Casper Daily Tribune Newspaper, January 8, 1917, Page 3

‘ ne) SELECTION OF LOCATION FOR ORCHARDS SHEEP PASTURING G (Prepared by the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture.) Before deciding upon the location of an orchard, among the features that should be carefully considered are the roads and the distances over. which fruits and supplies must be hauled. Rough roads with steep grades in sec- tion: where there is no immediate prospect of improvement will make it al‘nost impossible to produce fruit at profit. Long hauls are expensive, rough roads cause serious damage ne fruit; and where there is close etition with more favorable lo- the profits are apt to be very portation facilities are impor- When orchards are not within r truck haul of the market, the railroad facilities should be care- fully considered. Not only must the train service be adequate, but the se- curing of refrigerator cars when need- ed and the icing of the same at reason- able rates are necessary in shipping perishable fruit, The markets to which fruit will be shipped must be accessible without much delay in transit. Where trans- fers are numerous, and roundabout connections with branch lines of rail- roads must be used, delays are fro quent and rates are high, thus consid- erably increasing the expenses. The economic conditions, such as the procuring of suitable labor and the fa- cilities for the care of this labor, must be taken into account. The climate must be considered in selecting the kinds of fruit to grow in RASS IN APPLE ORCHARD. a locality or region, for it is usually unprofitable to attempt to grow fruits in any region thet are not adapted to the conditions under which they are planted. Selection of Site. The séil should be deep with a por- ous substratum which will allow ex- cess water to seep away quickly. If the soil is run down it is not in good conditioa for the growth of orchard trees, Land that is gently rolling is to be preferred to land that is either very rough and uneven or very steep. Erosion is apt to be very heavy on steep land, and the expense of orchard operations is heavy in comparison with what it is where the conditions are favorable. If the relative elevation, or elevation as compared with the surrounding country, is high, it provides for good air drainage and good soil drainage. Air drainage is very essential, for it provides conditions under which frosts are less apt to occur, and under which fungus diseases are more easily con- trolled. A well-drained soil is almost imperative for the proper growth of fruit trees; therefore, if the site for an orchard is not well drained or ca- pable of being well drained at little expense, it is a waste of time and money to use it for orchard purposes, The climate of a particular site with reference to frosts should be consid- ered, for it is very difficult to produce fruit profitable in sections subject to severe freezes or in sections where late spring frosts occur annually. DOCTOR SANDY SOIL FOR GARDEN PLANTS Difficult to Obtain as Good Yields of Cultivated Crops as in Former Years. (By H. F. BUTTON, in Charge of Farm Crops and Soll Fertility, New York State School of Agriculture on Long Island, Farmingdale, Long Island, N. Y.) It is a common observation among the farmers and gxzrdeners of many parts of the country that it is increas- ingly difficult to obtain as geod yields of cultivated crops as were secured in former years with a less amount of fer- tilizers and labor, This is particular- ly true of cucumbers and cabbage and is noted more often in sandy soils than in those of finer texture. In some parts of the state where the soils contain a large amount of clay there is little or no complaint, and in some cases the productivity seems to greatly increase by good methods of farming. At the present time the yield of cucumbers per acre seldom runs above 25,000, while in former years as much as 125,000 were secured without difficulty, There are probably several. reasons for this state of affairs, among which may be noted the increase in fungous diseases and the probable in- creased susceptibility to. disease, but an undoubted factor lies in the chem- ical condition of the soll. In the parts of the state where the soll consists of a larger proportion of clay, it is generally the ¢ustom to prac- tice a regular system of farm rotation, which inyolves at least one small grain and two years of grasses and clovers. There is no question that the raising of grass and clover benefits the soil by absorbing from it many products of the decay of manures and fertilizers, thus rendering it more sanitary and wholesome for sich delicate