The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, December 1, 1923, Page 4

THE BISMARCK TRIBUNE Bntered at the Postoffice, Bismarck, N. D., as Second Class Matter. SATURDAY, DECEMBER 1, 1928 EDITORIAL REVIEW — ts reproduced in this not express Comm column may orm: ea Ce eee eel : BISMARCK TRIBUNECO. - - _- __ Publishers re ere tm oer that eT | rtant issues which are HELEN'S 1S CHERRY, RUTH'S CHICAGO - - - - : | RAMBERRY « } ! Marquette Bldg. Koesge Bldg. $ AND HENRICUS | oN sy Sack eer PAYNE, BURNS AND SMITH | Senator Lodge and Senator John. | p ‘ upsticks > MEMBER OF THE ASSOCIATED PRESS Hoe a eerie renege tras The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use or| “greatly impressed.” Mr. John- | Phy lin of all news dispatches credited to it or nov|son found hi ant friend “a ot | ri . ; . fine gentleman.” Among other | erwise credited in this paper and also the local news pub-| iii “hoy talked of genealogy, a Christmas Melodies by Werrenrath—Barcarolle » ~ ‘ ' lished herein. ie : , leading Amenean industry, ‘and | le All rights of republication of special dispatches herein are| found common sympathies there- by Mori nee also Yeserved. in. On the spindie side Mr. John- and Serenade by Morini PE elt is a Nex eneeney aa ee r Fea J ing a descendant 0! enera! % f 1 to oe ” __§ MEMBER AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATION __jsr261 ‘putnam. “On the, spindle Zo, me, Werrerath’g singing of | foie gies eee” = PESOS OS) RATES PAYABLE IN en - pi bids Tels) Ga) 018 BID ‘poor is iu chamber, some eee, Bo ig Fei Daily by carrier, per year..... OOO UNO UL O00 IBUS0) poet 4 Ae ew ey State | come adore one 0! Daily by mail, per year (in Bismarck) .... . 7.20 See ee Tenete Aten Petry nbeerg treat | New Dances in Season Daily by mail, per year (in state outside Bismarck) .... A eat of the editors af the old} ; = as ave yee sont be sores Two honest- ees Whiteman i i i .. 6 ort! merican Review, he wrote on the other side of this great an lance records ‘week—‘‘In Love Daily by mail, outside of North Dakota... An it if that “in the Massachusetts OH MA: timely record he ng in his - | With Love’* and ‘‘Baggedy Ann.’’ THE STATE'S OLDEST NEWSPAPER Sense ‘tHe Adamses are hardly a| | } YovGdMa uck . nificent baritone ‘‘Holy Night’? | The frst includes chimes, flute, ; family at ‘all They came to witue ! ¥ (Nosl)< by Adam, another great | celesta, strings, acute brass, blue (Established 1873) ass ued AR atu stan in dhe eiptiteenth cen- He ATE UP ALL French composer. ee bceee tir’ ee bos we ra + , : tury, like tl Lowells, [ans In ite “3 lancer both. edy Ann’’ is imninati peal peace see Beet tte Hoy, ee the Genoly eeemoIn aC” UPstcie wis ite original, form Tachalkow- | 4 perfect fox trot with a aymphonie imination of commercial adverts! signs a popular hymn gives a glory not familiar. In the ble hands | climax. rved. si ct Erika ‘Morini as ‘a violin number | . ‘(Stack 0” Les Blues’? by War- 4 ) it ais arm, grace! ings Pennsylvanians is bizarre, end- | minor ccraiay Ureabing into Soables ing wildly. ‘‘Stavin’ Change’? stops, an. occasional cadenza, and a the Virginians on the other side silvery harmonic. For an adequate high-jass with a vocal refrain. companion’ piece she plays Toselli’s ¢ from the comics is 1 lyrie ‘‘Serenade’’ on the other side, | ‘Mamma Loves Popa’’ whieh for ~ Dow telow Tron Hil, Marland, | Ses ne tua wenk Towards the ee x cette id ouspect that father aches Bhaw for thety yecord material this | om? Jo" SuPert gen + week. ‘‘Zow’siana’’ is a tenor- for big hat. “* Ev'ry mM, 1 Gy [ooessuer tia Wie and owing | mimy Siew oe Xoo mee * you will dance to, ‘‘Sittin’ ms a | but the Manh sie rot, Corner’? by Shaw on the other side make light going of it, fe all-about » wallflower who highway right-of-way has become a matter of serious con-| historically de: ; cern.in some of the eastern states with the increase of im- The Quincys, Saltonstalls, Win- proved highways and automobile traffic. So rapidly did SHOE: wend bed ei the placing of signs along the right-of-way increase that in| hardly get ‘a higher rating than p, the outskirts of many municipalities the highways became | good, but not “gilt-edged.” If Mr.