The Bismarck Tribune Newspaper, August 26, 1918, Page 1

:s GENERALLY FAIR THIRTY-EIGHTH YEAR. "BISMARCK, NORTH DAKOTA, ALLIES SURRO TRANSIENTS TO REGISTER WITH HOME DISTRICT Certificates can be Issued only by Boards at Permanent Address " | SUPPLIES NOW GOING OUT|| First Shipment of Great Mass of Forms and Blanks Made Today “The registration to be held some time next month will occur at a time when there are a large number of transients at work in different parts of the state,” says Adjutant Gefieral | Fraser, in a letter mailed local draft boards today. “These men will un- doubtedly present themselves to local boards of North Dakota. Your atten- tion is called to the fact that a reg- istrant must have his registration card deposited with the local board of his permanent address. Boards and reg- istrars will carefully scrutinize this class of registrants and inform them! that after registration they (the reg- istrants) must mail the card to the board of jurisdiction at the home ad- dress, The selective service statute does not contemplate that cards be left where the registrant happens to} be. Of course, you will properly fill out a card for any transient that pre-| sents himself, but you will not issue aj registration certificate unless you! know that your precinct is the reg-| istrant’s permanent home.” | The different forms required for the proposed September registration | will commence to go out today. Many} boards will receive but a portion of, their allotment in the first shipment, but as fast as received from Wash- ington the balance will go forward. ‘The basis adopted by the provost mar- | shal general is the number of regis- trants of June, 1917, plus fifty per cent. Questionnaires will be sent on this basis; registration cards will be furnished on this basis, and two will be sent for each estimated registrant. Many boards will adopt the policy of having “the registrars “fil! “out two cards for each registrant. This will save the time of the chief clerk in makin gduplicates for use of the dis- trict board, and the adjutant general suggests that all boards adopt this plan. All chief clerks of local boards are earnestly urged to clean up odds and ends from the three preceding regis- trations at once, so that they will’ have a clean slate for the Septem-j ber rush, All entrainments will be out of the way ‘prior to this regis-| tration, and all back work should be| completed, says the adjutant general, so that entire attention may be given) this large registration. BUY W. 8. 5. MANPOWER ACT HAS CLEAR WAY BEFORE SENATE Prohibition Measure Temporar- ily Side Tracked to Take Up | War Bills | eee i Washington, Aug. 26.—A clear track was given in the senate today to the manpower Dill, passed Saturday in the house. When the senate convened under a! long standing agreement to take up war time problems, Senator Shepard | of Texas, prohibition advocate, moved temporarily to lay that measure aside. | It was agreed to and debate on amend- ments to the manpower Dill was re- sumed with passage late today or to-! morrow expected. ' | To expedite and simplify the proced-| ure, the house bill was substituted for! the measure which has been pending in the senate. i BUY W. $. S———— $80 TO $95 PER ACRE IN __ | RED VALLEY! Edgar L. Richter, field representa-/| tive of the bureau of public informa-} tion, who has just returned to Fargo from an extensive trip through Dick- ey, Richmond, Cass, LeMoure and Sar- gent counties, reports that the heavy rains have only delayed, harvesting | conditions, without doing any real damage, and that threshing is now in} progress in many localities. | Mr. Richter said the threshing out- look is most favorable, farmers thresh- ing realizing $80 and $95 an acre for this year’s wheat crop, and a general feeling of optimism is prevalent throughout the country. W. S$. ——-= 7,000 MENIN STEEL | PLANT STRIKE) Seattle, Wash., Aug. 26.—Following the breaking off of negotiations last night betwwen representatives of the Pacific Coast Steel Co., and employees. of the company engaged on contracts of the Emergency Fleet Corporation a strike was declared at 7 a. m. to- day. More than 7,000 men went ou They de id. pay .and .working condi- tions simftat’ ta those’ f ate tn the shipyards, | service, * ' \ | the mailing list and city carr | The Tribune proposes to | edition occasionally until our government requirements. | This is a war measure pure and simple and is not to be | | construed as a permanent arrangement. \ NORTH DAKOTA MUST PAY MORE 10 FARM HANDS Solution of Labor Problem Lies in Wages Equal to Other States’ Scale “North Dakota farmers will have to pay the same wages as farmers