Chicago Daily Tribune Newspaper, October 20, 1872, Page 5

THE CHICAGO DAILY TRIBUNE: SUNDAY, ‘OCTOBER 20, 1872, 5 OUR PRESIDENTS. A Review of Parties and Pol- iticsfi‘rom 1787 to 1869. The Eighteen American Presidents, and How They Were €hosen, Ten years' irial of the Articles of Confedera- tion, adopted bythe Continental Congress in 1777, proved that they were but & rope of sand, + too weak tohold together the partsof the na- tion thet then styled itself ““The Thirteen United . States of America.” Nevertheless, it was with great difficulty that a chango was made. The calling'of & Convention to frame 2 new Conetitu- tion was opposed; every proposition made in the Convention was opposed; and the ratifica- tion of the instroment it finally submitted to the Btetes was bitterly opposed. The Convention wmet at Philadelphia, May 14, 1787. On Sept. 17, it finished its work. The question of ratifica- tion divided the people into two parties. The Federalists favored it; the anti-Federalists (often nickmamed the “ Antis ") opposedit. Itwas & compromise between extreme centralization 2nd exireme diffusion of power, and, therefore, accepiable only to non-fanatics,—a class that, in sll times of political struggle, i8in a hopeless minority. Insome States, however, the ques- tion was soon seftled. Delaware ratified the Constitution in 81 days,—Dec. 7, 1787. Two other States ratified it during the eame month, and eight in the following year; but North Carolina did not adopt it until 1789, and Rhode Teland gave & reluctant scquiesence, May 27, 17%0. It is & curious fact that the opposition to itwes besed, in New York, on the undue power: itgaveto the small States; and, in Rhode Isl- and, onthe undue power it gave to the large ones. The final complete trinmph of the Fed- eralists was largely due to the then presence in that party of many men who afterwards led the opposition. Thus, Jefferson, firet President of the * Antis,” gave silent sup- port to the Fedgral cause, and Madieon, second President of thé same party, co-operated with Hamilton and Gay in uniting the -* Federalists,” which excited 3 potent influence in behalf of astification. When that ratification was assnred, the designs of the two parties perforce changed. “The Federalists now wished to give s latitudi- parian construction to the instrument, and have astrong, splendid, Central Government. The Snti Foderatits demanded. that, 16, should bo ‘strictly construed, and that the Central Govern- ment should have not & whit more power than ‘was necessary to its existence, and ehonld be «conducted in the eimplest, most unostentations manver possible. The Continental Congress of 1788 reeolved thetthe first election of Presiden- tial Electors shonld take placeon the first Wednes- dey in January, 1789, that the Electoral voto should be cast on the first Wednesday in Feb- yuary; and that Congress should 2ssemble and the President be 1naug ted on the first ‘Wednesday in March. e last chanced to be the fourth of the month—a chance that fixed an historicday. The election was duly held ; but, ‘when the Electors came to New York on the 4th of March to meet Congress, there wasno_Con- ess to meet. A quorum was got by April 6. e ballots, cast in February, were formally opened, and it was found.that GEOBGE WASHINGTOX, of Virginia, hed received 69 votes, and wes, therefore, unanimously elected President of the United States,—the States of New York, Rhode Island, and North Carolins, not voting, theynot having ratified the Constitation in time. Until after the fourth election, the manner of electing President was for each Elector to vote for two persons for President,—the one receiving the eatest number of votes to be President, and gs vae teceiring‘éha next highest number to be “Vice President. Washington was notified of his election at Mount Vernon, April 14. On the last day of that month, he Wie mangurated at New York, witha gfimp and parade that caused much displeasure. Jefferson wrote thatit was “not at in character with the simplicity of Republican Government,” ‘Al though a Federalist wes now at the head of af- fxirs, Jefferson was made Secretary of State, and Rendolph, s sympathizer with him, Attorney Gen Party spirit seemed to die away. It * was an age of hero-worehip, and Washington was agod. It wasidle toresist his name. He was ye-elected in 1792, by another unanimous vote. ‘The admission to the Union of Vermont (whose mifiun to join the Confederation in 1777 been mjamd)mmd of Kentucky, 88 well as New York, Rhodo Island, and North Carolins, increased the number of States to 15, end the Electoral vote to 182, ‘The vote for the second office showed 2. signi- ficant change. Adams, to be sure, had a decided msjority, having recéived the suffrages of 77 Electors. But George Clinton, the head and front of the Anti-Federalists in New York, had B0 votes ; Jefferson, ét;h,mdBméL Thli‘agh;fir‘e? an Opposition stren; against any Federalisi except Waabington, of 55 votes in 132, The inau- ¥m€ic‘: ook ?vlue in Philadelphis, March 4, 783. During Washington's second ferm, Ten: Tesses was itted into the Union. At this time, the territory of the United Btates was ill- defined. Bpainheld Florida (then much larger than now) and the vast tract of conntry called “Louisiana.” Few of the Indian titles bad been extinguiched in what were then the Western States. Our Northwestern boundary remained upsettled until the Webster-Ashbur- ton Treaty of 1842, and our Northwestern uatil Polk_became President. When it was known that Washington wonld certainly refase to run sgain, the Anti-Federalists repidly crystalized into & strong, lgmy. They called themeelves Re- publicans or Democrats indifferently, and were called by their opponents the Opposition or the French party, in allusion to their outspoken sym- pathy with the French Revolutionists. Varions tauses combined to strengthen them. The astruggle in Em-oga for simple, nnostentations Government could not bat react powerfally up- .on America. The ‘“‘pomp™ of the * Federal Court” a2t Philadelphia %rew, therefore, more and more distasteful, he Federal perty was formed “of the commercial people in_the seaport fowns, of the planters of the slave- holding States, of the officers of the Revolu- tionary army, ‘and the property-holders every- where.” Therule of such a party in such'a country was sure to be a short one. The eom- mon people only needed & great leader. When Jofferson left the Cebinet, they gob what they wished. A quarrel between Adams and Hamil- ton, caneed by the secret intrigues of the latter ageingt the former’s elevation to the Vice Presi- dency in 17€9, bad divided the Federal ss.rtyA A Taw of 1791, ifaposing & tax on_distilled_spirits, had caused the Pennsylvaniz ineurrection, an nt Penngylvania, under the lead of Albert 2llatin, Jefferson's ardent friend, into direct opposition to New England. The coalition of Puritan« and Quakers had hitherto made Foders:.»m essily victorions, 1t was now brolen. Pennsylvania and Virginis combined. Only an accident_prevented the triumph of the Democracy in 1796. The vote for Preeident stood : JOHN ADAXS, 71 ; Thomas Jefferson, 68. Two random elec- toral votes—from Virginie and North Carolina— gave Mr. Adems his majority. This result, how- ever, wag largely due to Hamilton, whose in- trigues ageinst Adams nearly killed the party then, and did so effectually thereafter. The ex- ceeees of the French Revolution, the threaten- ing poeition of France towards America, and the raieing of an army, with Waskington at its besd, excited again the _war-epirit, and oded il for the Democracy. But the excesses euded, Washington died, the army was diebanded, and the war-spirit subsided. The paesage, under its influence, of the Alien and Sedition jaws, by which freedom of speech, of the press, and of the pereon, were seriquely interfered with, was a great blow o the Federal party. Theee laws called out the Eentucky and Virginis resolutions of 1798-99. Inthe last week of October, 1800, just_before the Preeidential election, Hamilton published 2 bitter attack upon Adame. Its effect, although since much exsggerated, was undoubtedly great. The Federaliste of New York were so divided that Asron Burr's wire-pulling carried the State agsinst them. The Union of New York, Virgi- nia, and Penneylvania, finished Fedorslie, Tho Electoral vote was: Jefferson, 73; Burr, 73; Ademe, 65; Pinckney. 