respondence, recently for* tho first time published, display the fact that Bo did not hesitate to resort to the most elaborate falsehood whencver falsehood would bést éorvo his purpose, ‘His ingenuity in misrepresen- We 5oon cease to bo astonished at the frequency of his falsehoods, only to beamazed at their audacityand their currency, In in the history of tho world since the of genius ; at once despoiling them of their history and In tho nawme of nxped!:noco{i ho did not a disarmed | the andin the same campalgn ho When Napoleon first’began {0 figure in Listory, hia character was fully established. Moreover, to the end In proof thi to that it was an act of good citizenabip to Join the party self tho etrongedt; and if he does mot convince his Burko relates, in his ‘* Celebrated 1Tiais oz tuo | Aristocracy,” a story which gerves to show how greatly popular sontiment haa changed in & cen- tury with regardtopunishment forcrize. Young by vicissitudes which befal even the aristocracy, had become & slave near Phil-, adelphia. He ran away, and, during his flight, “*5iofoll n with s mac nd vomas riding wpor the sumo horse. The voung lady had beon the pair of lovers, taking with them somo money from an _an; father and o desorted husband. falators have no more of that quality than must ‘othee people; Tho few seasitive enough to know the real tiea of hanging hevo mot tha seifconfllenco o 2ot ‘upon their impressions and to proclsim their opinions in spathetic or indiatinct moments, Such perzons, ba- sides, are not simulianeons in thair impressions. Whers one eamsiti the sharp reports of the of Satory, we hear almost overy day some of tho 83d results of the Commune. his materials with great carc and skill from the volume of testimony taken before a_Committea 1ng the Commui Beard at all, at second-hand, _Outof the mouths of so ‘many compatent witnoeses the truth must sormetimes ‘escape. mouth than from his pen, and fs, therafore, more Tikely to be found in & volume of testimony taken down by stenographers, than in the elsborzte works with which tho actors {n the melodramatic tragedy of 1870- 771 have pursued the public, Faith can, at least,be givexs less. the demoralization of the National Guard an 7 o regular army, in the blunders of the Na- tional Assembly, in the pusillanimity of tha Mayors, whose capitulation thsy should have Ysaac Butta writes at great length 6f * cxperiment fails, wo csn go back fo hanging, of burning, or anything clso: ‘The immedlate aboiition of capital punishment by tho Legialzturo of any Eastern Stato is hardly to ba oxpected. I have eaid that some imagination is neaded Do8sass a clear ides of what it is to ba hanged; leg- Tegislator resds thy morning’s ac- unt of yestordsy's execation, and fesla what an un- pleassut thing it 1s to bo hanged, ho §3 nuiesad by the apathy of sensitive, are not just then 1n their eenaitive moods. 1t must be sald, t00, that legisiatora should, s rule, follow in the wake of popular thonght, and ‘the pnblic Bas not yet distincily expreased its wil that hanging ons who are not memsitive, or, if to be abolished. ~ Thera ars carlsinly soms other things to be done more imperative than the abolitloa the death penalty. Dut still, Y belleve, if somo venturous legislator should earry” througl a bill 1o do away with it, tho pablic would gencrally scquiesce, aad tho act would bo even moro popnlar than it would seem tobe. If such a measury ia passed nov, tstesd of mext year, o nock or two will ba savad thereby; if “bogged to infimate to the public’ that he was | now, instesd of ten years hence, quite n uozzn of them; which dozen necks will, I belicve, if sacrificad, contributo in no reapect to the welfare aad stability of, the Commonweald. . . Anything from the pon of Mr. A, 8. Hill, who will be remembered &8 one of tho former editora of thio Review, would command attention., His article on ‘¢ THE CAUSES OF THE COMDIUNE " particularly interesting at this time, when, in- Cnasepots on the plains He' has collected the National Assembly appointed to investi- gate the * causes of the 18th of March:" The book contains much oxtrapeous matter, wit= nessea telling what the; ‘what they bave evolve and often eeasoning their facts with personal malice but though raw material, it is the material of history, being furnished by Thiers snd MacMahon; by tha members of the ** Government of National Deferce ;™ by officers of theline, and of the National Guard; havo heard