The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, May 23, 1924, Page 1

i ) ‘inferior », ) WEATHER FORECASTS Fair tonight and Saturday. Frost or freezing temperature tonight. ESTABLISHED 1873 THE BISMARCK TRIBUNE | BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA, DANG MAY 23, 1924 | FINAL EDITION | PRICE FIVE CENTS CHICAGO BOY’S MURDER IS MYSTERY COOLIDGE AND |SECOND BENEFIT CONCERT HERE FOR CONGRESS NEAR! JUVENILE BAND WILL SHOW PROGRESS DIPLOMAS ARE GIVEN T0 78 _ SENIORS HERE Largest Gritinieity Class in History of Bismarck High School Finishes 1 io ADDRESS GIVEN Justice Birdzell Emphasizes Duties of the Educated Toward the Nation Seventy-eight Seniors of the Bis- marck High School, comprising the largest graduating class in the his- tory of the institution, were present- ed with their diplomas at the city Auditorium last night amid plaudits of an audience which almost filled the big structure. The diplomas were presented by President A. P. Len- hart of the school board and Super- intendent H. 0, Saxvik. The grad- uates, during the commencement ex- ercises, were seated on the Auditor- lum stage, the girls neatly attired in uniform white dresses and miadie blouses. Award of the 1924 F. A. Knowles scholarship was made to Rose- mary E. Lomas by Superintend- ent Saxvik, who anriounced that she led the class with an average of 94 1-2 percent. He presented Myrtle Edith Engelking, as winner of second place. Justice Luther E. Birdzell of the supreme court, delivering the com- mencement addresses, discussed ecu- cation in its broad aspects, taking as his theme, “Education Fitting for Citizenship.” “The very word education implies that we have within us God given powers which we may develop to make us useful citizens,” said Jus- tice Birdzell, adding that “education will serve that purpose if it is pro- perly developed.” Knowledge But Part Knowledge, he said, is but a part, of education, for, he said, “we must acquire ability and willingness apply that knowledge in such a w: that it will be # benefit to humani- ty.” There are, he said, ethical qual- ities that must go with knowledge. “We are educating people for life, not a short journey,” said Justice Birdzell, “and life is complex—life has its religious and ethical side.” Emphasizing the need of a religi- ous life to make knowledge effective, the speaker said that the moral law which must be followed is too well known to need repetition, Turning to education as it affects citizenship he said: “Did you ever stop to think that in a democracy education means much more than it can in a govern- ent of any other kind. It means ore because there is more respon- bility on the individual than in a government where the people are not required to govern themselves.” Education Is Foundation Education, he said, lies at the foundation of democratic institu- tions. He pointed out that democra- tic institutions are the growth of thousand of years of human endeavor. This growth and appreciation of their rights was necessary before the American forefathers could assert the independence of the nation, he said, It was after all, he said, the power of truth, expressed by nieans of education, that make this nation free, for the continental army was in military power, The truth of the position of the colonists, he said, was driven home to many leaders in the mother country, and it was their opposition to oppression that aided materialiy in the final victory. The colonists, he said, were well educated in the principles of human liberty, adding that thie il- lustrated “the value of education en- abling a weak people successfully to sert rights which had been trampl- ed on.” Education enabled the country to pass over the critical period follow- ing independence, the United States constitution is the result of growth of educated men of the time, and many leaders, among them Thomas ‘Jefferson, constantly preached “the value of education in the pertetuity of democratic institutions.” While many people take the pub- lie school system merely as a matter of course,’ it is'a system which has enjoyed remarkable growth, Justice Birdzell said. Billions of dollars are spent for education in’the nation, and in North Dakota, he said, more money is sent for education now than was Bpent for all functions of gov- ernment ten years ago. He cited these to illustrate “the effective way|clared-he was happy to report that | the idea popular education has taken root,” Demands On Educated Demands are made by the nation upon the graduates of the- high school class, he said. “The first demand is of course an unswerving loyalty: to the government without the aid of which we could not have the privileges these young people enjoy,” said the speaker. Loyalty, he