Casper Daily Tribune Newspaper, January 15, 1917, Page 7

SITE FOR ORCHARD Trees Should Be Planted With Reference to Land Contour. MINIMUM EROSION OF SOIL Pian Rows in Such Way That Tillage, Spraying and Harvesting Opera- tions May Be Conducted With Greatest Ease. (Prepared by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture.) Where the site selected for an or- ard consists of steep slopes, the s should be planted with reference to the contour of the land. The rows should be made in such a way that erosion of the soil will be reduced to a minimum, and that tillage, spraying, and harvesting operations may be con- ducted with the greatest possible ease. The distance for planting is gov- erned by the kinds of fruit to be grown, the habit of growth of the variety, and the fertility of the soil. Peaches may be planted from 18 to 22 feet apart, pears about 24 feet apart, and apples from 30 to 40 feet apart. Mixed plantings, such as apples and peaches, are sometimes profitable, but the management problems are less complicated when each fruit is planted by itself. Each variety should be planted in a separate block to facilitate harvesting, but a block which contains a selt-sterile variety should be located near a block which contains a variety that is a good pollenizer. Selection of Varieties. A great measure of the success with an orchard depends upon the proper selection of the varieties of fruit to be grown. This selection of varieties requires considerable care, and it is always well to find out what varieties do best in the particular locality, and also to consult the best authorities in the state. The number of varieties to be grown will depend upon the purpose, whether they are for home use or for market, and upon the kind of fruit. Where the purpose is to have a suc- Seed \ Proper Way to Plant Tree. cession of ripe fruit over a long period, ® greater number of varieties may be used than where the ripe fruit is de- sired over a short period of time. The number of varieties of one kind of fruit is often influenced by the quanti- ty of other kinds of fruit which ripens » at the same time. In many sections the number of varieties grown for market is limited by the heavy shipping period of other regions. Kind of Trees to Plant. Only trees that are thrifty and well- grown and which have good roots and tops should be planted. Tbtrifty, well- frown trees need not be the largest trees to be found in the nursery, but often medium-sized trees will be as desirable as the larger ones. The sSmailer grades in many cases consist of trees which are weak and stunted, and often the root systems may be very poor. Though the small trees ‘aay be bought at a lower price than * THREE DIFFERENT GRADES OF PEACH TREES. the medium-sized or large ones, they | may prove costly in the end, especially if they lack the vitality necessary to make a good growth after being planted. Apple, plum, pear, and cherry trees are commonly planted as two-year. olds; that is, after they have made two seasons’ growth in the nursery, though many growers prefer one-year- | old trees, especially apple and cherry. Peaches are invariably planted as one- year-olds. } Nursery trees should always be packed in such a way that the roots will not dry out, and upon delivery at the place where they are to be} planted they should be unpacked im- | mediately. Unless the trees can be| planted at once, they should be heeled | in. A place that is weil drained, with | a deep mellow soil, should be selected | for heeling in the trees. A trench is | dug of sufficient width and depth tu receive the roots, and the trees are | carefully placed in this trench. Trees that are tied in bundles should be sep- arated before heeling in, and the earth | should be worked around the roots of each tree to prevent drying to any serious extent, Preparation for Planting. } Thorough preparation of the soil is just as important for planting an or- | chard as for planting corn or wheat. Deep plowing and thorough harrow- ing are very essential. It is a very | good plan to grow some cultivated | crop on the land the year preceding | the setting of the orchard. This crop | will not only put the land in better mechanical condition, but if a legum- fnous crop, it will increase the plant- food in the soil. Preliminary to dig- ging the holes for the trees, many growers plow one.or two furrows as deep as practicable along the line where the tree row is to