Casper Daily Tribune Newspaper, January 7, 1924, Page 2

¢ . er ti I 5 a uJ it CheTaS Sse P. oS a PAGE TWC Two TEXT OF WINNIN [S ANNOUNGED | (Continued from Page One- league ad {ts organs has been pro- posed during the life of the present administration, but also how much been actually begun. Officially or Unofficially the United States Is Represented on Many League Commissions: The United States government has accredited its as men consulting capacity” upon four social welfs of the league, viz: traffic in women an@ 3 2 anthrax (industrial hy. Our government is a full member of the international hydrographic bureau, organ of the league. Our government was represented by an “unofficial observer” in the Brus- sels conference (finance and econo. mic commission) in 1920. It sent Hon. Stephen G. Porter and Bishop Brent to represent it at the meeting of the opium commission last May. Our public health service has taken part in the serological congresses of the epidemics commission and h helped in the experimental work for the standardization of serums. Our government collaborates with th ague health organization through the ational Office of public healt , and with the agriculture of the league labor orgar through the in ternat te of agriculture at Rome. In February, 1923 Secretary Hughes and President Harding form- ally recommended that the sena approve our adheston to the perma-| nent court under four conditions or reservations, one of which was that | the United States should officially | participate in the election of judges by the assembly and council of the| league, sitting as electoral colleges | for purpose. Unofficial cooperation from the United tes with the work of the league includes membership in five f the socia] welfare commissions or committees of the league, in one on economic reconstruction, and in one (Aaland Islands) which averted al war. American women serve as ex-| pert assessors upon the opium and traffic in women commissions. Two philanthropic agencies in the| United States haye between them pledged more than $400,000 to sup- Port elther the work of the epidemics commission or the league inquiry into conditions of the traffic in wo- men and ebildren. How Can Increasing Cooperation Between the United States and the Organized World be Secured? The United States being already so far committed to united coun- sels with leagueagencies for the common social welfare, all of which have some bearing upon the preser- vation of wer!d peace, the question before us may take this form. How can increasing cooperation between tho United States and the organized world for the promotion of peace and security be assured, in forms acceptable to the people of the United States and hopefully practicable? The United States Can Extend Its Present Cooperation with the League's Social Welfare Activities Without any change in its present policy, already described, the Unit- ed States gove:nment could, first, show its willingness to cooperate similarly with the other humano and reconstructive agencies of the To four of these agencies that government had already sent ory powers, It &S properly accept invitations to accredit members with like pow- ers to each one of the other wel- fare commissions. It has already received invitations from two <‘ tue latter. It is, secondly, immediately prac- tleable to extend the same kind of cooperation, whenever asked to do it, so as to include participation ir, the work of the commissions and technical committees of the labor organization. The record shows that such cooperation is already be- gun. The single common purpose of all these committees is the collection and study of information, on which may be based subsequent recommenda- tions for national legislation, All conventions and resolutions, ommended by the first three con. sre of the international labor organization, have already been laid before the senate of the Untted States and, without objection, re- ferred to the appropriate commit- tee. No different procedure would have been followed if the United States were a member of the labor organization of the league. An Immediate Step Is Adherence to the Permanent Court re A third immediately step is the s 'S approve proposal th United States ad here to the permanent court of in- ternational justice for the reasons and under the conditions « § 2 Hughes and Harding in February, 1923, Th three suggesions flor in creasing cooperation with the famll of nations are y with poll- cles already ment, and i policy so old and we'l that it may now be ed by | ident | | | recognized called tradi- tonal, They not involve a question of me hip the League of Nations as now constituted, but it cannot be denied ths lead to the threshold of uestion, Any further step toward coo must confront the proble: relations between the Un nd the assembiy nations in tl eration m of direct ed States iy ahd council of league.