| lined with unsightly signs which not only gave an ugly ree a SORT CH LQ appearance but which added to the confusion of the motorist | giresentiations, at least they may and.by doing so increased the danger of travel. oF have thought about another geneal- | - Mlinois passed a “clean highway” law which prohibited | ogical bond or stock. Scandinavian | the placing of signs on the right-of-way. As a result hun- SUE ES et alee Sree dreds of miles of drives were fringed with grass, trimmed | johnson, Johnson's “Wonder-Work- toa lawn-like nicety, and unmarred by unsightly billboards. |ing Providence,” Lady “Arbella Connecticut followed the Illinois action with a law prohibit- een n, LiF STOIC ne doesn’t mind the impeachment a bit. oe ‘ ; i ee i sota he 2 ‘amily connection front ar " - ing Signs on the right-of-way and Minnesota has done the} yoy, ‘England te ‘California repeal Gentes DILENNA— A ¥ eae A Dainty Orchestral same, her law being effective today. F _. Jests and unites the two statesmen. | SHE MADE UPFOR , s ° Record North Dakota may well prepare to take such action while | No doubt Mr. Lodge will be as good + ARTHUR ON HAROLOS : Moss and F Heckle i eaiial iain she is at the beginning of her good roads development. |a friend of Magnus as he is of ‘ NIGAT Each Other . the Mil’? (Aa ous) F Gillet “4 ory one Sei tie 5 A soh_| Hiram. Magnu: a good. fellow, Municipalities may precede the state in ordering the high=) aa betten Republican Ryacrauine afford a vi for the way right-of-way within their limits cleared of signs, and|of the Se s so catalogued in mame you can guess, j The damb argument im ‘‘How | bowed strings of Victor String Or- thé state legislature can by law clear the country-side. the Congressional Directory. Out-| This queer, funny person who won't hay tae "Borty, aay nd se aricae os tas asl neilied 1 tern, rockbound poli-| wear a dress!” Ss bian ls number ie ry Of course, no attempt is made to go beyond the actual |s ee ae highway right-of-way, for private property may be leased | apie trait: Indeed ses olitician | as desired. But it is plain that the state would lack com-|can be in. Brlvate: an Euitipi lies) Cur no eet ars rea CaS Eee mon sense if it spent hundreds of thousands of dollars to} the Personal Devil he seems to cate iad a cM ON LN Wh toe-damcer, The second Naney stopped reading and fold- hers. When each wins over the ually suggestive of its sub; amend the version of this Teco: light, vivid, te it } string music at its best. : Qs - ER“FROM LESLIE PRESCOTT , swered. “You will forgive me, won't erso! : i schoal. — A ery eee j enthusiastic partisan adversaries. |") ghink it’ TO LESLIE PRESCOTT, you, if, j provide bea utiful drives and then permitted them to be jen! a au “I think it’s scandalous!” declared SLI . you, if, just for the sake of illustra- marred by unsightly cluttering of sign-boards, and it would pple Codie toa tS Missez Grundy. Missez Grundy was Hou " TT that ae eS little IMMUNIZATION fom if i a ES 3 28 F e 35 A i » Mr. |g, G een = aby boy who was placed on the . be. unwise if it made careful and expensive plans to add to tead, Republican commitves| Soloman Grands wit are he vas] 1 was perfectly silent, little Mar-| step outside this Sevmeutiwae l) IS ADVOCATED the safety of the motorist and then permitted him to be endangered through the confusion caused by a multitude of ES ell pony nee So no wonder Widow Grundy was|woman exploit any of her scandalous ignments. The two Minneso-! 0). "took care to die on a Sunday.