go. This plowing saves considerable digging when planting the trees. Setting the Trees. Success in planting trees is made possible by avoiding unnecessary ex- posure of the roots and by thorough firming of the soil about the trees. Puddling the roots is a common prac- tice where the roots are apt to be ex- posed during planting operations. In preparing the tree for planting, all bruised or broken roots should be cut off, and all excessively long roots should be pruned back to correspond with the rest of the root system. The holes for the trees should -be large enough to admit the roots without bending and crowding, and deep enough so that when filled the trees will be two or three inches deeper than they were in the nursery. The trees should be set with a slant toward the direction of the prevailing winds. After the trees are set they should be pruned back. One-year-old trees are usually cut back to a single stem 18 to 30 inches high, but if the trees are very large three or four short stubs are left at the top of the main stem so as to insure the growth of branches at the point where it is desired to form the head of the tree. Two-year-old trees should have short stubs left which are carefully selected to form the scaffold limbs of the trees. LOOK OUT FOR LUMPS ON JAWS OF CATTLE Disease May Be ‘Successfully Treated if Taken While in Its Incipient Stage. (By H. 8. EAKINS, Colorado Agricul- Guat College, Fort Collins.) The loss occurring from the con- demnation of the heads of beef anti- mals because of “big jaw” or what is perhaps more commonly known as “lumpy jaw” is surprisingly large. Treateagnt of this disease is very suc- cessful if taken during the incipient stages, and even when the disease is well advanced it is controlled by vet- erinary skill in many cases. There is some question concerning the direct transmission of this disease from one animal to another but there is no ques- tions about the folly of taking a chance on any loathsome disease among ani mals on the farm. Any nodule or ab- scess formation about the jaws or necks of cattle should be upon with suspicion and to at once, HORSE TALKS. “It makes me furious,” Horse da sald the as he returned to the Barn one He had just been let out of his i he had walked in his stall or of grain and water. ere three other Horses in NESS, } the Barn. Two of them were called the Farm Horse pout the F: was driven t which came in I “Why are you so 2 other Horses. “I have bee the day. and did the hard work while the third Horse as the one, Ss used for for a long driv ind it's a regular It’s what they call Ir Horse, “Poor Horsie.” mér I I heard the believe. about it.” “Well,” said one of the Farm Horses, | “does it make you so angry that It is a | “I suppose,” said the second Farm Horse, “that you were growing used to the cold weather and this tired you all out. Was that ! “You are Wrong,” sadly. “Then tell us,” said all the Horses to- gether as they neighed in their stalls. You know,” said the Horse, “that I ld my head well up. other Horses nodded their large said the Horse always t Th Heads, “And, I look well when I am being Driven. I am handsome and look far from Deing a Farmer's Horse.” the Horses nodded and But when I went out today,” con- tinued the Horse, “the Farmer had a new check rein for me. It held my Head way, way up in the air and tt was so hard for me. My Neck ached and throbbed, and still the Farmer drove me along and never paid any at- tention, “I just longed to have him wear it for five minutes and see how he would feel. when a Lady stopped and spoke to the Master. “*That check-rein is very tight,’ she said. “‘Oh no,’ said the Master. ‘He is used to a rein like that. He always keeps his head up that way. He is a fine, well-bred Horse.’ “*That’s true,’ said the Lady. that is no reason why you should make him suffer.’ “ ‘He doesn't suffer,’ said the Master. And all the time my neck was aching, aching, and, oh, how I was longing to get my head down a little. The rein held it up, and never for a moment could I get it down. “Before another word was said, my check rein was loosened, and then joy of joys, I put my head down. I moved it around, and twisted it, and I shook itt It was glorious. “There,’ said the Lady. ‘Don't you see that he likes his Head down. He wants to walk with it up In the air— but not forced up beyond where he would hold it naturally. That is a very cruel rein.’ “‘My Horse Is well taken care of, said my Master crossly. “To be sure, I thought, I am well fed and watered and have a comfortable place to sleep, but, oh, the aching rein when I was having my exercise. And all for the sake of something he called ‘style.’ I don't know what it means, but I think it’s the worst word I ever heard of tn all my born days.” “And then what happened?” asked the other Horses, for they were inter- ested. “Then my Master told the. Lady to put the rein back where she found it, and slowly, gently, she held my head up again, until I had to hold it back at that awful place. “*Poor Horsie,’ the Lady murmured. “*You know nothing about Horses,’ said my Master. : “There was my head back In its cruel check rein again, and on we drove. Oh how long that drive to Town and back seemed today! And though I wish the Master no harm, how I do wish he could be driven into Town just once—with his head way beck—held—so he can't move it—can’'t let it down for a second! Then he world know what it means to a Horse who has too tight a check rein.” “Then he would know,” neighed the other Horses. “Oh, if Masters ecuid only wear check reins too, so they would know just what they are like,” they added. Daily Average Counts. You cannot “catch up” in life as you can at school; you are marked on you! daily average, asked the | % Master talking to some People in the Town | But we had not gone so very far | ‘But | troubled because you rtue. God made a mi spears tree. The earth is fringed and car- h forests . AUSTRIAN RECIPES. use dally | Austrian Dessert Cof- fee.— Make ai regu « coffee, r and n ten- Coffee Cup.—To a pint of strong cof. point \ Add | *ss yol fuls of and t cream Stir fuls of sugar. it Serve in tall shaved , then twik water, e quantity of cha and on top of this the cre Fried Chicken.— a ch for f » for three b olive pil with berbs Drain and pla ach piece well seasoned with salt then in fry urs er 2 and place or ing | 1 pour areund it made of f a pint each of milk, chicken or veal stock, th ned with the yolk of egg, seasoned with parsley and lemon juice and mixed with a dozen mushrooms quartered Chocolate Schnitten.— Melt and strain f ter beating thore ed. Adda | butter and eg: of softened choc cupful of s then » half pound ve d raisins, jalmonds and cu then a cupful of sift in a | shallow greased pan oven until done. Celery in short lengths filled with highly seasoned cream chee is a dainty relish tc Id to any menu. O helpless body of hickory tree. What do I burn ia burning thee? Summers of sun, winters of snow, Springs full of sap's resistless tlow Q strong white body of hickory tree, How dare I burn all these in thee? ~Hejen Hunt Jackson. MORE GOOD DISHES. Dates as nutritious food are not well appreciated ; they have more heat units pound for pound than beef and cost mych less, Oatmeal Date Cookies. —Tuke two cupfuls oatmeal, a cupful of shortening, two -cupfuls of brown sugar, a half cupful of water and a teaspoonful of soda; flour to make a_ soft dough. Roll out as thin as possible and cut with a cooky cutter. Put two cookies to- gether with this filling before baking: One pound of dates, chopped, two ta- blespoonfuls of sugar and a little hot water to mix, but do not cook. The oatmeal if browned in the oven will make much more appetizing cookies, Date Waffies.—Take a pint of flour, two teaspoonfuls of baking powder, a half-teaspoonful of salt, two table spoonfuls of melted butter and a cup- ful and a fourth of milk. Stir in three tablespoonfuls of cornmen! and the stiMy-beaten whites of two eggs, and a cupful of chopped dates. Spread with honey when serving. Potato Salad.—Boil eight potatoes in their skins, putting them into boil- ing salted water. Covk until they may be easily plerced with a fork, peel and cut into dice while hot. Add three ta- blespoonfuls of grated onion and a tablespoonful of chopped parsley. Make a French dressing {n the propor- tion of three of oil and one of vinegar, (using tarragon vinegar), season with salt and peper. Pour a liberal quan- tity of the dressing over the potatoes and after mixing well let stand a few hours to thoroughly season. This salad is better made the day before using. Chestnut Salad—Shel!l and blanch the nuts, boll until tender, drain and peel. Add an equal quantity of chopped celery and some bits of pimento; mix all together with mayonnaise dressing. Old-fashioned tarts are always a dainty enjoyed by all and they may be made from leftover pastry. Tomato Salad —A thick slice of to- mota placed on lettuce, on top of each slice, finely chopped celery and green peppers with a blanched almond or two. Serve with a rich boiled dressin, or with mayonnaise. * Coconut Candy.