farther south if they expect to save the crop,” said F. C. Miller of Kan- sas City, associated with A. L. Barkman, assistant to the director general of the United States employ- ment service, who was in Fargo to- day. The department with which Mr. Miller is associated has charge of the directing of the harvest from the Mexican to sthe Canadian border, and as the harvesting in the south be- came completed, has guided the la- ‘sorers north through Texas, Okla- ‘homa, Kansas, Nebraska and South Dakota, until they are now arriving in North Dakota harvest fields. “Forty-five cents an hour was the wage in Oklahoma at the beginning of the harvest season,” said Mr. Miller. In Kansas, the general wage became $5 a day, and this wage scale has continued up through, Nebraska and South Dakota. Cities such as Sioux City, Oklahoma City, and Kansas City. are bidding against each other for common labor at $5 a day. Men have come to the North Dakota harvest fields with the un- derstanding that the wages would be equally as good here as in the south- ern states, and North Dakota will have to pay the prevailing wage to save the crops. Wage Scales Cause Shortage. “Numerous complaints of the short- tage of labor ‘in North Dakota have been registeréd at Mr. Barkman’s of- fice, and after a careful investigation, this shortage has been attributed to the schedule of wages adopted by lo- cal communities, which was consid- erable less than the wages paid throughout the harvest fields from Ok- lahoma north.” Mr. Miller pointed out two forces that are constantly diminishing the farm labor supply in the country, the number of men entering military ser- vice, and the number being recruited by the United States government for war industries. “The United States government is bidding for labor and transporting trainloads of men east every day to the cantonment camps, powder mills and ship yards at wages along the lines above indicated, and even pay- ing for the transportation of men. La- borers naturally follow these chan- nels of demand. North Dakota's quota of the 500,000 men who will be re- cruited throughout the United States for war industries is ,850 men, all these forces acting together decreas- ing the number of men available for farm help.” RUY W. S. 5S. FUNERAL FOR FARGO HEROINE HELD SUNDAY Funeral services for Miss Irene Leimbacher, only child of Mr. and Mrs. A. H. Leimbacher, Fargo, who was drowned at Westpoint, Ky., where she was engaged in community war Wednesday afternoon, were held from the First Presbyterian church of Fargo at 2 o'clock Sunday afternoon, Rev. Mr. Campbell, St. Cloud, Minn., officiating. BUY W. §,.——— Wilson Reported As Not Apposing Dry Measure in Congress Washington, Aug. 26.—President Wilson, senate prohibition leaders de- clared today, is not opposed to prohibi- tion legislation pending in the senate, but has suggested that the proposed time for its becoming effective, Janu- ary 1, next, be amended. After several conferences it was an- nounced that the prohibition leaders had agreed upon July 1, 1919 as the date for national prohibition. Many were in favor of Jan. 1, 1919, but after much persuasion it was decided to ac- cept July , 919 as the date. BUY W. §, S——— AIRPLANES TO HELP IN NORTH POLE HUNT. (By Newspaper Enterprise Ass’n.) London, Eng., Aug. 26.—Captain Amundsen, who is planning another. Arctic expedition with the view of placing the Norwegian flag on the north pole, says airplanes and wireless telegraph installations will be used for scientific observations op.this trip. ft is barely possible that, some aviator may yet fly over the pole. Recess Smaller Paper War Measure For Time In order to effect a fifteen per cent reduction in print paper ordered by Trade Commission, it will be necessary for The Tribune occasionally to issue. a four page paper. This probably will not be necessary after October 1, when ernment regulations and assist in the reduction of newsprint. |! A four page paper twice a week for the next few weeks will | easily effect a 15 per cent reduction. | It is hoped that the readers will bear with a four-page | od ier list is revised. | comply strictly with the gov- | print reduction is within the || JAY W. BLISS LIEUTENANT IN: ENGINEER CORPS Jay W. Bliss, state engineer and en- gineer for the state highway commis- sion, has been advised that he will be commissioned a first Heutenant in the | U, S. Engineer Reserve Corps, as a, result of an examination which he; tok in St. Paul last week. Engineer Bliss ,mad2 application for this ex- amination last July. He does not know when he will be called into ac-! tive service, but hopes that it will be | in thé near future. i