61; Gay, 1. The tie threw the selectioninio the Houss, The Feder- aliste resolved to epite their victorious foes by choosing Burr. They gob 2 majority of votes, but not & majority of States, After geven day's fighting, ‘THOMAS JEFFERSON was declared to be Hfth President of the United their ptrength in New ain. otained their stren; gn‘g n:i {flfi’;fi; time, especially in Massachu- ew weaker and ounecticut, but grew f\f’éiflefl%mfii year. Theiropposition to tho War of 1812, and their participation in the famous * Hartford Convention” of December, 1814, were denounced as ‘‘treason.” The word | Eilled the party, although the Siutes it controlled did . mol begin to exercise the rights claimed for all the States by the Democratic Virginia and Kenmfl:}y reso- Iutions of 1798-'99. 'I'he germ of Know-Nothing- ism is contained in tho instructions given by the Aassachusetis Legislature to its delegates to the Hartford Convention, to propose & Conatitu- tiopal Amendment excluding foreigners from of- fice forever, and denying them the suffrage un- til after 21 years' residence in this country. “ Jacobin Jefferson, os his foes called him, ruled with a wise conservatis and simplicity ‘that strengthened the Republican or Democratic party amazingly. Nevertheless, the party-prin- ciples were by no means strictly observed. Dug- ing his first term, in 1803, just after the admisgion of Ohio to the Union, the ‘“District of Louisiana” and the * Tertitory of New Or- leaus” were bought from France (to whom E{FHB had ceded them thie year before) for 815,-. 0,000. This purchase doubled the territory of the United Btates; but, a8 a prominent Repub- lican of the du{ said, it "¢ strained the Constitu- tion till it cracked.”” It included the land now comprised in Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Tows, Kaness, Nebraska, Indian Territory, Da- kota, and the greater part of Minnesota. Tho apnesation greatly strengthened Jofferson’s po- sition. Moreover, Burr's bullet, shot at Hobo- Len in 1804, killed both Hamilton and the re- viving hopes of the party that Hamilton led. There was Erxctica.lly no opposi- tion to the Jacobin's” re-election. He received 162 out of 176 Electoral yotes. When Burr'was tried for treason, ab Richmond, in 1807, Jefferson_manifested u de- sire to have him convicted. His courée was at- tributed to Burr's intrigue to elect himself, and was sustained by public opinion. The people were inablaze of indignation. Bur’s alleged conspirzcy with the Federalists, in 1800, to have, himself elected President, was remembered ; and it was cbarged that that bated party, wroth at its two defeats, had incited the ex-Senator and ex-Vice President to destroy the Union. The charge seems absurd enough now; but, in that time of unreason, it was sufficiently be- lieved to make Jefferson's course a highly popu- lar one, and to insure tlie election, the next year, of JAMES MADISON to the Presidential chair. He had 152 votes, to 45 for C. C. Pinckney. Four years afterward, the Federalists were strong enough to throw 89 votes for DeWitt Clinton ; but Madison received 127. During his two terms, Louisiana and Indi- ana were admitted to the Union; the war of 1812 was fought _(without overmuch regard to the Constitution) ; and & nctog over the Eng: lish, and another one over the ¥ederalists, were won, At the beginning of his rule, Monros was embittered against himg, thinkin, {hat hehim- self ghould have been mede President. The promise of the succession, and the position of Becretary of State, soothed him. 6 men inside politics ” pailed the proper wires, and JAMES MONBOE 'was chosen President by 183 votes, to34 for Ru- fus King, The growth of the slavery-agitation, during his first term, is shown in the way in ‘which Free and Slave States were admitted, so 28 to balance each other. Thus Illinois, Al- zbama, and Maine and Missouri were pitted against each other. Monroe's supportersat this time called themselves Democratic Republicans. The President was re-clected in 1820, by a vote which, under the circumstances, was quite as fiattering 25 those given Washington. Of tHe219 Electors, 218 cast ir suffrages for him. Governor William Plumer, of New ‘Hampshire, voted for Jobn Quincy Adams. March 2, 1821, two days before the inauguration, Missouri was sdmitted to the Union. The admission provided the famous * Compromise,” forbidding slavery west of the Miesiesippi, and north of the line of 86 degrees, 30 minutes, except within the limits of this State. This apparently eettled the Blavery-ex- tension question. There was a political calm. Monroe's second term is known as the * Ern of (ood Feelini:" At this time, the gmsperity of the old Anti-Federpl party reached its zenith. To be sure, its original purpose of construing the Constitution strictly had been sadly lost sight of ; but it had, nevertheless, won victoryafter victory, Tt had completely crushed its once-trinmphant foe. In 1801,it began to rule eixteen States; in 1821, it wab ruling twenty-four, and had ac- quired " territory from which many more have been, and will be, made. It had, moreover, fought what was considered s successful war sgainst Grest Britain, and had managed the finances carefully and well. The man it had Just ro-elected Preeident was highly popular; and when, in his message of Dec. 3, 125, bo put forth the much-misinterpreted Monroe Doc- trine,” (which is mg‘ly a reiteration of Wash- ington’s dogms of Non-Interference), it was hailed as the crowning glory of 'a long- crowned party. To careless_obeervers, suc s state of ailairs promised practically unending success. The_ party, ~however, had accomplished it ends. It had nothing bub the past o live upon, and 80, like all parties in. that predicament, was sure to die. To be suré its name remained ; but that was all. When President Monroe was about to become Justice of the Peace Monroe, there were no more Revo- lutionary heroes to elect. The question of the succession eplit the party. ~ Since 1800 it had been customary for a Congressional caucus to nomineate Presidential candidates. The last of these caucuses (very slimly attended) nominat- ed William H. Crawford, of Georgia, for the election of 1824 By State Legislatures and by mass meetings, ~ John Quing Henry Clay, snd Andrew Jackson were put in nomination. The campaign was avow- edly a sectional one. The respective candidates were eupported by the South, Southwest, West, and East. All four professed substantially the same political faith. - Mr. Adams favored more etrongly ihan the others Protection and & policy giulntemnl Improvements. The.vote was as ollows * Popular vote Electoralvote,.... Pluralits—Popular Adams. Jackson. Crawford, Cl 305,321 155,872 99 50,551 T 2 o 282 465 ] 6'37 Electoral 5 Majority against Jackson—Popular............. 40,318 Electoral, Aggregate vote....... .352,062 _As there was no choice by the peopie, the eleo- tion went to the Honse. On Feb, 9, 1625, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS was elected President. The votestood : Adams, 13 States; Jackson,7; Crawford, 4. Henry Clay had been excluded, by the ferms of the Constitution, from competition, and hud, by supporting r. “Adams, decided the confest. His appointment, by the latter, as Sceretary of State, raised a cry of *Bargain and Sale” that did much to limit Mr, Adams’ continuance in office to a single term. The latter's wise rofusal to turn out the appointees of his predecessor enraged the office-seekers. They joined the consol- idated Crawford-Jackson party whichwasfurther strengthened by the adhesion of friends of Freo- Trade and enemies of Internal Improvements. 