plants as garden crops. In places where it is not practicable to keep a large part of the land in grass and clover, the same results can be and often are se- : q = i & 25a 5 z i : : H aan ESE if i : EE : lag } to the exhaustion of the water supply or to the cutting off of capillary water from the top soil, but are partly due to certain definite chemical compounds formed ‘by the decay of the plant it- self. Rye seems to have a beneficial effect on potatoes, and is very gen- erally useful as a cover crop to plow under where potatoes are to be grown. Crimson clover is better known in northern New Jersey than in lower New York. It must be sown earlier than rye and will not succeed on soils which are notably acid. On the other hand, it does add more nitrogen to the soil than is required to raise a full crop of corn and at the same time adds enough humus to the soil to greatly increase its water-holding capacity. The decay of crimson clover in the soil is very rapid and it seems to pro- vide just the right food for the friend- ly bacteria which put out plant food in available form. Most failures in crim- son clover are due to one of three things: (1) Sowing too late, which allows the plant to winterkill. (2) Sour soil which seems to prevent the growth of nearly all useful legumes. (3) Improper covering of the seed. At the time crimson clover is sown in August the ground is usually very warm and quite dry, making it neces- sary to cover the seed more deeply than would be done if the seed were sown in the early spring. A crop of crimson clover will add to the soil an amount of organic mat- ter equal to ten tons of stable manure, and will, by occupying the land through the winter, conserve a very large amount of soll nutrients which would otherwise be carried away in the water which flows over the surface. Land which has become unproduc- tive may be rapidly increased in value in this manner: Sow a crop of rye as early as the land is available in the fall, applying a small top dressing of acid phosphate to give the rye a strong, vigorous autumn growth. Plow this under when the rye is just coming into heed and, after ming it with a ton of lime to the acre, sow cowpeas or soy hl the ground bare through the ae Any cover crop will prevent this loss, but THE CASPER DAILY TRIBUNR WITH AIRMEN OF THREE NATIONS ON BATTLE FRONT ON THE SOMME Correspondent of the New York American Escadrille Holding World Found the Men of the Their Own With British and French Because They Have Been Animated by the Same Spirit of Efficiency. By LINCOLN EYRE. (Correspondent of the New York World.) Headquarters of the American Es- cadrille on the Somme Front.—With the French aviation Is an art; with the British, a sport, and with Americans— at least, with those on the Somme—a business. I came to appreciate this during the four hours I spent on the aviation field which the Americans share with three of the crackest of all crack French escadrilles. One cannot witness the return to ‘earth from flights in the danger zone of an American, an Englishman and & Frenchman without realizing to what an extent nationality counts sown- days in the curiously temperamenta! science of battle flying. The American escadrille {ts com- posed of youths who, compared with their French and British comrades and their German antagonists, are the veriest apprentices of the alr. It {s holding its own against big odds, because its members are inspired with every American’ ruling passion— efficiency. They fight with the ma- chinelike precision that has made American business big. ‘Their view- point embraces neither the Briton’s sporting proclivities nor the artistic finesse of the French, No “Frills” to This Report. Adjutant Givas Lufbery, the esca- drille’s star by right of mention In the official communique for bringing down his fifth enemy's plfne, landed from a volunteer excursion Into “Germany” yond the French lines many” toan aviator—soon after y arrival at the field. I watched him dismount and make his report to Cap- tain Thenault, the Americans’ French commander, as follows: “I met a couple of boches at 9,000 feet over Bouchavesnes and dived on | one of them, a thousand f below me. He was an Albatross, I guess, doing observation work. The other was an Aviatik, protecting him, so he started for me as soon as I start- ed iur the Albatross,, who was beating it away fast. I caught up in time to shoot a drum at him. he was falling, but I didn’t have time to watch, because the Aviatik was shooting at me from above. I spiraled down out of his reach and then turned up again, looking for him, but he'd dis appeared. Muybe I got the Albatross, though. You