Bemidji Daily Pioneer Newspaper, March 29, 1912, Page 2

THE BEHIDJI) DAILY PIONEER HomeCourse Road Making X. —The Macadam Road. By LOGAN WALLER PAGE, Director Office of Public Roads, United States Department of Agriculture. Copyright by American Press Asgo- ciation, 1912, HEN it is considered that a rise of one foot in a hun- dred increases by about twenty pounds the amount of force required to haul a loud of one ton the question of grades is one not 4o be overlooked in road building. The character of the soil and natural drain- age conditions have much to do with the cost of maintenance. Therefore too much consideration cannot be given to Socation. The main points to be dealt with are (1) directness, (2) grade, (3) JDatural drainage and (4) character of “the soil. #@” The foundation to be built for any road should depend largely upon local conditions. Some soils of a gravelly na- ture make the best foundations and be sufficient without treatment than grading upon which to con- struct a macadam road. Soils that are of a clayey nature or "lht contain pockets of quicksand, un- wtable earth or organic matter are q‘t!em:hewus and require special treat- i THE MODERN MACADAM LOAD. ‘ment. In such cases the unstable ma- terial should be removed and replaced with gravel or sand, and’ wherever practicable the earth subgrade should be thoroughly rolled, preferably with a steam roller, and made to conform in crown or camber to the surface of the finished road. Sandy subgrades may be improved by the use of a thin layer of elay or soil. | There are two forms of drainage es- isential in road building, (1) surface drainage and (2) subdrainage. There are three essential points to be con- widered in connection with surface drainage. (1) The surface of the road whould be of such a shape that water )will quickly drain from it to the side \ditches: (2) the side ditches should be \ldequate in size to carry, without overflow, the maximum rainfall. and tthey should be of such depth and grade that water will travel easily to dow points on the road, and (3) from ithe low poinis there should be suitable outlets to convey the water to the mataral drai of the country. Water should never be permitted te remain under a macadam road; con- sequently subdrainagze must be resort- ed to at times. Water softens the fouudation. allows the broken stone to be forced into it by the traffic, and in freezing it expands and dislodges the broken stone. destroying the bond. There are several ways of removing ace water, (1) by raising ade: (2) by side drains con- sisting of narrow trenches filled with broken stone, with n pipe five or ‘six inches in diameter near the bottom. A drain of (his type should have fre- quent side outlets. On hillsides a pipe or culvert is carried under the road at suitable poiurs. Another type of subdrain that is much used in Massachusetts is the “V” drain. It cousists in shaping the sub- drain in the form of a “V,” the angle being at the center of the road. This ds filled with coarse stone up to the foundation grade and has frequent side outlets. This type is rather expensive and very frequently can be dispensed 'with by raising the subgrade with suitable sand. gravel or clay. Another type of drain practical for side hill locations is a subside drain, located on the upper side of the road to intercept and provide an outlet for surface and ground water before it reaches the road proper. Great care should be used in properly grading a road. The practice in America is generally to place the maximum grade at 5 per cent for important roads, as a horse can (rot without difficulty up such a grade, and another important consider- ation in connection with grades is that a macadam surface can only be main- tained at great cost on steep grades. In fixing the grades the engineer should so adjust the cuts and fills as to make the least possible waste of mate- | rial, and in this he must not overlook the fact that some materials shrink to a great extent when taken from the cuts and placed in the fills. This. va- ries with the material, bt averages about 16 per cent. ‘The careful eng neer will set his grade stakes not more than fifty feet apart, and In nc case should they be over a hundred, and these will serve later for the macadam work. In grading ample materizl should be left to form the shoulders. Care should be used in properly slop- ing cuts and fills to avoid as far as pos sible settiement of material. & slope of not less than one and one-half to one should be used. Care should also he taken 10 have the gutier grades so lixed that there will be at least a fall GF sis inches in each hundred fect in Brder to provide surface drainage. In general. any stone that is to be used in road building should be test- ed for hardness, toughness, resistiance to wear and binding or cementing val- ue. The specific gravity., weight per cubic foot and water absorbed are also determined. With such data as this in band and a knowledge of the volume and characier of traffic to which the road is subjecfed the engipeer can make an intelligent selection of the best avuilable material. While the dia- bases, diovites and basalts, all com- monly known as traprock, in general meet the conditions where macadam roads are necessa et it is upwise to select a vock by species alone, as they all vary greatly. There are two distinct types of bro- ken stone road in use today, known as macadam aund telford roads. The mac: adam road of today is so difierent from the type specified by Macadam that the and $25. right. MONEY