from others, and from their own consciousnes: membors of the polico force duriag and sincd the Empirs ; by the Aayors and their asslstants, who played no ' emall part of the Internatiozal Society, in its better days; by intelligent citizens, Laukery, *able editors ;" by mest in events; by membors those, in #hort, worth listening to, always cxcept- nists themsclves, who are hieard, wher Tt is moro likely to come from a Frenchman's witnesses where their evidence gocs zzainst tnem- selves or against a Government of which they formed part; #hall show upon what grounds is based my beilef that —whatever might or might not have happened under other circumstances—hat did happen tribatable ta the Government which ucceeded tho Empire,—if the thing instityted by tho geatlemen who | ‘profited by Sodst ean bo called 8 Government. \nd it {8 with the aid of such witnesses th=t I dircetly at- This opinion he supports by copious extracts and comparisons of tho testimony referred to . abave. o sumsup his rosearchos by asking if the statement is not justified, that, upon - e men who formed themselvos on the ith of - September into what they complacently termed “govornment,’ presses o heayy responsibility ° r the insurrection of March 187 If Jacobins nnd Socialists sowed the seced, it was fhese men , who watered it, and gave it incresse. It wna : their fault that the teeth of the dragon of 1793 | started-up as armed men ; and it_was thoy who ° put money intd the purse, and rallied thonsanda under the banner ‘of the International. Without - . faith in themselves or thoir cause, they could notbo expected to inspire othors with faith ; but it was unnocessary for them to lie as they did, to save their lives at the cost of honor, or ‘domand eacrifices which they knew to be use- - ed, since it was their work.” “! CAPITAL AND LANOR.”. He concedes ;that workingmen—a term which, - by geveral use, is restricted to manual Isborers —have grievantes; but be does nof conceds at the romedies which thoy propose are'likely -work for their amelioration. He 8 gainst strikes, on the ground of the tyrauny by ‘which alone they are cnforced aa batween the | workmen themselves. Kellogg's New Monetary System—to which, he says, the leaders of labor organizations representing our population wrongs of labor—receives very rough tr En‘finmnaxut‘glhun Ar. Butts® surprise ‘* thn& ook for the redress ofall the i treatment. roes &5 o on_finencial subjects 8s B. F. Dotler should in- dulgo in like ntterances :" +¢We hiave divested our Government,” says Genersl - Butler, #of cvery tralt of the despotisms, every at- tributs of tho monarchies, and every vestige of tho slaveries of the Old World, save one, and that s the - all-controlling and all-abeorbin iasses of the'people of all mations of the earth hars eter been enalared,—COTNED MONEY, thousand years 230, the despots of the world, ns tha moat potent method to enrich themselves and their'* favorites, and perpetuate their tyranny, hit upon the devico of imprinting their image nnd superscription or other peculiar stamp upon pieces of two of the motals, power by which” the More than threo They invited Altham to partako of their meal | ™ " " gocquscof their capabilities of being e con« by the roadside;'and, while they were eating, | verted intoequicalents of poicer, the £o-called precious thoir ers came upon them, and they wero | metals were eagerly sought’ after by all men in taken to.Chester. The yonng woman and her 3’:‘3&, ui!tg‘x:e n;l::fi nfl:euy mfimnmé;’ f;’ “;:a l;; lover were triod for 'theft and hanged. | deemed to bara s wpechl intrintle mine i of courso, which reads. oddly to pcrsons who | guj Liave heard of Mra. Fair's lectures. Gilly Will- iams writes to Georgo Selwyn : I called yoator- day on my Lady (Townshend), and sho is going | 1o to liave an sxecution of her own. Draper, the | A% world. She ssys ‘she finds several hundred pounds unpaid which ‘he ocught to have dis- charged. He has fled for the.same, but Mr. 4 Colned gold and silver fins ever been the handmaid of despotism; the propof monarchical power; tha pparter of ‘thronea; the upbolder of nobilities and priesthoods; the engine by which the privileges snd . + Protensions of aristocrals have always been sustained tramplingdown the righte, deyouring tho aulstazce, d absorbing the unrequited Labors of tho masees,” 1¢ Mr. Butts lived in Meesackusotis instoad of New York, and wero brought to face with tha fact that Butler has ambitions which needed votes, and that the only votes hocan hopefor ara Fiolding and his myrmidons re aftorhim ; and, | those of laboring men, he would her ladyship not bafng YOry. compassionate, he | ot bo surprised _ by this sposch oF wnst go to the gallows.” From this it would appear that ladies of that day might discuss over tho breakfust table tho prosand cons of tho harging of an old butler who had run awsy with sore wmouey.” 