said, means that “we shall have an understanding © of American institutions. It means that we shall understand these as our forefathers understood their rights. means that we shall respect the |i trumentalities through which we enjoy these privileges.” Every educated person, he said, ds (Continued on page 8) toj THIS PHOTOGRAPH WAS TELEPHONED " ne Ws This remarkable ex Cleveland. O., to New York group of interested spec new process of transm’ssion ture is us EFFICIENCY IN N. D, BUSINESS GIVEN, CLAIM Governor Nestos, Continuing} Campaign, Asserts Benefits Under Administration REVIEWS ACTIVITIE! Receivership of Closed Banks, Hail Warrants Furnish Topics for Discussion N. D., Nestos, May continuing opened told some- Gover- the Sheldon, nor R. A. speaking campaign he Jamestown Thursday night, audience here this afternoon thing of the state administration in its vario defending the admin- of inefficien- cy in the conduct of the public busi- Ss. “Aside from the improved fagement of the state industries and the elimination of personal favor- itism and political considerations therein, the more efficient admini tration of all branches of the pub- lic service should: appeal to the taxpayers of this state,” said the eginning man- our 1921, there ha consistent and successful effort to reduce ex- penses, and improve servic strengthen the credit of the state of North Dakota among the ‘inves ors of the central and eastern states.” The Governor reviewed the meth- od of handling the receivership of closed banks. He said that when he entered office he called a con- ference for the purpose of consid- ering “the advisability of concen- trating the greceivership system in order to decrease the expenses and. increase the efficiency of the ser- vice.’ While the laws did not per- mit this being done, concentration was carried as far as possible, he said, “and expenses for 1922 were $77,478.92 below those of 1921 and the service showed a marked im- provement.” The legislature of 1923 enacted a law, he said, which “made possible the. unification=. of the receivership system under one head, with the result that the ex- ses have been reduced and the! efficiency increased to a stil] great- er extent.” Deposits Not Greatest While many banks have closed in the state, the Governor asserted that “the deposits, of the closed banks during this period were much larger both in» Montana and South Dakota than in our state.’ He de- “in recent weeks ‘a number of the closed banks have reopened, general conditions are improving, and an in- creasing number of these banks will be able to resume business be- fore the close of this year.” When his administration assumed office in the fall of 1921 hail war- rants were selling at discounts in most cases 10 to 20 percent. This, he said, was, stopped, the. warrants that fall .and winter sold through the efforts of the administration at three percent discount or less, a better arrangement was mate in 1922 and in 1923 warrants were paid full. / “By these arrangements,” he said, “we not only brought ' millions, of additional: money into the state (Continued pn page 8)” aty detailed actions of the; tof WU ih nn iN i ample of transmission of a photograph by telephone is the first time pictures by wire ules of the time a photo had been taken in Cleveland It was 1} tors in the by eletcricity Amoriéan Telegraph & has ‘heen perfected, mary in the arrangement of mo: PETITIONS OF MISS NIELSON PLACED ON FILE Petitions bearing 1,100 names, be- ing a part of the petitions returned from various’ parts of the state, were filed with the Secretary of! State yesterday afternoon placing Miss Minnie J. Nielson in the race for renomination as state superin- tendent of public instruction. Petitic were filed placing Hal- vor Halvorson of Minot in the as Democratic candidate for Gover- nor. BIG MERTING ON WHEAT POOL PLANNED HERE, Walton Peteet, National, Ex- pert on Marketing, To Be in Bismarck race Arrangements have been com= pleted for a big wheat pool meeting to be held in Bismarck, May 28th, ut which Walton Peteet, Secretary the National Council of Co-op- erative Marketing Associations will be the chief speaker. Mr. Peteet comes to North Dakota‘under the auspices of the National Wheat Growers Advisory committee, of } which he is a,-member, and which is assisting (the North Dakota Wheat Grower€ Association in con- ducting a membership drive in June | in order to secure a sufficient vol- ume to insure proper functioning of the pool, and to give the farmers a determining voice in the control of pric Durfng the afternoon of that date |’ Mr. Peteet willy address the conven- | tion of the Mefchants Retail | Association of North Dakota, and-in| the evening a public mass meeting will be held to which both farm- ers and businessmen are urged to attend, that they may learn more of organized farm marketing, which has become not only a vital issue in this state, but throughout the nation. Mr. Peteet will also confer with the volunteer field workers in the southwest districts and the county chairmen who are expected to be in attendance, are the following: W. A.