BUY W, $°5--—— CAPT. EDWARDS HERE TUESDAY i iNoted British Officer to be) Given Luncheon at Grand Pacific Hotel A real treat is in store for Bismarck | and the Slope Tuesday evening when Capt. Frank Edwards of the Royal Fusiliers comes here for an address | at the Auditorium. A community sing under the direction of Mrs. John Graham, and Mrs. A. G, Jacobson will efature the program. The distinguished British officer will} arrive on No. 4 Tuesday morning. He} will be met at the depot by a com-; mittee headed by Bradley C. Marks, ; Crosschapter. - After an automobile | tour about the city, he will be taken to the Grand Pacific hotel where an informal luncheon will be held in his! honor, ' It is likely that he will give the in-| mates at the penitentiary a short ad-| dress during the day and possibly he may be entertained during the after- noon at the Country club. A patriotic program is planned for the evening to which the public is in- vited. There will be no admission and no collection will be taken Capt. ‘dwards comes here ander the aus: pices of the department of information or Washington. | ‘he community sing will precede the lecture. There will be a due; by Mrs John Graham and Henry Halver- son. A large crowd heard Capt. dwards at Anaconda, Mont., r2-ently He gpohe to the men at the smelters and! i) rose up and took a pledge to! ay on the job” as long as the war lasted. ‘The Anaconda Standard has this to | say editorially of the address: | Praises Capt. Edwards. “Capt.’Frank Edwards of the Brit- ish army, who is making a tour of the ‘principal Montana cities, telling one audience after another of his experl-; ences at the front and of the suffer- ings and hardships so patiently en- dured by the English people, is not an orator in the ordinary sense of the ;term; there are no flowery periods or | rhetorical embellishments of any kind! in his talks. But how enlarges | one's ideas and stimulates the imagin- |! ation! How constantly and profound- | ly he touches the emotions! This is a man who is telling us at first hand of the ghastly horrors of war. Inci- dent after incident he narrates that causes that strange. clutching in the! throat which nobody can explain, nor anybody control. Greatest of orators is he who inspires his listeners with, admiration for heroism, for loyalty, \for usefulness. After hearing Captain Edwards’ stories of the sublimities of human life, how trivial and insignifi- cant seems everything that has no ebaring on the winning of the war! “It is men like Edwards who teach us how deep, how rich, how glorious jthe life of a man on earth may be. Theirs is an elquence diine. It is! the tear trembling in the eye and the! jlump struggling in the throat, that | most stimulate the heart and the brain! \to action.” | M. J. O'Connor's orchestra will play a program of patriotic selections dur- | ing the evening. H BUY W. 5, = SANDBAG FROM SKY | KILLS BRITISH WORKER} (By Newspaper Enterprise Ass'n.) | | London, Aug. 26.—George R. Sinden, ; a builder’s worker, was killed by a| sandbag which dropped at Brighton | while a flight-officer was looping the loop. The coroner's jury returned a verdict of accidental death. | BUY W.8S “A GARDEN AND A GOAT,” IS THE NEW SLOGAN. London, Aug. 26.—The campaign to introduce goats into the households of the city people to increase the milk supply, has brought out the slogan “A Garden and a Goat!” as the battle- ery of the stay-at-homes.. BUY W. 8,3 ——— CHURCHES CONCERVE SERMONS. By Newspaper Enterprise Ass'n.) London, Aug.2 6.—Owing to the dearth of clergymen, many E\glish churches are eliminating ,,,Sunday morning sermons. "NORTH DAKOTA charman of the Burleigh county Red | Pon? ty 'training in the school at Fort Leaven- GF EER MEDICOS TO GO INTO SERVICE Will be Classifiedin Active Corps of Army or for Volunteer Work STATE COMMITTER ACTS; Will Name Representative in| Every County. to List Pro- : fessional Men North Dakota now registers 604 medicos. Of these 125 are in active medical service; 76 others have ap- plied for commissions under the last call, and 96 others have declared their intention of applying later. The ambition of the state commit-! tee of the medical section of the coun- cil of national defense, whose exec- utive committee held a meeting in Fargo last week, is to bring every practitioner in North Dakota into the military service of his country, either as a member of the medical officers’ reserve corps or in the volunteer medical service corps. To Classify. Profession. The object of the Fargo meeting, announced Dr. F. R. Smyth, chairman | of the executive committee, today is to classify the profession in this state! as to its