1t was loudly proclaimed, from the beginning, that Mr. Adams’ Administration, though a8 pure as Heaven itself,” wonld surely be over- thrown in 1828. As hig supporters styled them- selves National Republicans, the Opposition seized the name of Democrats, and, under it, carried the day triumphantly. The election of 1828 resulted: Jackson. 647,231 18 138,134 9% Adama, 502,097 8 Aggregate vote. s +1,156,328 Mr. Adams retired to his Massachusetts home, but reappeared in Weehingtor, in 1831, os the Representative from hiy District. He kept his seat in the House until the day of his death, Feb. 23, 1848. Every year added fresh laurels to bis nume, aud he left behind him the faméus title of ““The Old Man Eloquent.” < '« ANDREW JACESON was duly inaugurated. While he was President, Arkansas and Michigan became States. During hie 6rst term, in’ September, 1830, the firs€ of our National Conventions met, and the first of the purties of one jdea, which nowadays are born with a regularity only equalled by that with which they inglorionely die, was nshered into the worid. It was just after {he alloged murder of Morgan for Lis revelations of the se- crets of Maconry. The ‘“United States Anti- Masonic Convention” met at the timo given, at Philadelphis, adjourned thence to Baltimore, and thers, Sept. 26,1831, nominsted Willim Wirt, of Maryland, for President. The hint con- taiued in tha meeting of this Convention was not lost on either party. The National Republi- cens met at Baltimore, Dec. 12, 1631, aud nomi- nated Henry Clay. In May, 1632, Baltimore saw ber third National Convention within a year. The Democrats met there, and balloted for a Vice President. Martin Van Buren was the suc- ceseful candidate. The contest of 1832 was the mogt systematic the country had seen. Jeckson bad been a strong President, had quarrelled with Lis Vice President and his Cabinet, had split his own party, and had incwred the bitter enmity of the United States Bank, to which half the West Btates. He was inaugurated at Waghi (whers tho Seat of Government hay sngton moved in 1800) in the simplest possibie manner, Tho alleged conntenance given by Bure tg tha Federal schemes was the first of tho thoes events that Lilled him, politically nd sociay Tho Federalists never tasted the Sweets of poye was murtgafed. Neverthelees, ihe election re~ sulted as follows: Jacksan, Clay and Wirt, Floyd. Vote—Popular......68%,503 50,189 Electoral it 497 1 Majority—Fop: 733 Electoral, Aggregate vote.... .!,211,591 South Carolina, whose Legislature then cast hor Electoral vofe, threw it away on Floyd. During Jackson's gccond term, the National Re- publicans became the Whigs, The party creed professed belief in a Protective Tariff, a Na- tional Bank, no re-election of Presidents, De- centralization, and a distribntion among the States of .the money derived from sales of pub- liclands. ‘The Nationsl Republicans ad had a dogma, given them by John Quincy Adams, that the Government oug{t to make great Internal Improvements. The plan of Monoy Distribu- tion was the successor of this. The party put forth-no doctrine in regard to .Slavery. 16 held men of all shades of opinion on _that _question. As for the Democrats, they agreed what Jackson thought. In May, 1835, the Democratic Nation- al Convention met at Baltimore and nominated Van Buren. The_Opposition probably failed only for lack of upity. It held no National Con-, Vention,.and four candidatesran. The contest resulted : Van Harri- White, Webster, Man- Buren e 6 s anezg T T FUIR 11 Vote— Popular. . Electoral., PlounlityPopulat 1, M L Eraeiar. 8, [ajorits- El:tn(u li ¢ Of the 204 sident, Richard M. Johuson, .who was the Van Buren candidate, received just one-half. This threw the election into the Senate,—the only case of the sort in our history. Mr. Johnson was elected, getting 33 votes, {o 16 for Francis Granger, the Harrigon candidate, who bad re- ceived 77 Electoral votes. MARTIN VAN BUREY, after & term marked by a terrible financial crash, wasrenominated, May 5, 1840, at Baltimore. Har- rison had been nominated by the Whigs, at Har- risburg, Pa., Deo-4, 1839, fo the bitter disap- pointment of Henry Clay. A new featurs of the contest of 1640 was the forced appearance of an “ Abolition ™ cuudidntafor?resitxznf —James G, Bimey. Hehad been nominated, Nov. 13, 1859, by & Mass-Convention uf Warsaw, N. Y.. and had declined to run. _This_was the famoins “Coon-Skin and Hard-Cider” campaign, in which the people were treated like children, and enjoyed the then novel sensation. The follow- ing shows their verdict: . Harrison, Van Buren, Birney. Vote—Popular........L2501 1,120,103 7,059 Electoral, 25 [ R s —Popul 1 . A 1 Aggregate vote... 241,173 It will be noticed that the aggregate vote in- cressed nearly 1,000,000 in these four years. This gaverise to many cony laints of fraud. Sena- tor Benton, in hig “Thirty Years’ View,” fully indorses these. He was, however, one of_the most bitter partisans of the day. ) WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON was President bit a month. His successor, JOHN TYLEE, was the first of our three accidental Presicents. Like Andrew Johneon, he gotinto a quarrel with the party that elected him, and found himself without ang real supporters whatever. In 1842, the Webster-Ashburton Trealy settled our Northwestern boundary. In 1845, Texas was annexed and Florida ad- mitted tothe Union,—two victories for theSlave- power. Tyler's defection had so weakened the Whigs that they polled only 25,000 more votes in 184¢ than in 1840. The figures are: Polk. Clay, 1,337,162 1,299,089 Bty 101,337, 299, "170 105 “Vote—Popular. 62,300 Electoral, Plurality—Pop 2 Mojority—Electoral, Popular (oth 24,217 Aggregate vote. 2,698,551 The * Liberty Party” had nominated Birney at Buffalo, Aug. 30, 1843. The Whigs had put Torward Ciay, a6 Baltimore, May 1, 1844, Tho Democrats had presented Polk to the people, at Baltimore, May 27, 1844, JAMES ENOX POLE was the first President elected by the popular vote, and yet sgainst the popular vote, This eradox has since been thrice repeated,—in 48, '56, and '60. During his term, Iowa and Wie- consin became States. Polk, although P]eflgad by his platform 1o tho 5440 or fight" theory about our Northwestern frontier, nsjnated the ssreaent) boundary at 49 degrees. The Mexican ar, fought while he was President, was, in great part, the result of the plots of politiciana scheming for & popular cry with which to c the country for themselves at the naxt elec- tion. ~They were all discomfited when Gen- eral Zachary Taylor's victories made him a prominent competitor for the Presidential Chair. Thetresty of peace with Mexico, signed in 1848, added 800,000 square miles to our terri- tory. Taylors iggery was of the most doubtful d. He himself gaid: “Yam a Whig, but not an~ extreme Whig.” The Whig Convention bad & atom‘{lseseion of three days at Philadelphis, but finally nominated. June 10, 1848, the military chieftain over -Webater an Clay. Attompty to adopt o platform against further extension of Slsve-territory, against ac ition of foreign territory by conquest, against centralization of power, and in favor of & high Tariff, failed. The Convention felt con- g fident that their candidate’s military record alone would carry the day. The result justified that confidence. The Demccratic Convention met at Baltimore on May 22, 1848. Lewis Cass wes nominated. Tho platform hed-a Jefler- sonian ring in its demands for a strict construc- tion of the .Constitution, and in its hearti expressed sympathy for the French Republic., Its omission of any mention of Slavery was sig- nificant. This was already the great question of the day, but neither party was strong enongh to define'its position thereon. It was one of the curiosities of this campaign that Taylor was au%potted in the South because he was in favor of Slavery-extension, and in the North becauso o was in favor of Abolition. A *Freo Demo- cratic” Convention met at Utica, N. Y., June 22,1848, and at Buffalo, Aug. 9. At the first meeting, four Btates ywere represented; at the second, seventeen, besides the District of Co- Jumbis. Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis Adams were nominated, on a platform that con- tained the stirring phrase: “ Free Soil, Free Speech, Iree Labor, and Frea Men.” The elec- tion resulted thus: Taylor. Cass. Van Buren ‘Vote—Popular. 1,360,247 1,221,65¢ 290,798 —Electoral 163 127 ‘Plurality—Popuis: Mafority—~Electoral Popular (others ove . 152,208 Aggregate voto... 1812697 The enormous influence of & regular party- nomination appears in the contrast between ‘Van Buren's vote now and in 1836 and 1840. This contest was 80 close between Taylor and Cass, that the latter, if he had carried New York, would have had the former's Electoral majority, 0. * Taylor). ZACHARY TAYLOR was inaugurated on March 5, 1849, because the -4th fell upon Sunday. He is the only regularly~ elected Pregident, except Washington, who has been innu;;urn!efl on any other thau the custom- ary day. 'There is another tie between Washing- tlggoanrl bimself. On Taylor's death, in July, ) MILLARD FILLMORE became Pregident. Soon afterwards, the famous “ Compromise” of 1850, proposed before Taylor died, became a law. ' This involved the ad- mission of California, the formation of the Ter~ ritories of New Mexico and Utah, the prohibi~ tion of the Slave-trade in the District of Col- lumbia, and the passage of the memorable Fugi- tive Slave law. Its avowed object was to pre- vent forever any more agitation of the Slavery uestion. It really made that agitation what eward,called it, eight years sfterwards, *The Irrepressible Conflict.” "The death of John C. Calloun, in 1850, and of Henry Cla and Deniel Webster, in 185, left the men of the mew eneration, accustomed from infancy to hear of disunion a8 a possibility, to carry on the fight. It naturally waxed hotter, and 28 naturally led to disunion, The Whig Convention met at Baltimore, June 16, 1852, and nominated Genaral Winfield Scott. The Democrats had met in the same city, June 1, and nominated Franklin Pierce. The * Freo Democrats” again bolted. At =_Convention held in Pittsburgh, Aug. 11, 1853, they put for- ward John P. Hale. The vote was as follows: - Pierec. Scott. Hale, ,600,474 1,386,023 115,850 254 a 68,001 - a2 .3,142,37 A 1t E\‘ector.\ egreasto ote......L. L nder z FRANKLIN PIERCE, Arizona was acquired, in 1853, from Mexico, His torm was marked by the desth of a great party. The Whigs, the legitimate successors of John Quincy Adsme’ and Henry Clay'a National Re- .publicans, had first come into prominence in ackson’s second term. BSince then, thers had been five Presidential elections and seven Presi- dents. The Whigs had carried two elections,— those of '40 and '48. In both cases, their Presi- dents had died. Of the seven, they had had, then, four; but one of these, John Tyler, bad . deserted them. The ce of power between the two parties seems to have been well, maintained. The Whigs might well have looked: forward to victory in that troublous time, when neither party. dared to grapple with the great question of Slavery. The troublous time, however, had divided the party -iteelf. There had been no organized Anti- Slayery bolt, like that of the Free Democrats in ’48 and '52. _That might haye strengthened the party by nniting whet was left of it. ‘The re- Pression of the discontent intensified it, In '54 and '55. Whiggery really gave up the ghost. Its partisans joined the Democrats, or else one of the two pew organizations,—the Republicans and the Americans, or, as the laiter were first called, the Know-Nofhings. This proscriptive party was & secret, oatli-bound organization, with Subordinate and Grand “Lodges,” on much the sume plan 8s_the - Masons or 0dd Fellows. "Its shibboleth was: “Americans must rule America.” It proposod to compass that result by excluding all foreign- born citizens uud all Roman Catholics from any oftice whatever, and by muking twenty-one years' residence in thus country o_preliminary to the lawful use of tho ballof. It attained coneider- able sueuith in nearly every State in the Union, In Massachusetts, its candidate for Governor was electad by 81,000 majority. Tro Legislature, chosen af the Samo fimo, stood 413 Kndws Nothings to 4 others, This Legislature seént Henry Wilson, then at tho head of tho Grand Lodge of Massachusetts, to the United States Semate, Ho was known as tha “first K. N, Senator;” but the implication in that title was mnever realized. The party was never strong enough to elect a second K.-N, Senator, or one that was known as such. 1t had a National Council at Philidelphia Fob. 19,1856 The slavery question split it asunder. The Anti-Slavery delegates, under thelead of Henry Wilson, withdrew, put forth 2o address to the people, reiterating K.-N. principles, and adjourned, The main body nominated Millard Fillmore. The Democratic nominee, chosen at Cincinnati, Juue 2, 1856, was Jomes Buchanan, who stood on = platform which indorsed the re- peal of the Missouri Compromise, and demend- ed that all .now Stotes, whother north or south of 36 degrees 30 minutes, should_be Free® or Slave as their first inkabitants should wish. By this time, the blood of the ‘martyrs in Kansas had proved the seed of a new party. The Republican National Convention, held at Philadelplia, June 17, 1856, nominated John C. Fremont, and went into the cumprign with the stvmp-speaker's cry: * Free Soil, Free Speech, Freo Labor, Free Men, Fremont!” The remnants of the Whig party met in a farcical Convention at_Baltimore, Sapt. 17, 1836, and indorsed the K.-N.nomince, but not the K.-N. principles. The people left the Slavery contro- versy unsettied. Buchanan was clected, but only by a plurality. This was the vote: Buchanan, Fremont. Fillmore, 808,160 1,341,258 © 814,580 174 114 8 Plurality—Popular,. 496,925 Majority—Electoral, 5 —Popular. (others against Buchanan) 377,609 Aggregate vote, Lais 4,053,987 The growth of the ing at the South was shown by & resolution adopted at a meating of Southern Governors at Raleigh, N. C., in October, 1856. This resolve was kept se- cret at the time ; but Goverdor Henry A. Wise, of Virginin, afterwards boasted thai he was to have garrisoned Washington with 20,000 men, if Fremont had been elected, in orderto prevent any insuguration,. Immediately after TAMES BUCHANAN wag inaugurated, the celebrated Dred Scott de- cision was given by the United States Supreme Court. During his term, the Union, so soon _to _ be involved in war, wes girengthened by the sdmission of Min- nesota and Oregon. The time had come for the Slavery-question to divide and defeat the Democracy, &5 it bad the Whigs and the Know- Nothings. The Democratic National Conven- tion met at Charleston, S. C., April 23, 1860, A fight over the Slovers-plank in the platform caused the withdrawal, in whole or in part, of the delegations from Alabama, Minmsip&i, Florids, Texas, Louisiana, the Carolinas, A kansas, and Delaware. OFf the 303 delegates, 253 were left. After ten days’ session and fifty- seven ballots, in all of which Stephen A. Doug- 1as stood at the head of the poll, the Convention adjourned to June 19, when it was sagreed to meot at Baltimore. At Baltimore, many seats were contosted. The decision of conflicting claims resulted in the withdrawal of more dele~ ates, chiefly from the,South. Among them, owever, was the Chairman, Caleb Cush- ing, of Massachusctts. Tho 195 remain- ing delegates nominated Stephen A. Doug- las. The Seceders met, voted Caleb Cushing into the Chair, and nominated John G, Breckinridge. The nomination was indorsed by the Charleston seceders, then in session at Richmond, Va. Meanwhile, the *Con- stitational Union” party, which comprised the wreck of the Know-Nothings, had met at Balti- more, May 9, and nominated John Bell; and the Republican National Convention had convened at Chicago, May 16, ond nominated Abraham Lincoln. ~ The extension of Slavery into the Ter- ritories was the vital point of this_campaign. Tho Republican party resolved: * We deny the suthority of Congress, of o Territorial Legis- lature, or of any