The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, October 3, 1928, Page 4

PAGE FOUR The Bismarck Tribune An Independent Newspaper THE STATE'S OLDEST NEWSPAPER (Established 1873) by the Bismarck Tribune Company, Bis- |. D., and entered at the postoffice at Bis- second ciass mail matter. a eee President and Publisher Subeeri; Rates Payable in Advance Defy by Fr, per year is, Bee Ste (in state outside Bismarck) Daily by mail, outside of North by mail, in state, per year .... Weekly by mail, in state, three years for .. Weekly by mail, outside of North Dakota. per year Member of The Associated Press The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news dispatches credited to it or not otherwise credited in this newspaper, and also the local news of spontaneous origin published herein. All rights of republication of ter herein are also reserved. ‘ Foreign Representatives G. LOGAN PAYNE COMPANY ’ wee Fifth Ave. Bldg. cmcaco™ Ore een NS SETROIT Tower Bidg. Kresge Bldg. (Official City, State and County Newspaper) = soda si ciel HOW THE DRINKER PAYS BRIBES AND DEATH FEES Now and then when a minister of the gospel under- takes to discuss politics and reform he makes some- thing of a spectacle of himself. But, on the other hand, he sometimes gjves vent to Words of considerable wisdom. The other day a Philadelphia pastor, Dr. A. Ray Petty, took occasion to comment on Philadelphia’s present exposure of lawlessness, graft and crime. After laughing at Mayor Mackey’s suggestion that the + problem be solved by calling on Billy Sunday to con- } vert all the gangsters and bootleggers, Dr. Petty de- clared: “In this day of racketeering, hi-jacking and boot- legging, the ultimate consumer is the ultimate briber and murderer. In every cocktail is the blood of a gangster.” » Those are rather strong words. the literal truth. Whence comes this $2,000,000-a-year profit of the Philadephia liquor ring? Whence comes these vast sums distributed among the police force, so that officers drawing salaries of $250 a month have bank accounts running high into the thousands? Whence come the funds with which private armies of machine gunners and blackjack experts are hired? The answer is quite obvicus. The money comes— every single penny of it—from the respectable, law- abiding, orderly citizen who would never dream of supporting a regime cf corruption—but who doesn’t mind buying a bit of liquor now and then. This isn’t especially a comforting thought. When you buy a quart of whisky for a quiet little Saturday night party in your home you are helping pay the bribes with which the police officers that your tax money supports are corrupted. When you give a bill to a bootlegger you are helping to pay the wages of the hired gunmen who enforce the informal laws of the jungle. When you step into a “respectable” speakeasy for a drink you are helping pay the fee that the murderer got for that “beer war killing” that you read about your paper the other day. ‘Il Gf this is quite aside from the question whether prohibition is a good or bad law. It is quite aside from all'talk about “stricter enforcement.” If you are violat- ing the law yourself you are hardly in a position to wail about crime and corruption. 'The Philadelphia pastor was dead right. The ulti- Wate consumer is the ultimate briber and murderer. They happen to be § es toms tats 143.5454 $1t SOMO cnnLanaenenscnmmesaemoe diets: +> ><> ” 3 FATHER OF THE “FUNNIES” ‘Thousand. of persons count the comic drawings of hard F. Outcault among the cherished memories of heir childhood without realizing that he was the father @f the modern comic strip and “funny paper.” His a raised in the minds of many vivid visions of hilarious childhood hours. i Outcault was the creator of “Buster Brown,” “The Yellow Kid” and “Hogan's Alley,” which back in 1893 Began to creep into the Sunday newspaper supple- ments, adding gaudiness and gaiety to these journals. He abandoned professional drawing a decade ago, but hhis comic creations are still remembered. The influence of Outcault’s comic drawings was felt § in fashions in clothes for small boys, on the stage and # in the -n-rcantile world where his characters and their ames became nationally known trademarks. And the jodern newspaper shows the effects of that influence, the form of whole sections of comics on Sunday and es of comic strips on the other six days of the week. There will be wide difference of opinion as to the h of Mr. Outcault’s contribution to journalism and lization, but none will deny that his contribution sto human happiness was large. Beyond the power of itatistician and adding machine to calculate is the total of happy hours furnished by the funny paper and comic strip. AUTO OUTPUT AT NEW PEAK August made automobile history. The nation’s motor car output for that montth was 429 cars, which established a new record. The rd for July is 