2 To-day, how different. There is one thing, £ays E. B, Nadal, in his paper explaining THE BATIONALL OF TUE OITOSITION TO CAPITAL TUNISHXENT, fy ¥ which this age has learned to do: it can pity. Approaching the question of judicial ruling from & point altogethor different ‘from that of Real, the New York murderer, ho arrives at tho same conclusion: Hanging is played out. Ho snys thatit is plain that hangipg is impossible; society canuot bo kept up to it. The publio is geverally very glad to suesk out or cheab itself of nn execution if it can. *“A great empira like Russia does _without it; commonweslths .liko Michigan and Wisconsin have sbolished it, and donotroturn to it; whilo its abolition has succeeded in many phcss,' I haye yot to hear of 8 cage in which it hns been tried and failed; if vio try it and fail, twenty-four hours' legiglation | will put us back whero we are:” The object of the cssay is not to argne the question on these grounds, but simply to ehoy Thow terrible a thing hanging is : v Oge is. struck by the caprice and Inequalityssen everywhere in tho administration of the capital sex tence, I have reforred to the fact that the public mind fsnot very lofty and solemn. in its thinking upon this gubjoct. I bave said thet it continues to hang because it hms not dofinitely decided not to hang, and that § administérs this awful punishment inoan ‘absent- minded and mechanical” mamnmer. . . . sgain, culprits are hanged at_certaln timea who wor not bo hanged at others. When murder bas beca very general and. people are angry or alarmed, the criminal will have less chance of . es- capo than when tho community is unconsclous of insocurity. When two men are to suffer st the same time in the . same Btate, the likelihood of commautation of the sentenca of elther by the Gover- nor is alight, Doth Twitchelland Eaton, who wers convicted of munler a fow years since in FPhiladelphis, would perhapa have eacaped death, had. their crimes fallen at different times, Both were convicted on cir- cumstantial evidence, Twitchell's murder was an ex- ceptionally Lrutal one, but he was defended by a very aule, infingntial, and {ndefatigable man, Eston's guiit sas ot 80 great nor £0 clear, The Governor was one of those imitators of Brutus who think it an impres- sivo and distinguished thing ta hang somebody. e would not have dared fo Teprieve both, though ba might not have banged Eaton bad Eaton been_alone, But, 2s he was pressed very energetically in Twitch- €ll’s behalf, it was the natural, though nnconscious, 1ni of :’u'mu of this immunity of the respectable people are two-fold: First, a lack of thoroughness and tenacious adherence to principle among our people; 'secondly, the inability of the {mmensa comfortable middJe clazs of the country to bring distinctly before them the suf- feringa of tha vory low. That young Isdies who go to tea-parties and havo accomplishments should lose & rother or father in atch a way seems very dreadful. Wedo not 50 easily conceive tho miscries of people who livein. uncarpeted hovels, Another explanation 1s to be found in the inertia of an impreesion which once gets into the mind, -That a man s fortunate is a rezson with us why ho should continue to be 80; ‘that he is unsuccesaful is also a rezzon why be ahould con~ tnueto beeo, - o 1f murders are many, he says, it proves that ‘hanging does not prevent them ;. if murders are few, thereis noneed of resorting to such ex- treme mozns in dealing with them.. We bave no experience_which shows that murdors increase ‘when hanging is abolihed. e bave tho histo- | ries of States and Empires that bave done nway with it and do not return to it. The thing itsel? ia very horrible, and the time has come to try if o cannot do without it. At tho worst, if ocur any’ other that Batlor might mako. ey of tho laloring clagses_is for a uniform rata of interost, and anothor i for chesp wmon Dotk theso aro pronounced fallacioua. Batts does not confino himself to pulling down ; _ he builds up. These are workingmen's