individuals, to give legal exist- ence to Slavery in any Territory of the United States.” The Constitutional Union party, after rebuking other parties for the vagueness of their platforms, vaguely remarked that it would “rec- ognize'no political principle other than the Con- stitution of the country, the Union of the States, and the enforcement of the laws,” and said noth- ingmore. Tho Breckinridgo Democracy donied tho Tight of Congress, ora Territorial Legislature, or an individual to exclude Slavery from any Territory. This was the exact ogpnsim of the Republican dogma. Between theso two ex- tremes, the Donglas Democracy stood. The, declared that the existence of Slavery flependei ‘upon a majority voto of the white inhabitants of any Territory, and that nobody elsehad the right toexclude or permit it. On these iesues, then, the fight was fonght. Tho fact that *fusion" Electoral tickets of the Bell, Breckinridge, and Douglas parties were voted for in Rhode {afand, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, makes the calculation of the popular vote somowhat uncertain. Horace Greoley's estimate has been followed in the sppended table: Breckin- Lincoln, Douglas. ridge. Bell. 1,857,610 1,201,574 850,082 647,124 ectoral. wo 12 2 89 Plurality—Populsr 566,036 Electoral 108 Mbjority~Electoral 57 Fopular (others over Lincoln). 950,170 Aggregate voto....... 4,645,390 The contrast between the popular and Elee- toral votes of the three anti-Lincoln tickets shiows very clearly the curious gssibilities of our present system for electing a President. In October, 1860, secret meetings of prominent men hind been held in_nearly every Southern State, and had resolved in favor of Secession shoul Lincoln be elected. Thoso osolves worg prompt- ly carried out. South Carolina seceded Dec. 20, 1860 ; Mississippi, Jan. 9, 1861 ; Florida, Jan, 10; Alabama, Jan. 11 ; Georgis, Jan, 18; Lou- isians, Jan, 26, and Texas, Feb, 1. These soven States met in Convention ‘st Montgomery, Ala., Fob. 4, 1861. They adopted a Constitution, and choge Jeffereon Davis President of the Confed- erate States of America. The new Government wag in working order before ABRATAY LINCOLN was inaugurated. The loss of seven States was ‘but poorly compensated for by the admission of one,—Kansas,—in January, 1861, Nevads fol- lowed in 1864, At 4:20 a. ., April 12, 181, tho firat shot was fired at Fort Sumter. It was the signal for a rush to arms and into the Republi- canparty. The Democracy repeated the fatal folly of the Federalists in regard to the War_of 1812. They either openly opposed, or only faint- 1y urged, the suppression of the Rebollion. The reduction of Sumter was followed by the seces- sion of Virginia, April 17, 1861, Tennesses and Arkunges followed, May 6. North Carolina went, May 20. On this day, the roll-call of Se- cession closed. Thenceforth, the varying suc- cess Of our armies in the field was reflected in the varying success of the Republican party at the polis. Theautumn elections of 1862, coming close upon military disaster, were gen- erally carried by the Democracy. In 1863, both facts were roversed. In 1864, a call “To the Radical Men of the Nation” brought about 850 persons to Cleveland, May 81. They nomi- nated John C. Fremont, or a platform which de- manded & vigorous prosecution of the war and the confiscation of the lands of the Rebels. Fremont accepted the nomination and the plat- form, but repudiated the confiscation clauge in the Iatter. the movement failed to gather any strength, he subsequently withdrew. The Republican or “Union” National Convention met &t Baltimore, June 7, 186¢. On the first ballot, every State xopreseited, with ono exce tion, voted for Lincoln. Missouri gave her bs: lotin favor of Grant. The platform indorsed the Emancipation Proclamation, demanded the extinguishment of Slavery, and urged sc- tive war mensures, Reverses befors Rich- mond _ {followed. Tho people became gomewhat discouraged. The Democratic Na- tional Convention, which met at Chicago, Aug. 29, resolved that the war had been afailure, and called fora ‘ cessation of hostilities, with s Yiew to an ultimate Convention of all the States, to restore pesce on the basis of the Federal Union of the States.” This was inter- Ereted 28 a declaration for peaco at any price. eneral George B. McClellag 'was nominated for President. His latter of acceptance practically Tepudiated his Elntlorm, but the mischief was done, Then Sherman captured Atlants, and Farragut took the forts off fxohne, and Sheridsn ewept down tho Shenandoah Valley. Their vic- tories insured their President's victory. Owing to the army vote, therois some confusion in the retwrns. We again follow Mr, Greeley's calcnlations : Lincoln, McClellan. Vote—Popular, . 2,213,665 1,802,237 2 Elecf Lo 2 Aajority—Popuiar. 411,423 192 Feb. 1, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment, Abol- ishing Slavery forevet,-was submitted to the States. The formal proclamation of its ratifica- tion by two-thirds of them was not made until Deac. 18, 1865, April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered. History was being made very quickly. Five days afterwards, on the fourth anniversary of the swrender of Bumter, Président Lincoln was assaseinated, ANDREW JONXSON soon émbroiled himself with the Representa- tives in Congrass of the Hurty that elected him. The fight that followed, involving, as it docs, much of the history of Reconstruction, would require volumes to do it justice. - The historian who will treatof it impartislly will ‘probably be a Sontherner, born about a_century from now: The last State admitted to the Un- ion—Nebraska=~came in in March, 1867. The Inst Territory acquired vwis Alasks, “zm its 578,- 000 square miles, bought from Russid, in 1865, for 27.500.000. July 23 of the same year, the Fourtecnth Amendmont, conforring equal rights of citizenship upon blacks and whites, snd _de- Dying to cortain classos of Rebels the right to hold office, which had sbeen sub- mitted to the States June 16, 1866, was proclaimad as ratified. The Republican National Convention met at Chicago, May, 1858, ond nominsted Geriers} Grant: he platform declared that negro stffrage it the North should be lett to the people of each Stats, and urged the speedy removal of ‘the disibilities of the Iate rebels. The Democrats assembled at New York, July, 1868, and medo Horatio Seymour their candidate. Their platform demsnded i mediate Universal Amnesty, aud the regulati of the franchise in each State by its own citi- zens, and denounced the Reconstruction laws of Congress. The race resulted thus: Grant. Seymour, Vote—Popular. 3,018,191 2,703,606 TElestoral, 214 0 Majority—Popula 09,585 Electaral, 1 Aggregate voto.. 5,716,797 ULYSSES B. GRANT ia the fifth man whoss_distinction as & soldier bas given him the highest civil office in the world, Just'before his inauguration, Feb. 27, 1869, the Fifteonth Amendment, giving the ne- gro the ballot, was submitted, to tae States. The annonncement of its ratification was made March 30, 1870. The measures of Grant’s Ad- ministration, the political phenomenon of the carpet-baggers, the formation of the Liberal party,—these are the topics of to-day. The campaign which concerns them is not & fitting time to impartially review them. e CHICAGO. BY REV, PROFESSOR W. £, BLANCIOAND, Proud city, Queen of all the West, In Bery robes so lately dressed, Like magic, in her sovereign pride, > Bbe stands, proud Queen, her Jako beaide, Robuilt ere one short year is done, Fhshirg new splendors in the sud,— Rebuilt fo glow in radiance brigat, Darting freeh beams of living light, ¥ ‘Enchsntment to the gazer’s sight, With dome and spire flung quick on igh; Vast wondrous piles,—they prophes That peril's fate, £ho can defy'! Resplendent, peerless, from tbe first, ‘A new.born Phenix she hath burst From her charred ruins, sombre diist, Galden ber wings, her plumago fair, . With crest high-towering in the air, New grandeur, greatness, she doth ghare! Her past, all brilliant, fled away, Pales now