eligibility for service and to arrange for enrollment in the volun-; teer medical service, “Every medical | man and woman in the United States | is to be placed on record,” said Dr. Smyth. “The purpose of ‘our organization is! to aid the army and navy and the public health service, to supply war's medical needs and to provide the best; possible civil medical service to the! public during the’period of the war. ; Every doctor in activ@ medical prac- | tice will be expected to become aj commissioned officer in the army or navy or a member of the medical vol- unteer corps, pledged to accept a com- mission in the army ff it be required of him. If a medical man does not belo@g either to the active or volun- teer service, the public will draw its own conclusions. ‘There is no other} oA WL. Yulunteers 4 Men who are over the draft age,| men physically disabled, officers in| public institutions, those who are es-; sential to essential industries or who are essential to the public needs in! their own communities, or who have! families actually dependent upon them are exempt from active service, but they are not exempt from volunteer service. A member of the volunteer corps may be called upon to serve in an army reconstruction camp, or in a convalescent hospital, or at any point where the existence of an epi- demic or some calamity may necessi- tate his presence. He will hold him-! self ready to leave his practice and go/ to another community, from which all medical men may have been with- drawn by the war, and which might} actually suffer for lack of attention. He is subject to call from the sur- geon general of the army or the sure | geon general of the public health service of his nation or state. He is (Continued on Page Three.) ' ny WS. 8. MAJOR SHUMAN VISITS CITY Former Manager of Local Tele-| phone Company Left Today | % for East. \ Major F. L. Shuman, formerly man-! ager of the North Dakota Independent | Telephone company, arried in Bjs- marck Saturday afternoon for a few days isit here with friends and rela- ties before leaving for active service. | While Major Shuman cannot give out any information as to his destination, he stated that he did not expect to; return to Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, where he has been stationed since June. While here Major Shu- man was the guest of his father-in-law, Mr. Louis Larson of Third street. Mrs. Shuman is at La Crosse, Wis.. isiting Mr. Shuman’s parents, The major left on No. 4 this morning to; spend the rest of his short leave with her. “The morale of the troops I have en-; countered,” said Major Shuman, “is the finest thing I have ever seen. Ev- eryone is eager to get ‘over there’ and into the htickest of the fight.” Major Shuman left here as a captain in the signal crops and after a short} worth, he was «promoted to a major- ship. Mr. Shuman is one of the most suc-; cessful telephone executives in the west. He has been engaged for the; last few months exclusively in train- ing men for the signal corps. ———avr W. 5S. 5. Crew and Seaplane Lost in Collision: Loss of a naval seaplane with her! crew of three, including Engisn Don- | ald C. Pero, in collision with another | seaplane off .Fire Island Sunday was; announced: today ‘by the navy depart- ment. MONDAY, AUGUST 26, 1918. Pero’s machine is reported to have) sunk immediately after falling into the | water. | Ensign H. Stevens, piloting the other plang,;landed safely in the-waterrwith his, mechanic and: his assistants ‘vhe accident occurred about 7 peat 7% PRICE FIVE CENTS. FEDERAL LAND BANK MAKES BIG LOANS AT KULM R. G. Wilde of Bismarck, represent- ing the Federal Land bank, was a Kulm visitor Wednesday and ‘Thurs- day appraising eleven farigs upon which applications for ldans have been made. The eleven applications total $50,000; $100,000 worth of loans hav- ing previously been granted in this vicinity. —BUY W. 8. §-——— ENTRAINING OF 1,000 MEN FOR WEST IS BEGUN First Contingents to Camp Lewis Pass Through Bismarck ‘Today The entrainment of 1,000 North Da- |kota select service soldiers began to- day with the departure of 40 Barnes and 15 Stutsman county boys. Tues- day Kidder county sends 14 and Gold- en Valley seven. Wednesday Burleigh county entrains 28 men at Bismarck, and Morton county's 20 leave Mandan on Thursday. Tonight 22) Sargent county men, seven from McIntosh and eight from Logan will leave Bismarck. At Mon- dan they will be joined by 21 from Mercer county. Dunn county sends 16 and Oliver three Tuesday, and Mc- Lean sends 29, Hettinger 14 and Grant 13 on Wednesday. Sheridan's six and Foster's 14 entrain Friday, and Ransom, LaMoure, Griggs and Bensn send a total of 