391,180. More automobiles were ufactured in the United States in August than . the entire year of 1912. ‘Automobile exports increased in August. This 0 ites recent reports of increasing national pros- ity, decreasing unemployment and improved eco- jie conditions in Europe. During the first six months of this year automobiles their accessories constituted more than one-tenth f the exports of the United States. In that period passenger cars and 58,000 trucks and buses to foreign markets. ! ¢ theory that presidential years bring poor busi- bs is receiving many jolts this year. Most fatal to ip theory is the record of the automobile industry. Has not-the industry learned something this year that prove highly beneficial to itself and to the nation 1) other mat-| j stick around, perhaps for an hour or more, waiting for Place particular emphasis, on their candidate’s exper- fence and knowledge in national and international af- fairs. Theorists in politics will say, of course, that men have always voted this way. Practical workers know they have not. Loyalty in politics is based nearly always on party affiliation. Party lines do collapse before issues and personalities. It will be argued by the opponents of the Republican nominee that most of the men and women whose names appear in the dictionary of celebrities have always been Republican in politics. That may be true, but it does not detract from the effect of the poll. They are representative of all interests, groups and classes. SORE THROAT AND SUPPRESSION An epidemic of the mysterious malady known as sep- tic sore throat struck the Berkshire section of Massa- chusetts this summer. It caused a number of deaths, medical science not yet having found a sure way to master it; and it probably cost that part of Massa- | chusetts $1,000,000 in diminished expenditures by va- | cationists, who stayed away when news of the disease was broadcast. A decade or so ago the business leaders who felt this loss would have stormed the newspaper offices de- manding that stories about the epidemic be “played down” so that vacationists would not be scared away. Now they are wiser. Instead of asking a policy of concealment, civic lead- ers are planning a big medical campaign to eradicate the disease. Strict public health measures will be en- forced; next summer, if it is humanly possible, the Berkshires will not have any septic sore throat cases. How much better than the old-fashioned effort to suppress news! This new method of attacking the problem indicates that we are making progress. BASEBALL, AN AMERICANIZER The Foreign Language Information Service of New York points out that no word in our language is adopted more quickly by immigrants from Europe than the word “baseball.” In some tongues it becomes “base bollo”; in others “beis bole.” But it always means the same thing. The immigrant takes to baseball like the proverbial duck to water, and bids fair, in the future, to supply an ever-increasing share of fans and players. Considex the names of the major league roster today. No longer are the old “American” names ‘supreme. Side by side with the Speakers and Cobbs and Collins’s there are Lazzeri, Miljus, Cohen, Jablonowski, Gehrig, Durocher, Grabowski, Strelecki, Picinich, Mostil, Gene- wich—you could go on all day. It is a tremendously significant change. Baseball, undoubtedly, is one of the greatest forces for Americanization that we have. And it will continue to be so long as lads with un- pronounceable names keep coming up to the big leagues. Editorial Comment | WHAT! NO SEA SERPENTS! (Seattle Times) After 130 years of operation in the coastal waters of the United States, the Coast and Geodetic Survey announces that it has seen no sea serpents. As be- comes scientists, accustomed to cautious statement, the bureau agents do not say that sea serpents are myths, but merely that they have not-seen any in the waters of the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico or the Bering sea. At present the Survey is operating four- teen ships. And 130 ycars is a long time, Nothwithstanding the evidence of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, laymen have seen sea serpents, or have thought they saw them. Belief in enormous ser- pents has persisted since the dawn of history. Pliny, the Roman naturalist and author, gave an account of a huge, unidentified creature, while Livy, the Roman historian, says Regulus attacked some huge terrestrial serpent as he would a city. In our age there is the report of the British scientists, Meade-Waldo and} Nicoll, both members of the Royal Zoological society, who saw an enormous sea monster off the coast of Brazil in 1905. It appears that after all the evidence is tested there remains something that prevents zoologists from deny- ing the possibility that individuals of a species pre- sumed to be extinct may have lingered on