Bemidji Daily Pioneer Newspaper, August 11, 1911, Page 6

AN ART ARTIFICAL EYES Germany Leads in Manufacture of This Commodity for Sightless. Germany leads all other countries in the manufacture of artificial eyes. The American consul general at Co- burg relates that probably ever since the beginning of the world civilized people have endeavored to hide or remedy any flaw in their appearance, such as the loss of an eye would cause. How this was done by the va- rious nations it is bard to say. Up to the present time no discoveries have | been made that would offer enlighten- | ment on this subject. There are, it is | true, a few unauthenticated accounts as far back as the middle ages, but the first reliabie report is given by the French surgeon Ambroise Pare in 1560. | Two kinds of artificial eyes were ! known to him, the ekblepharos and | the hypoblepharos. The ekblepharos | was made by painting the eye and all surrounding parts as far as the brows | on 2 plate, which was placed in front of the eye socket and held in position by a string tied over the head. The | hypoblepharos was used in a manner similar to that of today, being put be- hind the eyelid, in the eye socket it- self, and was composed of a metal shell of copper, silver or gold, covered with enamel and glass fusions. It was only at the close of the eight- | eenth century that these artificial eyes really became of practical use, it being then found possible to do away with the metal shell altogether and employ enamel and glass. The material used was a soft lead glass, easily shaped, but also easily destructible, and an eye had to be renewed every three or four months to prevent the socket from becoming affected, It is known that in the middle of the nineteenth century eyes were made by enamelers in Dresden, Prague, London and Stockholm, and in Thuringia. The Thuringian makers were not enamel- ers, but glassblowers working in con- mnection with the porcelain painting in- dustry, whose endless and untiring experiment resulted in the discovery of an ideal material, cryolite glass, the use of which led to a new technique in eye manufacture. Moreover, there can now be produced all the charac- | lashes from times attempts have been made to re-| THE BEMIDJI DAILY PIONEER : teristics of' the human eye which had been possible in enamel work. The new prosthetic eye received the name “reform eye.” To be of value, how- ever, it must be made to exactly fit the eye socket. Today it is possible to give to the re- form eye any form and color desired. and in most cases it can be even worn at’ night, thereby preventing the lid from sinking into the socket and the sticking together. At place the breakable glass by vulcanite or celluloid, but such efforts have long since been given up as useless. In 1852 the method used in France for making eyes was as follows: On the broadly pressed end of a small, colorless, transparent rod of enamel the pupil was first made, and the iris was then formed on this by means of a small, thin pointed, colored enameled rod, the designing of the iris being made possible by melting the point of this rod. In Paris the good eyes are mow so made. A glass tube, closed at one end and of the color of the sclerotic, is next blown into the form of an oval, tand in the middle of this a hole is melted. the edges of which are round- ed off evenly and pressed a little out- ward. The iris is then placed in this opening and well melted in. A thick coating of glass remains behind. The eye is rounded off, the projecting rim of the white coat is smoothed with a metal rod, and this coat is thereby Jjoined to the sclerotic. thin, pointed red rod the blood vessels to be seen on the hard coat of the human eye are then melted in. The superfluous back part of the eyeball is melted off. thereby giving to the eye the desired form. The eye is finally placed on hot sand, where it becomes gradually cooled off. Glass eyes are made in quite a dif- ferent manner in Lauscha, the center of this industry in Germany, where their manufacture is altogether a house industry. The eyes are usually made by one member of a family, and the art is handed down from one gen- eration to another. A gas flame is used for melting the glass. A small drop of white glass is put on the white blown ball from which the sclerotic is to be made and is then blown so as to By means of a. make a circle ahout eight millimeters (0.315 inch) in diameter. On this cir- cle the structure of the iris is' built by means of variously colored glass rods. A drop of black glass makes the pupil. Over the finished iris crystal glass is melted in order to imitate the cornea. The further manufacture is similar to that given in the first description. Flannagan's Way. Cassidy—Flannagan’s thinking of go- in' fnto the hauiln’ business. He { bought a foine new cart today. Casey —But share he has no horse. Flanna- gan—No, but he’s goin’ to buy wan. Casey- Well. rhat's loike Flannagan. He alwaye did git the cart befoor the horse.— Philadelphia Ledger. Tt is a very great thing for us to do i the very best we can do just where and as we are.—Babcock. lNNESO {ATE FR)ow EXPOS! NOTICE OF - APPLICATION —FOR— LIQUOR LICENSE STATE OF MINNESOTA, County of Beltrami, 8. City of Bemidji, Notice is Hereby Given, That application bas been made in writing to the city council of said City of Bemidii and filed ip my office. praying for license to sell intoxicating liquors for the term commencing on September Ist, 1911and terminating on September 1st, 1912, the following person, and at the follow! place as stated in said application, resp tively, to-wit: JOHN E. FLATLEY on lot 14 block 14, original townsite, Said application will be heard and deter- mined by said city council of the city of Bemidji at the council room in the city hall in said city of Bemidji, in Beltrami county. and State of Minnesota, on Monday, the 28th day of August. 1911, at 8 o’'clock p. m., of that ay. Witness my hand and seal of city of Bemidji this 10th day of August 1911, [Seal] GEO, STEIN, City Clerk. 2t Fri—First Aug. 11—Last Aug 18, Gorner Third Street and Minnesota Avenue Ul BEGINS MONDAY AFTERNOON AT 2 P.M August 14th, 1911 We're Forced to Take This Radical Means of Disposing of Goods as Our Stock must be out of the way to lay new floor and make other changes A Souvenir Free To Ladies Present Monday 2 P. M. Dutch Auction Sale Will Be Held every Afternoon at 2 P. M. » We’ll Cash Your Checks at and in the front room ground floor of | that certain two story frame building located 1 FRIDAY, AUGUST 11, 1911. When Your Finger-Tip _"T:!p the Key—What Happens? Your most delicately sensi- tive nerves direct the most delicately responsive mech- anism of the L. C. Smith & Bros. Typewriter (BALL-BEARING, LONG-WEARING) Key-lever, typebar, carriage (and shift, if you write capitals)—really all essential operating parts of the typewriter—leap into action and perform their functions with the perfect ease, smeothness and abso- lute precision of ball bearings, made ) and adjusted with scientific exact- ness. The nerves of this typewriter are sensitive to the ncrves of your finger tips, and just as instantly responsive as the finger tips are to the brain. el o This immediate, smooth, sym- pathetic action, duplicated in no other writing' machine, is easiest for the operator and most ad- vantageous to the machine. Both wear longer. Send for descriptive literature L C. Swrn & Bros. TYPEWRITER COMPANY 420 Second Ave. S., Minneapolis, Minn, TACPOLAN GO We’ll Cash Your Checks BEMIDJI MINNESOTA 3 i i ey S e