haven't h observation peo; buve Lufbery’s tone 8S as matter-of-fact as a stock broker telling about the day’s doings on the Street. He omit- ted to remark that his plane bore sev- eral fresh bullet holes, any one of which, a few inches to right or left, would have scored a bull’s-eye for the Aviatik’s machine gunner. Doubtless he figured the holes were not worth mentioning, because they hadn't {m- paired the fighting efficiency of his craft. et or 60 “A Jolly Good Day.” Soon afterward a British airman, obliged to si his allies’ hospitaltty through lack of petrol, swung down in front of the French hangars. He was quickly surrounded by a crowd of French pilots and mechanicians, eager to inspect an airplane so different from their own makes. Disembarking, he shook hands all around, lt a ciga- rette and observed airily: “Jolly good dny today, eh what? Per- fectly ripping to have a go at the old boches again after all this rotten weather. I've just been having a bit of a show with four of him—all Avia- tiks, too—but it was too much like the hare facing the hounds, you know, so I came away in a hurry. Don't mind chancing it with two boches, you know, bnt four to one’s not cricket, by Jove, is it?” His machine {n order again, the Englishman started off for his own lines. Before leaving, however, he en- tertained his audience on the ground with a series of loop-the-loops, spiral- ing and other stunts that made the Frenchmen gasp. A dozen times it leoked as if this sportive gamboling were going to end fatally. “He'd better save that stuff for the boches,” one of the Americans re marked, and a French pilot replied, PF ti SOOOCOOOL % HAS HIS APPENDIX FOX-TROTTED OUT Chicago,—Ragtime music Is the latest fad {n the operating room. It was used by two sur- geons to assist in giving anes- thetics. Dr. Thomas A. Carter and Dr. Martin Ritter brought a talking machine Into the oper- uting room at the Columbus hos- pital and put on popular airs to distract “resisting” patients’ at- Yention so they would be sus ceptible to anesthetics, “TI believe it will prove a big success,” snid Doctor Ritter. “Many patients resist anes- thetics, and music soothes them to accept.” : P. W. Coombs of 5223 North Winchester avenue, was the pa- tlent who had his appendix fox- trotted out. SOOOOCS It looked like | | “Yes, It's a mistake to do tricks just for fun.” The “Master of the Skies.” The next man down was Guynemer— Lieut. Georges Guynemer, holder of the Legion of Honor, the Military medal and the Croix de Guerre with 14 palms, he who, since the German Boelke’s death, {s undisputed master of the skies, Even before I saw the famous “Vieux Charles” inscription on the cockpit of the little Nieuport I knew it was Guynemer, from the throng of aviators and mechaniclans gathered about the machine, There was some- thing impressive about the silent way they watched this stripling rise up out of his seat and clamber to the ground. Even before remoying his goggles and helmet, Guynemer pointed out to his mechaniciuns what must be done to the plane—the cavalier thinking first of his steed. When his flying clothes had been taken off he turned with a smile to the group of airmen waiting to hear, as they always do when Guynemer re- turns, what he had to say. One would fancy that having seen foemen tumble earthward under the lightning of his machine gun, he would have be- | come a bit blase about it, But Guyne- mer is a great artist, and great artists are never blase about their art, A casual question from one of his comrades started him off on an Odys- sey of the skies that fairly rang with unconscious poetry. What he had to tell was no more important than Luf- bery’s laconte report; the way he told it was like Chenal singing the “Mar- seillaise.” All the Celt and all the artist In his make-up rushed to the Isurface. His eyes flashed, his hands shot out in nervous, expressive ges- tures, his whole slim body seemed to vibrate with emotion. His listeners, being Frenchmen, were enthralled. One realized why this boy of twenty-one is the adored of all France. “What's he so excited about?” asked one of the Americans, whose know’ edge of French and Guynemer ts im- perfect. “He must have brought down about ten today to go on like that.” From Verdun to Picardy. Without attempting to pass upon the merits or demerits of the various racial | characteristics outlined above, I may say that the Americans have won for themselves a perfectly good place in the sun of allied aviation. The proof of it is their having been shifted from luxurious establishments at Bar-le-Duc and Luxeull to leaky cabins amid the eternal mud of this field in Picardy. Tested