before her dawning day,— Great day of glory yet to be, Hailed_ by the lands from 6ea to ez, To grow, incresse, to wax supreme, Light, light tbe earth with central beam Of cotrage, valor, prowess, skill, bllo patriot deeds sl biightcn still1 Her voloe,—'tia power ; it fl1s with awe, Deepens its tone for righteous law, Waking with clarion-echoes round ; Her blasted mould turns ballowed ground ; Dork desolation’s fearful blight Tecma with new homes of joy, delight, Nev, matchless wonders, nnsurpsssed, Wheko etrode, whero raged the fiery blist, Lift thelr proud forms, imperisl, geand, . A wilderness, fu beauty stand, Showing tho Artist's cupxing hand, blazoning genius o'er tho land ! Gorgeous, unparalleled, sublime, The grandest wonder she of Tume, - No Pharos of the Elder World Buch beacon-lights hath yet unfurled; Noland such symbols bath unsealed, Such crowning emblems yet revealcd, Such ensigns fiourisbed, grandly great ! To lure, {avite, thrill, captivate, : Baslbec’s wonders crumble down § 3 TLey point but to a past renown Where once imperial purples flowed, The bat, tho owl, make their abode, Egyptian obelisk, dumb Sphinz, Grow obeolete; Bero marlio thinks; From basement stors, loftiest tosw Smiles greet the rosy-circling bours ; With more than Grécian, Roman fam Decks, gilds, adorns Chitago's namel Giganiic in her early race, Her Future shall her Past efface. Her Commerce, with colosaal tread Flinga wide its arms, a world o wed ; With eaglo gaze, its lightning glanco Goes with the sunbeam in advance. ‘htia Hesyen's great splendor waves its rod, Garners the golden sheaves of God | 5, kingdoms, empires vast, from far, Drswn by her beaconing, brightening star, For Fortune's smiles shall here repair, ‘Her 3poila to lands remote shall bear, ‘And whilo to her they turn thelr ese, And come and trsfic, sell, snd buy, Megnanimous, with flowing chest, Shs ehall unlade to them her breast. Bhe'll soothe, easo earth's long-festericg wos; Make Enowledge, Learning, statelier grow; With new-escutcheoned, preared fame, Give Sclence, Art, a world-wide relgn ; oble, grand, 4 Azch bow of promise on eich land 3 Commerce, Faith's bandmaid maka to b By good impartéd, nations freo! That bo thy tail, thy labor long, ‘Reguled by Frecdomvs wakiog song; In splendar, pomp, as thou shalt rize, 1llume, bedeck these Western skicz. Be thon Earth's glorious, central mart, Where thousand streams of blessing start, Whoso silver currents, as they flow, Nations shall less of sorrow know. ‘Pure 15 the flowers that kiss thy feat, Thine infiucnce be as fragrant, sweet, in energy, with soul of fire, Mankind With grandest deeds Inspire, Ages unborn, yet loud to chime, Waft, waft thy power, vast, great, sublime? Risinig in suguct graidenr, pride, Thiy oty-tinged beaateons abe beside, Theso prairie-realme, vast empires, grest, Magalticent demesnes, estate, Vast Paradise of earthiy good, Where Nature, in her proudest mood, Gives man and beost abundant food, " ere hangs empurpling, clustere e, Where sparkles raby-lustered wine, Where days are gold, where atars deep-shine, Whero birds in beauty deck the air, ; Whero flocks and herds, unnumbered, rare, Roam o'er the Iand, blithe, freo from care, Whero Iandscapes, shimmering in the sup, age begun, bl spesk thy fulness, el dower, A8 thou shalt Tise, o'er lands shalt tower{ Of endless resources, glorious, grand, Held in thy royal, queenly band, Thou the great almoner of God, Shalt spread His trensuries abroad. From land to Jand, from sea to sea, Hailed, welcomed, shall thy coming bo! No Lybian monarch, in his,pride, No nugust conqueror, deifiéd, In fame with thes shall stand beside, No matchless temple of the sun ith trellised foliago centurs-spun, With thy bright altars shall compare, Speal, tell of gift, so costly, rare. e e M Stage Realitics—Fechter’s Preseaco of Mind. A French correspondent of the Orchestra gives gome details of the working of the wonderful ship Bcene in the Gaictie drams of “Le Fils de da Nuit.” We are told the stage is anfimls cleared, and three long lines of rails are lai down—one cominxiulnight down from the back toward the footlights and another from tha left wing, while the last traverses the stage at the firat grooves. The big vessel, mounted com- plete upon & platform furnished with rollers, re- mains till wanted at the extreme back of the stage, and is pushed down the rails and turned 0 left ready to enter. Tho painted cloth, representing the ocean, is then laid down, and the first row of ““waves " take their places. There are little boys who, armed with semi-cir- cular canes, creep under the canvass, and push- ing their covering, imitate the movement of the 80a. Thera are fifty of theso ngefnl aids inall ; the second row boing composed of fall grown men on their knees, and the Iast and most stormy undulation of the main are formed by suxiliaries who stand erect. The electric light plays upon the top of the waves, and the brig appears. It soon reaches the middle of the ecene, where & turn-table is fixed, supported by the robust shoulders of twenty-five men, who, by movin% up and down in measure, imitate the rolling and pitching of aship in a gale of wind. The attacking boats now come along tne line of horizontal rails, andthe vessel is boarded and taken after hot hand-to-hand fight. When the piece was first produced, some yesrs ago, Mlr. Fechter was playing in Paris, and hig presence averted a contrelemps. The cloth rep- resenting the gaa gave way in one part, and the head and bust of one of the ‘““waves,” who for the sake of cooluess had divested himself of hig n&gu garments, came through, and femained fully exposed to tho gaze of the audience. Mr. Fechter, who represented the pirate Captain, and was supposed to command._on deck, did nof lose his presence of mind, but immediately cried out, A man overboard!” Aided by the crew the amazed super was hauled on board, amid the applause 6f the gratified spectators, who fancied nt this rescue from s Watery grave formed wveesennns 015,50 | past of the play. LONDON. The British Metropolis as It Is===Dore’s Skketches. From Our Own Correspondent. ‘' Loxvox, Ozt 3,187, Does any living soul imagine he knows Lon- dongsitis? Esxists there one who thinks he has seen o tithae of its wonders, its miseries, its greatnees? I have heard observing, thougltful people, who have lived in London all their days, remark that overy week, almost avery day, they come upon spots or scenes that are com- pletely new. The dense mass of humanity here congregated is ever changing. Mortal ken can never embrace the whole of its myaterious char- acter. Here is THE FRENCE ARTIST, DORE, with the eye of an eagle, with’ a genius ever goaring amongst the terrible, the stipernatural, the wierd, and ghastly. Dore has been bending ‘his powers to the work of representing pheses of London, and I am sure e must feel that hehas only given & few passing lights and shades, as he might pdint a flying clond or a mountainous wave, Still, his conscientions labor deserves warm dckinowledgment: No ene before has dons 80 much. . Dore, during the war, was @& misersble. man. For a long time he hid himeelf away from saciety, in a state of profoundest gloom. He had so expected a different ending! His oldest friends found himsilent and stern. Theyscarce- 1y recognized the joyous companion, the cager, enthusiastic-comrade, At length -it was sug- gested he should WANDER OVER LONDON, and sketch, in his own bold way, turesque and typical. This he hes done in & vast number of forms, some of which I may attempt to indicate. * HAY-BOATS ON THE THAYES, floating to London in the moonlight, with the dome of St. Paul's cen through a thin mist, and with aforest of masts on either side,—ia the firat of the series which gets any hold upon theatten- tion, “ NIGHT SCENE AT THE DOCKS showa o crowd of figures mobbing and hustlin their way to & spot at whichtheirlaboris secura 2t & wretched rate. The docks are full of char- acter. ‘Tho *laborers” have amongst them men of various nationalities, and of all thesocial