* *Fifty-seven states, including Ger- | many, are members of the interna- | tional labor or t of the | league. There are 65 inde pendent states the y As long as water flows under the | bridge successful desserts will be made with Van Duzez’s Certified | es, i Flavoring Extrac' G PEACE PLAN 0 BY COMMITTEE } In Actual Operation the League Employs No Force. The practical experience of the league during its first three and a half years of Ufe has not only wrought out, in a group of prece- dents, the beginnings of what might be called the constitutional law of the league, but it has also shifted the nphasis in activities of the leagi 1d foreshadowed important modifications in its constitution, the In a general ag ment to and coerce. Bi of those suggest the action of a worldstate which never existed and does not now exist. How far the present league is actually re- sved from functioning as such a state is sufficiently exhibited in its dealings with Lithuania and Poland over Vilr and their pmmon boun ; dary and with Greece and Italy over Corfu. | Experience in the last three ye: has demonstrated probably {nsupet able difficulties in the way of ful- filling in all parts of the world the | large promise of article X in respect to either its letter or its spirit, No one now expects the league coun cil to try to summon armies and fleets, since it utterly failed to ob tain even an. international _ police force for the Vilna district. Each assembly of the league has witnessed vigorous efforts to inter pret and modify article X In the fourth assembly an attempt to ad an interpretatic of that ar. ticle in essential agreement with the senatorial reservation on the same subject in 1920 was blocked only by a small group of weak states like Persia and Panama, which evidently ttributed to article X a protective power that It possess- rs es only on paper, Such sta in possible fear of unfrier, neighbors, must decide whether the preservation of a form of words in the covenant is more vital to their peace and security, and to the peace and security of the world, than the presence of the United au at the council table of the family of nations. As to article XVI, the council of gue created a blockade com mission which worked for two years to determine how the “economic weapon” of the league could be ef- ficiently used and uniformily ap- | plied. ‘The commission failed to dis- cover any obligatory procedure that weaker powers would dare to ac- cept. It was finally agreed that each state must decide for itself whether a breach of the covenant has been committed The second assembly adopted a radically amended form of article XVI from which was removed all reference to the possiblity of em. ploying \military force, and in which the abandonment of uuiform obliga- tion was directly provided for, The British government has since pro- posed to weaken the form of re quirement still further, Articles X and XVI, inal forms, have therefore been practically condemned by the prin cipal organs of the league nd are today reduced to something like in- nocuous desuetude. The only kind ef compulsion which nations .can freely engage to apply to each other The Leadership of the United States in the New World Is Ob- VMiously Reeoognized by the League significant in their orig. Another development in the constitutional practica of the league is the unwillingness of the league council to intervene wn any American controversy, even though all states in the wv World except thre leagu This refusal became evident in the Panama-Costa Rica dispute in 1921 and in the quarrel between Chile, Peru and Bolivia, a quarrel which impelled the last two states to absent themselves from the third assembly wherein a Chitean was chosen to preside. Obviously the league intends to recognize the leadership of the Un- tes in the new world pre- cisely as the United States claims This is nothing more or less are members of the tha the o! of an unwritten law limiting the powers and duties of the league council, defined in article XI of the covenant, to the questions that seem to threaten the peace of the old world. When the | Fortify the system against Colds, Grip and Influenza which destroy germs, act as a tonic laxative, and keep the sys- tem in condition to throw off all attacks of Colds, Grip and Influenza. The box bears this signature C.U Lrovre ai we. de Casper Daily Cridune ing, as has been shown, and at the touch of the United States the pro- cess can be expedited. In no other way can the organ- ized world, from which the United States cannot be economically and spiritually separated, belt the power of public opinion to the new ma- chinery, devised for the pacific set- tlement of controversies between nations and standing always ready for use. The United States Should Partici- pate in the League's Work Under Stated Conditions The United States government should be authorized to propose co- operation with the league and par- ticipation in the work of its as- sembly and council under the fol- lowing conditions and reservations: The United States accepts the United States is willing to bring the two halves of the world to- gether for friendly consideration of common dangers, duties and needs. it will be possible to sectire, if it is desired, closer cooperation between the league organizations and the Pan-American union, already @ po- tential regional league. It is con- ceivable that the family of nations may eventually clearly define cer- tain powers and duties of relatively local significance which may be developed upon local associations or unions. But the world of bust- ness and finance is already uni- fied. The worlds of scientific knowledge and humane effort are nearly so. Isolation of any kind is increasingly impossible, and world organization, already centralized, ts no more likely to return to discon-] I. nected effort than the United United States is likely to revert to] of mutual counsel but it will as- the Calhoun theory of states rights | sume no obligation to interfere with and secession. political questions of policy or in- ctual Operation, if Not in Orig: | ternal administration of any —for- Conception the League Rea- {| *isn state. ~ lizes the Principle and the | The United States Will Maintain Hopes of the Hague Con- the Monroe Doctrine ferences In uniting its efforts with those The operation of the league has | of other states for the