carth. How- ever, the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey knows nothing about them, and is disposed to} string the bets with that mai fact and hard-} headed crowd. HOW TO CATCH FENDER (Minneapolis Journal) The driver who hurries away after damaging an unoccupied parked car, is usuaily the sort ot fellow the: would flee the scene of an accident in which he id injured a pedestrian. He is a menace alike to the citizen that drives and to the citizen that walks. As such he should be prosecuted and punished when- ever and wherever he offends. But nine times out of ten when a man of this type damages an unoccupied park car and flees, he gets away with it, unless a policeman is near by. Why? Because no passing witness, even after tak- ing the guilty driver's number, feels it his duty to the absent driver. Tenants in a Loop office building recently hit upon a plan that worked perfectly. From their windows they saw a careless driver hurry on, after damaging a parked They took the fugitive’s number, put the information on paper, indicated their willingness to testify, signed their names and addresses, and sent ad boy down to slip the note into the damaged vehicle. When confronted with this evidence, the guilty dri at first denied the charge, but finally acknowledged hi culpability and paid for the damage. 'e recommend this plan to all who have opportunity to catch the numbers of automobiles that have collided with parked cars. Let them jot down the guilty man’s number and their own names and addresses, and leave the memorandum in the damaged car. UNFAIR TO BISMARCK . (Fargo Forum) Bismarck has been receiving some very unpleasant and wholly uncalled for publicity as a result of the rather cool nature of the reception that was accorded to Governor Al Smith on the occasion of his recent visit to that city. i Uncalled - fo say, because we know the people of Bismarck are a hospitable sort, and they are not t political di neces interfere with their LET. BY RODNEY DUTCHER (NEA Service Writer) Washington, Oct. 3.—The Depart- ment of Commerce is trying to throw out a life line to a million or more small retailers who are more or less menaced by expansion of the chain store systems. Dr. Julius Klein, director of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, has made plain that the department does not agree with those who predict the eventual elim- ination of the small manufacturer and merchant. “The resourcefulness and freedom of action of the individual will al- ways go far toward offsetting the of the more complicated organiza- tions,” he says. “In fact, these characteristics are the most impor- tant factors in maintaining Amer- ican business.” The independent merchant, accord- ing to Klein, will hold his place in proportion to his efficiency and service to the community. The same goes, in effect, for the middle man. The big concern has undoubted ad- vantages in certain types of busi- ness, but the independent retailer has the advantage in others. Klein declares: “The vast majority of independent business men with native ability, with a willingness to work, to util- ize new methods, and to take ad- vantage of new conditions, and with a reasonable amount of new capital, have as great opportunitics for suc- cess today as ever before—in fact, a greater opportunity, because of the steady advance in our living stan- dards and buying, power.” Curtailment of unnecessary costs is the answer to some of the small merchants’ gravest —_ problems, Studies conducted by Klein’s bureau indicate that his profits are often lost through such wasteful and needless practices as accumulation of dead stock, soliciting of unprof- itable customers, striving for volume of business without regard to costs, uneconomic credit practices or ex- cessive selivery, service. Larger pbatatars usually avoid these mis- akes, | oan 2 3 am THAT IS GANce fun 1 zeal in entertainment of distinguished visitors. Several of the newspaper correspondents aboard the Smith special seem to have labored under the impres- sion that a Republican controlled Chamber of Commerce refused to permit the nmunicipal band to play at the All . of course, for whatever else may be said about us and our eccentricities in the matter of politics, we don’t play that way. The fact is that Bismarck’s reception of Governor Smith, if it didn’t measure up to the anticipations of je Governor's staff, was the direct result of the utter lack of information that was made available as to the plans of the Smith party in North Dakota. Fargo had much the same experience as Bismarck, cxenet that the situation here was even more aggta- vated. Three times during the last 24 hours before the arrival of the train in Fargo, changes inthe time were effected, and when the party did finally arrive, instead ot soenaing, an hour pee ‘3 mised, ony s ane) el o was pleasant al it, and between 8,000 and ‘10,0008 of cated le turned out as an evidence of their interest in the Democratic Presidential candidate and his party. . the of the With a little more cooperati mith train staff with the Democratic i committee, the Ray, ‘was as much in the dark ans of the candidate’ yption might have been handed muck than it was, fault with he ste, hide monerally, ~~ VERILY, . WOM} advantage of large-scale operations | ”ASHINGTON | N WHAT, mw BGAD, Yous DONT MEAN -% SAN, “THAT You HAVE BouGHT ANaTHER HAT — GREAT CAESAR, + ANTON EXTRAVA- Ip Me I CAN PLAINLY SEE “THAT -—HE Blo00. Nos FoRciBiN EMBEZZLED FROM ME, WILL NoT TARRY LONG IN YouR PURSE !s | 750,000 retailers each with sales less | | space, in relation to THE BISMARCK TRIBUNE | ‘Whispering Campaigns’ We Have Heard! There are, one learns, more than than $25,000 a year, and almost! 150,000 manufacturers with yearly Production below $100,000. Specific instances are cited byj Klein in a pamphlet to show present. wasteful practices of wholesalers. An analysis showed that whereas the wholesale grocer studied carried 2100 items in his inventory, repre- sentative chain store wareho' with larger volume of business in- cluded as few as 700 items. The latter had an annual stock turn- over of 20 times; the former only seven. Serious disproportionate al- location of inventory investment of sales, were! found. eee _ Similar instances are cited for the retailers. Some retail items cost three times as much to sell as others, resulting in a net loss on evary sale. One progressive merchant decreased the number or articles for sale 60 per cent in three years, reducing his inventory investment 8 per cent, in- creasing his sales 20 per cent and his dollar profits 50 per cent. “Idle merchandise,” the commerce department says, “with its accum- ulating burden of costs for storage, interest, insurance, taxes, shrinkage, depreciation and obsolescence can make it difficult and frequently im- possible for a merchant to remain in business unless the accumulated burden is passed along to the con- sumer,” Dr. Klein’s pamphlet goes on to discuss further problems, but ad- vertises the fact that they are dealt with at length, on the basis of care- ful research, in various of his bur- eau’s publications. A volume on “Retail Store Prob- lems” may be had for 20 cents by} any merchant or other person from the superintendent of documents here. It includes chapters on meas- uring a retail market, retail store planning, retail store location, bud- getary control, sales foree education and the like. Free pamphlets are available on other problems of independent wholesalers and retailers. OM I ARE RALLY ooLisH, AND ag ih “kes MONEY Y | glances at vampish ladies, aur NAPOLEON {s HE ONLY PERSON WHO BECAME FAMOUS WEARING “THe SAME FEATHERS SEVEN TIMES! i a ENT [IN NEW YORK @ ee 2 New York, Oct. 3.—It’s easy to stumble across little dramas of the “laugh, clown, laugh,” variety, if you ad your eyes and your ears open on Broadway. They pop up every- where, to snap against your heart or twit your sense of the ironic. ’ Take, for instance, a certain actor in a play called “So This is Love.” His role casts him as a bickering, unhappy husband; harassed by a ter- magant wife and inclined to take On the stage his life is pictured as a bitter commentary. on the marriage sys- tem as practiced. Very well; about a month ago this actor’s wife died of cancer after long | years of suffering. During this, ill- ness no husband could have been more devoted. Their home life had always been a delightful one; she 8 a brilliant, attractive, vivacious woman. Off stage, for years, went on this struggle of life and death, with death ever moving closer. Night after night the actor would go on, first in this role and then in that; season after season—and when the curtain had dropped he would face the inevitable heartbreak and care. His wife died when his present show was in rehearsal. It opened a few nights after her death. And there he was pranking in his role; playing an unfaithful stage husband for all he was worth, quarreling and bickering and all the rest. After the shows now you'll see him sitting in one of the actors clubs—often with his head in his hands, looking numbly out into space or receiving the cheering consola- tion of his friends. ‘ Vaudeville audiences may remem- ber an act that was billed “the talk- ing dog.” A trainer had done a truly marvelous job in dog training. Day in and day out they worked to- gether. The trainer gave to the do; the attention some gave their chil- dren—more than most. A few months ago the dog died. And the other day, in Baltimore, “Dixie” Taylor ended his life. Some said that, with his dog Act through, the trainer no longer could earn his living; that he didn’t want to be @ burden to his friends. But when they estimated his estate, he was found to have left $20,000. No, he hadn’t needed money, T’ll let