ades. Prodigal sons constantly end as dock- f:boxem, or, at least, have a tasteof that ex- perience before they return. Some, too, of that number would be found among the forlorn crea- tures stretched on beds, with their heads to the wall,ina 8, 4 XIGHT-REFUGE,” while a clergyman reads to them by & flickering light. Among the most distressing of my own peregrinations was one to & refage of that kind, to wfilch T was invited by the excellent people who maintained it. There were shiftless, idle vagabonds, doubtless ; but there were also vie- tims of sheer misfortune, literally without & roof to cover their heads. Dore does not u&ghe- sent more than the outward discomfort. The sketch is general, and gives a fair idea of the &cene. No wonder tho artist lingers AMONGST THE DOCKS, and seeks again and again to give us glimpses of the Thames throngh tangles of Esing, and ehafts, and ropes, aud cranes; of crowded lanes, with bales and boxes swinging st every height in the air, and wagon-loads of merchandise waiting to be warehoused. At every corner is a striking nofe for the skefch-book: A queer gateway, low and dark, with & streak of silver water seen through the atacks of goods beyond, and bales suspendod like spiders from their web; a crooked, narrow streot, With cranes over every window, and the sky netted with ropes, as from tho deck of & brig; & flariug public-bouse, +with a lively sailors’ party, issuing from a brace of cabs; a break-down, fringed by a crowd of advisers ; a cloged, grass-grown churchyard, with ancient tombstones Iying ‘at all angles, likea witch's fangs. Ho gives us BILLINGSGATE, whore the gir is filled with the mingled odors of fruit and fish. The herring-merchant contends, in this Araby, with ,the wholesale vendor of oranges. Opyater-shops, with cavernous depths, ~ in which hasty men are eating, 2s Dore eays, ‘‘on their thumbs;” roomy, ancient fish warehouses and {fruit stores on the north, and only fish every- where on the south; pyramids of fish-baskets and walls of nnz{ tubs ; men in the most out- landieh dress, all toned to one_greasy, nentral tint, vociferating, ewgaring, and haggling,—but hurrying, every one. Dore lights upon places only the hx'Eh oints of which the sun ever hits, and sketches them. Ha stops at the workless of work-z-day London, and they are down, too, in his marvellons book. There is alao the baked-potato man; tho wator-cress girl ; the pale workfolk, who flit to and fro; the penny-ice dealer ; the opium-smokers ; the old- clothesman, children rolling sbout pon his greasy tremsuro, while he, with bis heavy silver spectacles poised upon his hooked mnose, takes up _every item and estimates it to s farthing. Btrange contrasts meet in these regions. The captain of the Indiamen elbows the eweater from the clothes-mart and the Fagin of the Shadwell fence. Within sight of home-sailing fleets, the needlewoman, who puts together cheap finery for the Sundsy wear of the slop-boy, works her heart out. 3 Tore tries his hand, too, upon the * TOWN OF MALT,” the massive drays, the prodigious draymen arrayed in their leather, and the whole domain of a 'hrewer, covering an acre of land, and com- grizing several streets, bridged by light iron ridges. ¢ We are not,” said Dr. Johnson, as executor to the brewer, Thrale, £0 sell a parcel of boilers and vats, but the potentiality of grow- ing rich beyond the dream.of avarice,” 2 IN “‘ WHITECHAPEL AND THEREABOUTS,” wa have eketches of the Alsatia of to-day, fearful in its poverty and crime, and yet num~ ‘bering its inhabitants, it is said, by the hundred thousand. Not long ago, Prince Charles Bona-~ parte, Mr. B, Jerrold, the Marquis of Bassano, and M.Filon, tutor to the Prince Imperial, made the tour of these horrible places, under the pro- tection of the police. AX ENGLISH CROWD is almost the ugliest in the world, becanse the poorer classes are not copyists in costume of the rich. M. Dore's companion, who writes the flescriflfivo letter-press,—Mr. Blanchard Jerrold, —dwells on this. "The keen newsboys, the negro minstrels; the lavender girls in the spring; the little vendors of cigar-lights; the women laden with bundles and children; the boy-men bound on fegal errands, “premature smokers, ostenta- tious wearers of flowers, cravats, and jewelry; the crisp, clean crowds of business men; tie lawyers with their blue bags; the shop-girls and bar-maids, of ample chignon and prodigal of color, whom the clerks regard with tender glan- cos,—these compose the pioture for the colorist. An’ English carpenter_wears a black tail-coat, like the waiter, the undertaker and the Duke. But Doro finds originals which serve his pencil in the costermongers, the orange-women and the tramps. The Pansianwas surprised, Ibelieve, at THE DRESS OF THE WOMEN, who, when they are very poor, look ghastly in ther patches trimmed in outlandish imitation of the fashion. LeFollef's plans penetrate to the slums, and the hoop, the chignon, and the bon- net no Irrger than a doyley, are to be seen be- hind the apple-stalls. "In these copyings, the poverty of the wearers has a sf ing object air. A torrible picture is that of the . ‘" NEWGATE EXERCISE YARD." The prisoners treading their monotonous | round between high walls, is one of the saddest of sights, . But Dore S'sts away at last from commercial London, and sketches the shoros between which the river, released from the trada of the greatest ort in tho world, glides smoothly, buoyant and ight with the trifies of coclle hoata and pleasure steamors, Hero the aspeck is s relief, for we come to "msiapnkj' to meadows and uplands, villas and parks, anglcs and points, locks, pictur- esque barges, and towing paths. Dore is ab' ‘home at CHESWICK GARDENS AKD THE WEST, and studies all classes, from the fashionable . man about fown to.-the West-End dog-stealer. The little bit, showing the latter with & fat dog in each hand,is capital. The sun of fashion still “slopes slowly to the wost,” and Doro catches succesafully the brilliancies and the fol- lies of The high-bred, zir I:AE e 6 high-bred, delicato, rose-tinted beanty of e s ebiliren: ES conti o flay- ridets; tho calm, satisfied sir of their cavlions; the perfect horses,—Dore delights in them, and puts them on his palette with consnmmate .gkill, The stateliness of Kensington Gardens, with the demure nurses under the noble trees ; a wedding party in 'WESTMINSTEE ABBEY, the building so venerable that its foundations are lost in the tangled, indistinct records of the remoto past; the Poets’ Corner, where Rare Ben, Bhakspeare, Milton, ‘Dryden, nser, Pope, Sheridan, Gray, Addison, Handel, Macaulsy, Grote 'Chackeray and Dickens arnmd in movrir the pic- ] upon the thoughtful spectator, and keep hisfest leaded to the ground,—inall thess Dore sue- ceeds. Esch day, esch hour, in _the Abbey " has charms to the sensitiva mind. . The choir thrills to the heart ; the organ lifts the fect from the eartt, a8 it vibrates through the chapels, filled withh the dust of Kings, and trembles through ths shadowy cloisters. Dore carries us, too, to ST, JAMES' AND REGENT'S PARE, where there are regular rccesses and sylvan villag, which eatry the mird hundreds of miles from the noise nnd dirt of the city. ~London i under green leaves” presents to the foreigner a constant source of wonder. 