| Overing, Adams county; Walter Quam, Bowman; W. E. Breen, Bur- leigh; Ambrose F. Donehoo, Dunn; Frank Goughnour, Emmons; W. I.! Brown, Golden Valley; H. N. Fisher, Grant; Henry J. Osterhouse, Het- tinger; John Hinkel, Kidder; Chas. Hernett, Logan; Wm. Arnitz, Lo- gan; T. M. Buchholz, Melntosh; John E. Williams, McLean; C. B. Meinemeyer, Mercer; J. H. Collis, Morton; M. J. Staigle, Oliver; John Quam, Slope; E. A. Lillibridge, Statk; J. H. McCay, Sioux. Urge ‘Attendance ‘ _ At Convention Invitations aré being dispatched by the Assdciation of Commerce to hundreds of merchants in this section of the ‘state urging their attendance at the convention of the North Dakota Retail Merchants As- sociation hete May 27, 28 and 29. BECK SELLS POOL HALL Linton, N. D., May 23.—E. R. Beck, operator of a pool hall and refresh- ment parlor here since 1918, last week’ disposed of his business te C. N, Hendrix and sons of Temvik. The new owners took possession Tuesday morning. ve been sent with success. ing exhibited Telephone Co. | making this ip ii ii il iti int [sn a eal ail il sil i one of 15 pictures sent from Within 45 min- completely developed, to a y York City. A The picture here ap- st news pictures. An action pic- ean idea of how well detailais preserved by this process. ‘NORMALCY’ IN WEATHER ALSO FAILS IN MAY Thus Far We Are 100 Degrees Below the Normal Tem- peratures for the Month SNOW But Other*States Also Find Spring Backward, and Ris- ing Temperatures Come LITTLE FALLS}; Yes, it is unusual weather, But not a record breaker. And there have somewhat like th It also has frozen later than this spring during the month. Summer also is on the way, and North Dakota is not the only stat: getting this kind of weather. All this the anxious inquirer may find out from the Bismarck weather bureau. Many people in Bismarck. most other parts of the state—vw sed to waken this morning and chill breezes see traces snow, or to look out on some of the foothills and see a light blanket o* snow. For snow fell in some dv gree in most parts of the state las night the weather bureau announ ced The temperature also went dow: to an even 32, or freezing zone, here. Thus far this month, with seven days left, May is about 100 degrees below normal temperatures. That's just about four degrees a day, and probably too much to be overcome. Just making up for the mild winte ther officials* say, precipita: tion also is 1.40 inches below normal thus far for the month. The spring is backward jn South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa. and many cther western states, the weather ireau reports. The chill ich swept over.the elty last night will descend on Iowa to-night. Precipitation was reported im the state last night as follows: Bis- warck .16; Amenia_ .0- Dickinson 28; Dunn Center’ .21; Ellendale 14; Fessenden .04; Jamestown .01; Lisbon .52; Napoleon .15; Williston .2£6; Moorhead, Minnésota, .02, It probably will freeze, again to- night, but tomorrow rising tempera- tures are promi ARMOUR WOULD PUSH DAIRYING Minot, N. —Amour & Co., who recently became interested in the creamery business in western North Dakota by purchasing the plants of the Northern Produce com- pany at Minot and Bismarck, . are much interested in the ‘success of the Northwest Mutual Dairy Loan asso- ciation, according to a letter r by the Minot Association of merce from F. E. Gould of Ch general superintendent of creameries for the compan: Mr. Gould was in- vited to speak’ at, the first annual northwest North Dakota’ dairy din- ner, but was unable to be present owing to previous engagements. Desire to Co-operate “Armour & Co., desire to co-oper- ate with any movement made in the direction of improving the condition of the dairyman of that community, as we appreciate that it is he upon whom all of us are dependent ‘for our success, tegardless of the kind} of bysintss in which we are engaged, been many May breezes | OPEN CONFLICT Most Serious Breach Yet Is Threa itened on Income x Measure LEADERS FOR BILL O. P. Leaders in Congress y That It Is Best Meas- ure They Can Get Washington, May (By P.)