you write your own epi- taph, pee : In a little Rumanian restaurant | OUK BOARDING HOUSE By Ak NeS,~ AND IM Going to BUY \) ANOTHER HAT So TLL HAVE ures OF “HEM / ~< Tue WoRA THAT op HAT OF \ MINE So LONG, “THE PIGEON \ LF MOULTED ITS WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 3,.1928 THAT INFERIORITY COMPLEX We find that many of the great- est men and women of history were extremely self-conscious in their early youth and it required much effort on their part to overcome this handicap. Napoleon is said to have been a ny young ers Belen thenes, the greatest orator of an- cient ope fhe in his youthful days hardly able to pronounce a word that could be understood. Theodore Roosevelt was handicapped by a delicate health and shyness. In fact, the list could be continued almost indefinitely. I believe that the majority of our greatest states- men and thinkers have at some time in their lives overcome this defi- ciency. aa A number of: people suffer from feelings of loneliness, self-conscious- ness and inferiority. Persons who can not rid themselves of this in- feriority complex find themselves unable to reach the top in the strug- gle of life, yet these people are usually gifted with a delicacy of feeling and a sensitiveness to en- vironment which their rougher brothers and sisters do not possess and which, if rightly used, could be turned to great advantage. An inferiority compléx often be- gins from some mental wound dur- ing childhood which brings on a lack of self-confidence. One who is troubled in this way should train himself in all of the social graces. It is a good plan to attend a dancing school and learn ballroom dancing thoroughly. By attending as many dances as possible, you will find yourself becoming more graceful and more adept in the art of rep- artee. The cultivation of humor is of particular value, since humor brings on a feeling of good fellowship and evokes the opposite feeling of that of inferiority. A feeling of physical fitness is a great help to self mas- tery. You should map out a regu- lar course of physical culture for be unable to apply his mind to the topics of converentialh and if he does the opposite, and fixes his at- Dr. McCoy will gladly answer personal_ questions on health and diet, udi him, care of Tribune. Enclose a stamped addressed envelope for reply. tention upon the subject of the con- versation, he will not be conscious of himself. There are many good books on de- veloping personality which you can obtain at any bookstore. From them you can obtain much valuable infor- mation, but the real problem lies with yourself. It is up-to you to make yourself overcome that feeling of self-consciousness by cultivating a mental brilliancy and social ac- complishments so that you will be- come interesti~~ to your friends and valuable to society. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Question: A. F. writes: “I have had my tonsils removed and so far as I know I am free from catarrhal trouble. It seems I snore before I am really asleep, and it makes no difference in which position I lie. I would appreciate any information you could give me on ‘snoring’.” Answer: The removal of your tonsils would not cure the catarrhal trouble which existed before the operation. You snore because you cannot breathe freely through your nose. This may be due to enlarged turbinate bones in the nose, or simply to the membranes _beirg swollen from catarrhal irritation. Question: D. H. writes: “Have read many of your articles and am interested. What foods tend to pro- duce cancer, and if there is active cancer, what foods can be used to control it? ‘ould like to read some of your articles on cancer.” ;, Answer: I have written a great yourself, and use a well balanced deal on the subject you mention in diet such as is outlined in my week- | your letter and will be glad to send ly menus in the various newspapers, | some of these articles to you if you which will furnish you all the ele-! will only send me a large, self-ad- ments necessery to good health and| dressed, stamped envelope. } do yet not overburden your system with | not believe there is any single article toxic material. j If you are shy in conversation, you may practice the art of conversation by carrying on an imaginary dia- logue about the various topics in the privacy of your own room. In this way you will learn to use and be- come accustomed to the sound of your own voice. You should take an active part in the conversations of your friends and interest your- self in the things which interest them. * Perhaps it would be wise to join a public speaking class and take an active part in the debates whenever possible. You should as- sume responsibilities whenever re- sponsibilities are offered, and ac- cept difficult tasks in preference to easy ones. It is an odd fact about the human mind that it can only focus its at- tention on