|quise. I did not intend to help that found to be your own—What do you pat ae yselt2 think-your husband would do if the | Immunization against diphtheria is knowledge of this came to him?” recommended by the state health de- ‘ signs. preter ney viene oF the Dem, | Prepared to be shocked at anvthirg. Vhoughts: She ought to know that |" ; ‘ — From ee Raa ee the niceties wf |“! don't know who Old Mother) jack must have many models) and |. Uidonieakauwy tance he! would | partment, Dr, A. A. Whittemote, i third party etiquette. Mr. Ship- Mendit was and I don't care!” she! of coufse they are all “pretty ‘girls. | ig enough” I commenced and | state health officer said today. Im-j Europe is so noisy now Frunce DR. CRIPPEN third party etiquette, Mr Snip’ finished up with a toss of her head|i; 1 were to start ip! being jealous en I stopped. I knew she wouldn't sae & _ Fane deat qenery ‘ py a s shé walked away. understand. The expre: her | Munization, he asserted, ad been’ doesn't cver hear her franc drop. Huntly Jenkins is dead — the London lawyer who de-|a. man’ of intelligenc: and ability. |92\3he walked away. 0 22) fg of all tne ee Ta wisi who are understand. | The expression on her | suecessfully practiced particularly in pia a ee rer cad Ee eee een i mibibusinens|T|28c® /Mowever,, made. me go on. |Jjeveccrs Sy Bae oe ularly News from Wales. Grafted.» fin rippen. That was in 1910. You The self-created legend of Magnus fended the notorious Dr. has pretty well faded. It is at Maiden-All-Forlorn, “Mother Mendit| would have nething elseite do except knew I had gone too far not to do so. | Hettinger county under Dr. C. C./ probably remember the case. least safe to predict that he will | needle, wasn’t she?” ‘|e Gary miserable. “I hope,” I repeated, “that if 1 had | aercklein, county health ofticer,| er for a man’s nosey What if the Z thing tried to grab something. Dr. Crippen was physically timid, small and shrinking. |be a well-liked figure in the Sen- | said the Riddle Lady, “And! “after a few moments” silence she | loved @ man well enough to give MY-} vera) hundred having been immun- 27 Michiges > becs "6 i - Ale: [be 8 Nerhaps his’sense of humor the prize goes to you. It ig jp case) said, “Have you heard the plot of self to him when 1 was very young | - ; 7 4 tile fay tos hp became « wandering medica OTe s a little Pho acute, ‘The secre-| of needles of every size.” 4 the\play i any chance, Mrs, Pres-|8"4 if he had gone out’ of my life ized. Diphtheria and scarlet fever| Kurope is good only during those _ For his second wife he selected Kunigunde Mack-| ti.) of Agriculture is the last man| “Oh, thank you,” said the Maiden Calbitiond ‘betoro U.couldtanawerinp)| oud something “had) como api thalt now 1are the prevailing diseases in! months having a “z” in them. amotzki, alias Cora Turner, who promptly became a house-| who should be challenged to ‘“‘a| All-Forlorn. Ned sLucanh giéndaelilchavcommmeniced to tell’ mer a lone) ate me understand ‘he was not! the state, he suid, but added that the hold-bully. .milking contest.” Onv’s hand is|™Y pee a He's the ee story about a man who had foe- piped and at ie T had found a number of cases is rapidly declining.) New York's annual crime’ wave ii ‘ell in love with his ‘secretary. They fled to] apt to lose its mulgent elic'ting | tered-and-Torn, you know.” Andsshe}| trayed a girl and before’ the baby en mancw hp. ceeor: worthy an ‘An effort will be made to have! promises to be bigger, better and Crippen fell in love with y. y DEY oe le tal emacs it who loved me and married me, I|county boards of health function initrceter than ever this ycar. ‘was born had? fallen in. love with America. Mrs. Crippen had dis ppeared. The gossiping | Gesk and absence from the pail. (To Be Continued) \[acother girl and married her, hope he would understand. If in my | alt counties, the health officer said,, sabia neighbors weren't satisfied. They called Scotland Yard. In-| stin,, Secretary Wallace is “game.” | (Copyright, 1923, NEA Service, Ine.)] “isn't is dtaune” she said to me| loneliness and mother love I had |and to provide that all organizations) . roothall will be over saon apd the épector Drew tripped over a loose brick in the cellar. Dig-| He accepts the challenge. We hope <a right here, “that men will do those contrived w. way to have my baby | shall function through the legal ma-f players should demand a bonus. that Mr. Lodge, his memory re- Since Sandathan: expeet| to, imarky)| seem menrl Hope. they gved God swould) cdi juery, a) tHe jas) ptackicables The} pices ging, he found a murdered body. ee y 7 1 take pi s far e rs . * . " .