griov- ances, he adziits, end thero must be' remedie Among these evils are the oppreesions of rail- way-corporations. For these there eecms no other rodress than Governmontal supervision, sgeinst which there are sorious objections. equal gfim for the cost to er foes nnd 2,040,000,000. The New York Eteni pricf to the Franco-Prussian war, that theflower of the people of Europe, tre kept -todir ustry, 2nd trained as machines of destructina.” $23,000,000,000 in the past ;. Jgures will snflice to give vomo faint {dea of the ex! Rence it would be s comperative relfef to during the procesa of adjustment. i ing paid of thetr debts, let them adopt and Srmly rd- aa it shiall accrue, by levying taxes upon property s ficient for that purpoze, Why msy they not be? eample of indebted states; her 1 some $40,000,000,000 and ket debt 30apt £1,000,000,000. Were it poesible that the whole’ debt eou: morrow, by the transfer of property to ol sola,—sssumming, that the levy and the epy or .be equitably_niade,—nobody would be Foorer than 1o I8 toudsy. The national wealth would be the eatric,— $40,000,000,000 unincumbered, inrtead of $44,000,609,000 incumbered by 8 morigage of #,0W,00,000. 'Cats it ‘with truth be sald that the resourcea of slatevmanay are fadequale to make sn adjurtmeat of that dat ten or twenty years, using money s fta chief u- strumentality, to a ringle class of the British people? . For tha present it will be taken fof granted that should thy great deltor natiuns exbibit the s2mo resoiu sistent determination which they bav, certaln crises in thelr respectivs historice, aud wris; o bear on & policy of rapid liguidation of their publia Mr. Ono of the ‘most_grievous wrongs from which society, which still includes the working clasees, uffers, is tho public dobt. This part of Mr. Butts’ papor is vecv atiractive in the novelty of its views. burden by Mr. Chris}6lm, a British suthority, estimates tho cost to GrZht Brifain of the wara sho has been enghged Hpfirat states the amount of this e colossal aggregates : t over £6,000,000,000 i3 gold. Add an o aggregate is Fost riated, 2,800,600 z0em, mince, from year to_year, idly swaiting the orders of sovereigns, all of the:n taken from productive - n .rican authority, Mr, Burrit!, calculates the anaual ar charge of Christian netions. in the eggremato at $1,600,000,000, Secretary Boutwell says the public dshia the world have increszed from $7,600,000,0603 ta few vesrs. T ‘hich thesarnings of labor sre drawn upon cve 7, omitting here the loes to capital, on sccount ol Jrars past and prospective, Assuming that §2,600.000,- 000 a year is substantially correct, that sum coustitutes Then, 3 fint and ndefeable lien or mo{imgs upon the earz- gs of all the workingmen of the civilized worll. Nearly $9,000,000 must be earnedl acd ret apart for tho 1o8es of war cvery day, before labor or capital csn mldohrlorluamum ¢ Mr. Buits believes that it is within thio scope of possibility that this paralysing weight may bo romoved from the shoulders of tho toilers of bumanity, and that, too, in one generation. Labor will then everywhere have its own reward, | untaxed by the selfish ambitions and passions of the great, and poets will no longor look to Te- mote itions for the golden age : Every person now holding a portizn of the £23,000,~ 000,000, whick, sccording to Secretary Bontwell, is ths 5 eqite of pational debts, possceses a claim against e State ” for » definite sum of monzy, eay overy #ix months ; and all such claims conatituts » legal flzst licn or mortgags upon ol the property tnd all tho earnings of the people, of whom “the State” s com= poscd. Let every nation, then, determaine that istead of paying the interest on this mortgage forevas, or for Conceasionto that gentleman's riends to hang Eaton. E fo: | R, social pouion makea & differencs. “A man | an iadednito perlod, It will “pay = tue ’mote cannot asily bo hanged who has a very good position | gsgo itself - within & me, —tog, tets o the compmunity. 1 haa Leen done In-one or w0 | OF.. st mest xeaty gears. = Tho ot of but the circumstances were peculiar. The | euch s procedure would fall malnly on property, an bor even Tho natiors bave to the policy of payicg the cost of all faturc id in o shorta pericd 7 ake Great Britaln as o fonal weelth 13 But can the publicdebis be. be ! ders or o me: without _doinr.- flagrant injurtica exl; The evil that they did lived nfl.ertbumd u; B of - several millions of - oo e A