3 THE zofiwaxfi@l. kcumar_\'% e ly & suggestive subject, an or: mfim ev%n more of it. The sentimental linger by the gazelles ; the hoyden makes merry with the parrots; the children gather in the monkey-house; the maecnline-minded Amazon watches the lion rasping the shin-bone with his rough tongue: On & Sundsy afternoon, you will seo there the newest Prince and Princess ; the Iatest fantastic Ambassador from * cruel islands 'mid the far-off sea;" the Patliamentary orator; the silver-tongued advocate; the fashiongblephy= sician ; the bearded and furrowed traveller; the prime donne of the provious night, who packed the rival opers honses, and who are .now attend= ed with sn obsequmious court. In the summer, the capal gt the outakirts of the garden creet through banks of superb greenery; tho shrul beries are gay with flowers; the bleckthon fills the air and delights the eye with its blossoms. The_effect is curious when, in this essentially English spot, the elephants come along with & ‘mighty shambling hir, and when the screams of the parrots draw the eye to their radiant plumes. IN THE GREENERY, which is acoessible to the Londoners, Mr. Jer~ rold observes, in the parks in these gardens at Windsor, Hampton Court, Greenwich, Ches- wick, snd Kew, there are studies of nature which refresh every cast of mind. Asin the Re~ gent’s Park, the holidsy-moker can study the animal life of every clime, so st Eew, in the Palm-house, he can_transport bimself from the Vapory richness of English park scenery to the climes where the banana spreads its festoons of luscious food. The rich have Cheswick, and the Botanical and Horticultural Gardens; the many are delighted; with the flower-shows of the Crystal Palace, and the ever-blossoming slopea of Sydenham, that grow in beauty year by year. These shows and public &ardens have given to the poorer classes the taste for flowers, which the hawker satisfies ata che? rate, even in the dingy lanes of tha East End. THE WOIE . Thave been noticing is to be completed in twelve ‘monthly parts, ten of which have ziready :.B- peared. e type and the engravings are mirably execated, and 5s. is charged for each number. Thus the whole work will sall for £3, This is & high figure, but the book is worth it. QUIPS. . Why are elections like tents? Because the canvass ends 2t the polls. r L-Why is & middle-nged gentleman like the Athanasian creed ? *Cause he's a medimval cuss. —A sick wan was told that his wife would prob= ably marry sgain. “All right,” said he, ‘“fof there will be one man to lament my death.” —A wife wrote to her husband, absent in Cali- fornis, that the longer he stayed away the better she liked him. Rather equivocal, that. X —Here isa “personal” advertisement ina Trench ne per: ‘Elizs, you can retumn to the house; the boil on my noseis gone.” —A man up in New Hampshire named his two children Ebenezer and Flora. He always to them as Eb and Flo—v¢ hdf ‘nicknames. —Josh Billings says: “Iwill state for the informationtwf those who haven’t had a_chance tew lay in insect wizdum az freely 2s I have, that one single hornet, who fecls well, will break up & whole camp-meeting.” —A poor young man remarks that the only advice he gets from capitalists is to *live thin his income,” whereas the difficulty he ex~ periences is to live without an income. \—A medical student of some promise defined .the much {alked of ‘footand mouth disease™ as a combination of chilblains and tooth-ache. —An Irishman, after enjoying & water-melon for the first time in this country, psssed a field of pumpking and remarked, “If they were 80 ood when green, how much better they must e when ripe ! 7 —A man recently broke off » marriage becauss the lady did not possess good conversational povers! A wicked editor, commenting on the fact, says : _** He should have married her, and then refused her a new bonnet, to have devel- oped her power of talk.” 3 —An editor eays his ancestors have beenin the habit of Jiving & hundred years. His oppo- nent responds by saying that * That was befosa the introduction of capital punishment.” —The Danbury News says: * This is open- ing weelk for chestnuts. In falling out of the trees we have noticed that good boys genezally strike on their heads, while bad boys invariabl, land on their feet. The Legislature sh Took into this matter.” b —Sir George Warrender was once obliged to ut off a dinner pnrtg in consequence of the geath of_a relative, and sat down to a haunch of vension by himself. Afterhe had been eating some time, he said to his butler, ““John, this - will make & capital hash to-morrow.” * Yas, Sir George, if you leave off now!"” —An absent-minded man entered s Troy shos ‘store the other dsy, and wanted his boy measured for & pair of shoes. “But where'’s the boy ?” eaid the dealer. ‘‘Thunder!” said the man, *T've left the boy at home. TIl go and bring him,” and off he started for his houso, gix blocks away. 5 —The lafe Rev. Norman McLeod, of Glasgow, o giant of 3 man, in company with a minister of smaller stature, Was once crossing a lake in the Highlands when & storm arose. One of the assengers 8aid : , “The two ministers should ggginwpx:ny or we'll all be drowned.” *No, no,” answered the boatman, * tha little one may pray if he likes, but the big one maun tak’ an oar.” "—A plessant-looking gentleman stepped out on the platform, mg inhsling the fresh air, enthusiastically _observed {o the brakeman, “Yen't this invigorating?” ¢No, sir; it is Bethel,” said the conscientions employe. The plf?nt-looking gentleman retired. ;. lones assumes, on coming home to dinner, the 'belrmg of an outraged husband. * Why is it, Mrs, Jones, that yom ride throngh street in the very equipsge I am struggling to maintain !o;g:n 8t high charge, and cut your ‘husband!” . Jones at once reassures him. “ You certainly would not have your wife, froza a five thousand dollar barouche, bow tos man who is at work for his living !” —Clerical gentleman (who objects to smoke and means to make_an example) : ** May I in- uire your nsme, sir ?” Commercial traveller = “To be sure you may. I'm Davis, from Brad- ford, in the stuff trade. Wkat line might Joure be ?" Clerical gentleman (with imny§ : “The spiritual, sir.” Commercial (not noticing the irony) : #Isit though? What an_awful prica you've got ginup to theIast fortnight!” The clerical gentleman discovered he had s friend in. another car. —An_elderly gentleman, whose locks were silvery by the snows of many winters, appeared in Danbury, Tuesdsy. From a seedy cha‘p on Main street he learned the sad, sad news. “Not s drop?”_ he asked, with touching ansiety. “Nary s drop,” said the seedy chsp with un- pleasant confidence. The elderly gentleman sadly returned to the depot,and thrusting & dog{lly affected faca into the ticket-office window, eadly inquired, *Whero is our boasted civiliza— hem—that is—I mean—what is the fare to Bethel, d—n it ?” —Scene: A metropolitan Hotel telegraph cffice, early Monday morning. Young gentle- man operator, nfter repeated calls for s young 1ady operator in a branch offico, at Isst gets a re- sponse, and then, #click, click, click, click” (fortissimo). he telegraphs back to her ve- hemently, I have been trying to catch you for the last half hour.” In a moment the follow- ing Bpicy reply came tripping back tohim over the wires from the telegraph suburban maiden : “Pooh! that's nothing; there isa young man here who has been irying to do the samo thing imc' the last two years, and he hasn't caught me yet.” 5 e M. Thicrs and lis DressingsGown, From the New York Ecening Fost. | Not many days ago BI. Thiers received from his Paris tailor a handsome dressing-gown. When the parcel was handed to the President there were three women present: his wife, his sister- in-law, and a friend of theirs. The President tried it on, and found only one faulf with it, namely, that it was somewhat too long, and sug- gested that it was a fault which might be casily remedied at home, without sending it back to the tailor. ' To this the women assented. Mme. Thiers wished to snrprise her hus- band; and contrived.during the course of the ovening to shorten the dressing- i own and lay it back inite place mnperceived. In her hurry to get it done quickly she did not notice that her sister had been_beforehand with her, and had already completed the task. - Later on in the evening the friend stole away :from the company, and carried out the ides she had Planned in her own mind of being the one who should portorm this pleasing daty. - Next mom: ing M. Thiers called for his dressing-gown, an all threo women chimed in, “Its quite ready.” 1t was brought and tried on once more, but time the President had not to complain of undue length, as it resembled s shooting-coat more Fhan & ArASsinQ.rnED in 38 chamnle aesees kicea