tn the blazing furnace of Ver- dun, they were not found wanting. So now they are privileged to share with France’s nerial aristocracy the hard- ships and glories of the greatest battle of them all, Thelr quarters are a long, shedlike structure, into which wind and rain eater without knocking. Each pilot has a cubbyhole the size of a Pullman drawing room, but wholly devoid of Pullman comforts, partitioned off as a bedroom. The bed is a camp cot, There is no head except that grudg- ingly dispensed by a small stove in the common messroom, an apartivent resembling the least desirable dwell- ing in the most primitive of lumber camps. There is electric light, but for inscrutable military reasons it is switched off promptly at ten every night—“just when you're in the middle of the most exciting chapter,” as Ser- geant Dudley Hill put it. There are two forms of recreation— a phonograph and “Whisky.” The lat- ter, indeed, Is a tonic without which the Americans’ existence be- come drab and doleful. For the cen- sor's sake let me hasten to explain that “Whisky,” being animal and not Vegetable, cheers but does not inebri- ate. He is, in fact, a Hon, the esca- drille’s pride and joy. Therefore be is permitted to growl about Somme discomforts, which the pilots them- selves never do. When the weather is particularly vile and things in gen- eral look particularly blue, somebody twists “Whisky's” tall, and he does the growling for everybody. Temper Gets Shorter. Consequently his temper ts getting shorter every day and his teeth longer, so that he will soon be sufficiently ma- would his appointed destiny, which consists of being carried over into the German lines by airplane and deposited ‘there. What “Whisky,” full grown, Is likely to do to the boches tickles his present masters immensely. Meantime, being little bigger than a well-developed dachshund, this first nerial Hon plays “scrub” to a varsity team of dogs of divers sizes and provides welcume com- edy relief in the grim melodrama of the Somme. 3 Of the nine Americans comprising the original escadrille in the Verdun sector last June only ove, Lufbery, is on duty on the Somme today. Victor Prince are dead. Clyde Bulsley, who is in the American ambulance learning to walk, will never fly again, Elliot Cow- din ts also in Paris, under treatment for heart trouble and nervous break- down, which make his return go uctive S| service doubtful. James McConnell Is convalescing from a bad fall he had —r .\ = four months ago. Thaw and Chou- teau Johnson are on their way to America on leave. Bert Hall, for rea- sons best known to himself, has left the American escadrille to Join a French group. Besides Lufbery and Didier Masson, who Is in his second year as a French aviator, the “veterans” of the esca- drille are Dudley Hill, with four months’ service; Paul Pavelka, Robert Rockwell and Frederick Prince, Jr., Norman's brother, with six weeks; and Willis Hayiland and Robert Soubirant, with one month, Yet in the sobriety of their point of view these fledglings, despite their inexperience, differ little from the war-scarred “Old Guard.” Skylarking Days Past. A different aspect has come over the escndrille. Its skylarking days are past. Its members have gained a very comprehensive understanding of what they are up against. They fly when it’s their turn to fly, and sometimes when it Isn't, if circumstances seem to require it. They hunt down the enemy as resolutely as ever, but they do so because it's their business to, and not for amusement. They take no unnecessary chances, and their profes- sional enthusiasm lacks the devtl-may- care quality of the early days. They find no more enjoyment in their work than an infantryman does in a bayonet attack, but they go through with it gallantly and well, “How long is this d—n wh to last?” one hears them Inqul adays. They never asked that que: Bar-le-Duc, but then {t's a lo from Verdun to the Somme.” TO BE RED CROSS NUR Miss Muriel Oakes, one of the most popular young ladies in New York so- ciety, is going to France to serve as a Red Cross nugse. Miss Oakes thinks that all young women who are not otherwise occupied and who can ar- range to do so, should take advantage of the opportunity to serve humanity. The photograph was tawen at the Russian bazaar in the Seventy-First Regiment armory, New York, when she was helping to make that venture a success. She is shown selling souve- nirs, PLAN TO STOP AUTO THEFTS Georgia Congressman Claims He Has Found Practical Solution of Problem. Atlanta, Ga.