The year 1959 was a significant year marked by revolutions, technological advancements, and cultural shifts. It saw the rise of new political ideologies, continued progress in space exploration, and growing tensions related to the Cold War.
Political Events
Cuban Revolution (January 1): Fulgencio Batista, the US-backed president of Cuba, was overthrown by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement, leading to the establishment of a communist state. This event profoundly impacted United States - Cuban relations and set the stage for future conflicts like the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Alaska and Hawaii become US States (January 3 & August 21): Alaska became the 49th state, and Hawaii the 50th, significantly expanding the United States' territory and influence in the Pacific. Alaska's vast resources and strategic location, and Hawaii's strategic importance and unique cultural identity added new dimensions to the nation.
Establishment of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) (May 3): Seven countries (Austria, Denmark, Great Britain, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland) formed EFTA as an alternative to the European Economic Community (EEC).
Charles de Gaulle becomes President of France (January 8): Charles de Gaulle assumed the presidency of France, marking a new era in French politics and international relations. His leadership played a crucial role in shaping Europe's post-war landscape.
Indonesian Guided Democracy: President Sukarno formally declares "Guided Democracy," concentrating power in his hands and moving Indonesia closer to the Soviet Union.
Scientific and Technological Events
Luna 1 (January 2): The Soviet Union launched Luna 1, the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon. Although it missed its target, it demonstrated the Soviet Union's growing space capabilities and intensified the space race with the United States.
Luna 2 (September 12): The Soviet Union's Luna 2 became the first man-made object to impact the Moon. This was a major propaganda victory for the Soviet Union, proving they were ahead in the space race.
First Microchip Introduced (March 26): Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments publicly demonstrated the first integrated circuit, or microchip. This invention revolutionized electronics, paving the way for miniaturization and the modern computer age. This was a pivotal moment for the United States as Texas Instruments was headquartered there.
Explorer 6 (August 7): Launched by the United States, Explorer 6 transmitted the first crude television image of the Earth from space.
Cultural Events
"The Twilight Zone" Premieres (October 2): The iconic science fiction anthology television series, "The Twilight Zone," created by Rod Serling, premiered on CBS. It became a cultural phenomenon, reflecting anxieties and social commentary of the era.
Barbie Doll Debuts (March 9): The Barbie doll, created by Ruth Handler, debuted at the American International Toy Fair in New York City. Barbie revolutionized the toy industry and became a cultural icon, sparking both admiration and controversy over its portrayal of women.
"Some Like It Hot" Released (March 29): Billy Wilder's classic comedy film starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis, and Jack Lemmon, premiered. It became a critical and commercial success, cementing its place as one of the greatest comedies of all time.
Motown Records Founded (January 12): Berry Gordy Jr. founded Motown Records in Detroit, Michigan. Motown would go on to become one of the most influential record labels in history, launching the careers of numerous African-American artists and shaping popular music. This was significant for the United States as it played a significant role in the Civil Rights movement.
Other Notable Events
Dalai Lama Flees Tibet: Following the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, fled to India, where he established a government-in-exile.
Antarctic Treaty Signed (December 1): Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty, which designates Antarctica for peaceful purposes such as scientific research and prohibits military activities and mineral exploitation.