one‘thing at a time, and if a person.is thinking of himself, or of the position in which he i standing, or of his hands, he will over on the east side there appears each night a singer—who is also an actor. If his listeners but knew it he is a fine Schon peetape a great actor. His name is Rosenholtz, and for years he was identified with the Jewish theater. Now something like 20 years ago, a young man in Vienna, the actor encountered a tragedy in love. A white carnation had been the sym- bol of his romance. And there- after he always kept’ a white car- nation in his buttonhole. He has taken a personal vow never to be without this flower until death over- takes him. $ Very well . . when he was on the stage temperamental fellow art- ists resented the carnation in his buttonhole. He was a fine actor, and the flower (as well as the act- ing) sent attention in his direction. No matter what his stage disguise might be, his audiences learned to look for him by the sigh of the car- nation. He had many squabbles with his confreres of the theater. Somehow the story of the flower trickled out. Audiences—particu- larly where lovelorn women were fementrwould cheer and applaud. its appearance. Of course, such clashing among players could not go on, He left the theater. ° You will find Rosenholtz at a little place on Houston street—a carnation in his buttonhole. GILBERT SWAN. (Copyright 1928, NEA bad Inc.) f_. BARBS o— =) Just think what a wonderful cheer leader Mabel Walker Willebrandt would have made. ‘ A scientist comes forward to as- sert that man has a soul. Just in the nick of time! A A dispatch says that shoe buckles now can be made ly of cow's milk. “Rest Your Feet in Shoes Epekies by the Product of Contented ows.” : gation is to m or Demo- cratic. i ee ee Loose conduct leads. you into tight Lisieal Pari cas 5 Leopold and Loeb will be eligible for parole in six years. Isn't some way to, shorten that period? Al Capone was: shot in the leg when a gun fell out of his pocket while syin golf, ssoording to press Motal: the Chi- 8. merchants should chip in for clubs tor, all, the hates Michigan jailed another man life because. he had liquor in i ion the other day. The state vf poe be considering revival of (Copyright 1988, NEA Service, Inc.) A Louisville, Ky. woman sued a nels hbor because’ sd, at the latter's 5 3d lature from his dist ty, bit r marry until wheat sold of food which is primarily the cause of cancer, but during the cure it is well to eliminate all such “heavy” foods as the proteins and carbohy- jdrates. Question: Sylvia writes: “I am an absolute believer in your methods for health. I am always well as a result. I have for many years had spots on my shoulder resembling freckles. I presume they are freckles, as I am much exposed to the’ sun. But in addition to these spots, several brown patches the size of beans have appeared, like blood blisters, slightly red around the edge. What would cause them, and how could they be safely re- moved?” Answer: The brown patches you mention must be due to some faulty metabolism, and can be removed through ‘the use of the ultra-violet light or the electric needle. Have a liagnosis made to determine the real cause. oe t Our Yesterdays if Ten Years Ago Mr. and Mrs. Melvin Welch of Bismarck announced the birth of a son at the Bismarck hospital. Clayton Carmichael of Linton, who ‘served with Bismarck Company A in France, was gaining fame as | Liberty Loan speaker. Bismarck churches were closed on account of the influenza epidemic. Base hospital unit No. 60, recruit- ed by Lieut. Col. E. P. Quain and composed largely of Bismarck nurses, arrived in France. Twenty-five Years Ago J. W. Pogney was burned to death and the greater part of New Salem was"destroyed by a fire which {started in a barn just off the main pela One ee the buildings ae: stroyed was the drug store owne by Dr. W. H. Bodenstab. Rev. C. E. White was appointed pastor of the Bismarck Methodist churgh, following an order of the Mashodiet conference held at Wah- Peton. Dr. F. B. Strauss of Glen Ullin was a business caller in Bistaarck. The McKenzie-Linton line of the Northern Pacific was completed. Forty Years Ago A basement entrance and other im- ' provements were being added to the state capitol. Judge Robert Cool ind Mrs. Mary 1. Wilbur mere Bs ied A Elk Point. They made their hoi in Bismarck. ~ ™ Northern Pacific trains began running to Winnipeg. Th Elliot, candidate to = iomas Elliot, i legis ither smoke nor for $1 per October 2 1852—S Spantak authorities prev eek, at Havana of | the landing the United States ship Cres- cent City. 1860—Prince of Wales official guest of the at Wi 1864—Sheridan desolated a five-mile circle in Virginia where Gen- eal Meigs had been murdered 1867—Hhiae i ntew of the ing: machine, dled new! —_——_—_—__——— A wealthy American baker living ie Bayaca oy nia the hs oad iaphere, rd | | j ( c 1 i