GHEERFULLY REFUNDED ¥ | should be sufticient only to fill the sur our Easter dlsplay of new Gordon hats; the can’t name all of them. Gordon’s derby at $3., Stetson’s from $4 to $B. Wonderful hat velues at $2., all colors; hats allstyles and shapes $1 1 $2. ‘ SCHNEIDER BROS. C relnuon -~ 0 best practi os wsed llll |'unll v ull\h!l\ i a foundation +ourse of two aud one half inch stoue of varying thickness This foundation should Le thoroughly rolled with a stexwin roller and not more than a thickness of tive or six inches rolled at a time. On lop of thig is placed a three or four inch laycer of one and one-halt inch stone, aund after thor- oughly rolling a layer of rock screcn ings below three-quarters of an inch in size is spread. This layer of screeni face voids of the wearing course and should not be applied all in one layer Each application of screenings should be rolled in before the next application is made. After the surface has been thoroughly filled with® screenings the road should be well sprinkled with a watering cart and rolled with a steam roller until it is thoroughly bonded. This rolling should continue until the surface ceases to wave in front of the roller. Stone should never he dumped-on the roud, and if specially devised spread- ing wagons are not used the sfoné should be dumped on hoards and spread | © from them on to the road. The con- tractor should be required to place about a hundred tons of No. 2 stone and screenings at 4 convenient place for each wile of road built for the pur pose of making future repairs. The telford road of today varies only from the imacadam road in that it has a hand paved foundation course, con COME AND SEE Boys’ BENJ. N. SCHNEIDER, Pres. | subgrade by ture use. 5 T cudise soue eigi OF i inches fo its greatest dimensions These stones are placed on edge in the hand on their “broadest bases and a1 vight angles to the line of the road, and all irreg gular portions are broken off with hammet This type of road was by a French eng forty years in advance of Telford. The roads built by Telford had tlat sub- grades, but those constructed by Tre st designed saguet had cambered subgrades, which | are supposed to have the effeet of a keystone arch. and this is the form in | which they are constructed today. It is rather an interesting fact that in | France practically all of the broken stone roads are of the Macadam type. while in England they are largely of the Tresaguet or Telford type. li.xnel'irluce hus proved that the only way in which roads can be kept in goodd condition and at reasounhie cost is by continuons and intelligent main tenan Liisa tken w.though au fortun: Al impressjon thar certaiu vy ol road are permanent No perm: aud smali e be filled heiopre il The loose stone appears on {he sy road the first < should be r: ap g - holes IS DISTINCTLY PROMINENT in all the various types of Garments that have flooded our store in the past week. This is exclusively a man’s store of individuality. A fashion shop where one finds naught but correct style, refined taste and satisfying service, coupled with practical prices. Here are Suits and Top Coats of the best The new models are very striking; English ideas Amercanized; American designs; very smart. $18, $20, $25, $30. HART SCHAFFNER & IVIARX have made for us some very choice things; exclusive wears and styles we’ll show you un- usual values at $20 and $25. OUR YOUNGC MEN’S DEPT former seasons. Society Brand Clothes for young men who care. The liviliest, snappiest lot of young men’s suits for Easter ever produced at $20, $22, $25, $30. Exceptional values at $20 weaves kn Suits and Overcoats $15, 1s planning to out do all CLOTH CRAFT ALL WOOL CLOTHES, Fifteendollar all wool suits that men and young men gethere are guaranteed satis- factory; the satisfaction as well as the suit’s guaranteed. If you choose onefrom these many weaves and aren’t satisfied that it’s a $20 value at $15., get your money back---but you’ll see we’re YOU MUST NOT fail to see the new. ‘Cluett Shirts for Spring $1.80 to size; we have the sizes, and many men who are used to made to order shirts find these better. Special values in soft shirts with soft detachable collors and French cuffs - $1.50 and $2.50 -Bemidji, Minn. neer named Tresaguet Al it road has ever heen con-| - jed, after ! {good as new. FRIDAY, MARCH 29, 1912, A POORLY CONSTRUCTED MACADAM ROAD. ruts should be filled as soon as they appear with the same kind and size of stone as that used in the surface course. If small defec re attended to when {they first appear it will be unnecessary It0 resurface the road until it is worn entire throngh to the foundation |course. When the surface course is | worn out it vught to be spiked up with | a steam roller or searifier and this fol 1lowed by the spreading of a three inch layer of one and one-half inch rock. | This is rolled. bonded with screenings | nd sprinkicd in the same manner as the top course was originally construct- which the road will be as own, Copyright Hart Schaffner & Marx BRING YOU BOYS TO US for the smart new styles in clothes that you like to see them wearing Suits for Spring. New cheviots, worsteds, tweeds; Special styles $3, $4, $5, $6 and $7.50; finest clothes made forboys in néw cloths, up to $12. Special showing of smart styles for little boys; Russian and Norfolk suits $3 to $7.80. only complete line| $3.50. The new fabrics are very of these superi or | pleasing; a great wealth of new patterns in town. So many in new smart colorings. 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