—Take a cupful of molasses, two-thirds of a cupful of milk, two tablespoonfuls of butter, all boiled until it hardens in water; then stir up a cupful of fresh grated coco- aut, if possible, although the dry grat- ed coconut may be used. oss the water | cream in each | two beaten | of | For asions it is pleasant to de | | Part from the usual and enjoy some | j of the dishes that our | until ard, remove | and cool i a serving pitcher | with a pi of sweete vid | whipped a quart of charg doa pint of shaved | ‘ken | A Unique Arrangement of Flowers and Shelis. MAKING SHELLS DECORATE There are country wher ple kind that { to be « ilt to take given | revent deer the she in conjunctic to make a very effective d fect. In the pict » flowers ar attractive by th to aid the displ an arrange- ment is easily pussible for a table dec oration. The shells can be used as often as you please. The arrangement varied and the flowers change¢ ferent affairs. ‘Lhe idea is one thit holds much oppertunity for a clever woman of the house. HYBRID WATER LILIES By L. M. BENNINGTON, There are two distinct divisions of water lilles. The groups are the diur- ual flowering, representatives of the subgroups anecphya and brachyceras, and the nocturnal flowering, which are more commonly called night bloomers. They are the representatives of the two lotus groups. When the bright August days come the flowers of the day bloomers will open between seven o'clock in the morning and seven o'clock in the eve- ning. if the weather is dull and cloudy, the pretty flowers refuse to open. They stay in their coverings waiting for the sun to bid them go on parade before the world. The night bloomers are not so sulky. They begin opening at sunset and stay open until ten o'clock the following day, and if the weather be cloudy and their day fellows are loafing on the job, they take up the burden of orna- mentation and refuse to go to bed at their usual hour, They will stay open the entire day when the sun is not in evidence, Many lovers of flowers consider that the night-blooming lilles are far su- perlor to the day species. The present day plants have resulted largely from Insect pollinations and a number of ex- periments have been conducted at the Missouri botanical view to improving The nympt the day species. carpensis and its kin- ly found in gardens, at deal of belog the typical crosses Lew “en the blue which have moe , ct pollination. They sent a trace of the gyptian ulea, the colors of which » from deep blue td the darkest pink, By ¢ nining the underside of the young ves one may tell the colors of lilies to be planted out. The color shown under the young leaves gener- ally idea of the ultimate color of the flowers. The work at the Missouri botanical lgarden has resulted in producing two hew varieties. One Is the nymphaea castaliafiora, a pink-flowered hybrid, which has a large cup-shaped flower, well-petaled and said to be much the superior of anything of its type. Its flowers measure eight inches in dla- meter and sometimes as many as half } a dozen flowers are to be found at one time. The nymphaea Mrs. Edward Whit- aker, in size, shape and length of blooming period is sald to be superior to the old day bloomers. In August the flowers measure as much as ten inches in diameter. They are light blue and well-petaled. The Individual flowers last from four to six duys and on the third day bleach to almost a pure white, SOME PASSING NOTES Thoroughly slaked lime may be tried as a top dressing on the lawn in the fall and winter. Several doses, with one pound to each thirty square feet of lawn, give the best results. Huckleberries promise to make up one of the most interesting crops of this year. They bring 15 cents a pound, In Maine the farmers average 216 bushels of potatoes to the acre, while in New York the production is only 88 bushels to the acre, Nine-tenths of the roadsides in the state of New York have no trees. A western New York nurseryman says that he has a group of tulips that have bloomed from the same clump of gives some gardens with a/ bulbs for 32 years. Geraniums fake a Fine Showing in a Long, Straight Bed. Their Varied White, Pink and Red Blossoms and Beautiful Foliage Are Adapted te Perk Drauty,