—A breach between executive and legislative opinion on the — revision tax bill confronted President Coo- idge today, The measure supported by Republi- can leaders in Congress is expected to reach him next week in the form agreed on by Senate and House con- ferec Seeretary Mellon, whose tax reduc tion plan was supported by the Pre dent but rejected by Congress, mean- while has made known his opposition to several proposals of the pending bill. The Republican leaders in Con- gress are openly pleased with the measure and declare “a more severe bill” is the only alternative, The main points of difference are on the publicity provisions and the ctive deficit’ which the mea- sure may cause. The conference re- jected the Senate proposal allowing public inspection of the tax returns, but accepted an amendment directing the collectors of internal revenue to make public the names, address and amount of tax paid by The hearing of the proposed beard of tax appeals also would be opengd to the public. Chairman Greene of the ways d means committee state declaring the have enough of a surplus this year, considering the 25 percent, retroactive tax reduction, to e of the cost of the bonus for the next two rs, and contend- ed the tax bill in its first. y of operation would bring a surplus of $138,000,000 instead of a deficit. The vonference report will be taken uy tomorrow by the Senate. WOULD REVISE TAXING LAWS County Auditors at James- town Adopt Resolutions osp House ssued 2 treasury would “Wy May 23.—The closed of C. Jamestown, county auditors’ convention today with the election Coleord of Renville county pre: J. A, Gray, Ransom, vice- ; G. A. Gilbertson, Benson, next mee s Lake at the call of the president. Among the resolutions to the effect that the would ask the sembly to reer to the assesment levy and collection of general prop taxes in order that the duplication: it present ex- isting shall be eliminated, and that conflicting provisions be harmon- ized, The auditors said “we suggest that in reenacting the taxation and revenue laws of the state that the process of assessment, levy and col- lection of taxes be taken up in a more logical order than as contained in the 1913 code.” The auditors also extended a vote of thanks to Andrew Blewett, county auditor of Stutsman county, the oldest audi- tor in point of service in the state. Weather Report For twenty-four hours ending noon today. ; Temperature at 7 a, m. . Highest yesterda: Lowest yesterday Lowest last night . Precipitation Highest wind velo Gp WEATHER FORECASTS For Bismarck and_ vicinity: tonight and Saturday. ‘Frost or freezing temperature tonight. Rising temperature Saturday. For North Dakota: Fair and Saturday. Frost or temperature tonight. perature Saturday. GENERAL WEATHER CONDITIONS The low pressure area has moved to the upper Mississippi Valley and precipitation occurred over the Great Lakes region, Mississippi Valley, Plains States and over miost places in the northern Rocky Mountain re- gion. Snow fell at most places in North Dakota and twe and one half finches was reported from a few places. A high presure area is cen- tered over the northern Rocky Moun- tain slope and colder weather pre- vails in the Dakotas and over the northern Rocky Mountain region. ORRIS W. ROBERTS, Meteorologist. E. ident; seereta was one iuditors tonight freezing Rising tem- In a bedroom built of glass in a London hospital, patients have been kept hermetically sealed up for five lays in an atmosphere containing ble the usual -quantity of oygen. the A.} Pians are (rounding into. shape for the the rehearsals se@ond benefit: concert of Mand given by L. ¢ urck Juvenile Special are I the program will be rly next week John Setser has ing Sorlion at an nounced ¢ Mr ne the consent committee in sale. Plans for Monday dito the char of that will evening. It at least $600 from concerts to be fiven the American Legion * concert will he School auditorium cially for the children A nominal entrance Ucket fected to realize ils followin two ereis at the will | riven and TOBEHELD AT 1. 0. 0. F. HALL! Funeral for Daw son, who died early yesterday morn ing, will be held Saturday afternoon | Hi0 p.m. in the Odd Fellows corner of Main and Third ets. It had been planned to e the last vites in the Perry Un. dertaking 1 but a change was made ause of the désire of many | lodge members and cthers to Be present during the services, ' Rey. Joseph Ryerson, rector of St. George's church, will officiate. ! The Odd Fellows ritual will be giv- nd Canton members will appear in full uniform. Mr. Dawson one of the oldest members of the | lodge here. Pallbearers will be} from the subordinate lodge of Odd | Fellows. Rebekahs also will be pre | sent in a body. \ | service rlors, | was, NEW LEIPZIG — CLAIMANTSIN COURT LOSERS upreme Court of Minnesota| Upholds Ruling Against | Their Recovery Paul, May 23.