« |verting to far off, careless times, beautiful, virtuouy young women? 1} )2X¢ pity upon me and never let my | jaw ° provides’ the st@tes attorney| i i ff vas ;) 4 5 y SS, 4 D ot 5 sy ; New York bandits are carrying ¢ Grippen was identified aboard ship at sea, by wireless, | \il| remind. Mr. Johnson of | the MAND AN NEWS beautiful, virtuouy young women” | husband: know, never let him be| hall bq president of the EL Nene ee aedtek and arrested. He went to the gallows. The girl? She went| milking contests which a whim- marry if we could Took into the pasts |€"jcved OF me tortured.” board of health, the county superin-' sign of a hard winter. free. ' usetts mae it cn aehose wives we become” | “Thets if the caso ware reversed, | tendent vice-president’and the coun f is 205 ma”? > to at! Miss Anna Haider and Charles Ivrather flared up at this, little |} would never want to know, Mrs. |ty health officer its executive agent, Too many of these presidential garden parties. He set up a wood- | Walcher of St. Anthony, were mar-'| Marquise, and.t told her that I felt I rescott?” she! asked: he said. possibilities are impossibilities. b The Dr. eee or was the first eee adionag ee. en image of a cow, a gifted animal | ried by Father Andrew Kohlbeckijhad no right to inquire ‘nto my | (Copyright, 1923, NEA Service, Inc.) | In an effort to get a one hundred} een used to detect a ugitive criminal. Natural ly, it ap-|which yielded to proper treatment | Tuesday in Mandan, Both Mr. andjj husband’s past before I married him i Rae TE ae percent birth registration, regi: s| Crooks are getting so bad in New pealed to popular fancy in addition to being historically im- | abundant showers of milk punch. | Mrs. Walcher have been teaching in/} and she countered with, “Do you PEO. —————— | for unorganized territory in the York people with gold teeth should pantant: —New York Times. St Anthony vicinity. They will make'| also think. that he hasmo right to EOPLE’S FORUM || are being appointed. He also is in-) keep their mouths shut ; tare ee x 5 \their home in arck after they | inquire into yours?” sisting that all mid-wives, of which =a area maintained his aaa ve the ee sand there return from a honeymoon trip to the | “Absolutely mot.” thare may be 1,000'in the state, regis-| The United States has aout 14- still considerable argument in England as to whether he was Twin Cities, “But you know all men expect Nov. 28, 1923.| ter with their local township or vil-| 000,000 autos, some all paid for. . ADVENTURE OF Editor the Tribune: guilty. Psychologists who watched him at the trial _mar- =. their wives’ lives from the cradle to ith lage clerk, as required by law. — é Brled that such a meek individual could master sufficient THE TWINS Mr. and Mrs, George Register, J. P.| marriage to'be an open book. and it | Dear Sir: 1 ‘somebody stole = horse in New - Jackson, Mrs, Harris and Miss Hardy | there is one page in it that is marred York, Maybe they just took it home . to see what the thing was. rd courage to turn on and destroy his tormentor. Sackach. wake i ¢ : guests of the nurses:}or creased or wrinkled or blurred, After the lapse of 13 years, we read of the death of the| - By Olive Roberts Barton | staff of the Deaconess hospital,|they throw the book aside in favor I saw where it was mentioned that “AT THE MOVIES | ' Bismarck had a man hired to | Mellon wants taxes cut. Whicif In the “People’s Forum” oa'that| ?- lawyer who defended him, and the wireless end of the Crip- | ‘«,, i Geer Thanksgiving. of a splendid new volume.” s scout master for the Bismarck Bale ‘Everybod ! cs es 4 oS pen case no longer eclipses the criminal angle. Cap, “ihe pel at as B68! Health lect being. WER fashi iat bre bre il L od is Ke wee Th Serie he sil rece eee A ; 5B a . eal jectures are now being | out fashion, Mrs. ‘Smithson?” is not a scout master. The e marvelous beauty of the sil- Sacre, i ~ We can’t help pondering how times have changed. Today | “Here come the Riddle’ Lady and| given in London prisons by well-,| asked. scoutmasters of the Bismarck scouts/ent vast spaces of pure Can.