The year 1878 was a significant year in global history, marked by political shifts, technological advancements, and cultural developments. This article highlights some of the most important events that occurred during that year.
Political Events
Congress of Berlin: (June 13 – July 13) This pivotal event redrew the map of the Balkans following the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). Otto von Bismarck, the Chancellor of Germany, hosted the Congress to revise the Treaty of San Stefano, which had been deemed too favorable to Russia. The Congress resulted in reduced Russian influence, the independence of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, and the autonomous status of Bulgaria. The Congress of Berlin significantly reshaped the political landscape of Europe and contributed to future tensions.
Treaty of Berlin: Signed on July 13, formally concluding the Congress of Berlin. This treaty formally recognized the newly independent states and restructured the Balkans. It also transferred administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary.
Bannock War: (May - August) A conflict between the United States Army and the Bannock Native American tribe in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Rising tensions over land and resources, exacerbated by the encroachment of white settlers, resulted in a series of battles, eventually suppressed by the U.S. military. The war contributed to the displacement and marginalization of Native American populations.
Edison Electric Light Company formed: (October 15) Thomas Edison formed the Edison Electric Light Company, the predecessor to General Electric. This marks a key step toward the commercialization of electricity.
Scientific & Technological Events
Discovery of Gallium: French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran discovered the element gallium. This discovery validated Dmitri Mendeleev's predictions about the existence of elements based on his periodic table.
Development of the Microphone: David Edward Hughes patented the carbon microphone, an improved version that significantly enhanced the clarity and strength of telephone transmissions. This invention was essential for the widespread adoption of telephone technology.
First telephone exchange in the United States: The first commercial telephone exchange in the United States was opened in New Haven, Connecticut. This event marked the beginning of widespread telephone use for businesses and individuals.
Cultural Events
Publication of An Enemy of the People: Henrik Ibsen's play An Enemy of the People was published. The play explores themes of societal corruption and the conflict between individual integrity and public opinion.
Salvation Army establishment in the United States: The Salvation Army officially began its work in the United States, focusing on providing aid to the poor and marginalized populations.
Events relevant to the United States
Bland-Allison Act: The United States Congress passed the Bland-Allison Act, which required the U.S. Treasury to purchase a certain amount of silver each month and coin it into silver dollars. This act was an attempt to address economic deflation and appease silver mining interests, but it ultimately proved to be controversial and only partially successful.
Standing Rock Sioux tribal delegation visits Washington D.C.: A delegation from the Standing Rock Sioux tribe travelled to Washington D.C. to protest the continued encroachment on their lands and the violation of treaties by the United States government.
Conclusion
1878 was a year of significant change and progress across various fields. From the redrawing of European political boundaries to technological breakthroughs that would shape the future, and the continued struggle for indigenous rights in the United States, the events of 1878 played a crucial role in shaping the world as we know it today.