—Automobile thefts in the larger cities have reached such alarming proportions that many plang have been conceived by various auto owners for breaking up the practice. Georgia claims a most practical solu- tion, submitted by Congressman Wil- liam Schley Howard of Atlanta, Mr, Howard's idea is to have the license laws require a duplicate H- cense tag to be carried by the owner. This is to be shown on demand to any officer of the law. Mr. Howard suggests that each city detall one or more plain clothes men to this special work. Any man start- ing a car could be asked to show his identification tag. This demand would cause no embarrassment or resentment on the part of the owner, in Mr. How- ard's opinion, but would make it tm- possible for a thief to get away with a car without the necessary tag. Promises Odorless Onion. Chicago—The odorless onion will soon be given to the world, according to various delegates to the ninth an- nual convention of the Vegetable Growers’ association of America. “It will be an onion that anyone can eat and still go abroad among one’s friends,” declared a local dealer, “It will be a tearless onion, too. Its popv- larity will soon approach that of ce strawberry and the watermelon.” a Reaching the Ideal. Of course, none of your neighbors are perfect. Sut then, are you?. But if you are to one another what you OBER 40 Oe ane an See coc ee fe perfect as It possi! for mortals to be here upon ert; “aeeage: MORE WHEAT, MORE CATTLE, MORE HOGS. Land Values Sure to Advance Because of Increasing De- mand for Farm Products. The cry from countries abroad for more of the necessaries of life Is acute today; tomorrow it will be still more insistent, and there will be no letup after the war. ‘This is the day for the farmer, the day that he is com- ing into his own. He is gradually becoming the dictator as it becomes more apparent that upon his indus- try depends the great problem of feeding a great world, The farmer of Canada and the United States has it within himself to hold the position that stress of circumstances has lifted him into today. The conditions abroad are such that the utmost dependence will rest upon the farmers of this continent for some time after the war, and for this poss perigee ce cost, DU fact that the supply, and the supp! price. The price of wheat—in 2 grains—as well as cattle, will remain high for some time, and the low prices that have prevailed will not come again for some time, After the war the demand for cattle, not alone for beef, but for stock pur- poses, to replenish the exhausted herds of Europe, will be keen. Farm educa- tors and advisers are telling you to prepare for this emergency. How much better it can be done on the low-priced lands of today, on lands that cost from ten to twenty dollars per acre, than can on two afd three bundred-dollar- an-acre land. , The lands of Western Canada meet. all the~ requirements. They are productive in every sense of the word, The best of grasses can be grown with abundant yields and the grain can be produced from these soils that beats the world, and the same may be said of cattle and horses. The cli- mate is all that is required. Those who are competent to judge cluim that land prices will rise in value from twenty to fifty per cent. This Is looked for in Western Canada, where lands are decidedly cheap today, and those who are fortunate enough to se- cure now will realize wonderfully by means of such an investment. The land that the Dominion Government is giving away as free homesteads in the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta are of a high class; they are abundant In every constituent that goes to make the most productive solls. The yields of wheat, oats and barley that have been grown on these lands gives the best evidence of their productiveness, and when backed up by the experience of the thousands of settlers from the United States who have worked them and become wealthy upon them, little more should be re- quired to convince those who are seek- ing a home, even with limited means, that nowhere can they secure anything that will better equip them to become one of the army of industry to assist in taking care of the problen of feed- ing the world. These lands are free; but to those who desire larger holdings than 160 acres there are the railroad companies and land corporations from whom purchase can be made at rea- sonable prices, and information can be secured from the Canadian Government agent, whose advertisement appears elsewhere in this paper.—Advertise- ment. His Probable Vocation, Friend—What is your baby going to be when he grows up? Financier — A blackinailer, I'm afraid. ‘ Friend—Impossible! What makes you think so? Financler—We have to give him something every little while to keep him quiet. \