|, 1f anybody’ ever succeeds in cut- ting taxes he can become # movie star quicker than a husband shooter. a fugitive wouldn’t “get much of a rise” out of the public |the Twins!” announced Humpty from merely being caught by radio. Thirteen years ago, PaeSy cere ig pulls Row. radio was Magic. Today it’s becoming commonplace, lads in | ana. carting in one of Phere ‘bie knee pants sending messages a8 far as the one that brought | pockets, she found the riddle she Crippen to the gallows. had just composed. As there were are S. O, LeBarron, B, M. Dunn, and adian northland is the background i Gray ot obas ao 1, No. 2, ek ie peebe Maize, coectacle, and No. 6 respectively, these men are e Eternal Struggle,” which is f 4 5 4 serving as scoutmasters entirely coming to the Capitol "Theatre on j rae Aik, Mien pee one without compensation, Mr. MacLeod | Monday. It was produced by Regi-| that's easy. He's broke. 4 no very hard words in it, she asked given very (iste: time te. she. scout pe er aeaaes wthis kan i ; rdw 5 in comparison to that he gives to|the greatest director for this ki 4 iversi Nancy to read it. So Nancy took the other boys. Of course, he is inter-| of pictures in the entire film world. | Poppe eas me YOUTH CAN CHANGE IT’S MIND , paper and read as : Toudly as she| {3 : : ested-in them, as he ere are many thrilling epi-| oo tier girl is more silly. known. doctors. i] (“Not at all, not at all,” she an- “If the men in control of affairs in this country and abroad could: “NSS rates tata — all boy's organizations and th eats, if “The Eternal Struggle,” ror were under 40 instead of over 60, the world would not be in |“old Mother Mendit*is Jong, sharp!’ Be IOV, : fully spprssiaty: Me smacl cies ‘Merk Dae all remait Se tB|, Rich Los Angeles woman left her its.present condition.” — Dr. M. Carey Thomas, president | and thin, 7 i aD 21 : B himself and the big group of play- jeushead cely one dollac and ther emeritus of Bryn Mawr College. me) ppenee mony cots her time, ening e ae Hi \ received, as far as I know, no money| er he took with him, as well as re. Felb Be sen bee Sete: To which she should add, that a conference of young MeN | without much of a dress you'll be u ‘ | directly ‘except thtough the churches | St great expense, Paar ker spent} 4 horse in North Sterling, Conn, =” would do more in a week to get Europe out of its mess than] quite sure to find her, : wh : ANI that sponsor them.and through indl-| SPE" retie Circle fil ipber cold Of | chews tohaten. And whst kind ts 1+) the traditional conferences of cranky old men can do in a |Excent for a train that she drags fur yA el 3 f iy | fiduals, The scouts here Have been | ous scenes among gorges, Era Why, wo would say plug. year. i % iieaies ihaniald mteat Behind) er: é KALE a | ame they have. been financially i and hurtling rapids. Turkeys, have ep in cold storage =¥outh may make more mistakes than old age. But it av |« : ba at A i ~ | dependent ; im 12 months, so it isn’t too late to least.is able and willing to admit mistakes and change its ane dares Ga see ime Py Dee meat Seen oa makes Ie Sleae PARE cana Page ace Ee: “4 . *, . a at re a sete eRe . rind. ‘Old age, set in its ways, can rarely compromise. And out to her work she is con- that they. appreciate any assistance} 1, Arms, 60, president of the Lari-| Hunters tickle us the way they ; more State Bank*here, shot and kill-} fuss ‘around getting ready. Some ed himself ‘Tuesday. ‘Despondency| would like duck pants for duck over the closing of the bank which | hunting. occurred a week ago is believed to’ oo & “| have been the causé of the shooting.