65 men Thursday. The biggest single contingent will go over the Great Northern, including Richland, Eddy, Steele, Grand Forks, Ramsey, Rolette, Twner Bottineau, McHenry Renville, Wells, Ward, Burke, Divide, Mountrail, McKenzie and Williams county men to the num- ber of 385. Trail, Pembina and Walsh counties entrain 83 men over the Great Northern today; Cass and Nel- son send 86 over the Great Northern on Tuesday; Cavalier and Pierce send 39 over the Great Northern Wednes- day, and Dickey, Sioux, Slope, Adams and Bowman send 34 men over the Milwaukee on Tuesday. BUY Ww. FIRST DAKOTA WEST POINTER IS BRIGADIER Col. George A. Nugent, Formerly of Fargo, Receives Advance- ment Col. George A. Nugent, formerly of Fargo, a brother of C. K. Nugent, secretary-treasurer of Magill & Co., Fargo, now in command of a regi- ment of American heavy field artil- lery in France, has been nominated by President Wilson for ‘brigadier- general, according to an Associated Press dispatch from Washington. Colonel Nugent, who was raised in Fargo, and is a graduate of Fargo high school, was the first North Da-| kota man to be graduated from West Point, finishing his course in 1898, as one of the high ten in his class, and with a commission as second lieu- tenant of coast artillery, in which branche he elected to serve. When the Spanish-American war broke out, Colonel Nugent was trans- ferred and placed as captain of Grigsby's Rough Riders, which, how- ever, did not see Later he assisted in mustering out men in the south as a member of jeneral Breckenridge’s staff. He later served as first assistant to the chief quartermaster of the Philip- pines, and ‘then as quartermaster at the presidio in San Francisco, where following the big earthquake, he did much to reliev the food shortage. In late’years, Colonel Nugent was instructor in the artillery officers’ training school at Fort Monroe, Va.. and member of the war college at washington. Last August, when he was in service on the Mexican border, his command was transferred to the National army at Camp Funs- ton, Kans., and promoted from lieu- tenant-colonel to colonel. He visited in Fargo less than a year ago, prior to, embarking for France. ———Avy W. 8.8. BUXTON GOES TO BANK POST Well Known Deputy State Ex- aminer is Cashier R. L. Buxton, deputy bank examiner of the Fargo district for some time, and well known in banking circles throughout North Dakota, this week assumed the position of cashier of the Bank of New Rockford. Mr. Buxton’s successor as deputy bank examiner has not yet been an- nounced. At New Rockford, Mr. Buxton suc- ceeds Elwin W. Beardsley, who has been cashier five years, and who leaves next week with the draft con- tingent ordered to Camp Lewis, Wash. Mrs. Buxton will poin her husband at New Rockford soon. BUY W. 5. 5. CANADIAN, AGED 100, WOULD BE FARMER. By Newspaper Enterprise Ass'n.) Victoria, B. C., Aug. 26.—William Cool-of-.this active service. | ‘ai eta siguyng Frétoy Le-Roye thréé miles north of Roye. THREE SIDES OF IMPORTANT GERMAN BASE IS ENCIRCLED; TRUTONSSTART COUNTER ATTACK Enemy Forces Putting Up Violent Resistance Against the British but to no Avail. -Haig has Driven Eastward Four Miles on a Thirty-six Mile front. More than 17,000 prisoners cap- tured. : (By Associated Press) : Extending the battleline far to the north into the Artoisn |sector the British launched an attack this morning on the Scarpe region east of Arr: This is viewed as a new development of the terrific battle east of the Ancre river which has been going on since last Wednesday. The war office reports that good prog- ress is being made. Just to the south of the Cojuel river, the British have en- countered slight set backs. Fighting west of this region was a distance hack from where the battle began yesterday. Bapaume is being slowly pocketed. Fevretil is reported to have been taken iby the British who have passed beyond that village. _ While further nuorth Mory has been left behind by Gen. |Haig’s army. Progress on both sides of the Somme is officially jreported. The British have taken Mericourt four miles northwest jof Bray. . There has ben no artillery action from Roye to the | Aisne river. There is no mention of any new infantry attacks. i German surprise attacks on the French front in the Vosges jregion have been repulsed. 