—A. H. Nieter is} denied a judgment against the Mc- Caul-Dinsmore company of Minnea-| polis, by an action of the state su- preme court today. which affirms Judge Horace Dickinson of the Hen- nepin county district court. The plaintiff asked judgment of $11,445 against the defendant com-} pany as a result of the receipt of| grain from the New Leipzig Equity Exchange of New Leipzig, North Da- kota, The complaint charges that the North Dakota exchange had re- ceived grain in the vicinity of New Leipzig and had shipped the same to the defendant company. In the} spring of 1921 the Equity exchange } became insolvent and Nieter, after} obtaining claims of the various grain} growers who shipped to the defunct company, sought recovery from the defendant company. Judge Dickinson ‘held that the plaintiff was not entitled to govern- ment and the action was affirmed by the higher court. RESOLUTION ON WAR ADOPTED Methodist Demand That The System be Ended Springfield, Ma: May —The following resolution on war was pre- sented to the Methodist Episcopal conference today by a special com- mittee: “Millions of our fellow men have died heroically in a ‘war to end war. What they undertook we must finish by methods of peace. War is not inevitable. It is the supreme enqmy of mankind. Its fu- tility is beyond question. Its con- tinuance jis the suicide of civiliza- tion. We are determined to outlaw the whole system. “The patriotism of the Methodist Episcopal church has never been challenged, Neither our motive nor our loyalty must be impugned when we insist on the fulfillment of the pledges made to the dead and assert dur Christian ideals for the living.” 'st. fee of fifteen afternoor being Adults. rnd evening cont hildre charged both concerts will In the evening neat the At mmence promptly at very interesting numbers are arranged fe of juvenile band whieh ha progre the last cert There the concert will be torium and will R15, Some being: the rapid tur course made since benefit that concerts Court If the these has been a demand the children play several in Custer Park nthe House respon at arranged, two concerts U.S. AVIATORS TO CUT SHORT STAY IN JAPAN Reduce Time of Idleness To Catch Un on Round the World Schedule (By avi Tokio, The around the A P. flying changed the plan which would have kept| them here a week to Tuesday May 23 American the army world have and will fly on Kushimoto, probably Wednesday, The terest being ule. time Japan nothin, thgmselves and declared s00n as pos: next or change was made in of speed, the flight many days behind its sched- As a consquence of it, the spent in while in will by almost to The expressed press on, again as Ameri Is enger they will ble. the flyers were to have been en tertained for four days in Tokio but under the changed plan they will spend only two days, Sunday, in the capital. y begin at functions given by the minister of war and other Japan- ese notables and by American itions and officials which will most of the time they are ns: to fly instead of resting all three pilots and their mechanics spent a considerable period working on their planes. Tonight they were guests ata difner given by the flying corps at Kasumigaura, the al aviation bay, which was their latest op. MALARIA IS SAID RAMPANT Grows to Alarming Propor- tions in Soviet Russia s 23. (By the ria and other diseas are spreading alarmingly through- out Russ There is an acute short- ege of quinine and other essentia drugs and the authorities are find- ing it difficult to combat epidemics. According to a report presented the epidemocological congress here yesterday, there were more than 6,000,000 cases of malaria in Russia last year 0 300,000 cases of spotted typhus, 250,000 of recu: rent typhus: and 50,000 of scurvy. THREE DIE IN GUN BATTLE Victims on Indian Reservation in Canada to al Edmonton, “Alberta, May: Three men were dead and a fourth mortally wounded as a result of shooting affray yesterday on the addle Lake Indian servation, near Paul de Meiti: out 100 miles from here, according to brief re- ports received here. The slayer is at lar It is thought that the shooting was the result of a quarrel between Indians and illicit Mauer sellers, THIS IS THE LIFE, SAY 1,700 SCHOOL _ STUDENTS, OUT FOR VACATION TODAY “This is the life.” At least itsseemed so today to 1,700. school students of Bismarck who made merry on “the last day” of school, laid away their books ‘and prepared for a three months va- ion, pea cards were issued, to bring joy or disappointment in this re- spect, and many of the teachers planned to leave for their homes this afternoon or tomorrow. The’ commencement exercises of the high school brought the festi- vities of the week to a close, with the exception of the alumni banquet | tonight. ST eeviocs merry teat around midnight in the usual last night of school celebration. They, | however, kept their word with Sup- jerintendent Saxvik that-there