preservation therefore evolved a council! widely | of peace and the promotion of the ferent. from the body imagined by | Common welfare, the United States makers of the covenant. It can | doe" not abandon its traditional a employ no force but that of per-| titude concerning American inde- and moral influence. Its | pendence of the old world and does powers are to confer | not consent to submit its long es- and advise, to create commissiona, | tablished policy concerning - qués- to exereise inquisitive, conciliative | tions regarded by it as purely Am- and arbitral functions, and to help | erican to the recommendation or elect judges of the permanent court. | decision of other powers. In other words, the force of c'! The United States Proposes That cumstances is gradually moving the Moral Judgment and Public league into position upon the foun- Opinion be Substituted for dations so well laid by the world’s Force leaders between 1899 and 1907 in] II. The United States willassume the great international councils of | no obligations under Article X, in its that period. The assemblies of | present form in the covenant,’ un. the league and the congresses of |less in any particular case congress the international labor organiza-| has authorized such action. yns are successors to the Hague| The United States will assume no ences. obligations under article XVI,.in its ® permanent court at least | present form in the covenant or ealize the highest hope |in its amended form as now propos. of the second league ed, unless in any particular case con- gress has authorized such action. The secretariat and the labor of-| The United States proposes that fice have become continuation com-| articles X and XVI be either drop- mittees for the administrative work | ped altogether or so amended and of the organized world, such as;Cchanged gs to eliminate any sug- the Hague conference lacked re-| s@stion of a general agreement to sources to create but would have re- | Use coercion for obtaining conformity jolced to 8 to the pledges of the covenant. suasion only actual The council, resolving loose and| The United States Will Assume No large theories into cleancut and| Obligations Under the Versailles modest practise, has been gradu Treaty Except as Con- ally reece ling the league, as an gress Approves organized world, with the ideals of, IJ. The United States will accept international interdependence, tem-|?0 responsibility and assume no obli- porarily obscured since 1914 by the | ation in connection with any duties shadows of the great war. | Imposed upon the league by the No one can deny tat the organs | Petce treaties, unless in any parti- of the league hi brought to the | cular congress has authorized rvice of the forces behind those | Such action. deais an efficiency, scope and var-, The United States Proposes That y of appeal that in 1914 would Membership Be Opened to Any e seemed. incredible. | Self-governing State It is common knowledge that| IV. The United States proposes public opinion and official policy | that article 1 of the covenant be in the United States have for a|construed and applied, or if neces- long time, without distinction of | ary, redrafted, so that admission to party, been fayorable to ~interna-|the league shall be assured by any tional conferences for the common | *¢!f-governing state that wishes to welfare, and to the establishment | join and that receives the favorable of conciliative. itral and judicial | Vote of two-thirds of the assembly. means for settling international dis-| The Continuing Development of In- put | ternational Law Must Be Pro- There is no reason to believe that vided For the judgment and policy have been} V. As a further condition of its changed. Along these same lines! Participation in the work and coun: the league is now plainly crystalliz- | sels of the league, the United States ha asks that the assembly and council consent—or obtain authority—to begin collaboration for the revision and development of international law, employing, for this purpose, the ald of a commission of jurists. This. commission would be directed to for- mulate anew existing rules of the law of nations, to reconcile divergent opinions, to consider points hitherto inadequately provided for but vital to the maintenance of international justice, and in general to define the social rights and duties of states. The recommendations of the commission would be presented from time to time in proper form for consideration, to the assembly as to « recommending if not a lawmaking body. Among these conditions numbers T and II have already ben discussed. Number III is a logical consequence of the refusal of the United States senate to ratify the treaty of Versail- les, and of the settled policy of the United States which is characterized in the first reservation. Concerning numbers IV and V this may be said: Anything less than a world-confer- ence, especially when great powers. are excluded, must incur, in propor- tion to the exclusions, the Suspicion of being an alliance, rather than a family of nations. The United States can render service in emphasizing this lesson, learned in the Hague conference, and in thus helping to reconstitute the family of nations as it really is. Such a conference or assembly must obviously bear the ief responsibility for the develop. ment of new parts of the law of na- tions, devised to fit changed and changing conditions, to extend the sway of justice, and to help in pre- serving peace and security. SEND IT TO THE PEARL WHITE LAUNDRY PHONE 1702. For results try a Tribune Classi fled Ad. 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