4: the battle appears today the Brit- ish appear to be near the cid Hindenburg line south of Arras. If the attack launched this morning is successful then it may re- sult ina retirement by the Germans over a wide area. It would jalso affect the progress of the battle farther south. The Flanders line would also be involved. | A heavy rain is falling over the major battle lines. This will ‘retard action of troops. Bapaume is surrounded on three sides and the fall of this | strategic road center is close at hand. On the north, the British are reported to be near the Hindenburg line at Bullecourt, the jscene of sanguinary combats in the spring of 1917. The enemy has been driven from the high ground between the Ancre and the Somme, and the British are moving eastward toward Bapaume. | Between the Oise and the Aisne, General Mangin is pressing steadily toward the western extremity of Chemin Des Zames. Enemy forces are putting up a violent resistance against the British to no avail. Since.last Wednesday they have driven east- ward an average of four miles on a 36-mile front. The greatest allied gain has been six miles toward Bapaume, one of the ‘most important points in the salient. The British momentum apparently increases, in spite of the strong efforts of the Germans to stay the rush of tanks, cavalry and infantry. More than 17,000 German prisoners have been counted, arid loss in prisoners is said to be more than the British casualties. On most of the front, the British have pushed the Germans from the high ground so necessary for defense. General Byng’s |forces are now in Avesnes, a suburb one-half miles to the west, and are reported in Thiloy,‘one mile and a half southwest. The fall of Bray which came after the capture of Albert enabled the British to continue on eastward and they are reported in Suvanne, two miles to the east, and at the edge of the swamp country which lines the Somme to close to Peronne. If the enemy has counted on gaining the Hindenburg line and a few positions to beat off the allies’ plans, his plans may have \gained rapidity from which the British have progressed. From Roye to Noyon the French are hammering the Germans with their artillery. East of Bagneux General Mangin has cap- tured 400 prisoners in a successful thrust eastward. It is not im- probably in view of the reports of an enemy retirement north of the Velse that the Germans are holding here in order to pro- tect the flank of the withdrawal movement between Soissons and Rheims. Austro-Hungarian soldiers have been taken prisoners by the allies on two pointson the battle line, but there are no indications ‘that Austrian aid for the badly battered Germans is in force. Vienna says that Austrian troops have crossed the Semeni, near the Adriatic and claims successes also in the center and on the enemy left. CLINGING TO BAPAUME. (By Associated Press) With the British Forces in France—British troops in their ‘new drive on the Arras front this morning are reported to have entered the town of Monchy-le-Preux, and to have captured Orange Hill, north of Bapaume, the Germans have been driven farther back. According to a report from the front line, the British have |reached the Bapaume-Beougnatre road, and have established them- selves there. | The Germans are making great efforts to hold Bapaume, but ithe town is gradually being surrounded. The British success this morning is pushing back the line east of Arras considerably relieves the situation at that city. | TAKE 1,500 PRISONERS. British Headquarters in France, Aug. 26.—British troops yesterday took another 1,500 prisoners and made another collec- [tion of guns, trench mortars and field guns. Field Marshal Haig’s forces swung as far as Longeuval, in their advance north of the. Somme. | ATTEMPT COUNTER OFFENSIVE. | Paris, Aug. 26.—The Germans today attempted a counter at- tack offensive on a large scale against the right wing of General Mangin’s army in the region of Vailly and Soissons. The attack utterly failed. General Mangin’s army repulsed the onslaught everywhere and in some instances gained ground. The French flung the at- tacking troops even beyond their starting point. ALLIED CASUALTIES. London, Aug. 26.—The British third and fourth armies suf- fered casualties estimated at 23,500 during the engagements be- tween August 21 and Augpust 25, according to advices. Casual- ties of German opposing forces are estimated at 20,000 in the battle east of the Ancre. LAUNCH NEW ATTACK. London, Aug. 26.—The British this morning launched a new attack along the Scrape river at Fampoux and Neuville-Vitasses. In a few hours the British made an advance of two miles along a four mile front according to dispatches received here. Monchy-le- Preux, Guemappe and Wancourt have been captured. . Further south the British have made progress at Mory, capturing it pro- ceeding beyond the town. ot PRL 438 ‘In the area ofthe Somme, ‘Debney,s army, Has’ vaptur \ Gen. Mangin,s army (Continued on Page Three.) ND BAPAUME Batt roi not? cag 8 ‘¢