would jbe no damage done. | “Our reports show that there was {not any damage,” said Superintend- jent Saxvik today. ‘The boys used Teetsoming but kept their painting | activ: to the sidewalks. I am very much pleased that the guaran* | tees the boys gave were adhered to | strictly by them.” The police department also re- ported no damage done by Ahe fun festival. made night jlice today in so MILLIONAIRE’S SON KIDNAPED, IS FOUND DEAD Kidnaping of Son of Wealthy Manufacturer in Chicago Followed by Death THINK POISON WAS USED Police Unable to Find Out Why Kidnapers Failed to Wait fer Ransom Chicago, The in old May kidnapi mys By the A, P.) ransom theory of 14-vear- millionnire’s fore today when Cheatst said thete degenerate at- inounced early. MeNally, chem and the Robert son, to the coroner's was no evidenc tack, as. officials Poi Dr, W. D. ist, might nal evidence theory of Coroner MeNally's theory, Dr. MeNally, after preliminary had been u of death. H a have from which an e: mistreatment was drawi Oscar Wolff accepted Dr, three hours of examination, said he to learn the cause sid chemical exam ination of the vital organs should disclose what had killed the boy within six or seven hours Police said the der surveillance private Franks. leaving were keeping un- in instructor at a tended by — young. disappeared after grounds. schoo! The boy the school Chicago, May Clues leading both and to degenerac (By the A, P.)— to high culture mystified the po ing the kidnaping, killing and attempt at ransom of Ro- bert Franks, 14, son of Jacob Franks; Chicago manufacturer,: rated at eral million dollars. ank started to walk three blocks to his home late Wednesday ‘after- noon after umpiring a ball game and was not seen again until his body was found, nude and bruised, under a culvert several miles away. Police and coroner said today there evidence had at- tacked him. Th said poi- son had apparently caused death. Soon after the kidnaping and be- fore the hour fixed by the coroner 3 the time of death, Mrs, Frank, the mother, received a telephone call from a suave speaking man tkat the boy was held for ransom, that dizec- tions how to pay would come later was and warning her not to trace tele- phone calls, The injunction was disregarded bout the time the covered, the family received a letter which police and school instructors i was written by a well educated person, demanding $10,000 ransom. Investigation xs to whether it was copied from well known magazine story produced no known analogy. Dr. William D. MeNally, coroner's chemist, made an examination of the boy’s vital organs, and announced that coloration of the victim's lips might indicate poison. He also said there was some indication of thé presence of acid in the stomach. rom present indications, I am sinclined to believe that this was the cause of death,” he said, Coroner's physi Springer said he believed the ransom letter was not written until 2 a. m. Thursday: This was about nine hours after the boy disappeared. He said close ex- amination of the boy's ed that he died before the letter was written. The pol of Franks about tracing calls Next morning, body was dis- e are enlisting the help schoolmates in the hunt for his slayer. Irvin Hartman 11- r-old school mate of the victim, said he saw Franks leave the school and a big gray automobile standing beside the curb as the boy approsch- ed it. When he looked again, Irvin said, the car was starting but the boy was not to be seen. Richard Williams, the athletic in- structor at the Harvard school, @ hionable private _institution, which Robert Franks attended, ques- tioned by the police gaid he left the school about 4:45 on Wednesday in company with Thomas Skillman, a pupil. He said he went to the Skill- man home where he remained during the evening. Mott Kirk Mitchell, the English in- structor, said he left the school af ter 4:15 p. m. and went to his home where he worked in the garden un- til night, : Neither Williams: mor Mitchell knew anything of the movements of the Franks boy after he left the ball grounds, he said. GIRL ABDUCTED Chieago, May, 23.—The abduction of Bellie Taylor, 18-year-old English girl, fn broad daylight in front of her uncle's home, was the subject of a police investigation today. Three men pushed the screaming girl in an automobile and escaped. GIRL FOUND SLAIN Amherst, .Maine, May 23.—Posses are searching the woods’ for trace of the slayers of Miss Louise Ger- rish, 19, village school teacher, whose body was found in a shallow grave in pasture. There were seven buckshot wounds in her breast. Her watch and ring were missing. iss Gerrish left her boarding place here Wednesday evening ‘to. go to the-postoffice and did not return, The grave ‘was found teptancers,