| Dancing develops. the muscles. |The state examiner, however, report-| That's all settled. Now if it would ed no. irregularities. Mrs. Arms] only develop discretion. heard the abots and found her. hus- oe band’s body in the woodshed. Three| Hurry up with your worrying, shots ‘were fired and the lest -one| about Europe. -Try and get it all took effect in his brain, Mr, Arms | over with before the holidays. stantly going, ; LIFE A REPETITION Be eae Did you ever see a show so interesting you could sit ; Yet most of the time she’s at home through toate Aree pone Symonds has seen the | in her cushion. musical comedy, “Litt! ellie Kelly,” that many times hp er _ Shies Boston, Voluntarily, too, she paid admission, wasn’t an ue narinare eae and ies usher. Dorris is fortunate. She demonstrates that she can | That she doesn't take sewing, but go through life without monotony. Life is a repetition of sewing takes her! Yours respectfully, en { Gonfeas your fonts one to an- : os ene should go bare, HELLO MANAGER STREET RAILWAY Cot.) | se may bo hented—Jne. 5:16. ae the-game old show. ‘There is novelty only during the inter- {And it does scem too silly ‘that she Me sted ta tu chuEeas Gad Hk e churel ivic : wt missions. |When she makes clothes for others] | THIS 13 EVGRETT TRUE. WE FoLKkS THAT A affairs and is survived by iis wife] Nothing makés a skinny -msn 4 es ————_—_ | with kindness and care. LIVE ALONG THIS TRACK ARE GETTING MIGHTY’ We easily, forget those faults| and two daughters. : madder on a chilly morning than “FANCY” FOOD N which ate known only to ourselves — = 4 seeing = fat man pérspiring. “The train that she wears (or the| [TI@ED OF NEARING PLA WHEELED CARS GO] tra Rochefoucauld. . Polite Prominence. ‘ “Did you go to Paris fér your dis A man tan’t talk with his mouth, Fe | Ham-and-eggs has ceased to be the typical national dish,| “trains, 1 should say) POUNDING BY HERE ! =f DONIT KNOW ee . hotel men agree at their national convention. People have |sne changes a hundred and ten tines) WHE THE IT'S BECAUSE: YOUR COMPANY "HAS A Stellar Habits. vores tq avoid public attention?” | {ull of, hairpin, but s woman, can't turned to the “fancy” dishes. The younger hotel men lament a day. \ PLAT POCKET BOOK OR YOU A FLAT NGAD, BuT There are actors who are prone to| “Not at all. I wanted it to get talk ,with a pipe m her mouth. tat America thas no nationat dish, now that ham-and gs iN that ‘she's conceited or boastful] .[¢ "I> KNOW THAT IF THE NUISANCE CONTINUES, | | (are the beet of every scene ute into the papera with the distinction) very few of these European stated. fas lost out. They overlook that distinctively American or vale. 1S Gone To FLATTEN I! thomsbires One rwhe Dae» Beret of ‘being foreign news’ —Washing: | nen egging on enothér war got shot But she gives them away over - and } m, pie. All triots eat pie at least once a i ‘edie Adat during the last war. ‘ ree ens 4 Waldo Beeson ate pie ea parting for a a on Soon: wee 4 te iin'ab shorn ot opportan Serr _ Speed. ge “pad eee na et on 4 breakfas' ‘no. i i 1 iS “Her heart must be warm, though 0 amuse the audience that one night jam; I'll give you a pint « hi, laager- oe ' it, and no-greater brain has i@ nation produced pea? say ‘tis af etacles: Bi ae, HR she was overheard cattoting’t Avvo it youth Hoey. are Zc my hoses ‘ana }ous as the human race. ‘ t although she is sharp, ‘she most 5 4 iy: Ge “ my -grip. now! . . 5 Sh i ea! 4 : V ‘ kindl; e a : “t's lucky he’ ‘i ‘What! Havent r The United States: spends more on y mies Shee “aisheongih mts lucky ee gok ventriloquist | Waal Maven 205 620? Tse |g shen Plein | Pep bce Teuiense’ one is used chiefly on Sunday. © has ack, a swers.”—New York Herald, ‘And comes home with nothing, wlas i if all the money in savings departments of American |For she giv and trust fo ss Everything has ~its “use. Plggt ‘companies’ was divided equally, there’d be “seem much? It’s double the figure i 10 years “Some peope she just works aware: je toa empey, con) arettle, f t if Ai when iven, - fre more thrifty, more p ange oe Kind arts. fail and no thanks Wy Ie Goss, . Just-see now, my-~friends,- if - her, ‘ i . aft * Ae < fi